The arraignment of vrines vvherein are set downe the manifold errors and abuses of ignorant vrine-mongring empirickes, cozening quacksaluers, women-physitians, and the like stuffe ... Collected and gathered as well out of the most ancient, as the moderne and late physitians of our time: and written first in the Latine tongue, and diuided into three bookes by Peter Forrest D. in Physicke ... And for the benefit of our British nations newly epitomized, and translated into our English tongue by Iames Hart Dr. of the foresaid faculty, and residing in the towne of Northampton.

THE THIRD BOOKE.

THE ARGVMENT.

IN this third Booke is declared by what meanes the errour of inspection of Vrines in the Physitians houses had the first originall, the which vncer∣taine coniecturing hath beene a cause of no small da∣mage to the diseased: hauing beene also a meanes, to make this part of Physick coniecturall, and so the more to be despised and contemned. For this cause it is de∣clared, that neyther are Vrines to be viewed in the Physitians hous••, nor yet to be sent thither to that end and purpose, but rather where the Patient dwelleth, the Physitian being there present himselfe. After∣wards is declared that Physicke ought not by this sole, improfitable, and inconstant diuination, to be pre∣scribed, vnlesse the Physitian haue before seene the Patient: the right Method of curing diseases being drawne from certaine scopes and indications, and not from the sole fallacious inspection of vrines. And finally is added, that Remedies are not to be prescri∣bed in the vulgar tongue, and that by reason of the manifold errors and abuses which doe hence arise: and so at length is concluded, that the inspection of vrines (especially as it is now adayes for the most part practised) is very deceitfull and vncertaine, neuer able to reueale and lay open vnto vs, the whole nature and circumstances of the disease.

THE ARRAIGNMENT of VRINES. CHAP. I. How, and by what meanes this error of inspection of vrines in the Physitians house hath had the first beginning, being notwithstanding nothing else but an vncertaine coniecture, and by the which doth redound more damage and danger then profit to the Patient, and hath made this so noble an Art, base and contemptible in the eyes of most men.

SO farre ought an honest, learned, and iudicious Physitian be from patroni∣zing of any errour, how old and inue∣terate soeuer it be, that it is his part ra∣ther to reproue by all meanes possible, according to his power, and labour to suppresse the same, at which when they winke, they not onely inuolue the more simple sort (al∣wayes apt to be deluded) into manifold dangers and mi∣sery: but doe in like sort incourage these cozening knaues to continue in their wickednesse. Therefore I hold it is the duty of all honest, and conscionable Physitians, not to winke any longer at thi•• most erronious and dangerous vromanticall diuination, so grosly abused vntill this present, to the great preiudice of a many. Of the which hauing dis∣coursed at large already, it is now time to beginne to lay open to the world by what meanes this Monster at first crept into this noble Profession.

The vulgar sort doth ordinarily ayme at an Apish imi∣tation

of their betters, and being destitute of true vnder∣standing, doe too much for the most part relye vpon the outward senses: and hence came it to passe, that seeing Physitians view the vrine in the Patients owne house, who hauing likewise by diuers interrogatories, together with the sight of their Patients, collected the nature and essence of the disease, from whence the cure as it were of it selfe, did voluntarily follow: the vulgar I say did presently be∣leeue that the euent of such a cure was to bee ascribed vn∣to the inspection of the vrine: thus being too-too much carried away by the outward sense, they began to adhere to this manner of inspection of vrines. Vnto this also were ioyned as great helps and furtherers, the prescription of re∣medies, and the description of Vrines in the vulgar tongue. Boldnesse did incourage them in their attempts, it being seconded by impunity; for all men by too great liberty (as saith the Comicall Poet) doe waxe worse and worse. After∣wards they were so confirmed therein, that they thought they had performed their parts, if at any time being amisse they sent their vrines to the Physitian, as being of opinion that he could by the same know both the disease and the place affected, the strength of the Patient; and finally, all that which belongeth to the Art of Physicke: and that moreouer hee was able to prescribe by the sight thereof, such fit and wholsome remedies as the state and nature of the disease did require.

They were further conceited, that whosoeuer had read any Booke of Ʋrines in the vulgar tongue, or yet scraped together any remedies euer vsed by any, were hee or shee the most wicked villaine, a runnagate rogue, a drunken Midwife, a stewes Strumpet, or of the like stampe, might safely and to good purpose practise this Profession, begin∣ning euer with the inspection of the vrine, a thing so de∣ceitfull, onely to be trusted to, that oftentimes in stead of health it hath beene the occasion of the death of many. Thus hath this peruerse and wicked custome (a most cruell Tyrant) so incroached vpon this noble Profession, that

now wee feare it is become like the Law of the Medes and Persians, which could not be reuoked.

This custome so preuailing that cogging knaues & euery Rascal that could prate of an vrine, began to be praised and extolled aboue the most skilfull Physitian; not by the vul∣gar sort onely, but euen amongst some of the better sort; gaue first occasion to some of the better sort of Physitians to imbrace this grosse abuse; some of them being hereto induced lest they should bee in lesse account then these Impostors.

Others no doubt were hereto induced by Coue∣tousnes the mother of all mischiefe, both to practise this man∣ner of inspection of Vrines at home, and to prescribe reme∣dies also for the sicke. But this was not all, for some were not content with this, but to giue further content to the vulgar sort, some of them, and that not of the meanest ranke, wrote Bookes concerning the wiles and Caueats which are to be obserued in deliuering their iudgement by vrines, called of them by a faire and plausible word, cau∣teles, or caueats: so that by these meanes not onely mini∣stred they matter of cozening and deceiuing to all such as would imploy their wits that way, but did moreouer con∣firme the more simple sort in this so foule and detestable errour: some likewise yet blowing these bellowes by tran∣slating such bookes in the vulgar tongues to the great mis∣chiefe of Mankind. And that this error is very ancient, doth plainly appeare, in that wee haue yet extant some∣thing written concerning this subiect by Gordonius, who liued about 300. yeares agoe. But more praise-worthy had it beene for these famous Physitians to haue stood in the gap, and in the beginning, like that renowned Hercu∣les, to haue cut off this Hydra's heads. But Auarice, ene∣mie to all goodnesse, what will it not doe? or rather make men doe? This made a famous Physitian of my acquain∣tance, dead a few yeares agoe, howbeit trained vp in the Ʋniuersity, and skilfull in his Pofession, so much to addict himselfe to the practising of this Imposture, that hee got

most mornings (as was reported to mee by one of good worth) for the inspection of Vrines brought to his Chamber sixe Florins.

