Troposchēmalogia: Tropes and figures; or, A treatise of the metaphors, allegories, and express similitudes, &c. contained in the Bible of the Old and New Testament To which is prefixed, divers arguments to prove the divine authority of the Holy Scriptures wherein also 'tis largely evinced, that by the great whore, mystery Babylon is meant the Papal hierarchy, or present state and church of Rome. Philologia sacra, the second part. Wherein the schemes, or figures in Scripture, are reduced under their proper heads, with a brief explication of each. Together with a treatise of types, parables, &c. with an improvement of them parallel-wise. By B. K

CHAP I. Of the Figures of a Word.

THE Word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Schema, principally and properly signifies the Garb, Habit, or Ornament of the Body; and by a Metaphor is translated to signify the Beauty, or Ornament of Speech, as Aristotle and Cicero, say. The Latines render it Figure, (as some say) because Stage-Players, by the variation or shifting of their Habit, represented divers Figures of Men: These Figures are called Rhetorical Lights and Ornaments, and do not change the sense of Words, as Tropes do, but give an Imbellishment or Beauty to Speech.

There are Figures 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 of a Word, and Figures 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of a Sentence; the first, belong to the Matter, or as it were the Body of an Oration; the latter, to the Form, or as it were, the Soul of a Sentence.

The former are, when a Speech is figured in Words repeated in a certain order, or, that mutually agree in sound, for Emphasis, or Ornament's sake. The latter are such, whose Emphaticalness consists not in Words singly, but in the things them∣selves giving weight and gravity to the Speech. Vossius says, That a Scheme pro∣perly signifies two things, viz. The exterior Garb, and the Gesture of the Body; as Dancers, who caper at the noise of musical Instruments: For Schemes of Words may in this, be resembled to Habit, or Garb, because without them the Speech is naked, as a Man without his Cloaths; and Schemes of Sentences, may be compared to Artificial Gestures, because, without these, it will be like a Man who moves or walks in his natural Place or Posture; of the first, we will produce some Examples.

1. Epizeuxis 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Subjunctio, is when the same word or sound is continued or repeated in the same Sentence, as Exod. 34.6. The Lord, the Lord, a God merciful and gracious, &c. Deut. 23.43. The Stranger that is in thy middle (or within thee) shall ascend above thee, up, up, and thou shalt descend down, down, (so the Hebrew) which denotes, that the Servants or Vassals of the sinning Israelites, above whom they bore such a sway, should become their Masters, and bring them into Thraldom. 2 Kings 4.19. And he (the Son of the Shunamite) said to his Father (when he began to be sick in the Field) my Head, my Head, that is, my Head most grievously akes. Psal. 22.1. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? Which Repetition fervently denotes the overmuch cruelty of the Ene∣my, and the mournful Condition of Israel in Captivity: Esa. 6.3. Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God of Hosts: This triple Repetition denotes the Mystery of the Tri∣nity or three Persons in one Divine Essence; see Jer. 22.29. Ezek. 21.27. Mat. 23.37. Luke 22.31. & 23.21. John 5.24. Act. 9.4. Rev. 18.2. Lev. 24.8. 2 Sam. 18.33. Esa. 28.10. Hos. 2.21. Ezek. 34.17. where you have Examples of this Figure.

2. Anadiplosis 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (called in Latine Reduplicatio, in English redoubling) is, when the last word of the former Sentence is repeated in the beginning of the next: as Psal. 121.1, 2. Psal. 122, 2, 3. Psal. 98.5. Rom. 8.17. Psal. 115.12. Rom. 9.30. & 10.17. Phil. 2.8. Jam. 1.3. Psal. 113.8. This Figure helps to evidence and expound things, as in the alleaged Examples.

3. Climax 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Gradatio, or a climbing by steps; this is a continuation of the former Figure * in more degrees, so as that the last of the antecedent Sentence, must be a part of the following; as Hos. 2.21. And it shall come to pass in that day, I will hear, saith the Lord, I will hear the Heavens, and they (that is the Heavens) shall hear the Earth, and the Earth shall hear the Corn, and the Wine, and the Oil, and they (that is, the Corn and the Wine, and the Oil) shall hear Jezreel. This Gradation may be fitly called an Epitome of Physical Theology, which by a fair Prosopopaeia enumerates all the Causes of the Conservation of Universal Nature, and particu∣larly of Man: See it at large expounded in our Philologia Sacra, Book 1. p. 95.

John 1.1. In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and God was the Word— this (Word) was in the beginning with God. The true Divinity of Christ, and his distinct Subsistence from the Father, are most fairly exprest by this Gradation. In the third Proposition there is an inversion of the Terms, viz. (God was the Word) for (the word was God.) A like Climax, respecting his Office and Benefits, is subjoyn∣ed, ver. 4, 5, &c. See more Examples, Joel 1.3, 4. Rom. 5.3, 4, 5. & 8.29, 30. & 10.14, 15. 1 Cor. 11.3. Jam. 14, 15. 2 Pet. 1.5, 6, 7. Matth. 10.40. Rom. 1.30. 1 Cor. 3.23.

4. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Anaphora, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 refero, to bring back, or rehearse, is when the same word, or more, is repeated in the beginning of divers Clauses or Sentences: as Deut. 28.3. Blessed shalt thou be in the City, and Blessed shalt thou be in the Field, ver. 4. Blessed shall be the Fruit of thy Belly, and the Fruit of thy Ground, and the Fruit of thy Cattel, &c. ver. 5. Blessed shall be thy Basket, &c. ver. 6. Blessed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and blessed shalt thou be when thou goest out. The like Anaphora, respecting the Curses of God upon the wicked and rebellious, we read, ver. 16, 17, 18, 19. This Figure is very frequent in Scripture, take these few places instead of many; Psal. 3.1, 2. Psal. 29.3, 4, 5, &c. Psal. 67.5, 6, 7. Psal. 115.12, 13. Psal. 118.8, 9, 15, 16. Psal. 148.1, 2, 3, &c. Psal. 150.1, 2, 3, &c. Isa. 2.7, 8. Jer. 4.23, 24, 25, 26.— 5.17. — 50.35, 36, 37. — 51.20, 21, 22, 23. Micah. 5.9, 10, 11, 12. & 7.11, 12. Zeph. 1.2, 3. 1 Cor. 13.4, 7, 11. & 12.8, 9, 10. 2 Cor. 11.26. And in the Re∣petition of Pronouns, and Particles, Psal. 94.5. Rom. 8.35, 38, 39. 2 Cor. 7.11. Phil. 4.8, &c.

5. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Epistrophe, Conversion, is a Figure when the same Word or Phrase, is repeated in the end of divers Sentences. Examples of the repetitions of single Words (among which, we reckon the Hebrew Affixes) are to be read, Deut. 32.10. Ezek. 26.23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Rom. 8.31. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; If God be for us, who can be against us? 2 Cor. 11.22. Are they Hebrews? so am I; are they Israelites? so am I: Are they the Seed of Abraham? so am I, &c. Examples of Phrases, or little Sentences are, Psal. 115.9, 10, 11. where their Help, and their Shield, fre∣quently concludes the Sentence. Psal. 136.1, 2, &c. See Deut. 27.15, &c. Psal. 24.9, 10. Joel 2.26, 27. Ezek. 33.25, 26, 27.— 36.23, 24, 25, &c. Amos 4.6, 8, &c. Hag. 2.8, 9. Lam. 3.41, &c. Mat. 7.22.

6. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Symploce, Complication, the word is derived of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to wrap or couple together; and is a Figure, when the same Word or Phrase both begins

and ends a Sentence, which joyns the two last Figures (viz. Anaphora and Epi∣strophe) together; Psal. 118.2, 3, 4. Let Israel now say, that his Mercy endureth for ever; let the House of Aaron now say, that his Mercy endureth for ever, &c. So Psal. 136.1, 2, 3. Jer. 9.23. 1 Cor. 12.4, 5, 6. & 14.15. 2 Cor. 9.6, &c. Psal. 47.6. Rom. 14.8.

7. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Epanalepsis, Resumptio, a taking back, is when the same Word is repeated both in the beginning and end of a Sentence, as Phil. 4.4. Rejoyce in the Lord always, and again I say, Rejoyce: See Psal. 53.2. 2 King. 18.33. 1 Cor. 21.22. 2 Cor. 4.3. 1 Cor. 12.4, 5, 6. & 14.15. 2 Cor. 9.6. Psal. 8.1, 9. & 46.1. ult.

8. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Epanados, Regression or turning back, (derived of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 again, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, an ascending, or climbing, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, upwards, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a Way,) is a Fi∣gure, when the same word is repeated in the beginning and middle, or in the middle and end, so as that there is an Inversion of them; as Isa. 5.20. Wo unto them who call good evil, and evil good; who put darkness for light, and light for darkness, that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter. Ezek. 7.6, 7. Gal. 2.16. 2 Cor. 2.10, 15, 16. John 8.47. Ezek. 36.6. Rom. 7.19. Psal. 114.3, 4, 5, 6. Ezek 32.16. 2 Thess. 2.4, &c.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Polyptoton, in Latine Casuum varietas, a variety of Cases, or the change of the Case or Termination (from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 variously, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 falling, de∣rived from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to fall,) is when words of the same Root, Primitive, or Original, are used in a different Termination with respect to Mood, Tense, Person, Case, De∣gree, Gender, Number, &c. As, Psal. 68.15, 16. Isa. 24.16. Hos. 10.1. Mich. 2.4. Rom. 2.21, 22, 23. & 4.18. 2 Cor. 9.8. & 10.12. Gal. 2.19, 20. Eph. 1.3, &c. There is an elegant Polyptoton in those Lines of the Learned Picus, Earl of Mi∣randula.

Nam{que} tua est nostris major Clementia Culpis; Et dare non dignis, res mage digna Dei. Quanquam sat digni, si quos dignatur amare, Qui quos non dignos invenit, ipse facit.

Gen. 50.24. The Lord when he visiteth, in visiting, will visit you; see Rom. 11.36. Eccles. 12.8. Dan. 2.37. John 3.13. 1 John 3.7. 2 Tim. 3.13. Heb. 6.14. Joh. 17.25. Isa. 19.2, &c.

Notes

• Lib. 3. Rhet. cap. 8.
• In Bruto & Orat. perf.
• Lib. 5. Instit. Orat. c. 1.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Conjungo to joyn toge∣ther.
• Ab 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 re, & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, dupli∣co to double.
• Viz. Anadi∣plosis.
• John 1.1.
• From 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 pro∣pe, near to, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 verto, to change.
• From 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 after, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 a∣gain, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to take, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a ta∣king.