This so sordid and base lucre and gaine, made Vrines to yeeld a most sweet and fragrant smell to that mighty Em∣perour Ʋespasian. But such Physitians are much more to bee blamed then Empiricks, or any others who haue nei∣ther conscience nor honesty. This was not practised in the dayes of Hippocrates and Galen, neither is yet vntill this day in vse amongst the Physitians of best note in Italy; howbeit as Poggius maketh mention, it hath beene vsed a∣mongst Empiricks and such Impostors: Such a one I know my selfe there, who sate vp oftentimes very late, writing out billes or receits for diuers and sundry diseases, the which afterwards hee put all in a bagge together, and in the morning when as people brought him their Vrines, and withall demanded his counsell, hee would thrust his had into the bagge to take out such a bill as by chance did first offer it selfe, saying in the meane time in the Italian tongue, Prega Dio telamandi bona, Pray to God thou mayst draw good lucke. Miserable and vnhappy was then their estate and condition, to whom in their need, not right, reason, and iudicious vnderstanding, but blind chance and fortune did minister aid and succour. The like haue I heard of a certaine water-guessing Empiricke, who had alwaies written in a readinesse three seuerall formes of Receits, and gaue vnto such as came to him for coun∣sell, sometimes one of them, sometimes two, and somtimes all three, (and that after hee had told them wonders by the Water,) which were afterwards carried to the Apo∣thecary, and there prepared for the Patient. But to re∣turne to our purpose againe, the Physitians of any note in Italy do contemne still this manner of inspection of Vrines in their owne houses, as I haue my selfe seene in the two famous Vniuersities of Padua and Bologne, whereas neither would the Doctors of the Chayre themselues, nor yet any other Physitian of note or credit, vouchsafe once to looke

vpon any Vrine brought to their owne lodgings, in this maintaining still their ancient authority, and prerogatiue; the which also the learned Langius doth witnesse. And would to God our Physitians had also retained the like au∣thority; then had not these cozening knaues, ignorant Em∣piricks, women-Physitians, and the like, crept in so audacious∣ly without any sufficiency into this Profession. Sed venter non habet aures. The belly is a cunning craftsman. And as Couetousnes was the cause that Physitians at first gaue way to this preposterous and peruerse custome; so the same Couetousnesse hath beene and is still the cause of continu∣ance thereof vntill this day. Hence also commeth it to passe that such people doe so euery where abound, and are also so much accounted of in euery place, who being altogether ignorant of the Arts and all manner of litera∣ture, vphold their credit onely by this so vncertaine and deceitfull a signe. And so ignorant are they of the signes and causes of diseases, that if they heare of any paine in the side, it must needs in their opinion be a Pleurisie, whether the grieuance be in the externall parts or in the Muscles, whether also fixed about the liuer, spleene or kidneyes: and thus is it an easie matter for any ignorant Idiot or old wife to become a Physitian.

Now howsoeuer this old, inueterate and tyrannicall custome hath hitherto so preuailed, that euen the most fa∣mous and learned Physitians by reason of the Peoples im∣portunity are often forced to giue way to this inspection of Vrines in their owne houses; yet doth it very much dif∣fer from others manner of dealing, both in that they re∣fraine from these fooleries, lyes, pratling and babbling, which these Impostors doe practise, as also they will som∣times confesse that it were a great deale better to see the Patient, then thus by the sole and vncertaine inspection of the vrine to giue forth a doubtfull Oracle. And yet fur∣ther, the most carefull and diligent Physitians are not asha∣med to inquire into the state and nature of the disease be∣fore they will giue out their iudgement concerning the

same. And if at any time they shall happen to meet with some folkes more nice then wise, who will not accordingly answere their demands, they will bee the more sparing in prescribing them any remedies, vntill such time as they be better acquainted with the state and nature of the disease. The most of them also and the honestest would willingly that this so wicked and peruerse custome were quite abo∣lished, to the end they might more readily and assuredly proceed in their cures. The Impostors on the other part trusting to their Vrinary coniecture only, and catching at that they can lay hold on from the mouth of another, thus dallying with the precious life of man, doe administer to the silly people their most dangerous and deadly poysons, making tryall of their most dangerous remedies vpon so noble and worthy a Subiect. And to such doth proper∣ly belong that Picture of a water-prophet, or water-guesser, which thou mayst see set downe by the aforesaid Langius, whose Goddesse may well bee Moria, or foolishnes, as is there to be seene. These rude and ignorant sots therefore are in no case to bee compared with our learned Physitians, as being altogether ignorant as well of the causes and signes, as of the seuerall symptomes, and so consequent∣ly of the right cure of the disease: whatsoeuer disease is in the belly, is vnto them the Chollicke; whatsoeuer dis∣ease in children, to them must needs bee the Wormes; and whatsoeuer disease troubleth a woman, it must needs bee the Mother. If the sicke bee troubled with a Cough, then must it needs bee of some great cold congealed in∣wardly; howbeit it may often proue a Pleurisie, inflamation of the lungs, or a Consumption. If any complaine of a paine in the ioynts, by the vrine they will guesse that the party is plagued with the French-Poxe, as most Women who take now vpon them both Physicke it selfe, and that part thereof which is called Surgery, call an Vlcer a Canker: as of late a certaine Impostor being asked of what disease his Patient lay sicke; answered, hee was not able to ex∣presse it in the vulgar tongue; and yet the villaine had not

so much as one mouth-full of Latine. It is therefore the part and duty of all honest, ingenuous, and conscionable Physitians, to aduance and set forward the truth, and to la∣bour and indeauour our selues, that not onely this part of Physicke, but also all the rest may be freed from all manner of fraud and imposture.

Now vntill such time as this foolish and water-monging Trade (which maketh the Art of Physicke coniecturall, contemned and exposed to the mockage of the most) be amended, Physicke I doubt will neuer bee restored to her ancient grace and dignity.

I confesse indeed, that Old Dogs are hardly brought to the tye; yet must wee not cease to do our best to purge our Profession from all errors crept thereinto, and namely this: and if wee cannot preuaile, yet I am perswaded that all honest people will take this our paines in good part. But concerning this matter we will discourse more largely in the Chapter following.

CHAP. II. How necessary and needfull a thing it were, that the Ʋrines of such as be sicke, be no more carried to the Physitians house, but that rather they are to view them, and giue out their iudgement vpon them in the Patients owne house, and that onely.

NOw, by that which hath beene spoken al∣ready, it is more then manifest, that it is not possible to declare or finde out euery seue∣rall disease in a man or woman by the sole inspection of the vrine: for what else is this vaine coniecturing by vrine, then to commit the whole Art of Physicke to bare hazard and fortune? the which being carried as with the winde, doth encline som∣times to one side and sometimes to the other, floating vp

and downe vpon the deepe Sea, in danger euery way of drowning.

One chiefe and principall motiue of this is Coue∣tousnes and Auarice, together with a sottish ignorance. For when as these people did once perceiue that for a small trifle they might haue their vrines viewed, and some remedies appointed them, they were certainly perswaded there was no more to be done, being especially vnwilling to be at any further charges: by which meanes it often commeth to passe, that neglecting the fit and conuenient time and opportunity of doing themselues good, they wish (but alas too late) they had been wiser. And others a∣gaine are so obstinate in their idle opinion, and high con∣ceit they haue conceiued of the vrine, that thou canst ne∣uer driue this fond and foolish conceit out of their muddy braines, not if thou wouldest bray them with Salomons foole, in a morter.

As for our own Physitians (howsoeuer I am perswaded it be sore against many of their willes) yet can I not alto∣gether excuse them for conniuing and winking at so grosse an error, it being a meanes of maintaining the mul∣titude in their erroneous opinion. Neither yet is this suf∣ficient that in their assemblies and meetings they raile a∣gainst Empiricks, and these Water-mongers, since this their speech keepes within doores, and breakes no further forth.

And howbeit it bee not in our power to punish the de∣linquents in this kind, yet is it our part and duty to lay o∣pen to the view of the world the errors and grosse abuses committed by these deceiuers. I doe not indeed deny but vpon sight of the vrine carried to some discreet and learned Physitian, the Patient hath now and then attained to his former health againe; yet hath this beene when the Physitian hath by his seuerall interrogatories learned the whole nature and circumstances of the disease: for other∣wise they were but casuall, and not to be attributed to the meanes so vnaduisedly prescribed: but nature it selfe being

in good plight, was able of it selfe to encoūter with the dis∣ease, as also to ouercome the same; the victory whereof, this vnaduised and rash remedy at that same time and instant exhibited to the Patient, doth appropriate vnto it selfe. And yet the same Physitians if thou shouldest aske them, would ingeniously confesse that it were farre better for them once to see the Patient himselfe, then his vrine twen∣ty times brought to him, and would willingly wish that this manner of viewing Waters were quite banished out of the common-wealth, which I make no question hath cost many a man and woman their liues.

But it may bee some will reply that wee plead for our owne profit, and that by this meanes our Fees grow the greater.

To these people I answere, that if they make so small account of their health, which is to bee prized farre aboue Pearles or Precious-stones, they deserue to smart for their sordid and base niggardly Couetousnes: howbeit the ho∣nest and conscionable Physitian doth alwayes ayme chief∣ly and principally at the health of his Patient, preferring it before any sordid lucre or gaine.

But put yet the case that the intention were such as they most falsly lay to their charge; yet would this neuer ouer∣throw the necessity of the presence of the Physitian with his Patient, or yet giue any more strength or authority to this Water-prophesying Profession. Most of those people notwithstanding thou shalt see so liberall & open-handed to any runnagate Raggamuffin, that will prate of his owne sufficiencie in this Profession; who would grudge to be∣stow a Fee on an honest Physitian, who besides that hee would giue them good and fit remedies according to the state and nature of the disease, not omitting or letting passe ouer the fit and proper opportunity of doing good; they might often also saue some charges in their purses, which they first bestow vpon such cozeners, and are forced after∣wards to bee at a new charge againe with a learned and honest Physitian, when perhaps it is too late, and yet

might easily haue beene effected at the first.

The same may also come to passe in sending the vrine to a learned and skilfull Physitian, yet ignorant of the state and disease, as it hapned of late to a rich man here in the Towne of Delfe, who being assaulted with an intermittent tertian ague, sent his vrine to a Physitian, otherwise of suffi∣cient skill and learning, who immediately appointed to him a purge, which he tooke in his fit, and vpon the ta∣king thereof fell into great extremity, whereupon he sent presently for another skilful Physitian from the Hage. Being come, the sicke begins to raile on the other Physitian, and physicke he had giuen him. Anthony Harwer (for so was he called who came from the Hage,) desired to see the bill wherein the others remedy was set downe, the which ha∣uing seene, he commended it, and withall asked whether the Physitian had beene with him or no. Hee answered, that he had not beene with him. The other smiling, repli∣ed; Blame not your Physitian (learned enough as appeareth) neither yet his physicke, which was by him to good purpose ap∣pointed; but thou thy selfe art to be blamed, who didst not take it in due and conuenient time. It is well, thou hast counsell accor∣ding to thy pay, for if thou hadst called thy Physitian to thee, hee would easily haue ouercome a Feuer so easie to bee cured, and would on thy good day being free from thy fit, haue giuen thee thy physicke, and so shouldest thou not haue needed for so small an accident to haue beene at this cost to haue sent for me, the which is occasioned by thine owne fault and ouersight.

But I heare some say, Admit that it is fit that the richer sort, and such as are of meanes and ability, send for the Physitian, to haue his counsell and presence; what if the Physitian, by reason of distance of place, or otherwise of his manifold employments, and losse which it might be to him, cannot conueniently afford the sicke his personall presence?

In this case it is the part of the country and neighbours about them, to conuey such poore people, before the dis∣ease grow strong vpon them, to some Towne or City

whereas good Physitians make their abode, to the end they may be daily visited and cured as well as the richer sort: and in this case I thinke no honest and religious Physiti∣an will deny them his aduice. If this cannot bee effected, they ought to be sent to the Hospitals, whereas are ap∣pointed Physitians of purpose freely to cure such silly poore sicke people. Or yet if such Hospitals bee not al∣wayes to be found, or if they haue no friends in a Towne, nor any acquaintance, at least it is to bee hoped they will find some compassionate people, who will extend the bowels of compassion, in prouiding lodging, with other things necessary for them. And no doubt but they shall likewise find some honest Physitians, who in such cases will afford them their counsaile, as Hippocrates commands in his precepts. For this cause and purpose such Cities and Common-wealthes are much to bee commended, which haue in them such publike Hospitalls, vnto the which in time of need, as vnto some place of succour and refuge, the sicke and distressed people may haue their refuge and recourse. No lesse praise-worthy is such a City or Common-wealth, which doth maintaine at their owne cost and charges some Physitians, to the end they may in time of need more easily be helpfull to the poore, sicke, and diseased people.

But it may bee yet further demanded, what if none of the former can bee performed, the disease perhaps being so hot and acute, that neither will it admit transpor∣tation to the place of the Physitians abode, neither yet is it safe to delay the matter any longer? In such a case I confesse, if no better may be, the vrine may be sent to the Physitian, prouiding it be sent by a discreet messenger▪ de∣claring by him the whole circumstances of the disease, both the beginning and encreasing, together with the time of the continuance, and all the accidents thereof, and then it might bee perhaps to some purpose. And thus might the Physitian rather vse some remedy then none at all: Howbeit yet, as we haue said, it were much better

we did see the patient himselfe, and then to consider both of his vrine and all other circumstances of the disease.

The vncertainty of this coniecturing by vrine hath beene often obserued, not by my selfe alone, but by many other honest Physitians also, so that when as I had well viewed the vrine, as also afterwards appointed such reme∣dies as in my iudgement were then fitting for the disease: that being immediatly after called to some of the same pa∣tients, I haue found the same remedies to be quite contrary to the disease, and haue beene hereupon forced to alter and change againe the said formes of remedies; and this I dare sweare, that a number of other Physitians are of the same opinion with me, if they beare any loue to the truth.

Some are also of this foolish and idle humour, that they will come with their water to the Physitian, and that onely to heare what he will say concerning the same, not demanding any remedy for their disease: now this is the highest degree of folly; for what is this else, but as if one should say, I would willingly know my disease, and yet it is not my purpose to part from it; euen as if a man which hath receiued some dangerous wound, would shew the same to the Surgeon, and yet would not haue it cured. But let such people beware, lest thus dallying with their dis∣eases, the time and opportunity of doing themselues good passe not away.

It may be yet perhaps demanded, but what if one be amisse, yet not so extreamly sicke, but that yet he is able to trauell abroad; In such a case, I say, may not such a one carry his vrine to the Physitians? I doe not deny it, if hee obserue such cautions as are in this case to bee obserued, and that withall he acquaint the Physitian with the whole circumstances of his disease. And how I pray thee can the Physitian giue thee sound and good counsaile for thy disease, vnlesse he vnderstand throughly the originall and ground of it, together with all that concerneth it; for bet∣ter it is to deny thy helpe to the sicke, then by thy teme∣rity and rashnesse to precipitate him into extreame dan∣ger,

or yet (as Empirickes, women-physitians, and such like) to cure him casually and by meere chance and hazard. This is then the summe of that which hath beene said, that if any shall bee so sicke that they are not able to come in their owne person to the Physitian, they shall not send their vrines to the Physitians houses, much lesse to these cogging and cheating Empiricks, &c. but shall with all speed and diligence send for a Physitian both learned and well skilled in his profession, who shall not then onely view their vrines, but shall in like manner well weigh and consider of all the rest of the signes, being present him∣selfe with the patient, and so shall be more able to cure the disease. This seemeth the Wiseman to command in these words: Giue place to the Physitian, for the Lord hath created him: let him not goe from thee, for thou hast need of him. He saith not, Send thy water to the Physitian. Let vs not then like the Physitians of Alexandria, followers of Erasistatus (who attained to all their skill in curing diseases by the onely reading of bookes, and were so idle loytering lub∣bards, that they were perswaded they might attaine to the perfect knowledge of herbes by the pictures of them onely) by the sole coniecture of vrine brought to our stu∣dies, aduenture on the practice of this so noble a professi∣on, & our Galen very fitly calleth such 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, Saylers by their booke only; who learning all their Art of Nauigation by some Geographicall Cards, doe sudden∣ly with their ship rush vpon some Rocke, vnto themselues altogether before vnknowne: euen iust so fareth it not onely with our cozening Empirickes, but with all such Physitians also as doe too much relie vpon this so vncer∣taine coniecture by vrines.

And for this cause also did Heraclides Tarentinus not vn∣fitly compare such counterfeit Physitians to Praetors pub∣like Cryers, who in the Market-place among the great p••ease of people did liuely set forth any fugitiue slaue, both in his apparell, stature, feature, colour of haire, &c. whom notwithstanding if he had beene sitting hard by their el∣bow,

they could hardly discerne. After the same manner doe our water-mongers also, who not hauing seene the par∣ty, yet will they by the vrine liuely set him forth in his co∣lours: yea so Lynceus-like cleere-sighted are these Impo∣stors, that not onely doe they presume to take vpon them to discerne by it the temperature and state of his body, but the disease it selfe also, or whatsoeuer is amisse within him, although they neuer haue seene the party: yea and if they should meet him in their way yet would they neuer know him, much lesse his disease, and that for very good reason, in regard they would find the case farre otherwise, then they had by the deceitfull vrine heretofore iudged. But howsoeuer it will proue a hard matter, and full of difficulty totally to abrogate this so inueterate error, yet shall the danger of this manner of coniecturing by vrines plainly appeare to the eyes of the most iudicious. And if this abuse were reformed, then would no more trust be giuen to these malepert, iugling, and cheating knaues. But we will now proceed to lay open and declare how dangerous a thing it is by the sole inspection of the vrine, without the sight of the patient, rashly to prescribe any remedies, espe∣cially such as be most generous, to wit, purging and blee∣ding, the which wee vvill proue as vvell by reasons as examples.

CHAP. III. That vpon the sole inspection of the vrine, Remedies ought not to be prescribed to the sicke, except the Physitian being pre∣sent by them, doe first obserue all the rest of the signes, which doe in like manner belong to the perfect knowledge of the disease.

OF the vncertainty of this signe of vrine, in diseases, together with the manifold errors committed by Empirickes and others, as al∣so the beginning and occasion of the same, we haue said sufficiently already: Now let

vs yet proceed & declare how vnfit a thing it is, vpon the sole sight thereof, without weiging the rest of the signes by the sight of the Patient himselfe, to proceed to the cure of the disease: let it not therfore seem strange, if we instruct the ignorant, and discouer the fraud and imposture of couetous and cozening knaues, vsurping to themselues (but falsly) the name of Physitians. Neyther yet doe we find fault with their impostures and cozenages, for any hatred or ill will we beare them, as being of the same profession with vs, according to the common prouerbe, Figulus figulum odit: One begger is woe, when another doth by the doore goe: the which I thinke no honest vpright hearted man will iudge. For, this we doe onely out of that feruent affection wee beare to our neighbour whom wee see so to be gulled.

Is it not fit to cleanse the Wheate from the Tares? Is it vnseemly to defend and maintaine honest and simple peo∣ple from the impostures of cozeners and deceiuers? When the Iudge punisheth offenders, is it not to maintaine ho∣nest men in their right, and that not for any grudge or ma∣lice he beareth to the party, but to defend the innocent, the widow and orphanes from oppression. The Father in like sort chastiseth his sonne, to reclaime him from his dis∣orderly courses, and that when he commeth to yeares of discretion he may liue an honest man: wherefore while as wee see that errors and abuses haue crept in into this noble Profession, shall wee not be thought to haue betrayed our profession, and with it mens liues, if wee giue no warning of the same? Is it not our parts, when we see a stumbling blocke, or a stone, laid in our blinde neighbours way, to re∣moue, or at least to doe our best to remoue them out of his way.

As for our selues, if all things were well weighed, it may be, our gaine would not proue so great as thou ima∣ginest, in regard there commeth often to vs no small profit by the errors of Empirickes, and such like scumme and off∣scowrings. As for my selfe, I may boldly auouch, that I haue reaped as much or more gaine and commodity by

them which haue at the first beene preposterously cured by those abusers, then by them to whom I was my selfe at first called. This will many moe besides my selfe, I thinke, confesse. Now if we had beene called to them at first, then might they haue beene more speedily, with lesse danger, and paine to their purses, cured at first.

And wheras it may be obiected, that some of our learned, iudicious, and as they call them, dogmaticall Physitians, do still vse this coniecturing by vrine after the manner wee haue declared, prescribing likewise some Remedies, which if they help not the Patient; yet doe they doe him no hurt, and that onely lest they should seeme to doe nothing: such I say doe in this as absurdly as the Mariner, who in the greatest storme and tempest committeth his ship to the discretion of the boysterous windes and raging waues of the Sea. Neyther ought the Physitian to entertaine this base and beggarly custome, fearing lest if they goe from him, they should carry the same to some Empiricke: but this should rather be a motiue to make them warne the Pa∣tients to beware of being bewitched with this so dange∣rous and tyrannicall a custome.

It is the part of the Patient to send for the Physitian, who shall then best be able to obserue his disease, with all the signes and circumstances thereof: Now if any will come to vs, and not lay open their disease, it were better to send such Asses home without any counsell; for sending Physicke to parties whose diseases thou knowest not, thou maist be a meanes of furthering them to their end, being vnprepared, and so likewise endanger their soules.

But admit the Physitian be present, yet is it not suffici∣ent that he play his part, but likewise the sicke, and such as assist, and minister vnto him, as also other outward things, which might much hinder the cure, as our renowned Hippocrates doth teach vs, the which things the vrine will neuer be able to shew vs. The danger which may ensue vpon the vnaduised prescribing of remedies vpon the sole sight of the vrine, we haue already declared by the exam∣ple

of a white vrine in a phrensie. If also the choler be carried vpwards, and by casting and reaching voyded away, it will come to passe that the vrine will be crude, and of a whitish coloor: and yet if in this case thou shouldest ap∣point hot remedies in this hot disease, it is apparent into what danger thou castest thy Patient. In like sort if the sicke shall lye long languishing of a Dropsie, proceeding of a cold and weake Liuer, the vrine being for this reason of a reddish colour, and shall send his vrine to the Physitian, and he thereupon shall presently prescribe Phlebotomy, shal he not by the same meanes hasten this crazy carkeis to the graue? No man of vnderstanding, I thinke, will deny it. Now of the disposition of such a liuer (howsoeuer the bo∣dy was not swolne) I will here relate a true story.

At my first comming out of Italy, I came to the towne of Pithiers in France, whereas I practised Physicke for a while, and among diuers other Patients whose cure I had vndertaken, there was brought to me the vrine of a cer∣taine Priest, who had now a long time lyen very weake, all naturall strength and vigor almost fayling him: now the vrine was very red coloured and thicke withall, insomuch as I had no small suspition that the sicke was diseased of some hot acute disease proceeding from an extreame heate and ebullition of the blood. I enquired therefore of him that brought the vrine, whether his Master had been long sicke or no? He answered that he had kept his bed these three moneths at least. The which hauing heard, I could not but wonder at the vrine, and the strangenesse of the same. Wherefore I enquired of him againe, whether he felt not some paine, and as it were some weight vnder his right side? The Seruant auouching that it was so, I enquired whether hee was not troubled with some loosnesse, as likewise if his feet were swollen? The Seruant answered, That hee voyded by stoole great abundance of bloody excrements, that his belly was very lancke and flat, his body dry and withered, and that his feet were not at all swollen. Hauing vnderstood all the pre∣misses, I said I thought it fittest to see the sicke before I

〈1 page duplicate〉〈1 page duplicate〉

〈1 page duplicate〉〈1 page duplicate〉

〈1 page duplicate〉〈1 page duplicate〉

〈1 page duplicate〉〈1 page duplicate〉

should administer any Physicke to him, lest trusting too much to the false flattering vrine, I should let him blood, which might perhaps be an occasion of great mischiefe to the sicke. The Seruant acquainted his Master with my message, and vpon that occasion the next day being sent for, when as I came to him, I found death written in his face already, hauing such a face as is commonly called Hip∣pocraticall, described by the famous Hippocrates in his pre∣dictions, to wit, a sharp nose, his temples fallen, hollow eyes, &c. and withall, his excrements were bloody, like the washing of raw bloody flesh, the which doe most vsually come to passe by meanes of the imbecility and weaknesse of the liuer. The Pulse was small, weake, and somewhat quicke, such as doth most commonly accompany a Feuer hecticke, or Con∣sumption. I enquired of him what had beene the originall cause thereof, and how long he had beene troubled with it. He told me among many other things, That at first hee had vsed the counsell of a certaine Empiricke, who had most grieuously tortured and tormented his poore carkeis with most strong and violent remedies, confidently maintaining that his disease was the French pox. He said moreouer, that he had la∣boured to cure him (rather kill him) with such remedies as doe violently loosen the belly, from whence hath procee∣ded this extraordinary fluxe, continuing with me now these two moneths at least: neyther yet haue I sent this fellow away, howbeit, as I am now much afraid, the Au∣thor of my mischiefe: and for any thing I can as yet per∣ceiue, I waxe daily worse and worse, my whole strength being now almost quite decayed, wherfore I am now pur∣posed to send him away packing. Moreouer, as concerning the signes of the pox, I found none at all, and so farre as I could collect by his owne relation, there were neuer any at all.

In the meane time while we were thus talking our Em∣piricke came in. This worthy Knight (call him knaue if you please) was a Baker by profession. This saucy Iack, like some proud Thraso, did maruellously expostulate with the

Patient for sending for me: a great cause indeed to chide poor Pamphilus. Some certaine big words did this Braggadochio breathe out, as is the manner of these men, howbeit to small purpose: adding moreouer, that none could cure him besides himselfe. Sometimes he said he was sicke of the pox, prating of many other idle things not worth the rehearsall: and presently againe would he affirme, that hee had a stone in his bladder as big as an egge, and that hee would be content to be hanged if it were not according to his words. Wherefore perceiuing it would be to small purpose to vse reasons against one, who could be little bet∣tered by the same, or by any sharpe reproofe, I only answe∣red him thus briefly, My Friend, I came not hither of mine owne accord, but being sent for: and now so farre as I can per∣ceiue, the patient hath need of present help; wherefore I thinke it fittest to administer vnto him such things as may by little and little stop the flux, or else in a very short time his vigor and strength will quickly perish and decay. As for any signes eyther of the stone, or of the French pox, I find none at all.

Whiles I was thus talking, he betaketh him to his heels in a great chafe and rage. After I had appointed his dyet, and such gentle remedies as I thought fittest, I departed homewards. The third day after, the seruant came to me a∣gaine, acquainting me that his Master was now much bet∣ter then heretofore, I still wishing him to continue in that course I had appointed him. But yet not resting content with my counsell, sends yet his vrine to another Physitian, who vpon the sole sight thereof, without any further, ap∣pointeth Phlebotomy. These blockish people, (notwith∣standing I had strictly charged the contrary, & disswaded from bleeding, whatsoeuer incouragement they might seeme to haue from the vrine) did with speed put the same in execution. Whereupon hee was like to haue yeelded vp the ghost. Of which being aduertised by the seruant sent againe vnto me, I told him that the vrine had deceiued the Physitian, & withall vndone the patient, wishing they had better followed my directions, & that now his only course

was to prouide himselfe for another world. The seruant was scarce come within the doores, when his master veri∣fied my prediction. The friends desirous to know whe∣ther the varlets words concerning a stone in the bladder, would proue true, caused him after his death to bee ope∣ned, but no such matter was found, howbeit this Rogue had pledged his necke on the same.

Wherefore here we may learne, that it is not safe vpon the sole inspection of a red vrine, presently to appoint blee∣ding, since the same may proceed sometimes of a crudity and weaknesse of the liuer: and in this Priest was such an imbecillity conioyned with a Feuer Hecticke, and there∣fore his bleeding proued to bee his bane. And that wee ought not rashly vpon the sight of a red and thicke vrine, prescribe Phlebotomy (whatsoeuer Auicen and the Arabian Physitians do hold) it is a thing not to be doubted of. It is then apparant how dangerous it is to prescribe remedies vpon the sight of the vrine onely, as also how deceitfull a signe this is.

And to this purpose is not impertinent a pretty Story which Langius relateth in his Epistles, where hee maketh mention of a certain Apothecary being a Iew, hauing at the very entry of his shop set a carued Image of a foole, apparelled with a party-coloured coate, and a red hat on his head, who holding out an Ʋrinall in his hand, fleering as fooles vse to doe, seemed to shew the same to the beholders. A Phy∣sitian being there by with Langius, maruelling what this might meane, entring within the shop asked the Iew con∣cerning the meaning of this matter. The Iew answered, that he had heard both from his Father and Grand-father ha∣uing both beene Physitians, that such Physitians as by the falla∣cious iudgement of Ʋrine doe attempt to know and discerne the disease together with the causes of it, and the place affected, are fooles like vnto him, who did mocke and laugh to scorne their rash iudgement of the same, whom for this cause hee had set for a Signe before his shop dore. So free and ingenuous a con∣fession of the truth in this matter, may one seldome heare

among our Christian Water-prophets, before whose doores such Signes were very fit to be set vp.

It is not then sufficient to content our selues with the bare inspection of the vrine sent to vs; but it is our part to visite the Patient, yea often if it bee possible, and Hippo∣crates himselfe giueth vs warning of the same, as also to inquire of the most ignorant Idiot such things as may helpe forward the Cure. The same Author in another place saith thus: Come often at the sicke, visite diligently, with∣standing such things as might be done ignorantly, and changing them if they be already done. And thus thou shalt more easily attaine to the knowledge of the same, and shalt bee the readier for euery occurrent, &c. Now yet further if the inspection of the vrine only were sufficient to giue vs ful notice as wel of the disease as of the signes and symptomes thereof, what needed Physitians to haue written so many volumes with so great labour and toyle concerning other signes and to∣kens whereby they are discerned. And we read that Ga∣len himselfe findeth out diseases, and distinguisheth them by the pulse, which requireth of necessity the presence of the Physitian, as well to iudge of it by the touching, as of diuers other excretions by the sight.

Hence also commeth it to passe, that neither Hippocrates nor Galen haue of set purpose so curiously set downe this Doctrine of vrines; howbeit they haue here and there as occasion serued made mention of the same, as willing vs not too much to rely vpon it, but to conioyne all the rest of the signes, which he shall neuer be able to doe without the sight of his Patient. This is also the opinion of Iohan∣nes Damascenus, in his Aphorismes, and Rhases doth like∣wise confirme the same. And it cannot bee denyed but many by reason of the inconstancie of this signe (which often deceiueth the Physitian) haue had their dayes much shortened, whom it had beene perhaps an easie matter to haue saued, if they had had a skilful Physitian by them. And of this I will set downe as lamentable an example as was the former. Vpon a time an honest man being troubled with a

carnosity, growne in the passage of the vrine, at the bottome of his Yard, a certaine fool-hardy Barbar giuing himselfe forth for some skilfull Surgeon, thrusting vp a Catheter into his Yard, burst through the passage, thinking there had beene some stone in the bladder; whence it came to passe that a fluxe of blood en∣suing, together with an inflamation and burning feuer, the dis∣eased through the vnskilfulnes of this wicked wretch was cast a∣way. When death was now knocking at the doore, and ready to breake it open in her Soueraignes name, they send his vrine to me, this being the custome of the common peo∣ple, and of some others also. The vrine was thin and cleere, with a small residence, (for the Fluxe of blood had ceased but a little before) of a golden colour, inclining somewhat to Saffron, insomuch that neither could any haue discerned any inflamation, nor acute Feuer by the same; howbeit it was somwhat coloured: but vnderstanding by the seruant that his stones were exceeding swollen (the which no man by the vrine could euer haue discerned) I went to him my selfe, and found that his priuy members and stones were so exceedingly swollen, that scarce had I at any time knowne the like; and at length the vrine was quite stopt, that not so much as one drop could come forth. There was this braue Barbar stifly maintaining that this was nothing else but the stone in the bladder, and was resolued to haue cut him, the breath being now ready to depart out of his body if I had not disswaded him. He had also administred vn∣to him very hot and sharpe medicines for breaking of the stone, which had increased as well the Feuer as the inflama∣tion, and consequently killed him before wee could be∣thinke vs of any fit remedies. His dead body being ope∣ned to see if they could finde any stone, they could finde none, neither in the kidneyes, pipes of the vrine, nor yet in the bladder; so that then they gaue credit to my speeches.

I could relate a many like Stories of such as haue beene diseased of Pleurisies, inflammation of the lungs, and the like, deluded to their great dammage by this so deceitfull a signe: but these shall now suffice to proue that which we haue

vndertaken. Now since it hath beene lately declared that the Physitian can by the inspection of the vrine onely, nei∣ther finde out the infirmity nor yet the place affected, much lesse the causes and symptomes of them: now it rest∣eth to declare that the vrine cannot indicate or demon∣strate the cure it selfe; but that besides the vrine there are certaine scopes and ends, from which the indications of cu∣ring are deriued, which doe no lesse require the Presence of the Physitian then the former, the which also in the next place wee will set downe; howbeit I haue elsewhere hand∣led the same as occasion was offered.

CHAP. IIII. That there is a certaine Method and order of signes and causes, as also of diseases, together with the accidents of the same: that there are also certaine scopes and ends from the which againe the indications of curing are deriued, by meanes whereof, and not of the bare inspection of the Vrine onely, the cure it selfe is performed: by all which as well the vtility as the necessity of the presence of the Physitian with his Pati∣ent is proued.

NOw as concerning the signes of disea∣ses, and the finding out of the same, our learned Physitians haue laboured nor a little. And as concerning the fountaine and spring from whence they doe proceed, our Physitians haue set downe diuers; the which first of all that euer-praise-worthy Hippocrates found out, who layd also the first foundation of this rationall Physicall Professi∣on, as it is now practised, worthy the admiring in this one poynt, that hee proceeded so farre in this Profession, that hee hath beene euer highly esteemed, not onely by those who li∣ued in his time: but euen in the succeeding ages also. This ra∣tionall sect, as wee may call it, doth proceed from the na∣ture

of the thing it selfe, to finde out the signes, the causes, and remedies. Hence also commeth it to passe that a Physitian professing the same, must vnderstand the tempe∣rature and constitution of mens bodies, as also to be well exercised in finding out the seuerall infirmities of the parts of the body. After many other famous and learned men succeeded Galen, who hath herein gotten himselfe so much glory, that hee hath left but little for his Successors to gleane after him. Of late diuers learned men haue well manured this Method, as namely Montanus. Fernelius also refined this faculty, publishing it to the view of the world. The same hath lately beene illustrated with a new and easie Method by Heurnius, and Argenterius hath also attemp∣ted the same; and many others haue taken no small paines in this matter. Now howsoeuer they may seeme some∣what to vary and differ in the enumeration of the particu∣lars; yet they are all deriued from a true and sound Method. And thus Donatus with Galen, search out first of all the place affected and grieued: to wit, whether it be so of it selfe, or by consent of some other part: the which notwithstanding without the knowledge of Anatomy, no man can euer finde out. The place affected or grieued therefore hee searcheth and inquireth into, from fiue seuerall springs and fountaines: from the hurt the action hath receiued, from the manner of the excretions, the position or situation of the part, the nature or manner of the paine, together with the propriety of the accidents. So in like manner doth hee finde out the dis∣ease it selfe, from the excretions, the propriety of the paine, the propriety of the accidents, the nature of the part it selfe, and from such things as haue preceded and gone before; such as are the manner of dyet, custome, age, the constitution of the Ayre, or the Heauens, together with the disposition of the whole body. And besides this, such a disease as properly pertaineth to the part, doth continue without in∣termission, but that which cōmeth by consent hath some intermission. After this manner also proceedeth Leonhardus Iacchinus. Montanus collecteth all his from two fountaines or springs, to wit, from the actions & passions of the whole body.

Hee doth therefore obserue whether the action vitall, na∣turall, or animall bee quite decayed and perished, or any wayes depraued or marred. The naturall actions are con∣sidered from the change of excretions of the said parts: the animall actions from the excretions or superfluities of the braine, the vitall from the pulse. After the same man∣ner doe we consider of the passions as we haue done of the actions. Thus doe wee first of all consider the passions of the braine, such as are watching, sleepe and deliration. The vitall are distrust, feare and shamefastnesse; the last whereof being once lost, that party seldome recouereth the health. The naturall passions are pleasure & delight, hunger, thirst, and the like, being referred to the stomacke. There maist thou see a many mo things concerning this Subiect, which of purpose I passe by, & that for feare of being too tedious. Argenterius also hath a large field tending to this same pur¦pose, which I will also here omit. All which do intimate so much vnto vs, that the vrine only cannot bring all this to passe. Now next let vs proceed to the causes of diseases.

Briefly therefore of the causes, some are internall, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, being bred within the body of man, such as are blood, phlegme, yellow and blacke choler, exceeding their owne bounds and limits. Other causes are externall, cal∣led primitiue, and by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, being with∣out the body of man, as heat, cold, poyson, with innumera∣ble others, &c. Now of these, some againe be necessary, as the ambient ayre, our meate, drinke, rest, sleepe, watching, perturbations of the minde; as feare, sadnesse, anger, &c. O∣thers againe are not so necessary but that wee may well a∣uoid the same: such are hot stewes, bathes, vnctions, appa∣rell, smels, carnall copulation, externall motions, whether by horse, waggon, as also falles, with a number of other things, which doe suddenly assault vs: all or any of which, who so would seeke for in the vrine, deserued to be begged for a foole, or to be allowed vrine for his ordinary drinke. The internall causes haue their originall and being from the primitiue, euident, or externall, concerning which thou

maist see many famous auncient and later writers. As for the finall cause it is not to be obserued in the Art of Phy∣sicke. The efficient cause is that which altereth and chan∣geth the state of the body from an equality and good tem∣per, to an inequalitie and distemper: the same is againe ei∣ther internall, externall, or primitiue, within the body do alter it, the meate, drinke, and medicines: without the bo∣die, the affections of the mind, anger, motions, carnall co∣pulation, sleepe, and watching. The materiall cause may also become the efficient cause of the disease, being also two-fold; the one, the matter of which, as are the hu∣mours; the other, the matter in the which, as are the members of the body, receiuing the diseases and infir∣mities of the same. The formall cause, as in a Feuer, an externall and outward heate. Now how be it much more might be said concerning the causes, yet will wee not insist any longer vpon them, but referre the curious Reader to the aforesaid authors with many others.

Now as neither the signes nor causes of diseases can be discerned by the vrine, it followeth now in order that the indications of curing, or that part of Physicke called Thera∣peutica, can no more be found out by the vrine, but it is to be found out by certaine scopes or ends, from whence are afterwards deriued certaine indications of curing. But to the end wee may more easily attaine to our purpose, wee will first of all declare what is meant by these foure, Indi∣catio, coindicatio, contra indicatio, correpugnatio, beginning first to tell what is meant by this word Scope. A Scope then is the tearme, or end whereunto the action is directed. Indication is the reason or Motiue of doing such a thing, which looking vpon the Scope, doth point out to vs: or thus, Indication is the knowledge of that which may either help or hurt: Coindication is that which sheweth vs the same that the Indication, but not primarily of it selfe, but by accident, and as it were in another place. Thus the strength of the patient is said to indicate Phlebotomy, or a proper diet, but the temperature of the body, the age, the

sexe, the custome do coindicate the same, because they de∣clare in what state the strength of the body standeth, and consequently doe declare and point out the dyet, not of themselues, but by others mediation and comming betwixt them. Contraindication is that which primarily and princi∣pally doth hinder that which was suggested by the indi∣cant: as the abundance of humours do indicate a plenti∣full euacuation; the Contraindicant is the want of vigour and strength, hindering this worke, and opposing the selfe against it, as being more by the same ouerthrowen then any thing else within the body of man according to the course of nature. Correpugnation (if so I may say) or Cor∣repugnantia, are such things as doe secondarily oppose themselues to the Indication, and as one might say oppo∣sing themselues together, or ioyning with the other in opposition, such as are in euacuation, the age, the sexe, the temperature of the body, and the rest of this nature and kinde: all which when they shew the imbecillitie and weakenesse of naturall strength, doe either not admit any euacuation at all, or else do insinuate the apt and due mo∣deration of the same. Now such things as do neither indi∣cate nor contra indicate, neither perswading, nor disswa∣ding; such I say as if they were not at all, are not of vs considered, or taken notice of, but of these things see at great length Donatus, Argenterius, and Montanus, with many others, the which the learned, if they be desirous, may there see set downe at great length, and so it doth plainely appeare that the indications of curing are not ta∣ken from the inspection of the vrine, as many most falsely haue hitherto conceiued, but yet we will set downe in the next Chapter the chiefe Scopes from whence Indica∣tions are taken, and so shall the vncertaintie and deceit∣fulnesse of this signe of Vrine be made more manifest.

CHAP. V. That remedies ought to be sought from certaine scopes and indi∣cations, for the which cause such Physitians are to be bla∣med, who doe vnaduisedly vpon the sole sight of the vrine prescribe their remedies.

NOw then to acquit my selfe of my former promise, and to the end this matter may more manifestly appeare, I will out of the former famous Physitians briefly set down the chiefe scopes from whence the indica∣tions of curing are taken. The first scope of all therefore shall be, whether that wee would take in hand ought to be vn∣dertaken; for if it be possible, then may wee boldly goe a∣bout it; if impossible, then not to attempt it. Now to the end the Physitian may vndertake or not vndertake a cure, two things are to be considered, the efficient, and the mat∣ter or instrument on the which the Physitian is to worke. Then come wee next to the manner of curing. Now then if wee meane to proceed in it, two things must concurre, the power, and the matter; if either bee wanting wee can doe nothing to any purpose; as if any member of the bo∣dy be deficient, eye, nose, &c.

The Physitian himselfe may in like manner be deficient, in regard of his ignorance and insufficiencie, such as be Empiricks, women-physitians, &c. who are fitter for baser imployments then for so weighty a calling. The skilfull and learned Physitian may yet be deficient also in regard of some operations set downe by some famous auncient Physitians, as being in those dayes vsuall, now disused and discontinued; as for example, the incision of the diseased of a Dropsy, the which perhaps may be either in regard of the difficultie thereof, or in regard of the decaying of the strength, it not beeing then safe to administer the same. Sometimes also it commeth to passe that although as well the matter as the instrument be fitted for the operation, that

yet notwithstanding it is not safe to goe about the cure, in consideration of some other circumstances which doe internally or externally happen and befall the subiect wee are to deale withall. The internall may bee the temperature of the body, perturbations of the mind, age, and sometimes the self-wilfulnesse of the sicke. For if we should appoint a strict and thin sparing dyet, the temperature of the body not beeing able to beare the same (as commonly wee see in cholericke bodyes) then may it rather doe harme &c. So must wee be sparing with Phlebotomy either in yong chil∣dren, or yet in women with child, especially towards the beginning and later end of their time, the like circumspe∣ction is to be vsed in purging remedies. Neither yet are wee to neglect the perturbations of the mind, as in faint har∣ted people wee are to vse these remedies sparingly, as also in Laskes, and in the menstruous flux of women, and in the Piles or Hemorrhoids. Such things as doe externally befall vs, are first the ayre, and therefore in soft and foggy bo∣dies, in any great excesse of Summers heat or Winters cold the same ought to bee restrained if not wholly inhibited: the like being vnderstood of an exceeding hot or cold re∣gion. Custome also must not be contemned, for some ac∣customing themselues to feed 3. or 4. times a day, falling sicke must be more liberally dyeted; and such as are accu∣stomed to purging and bleeding, sustaine lesse hurt by the same. In like sort we are to consider whether we are to at∣tempt any thing at all, or to commit the whole worke to natures wise disposing, according to the opinion of Argen∣terius: or yet if we see the disease so farre gone that there is no good to be done, not to attempt to do any thing, but to foretell the dangerous issue of the same. The second scope followeth vpon the first, for hauing in the first place consi∣dered whether we are to go in hand with the cure or no, in the next place we are to consider what is to be done, for being many things to bee done, it is not a thing of small moment to vnderstand what he is to doe, whether to vse euacuation or repletion, digestion, nutrition, alteration, refrige∣ration,

with infinite other things more; or whether some thing besides all these yet is to be done, of the wh••ch who∣soeuer is ignorant going about one thing in stead of ano∣ther, must needs bee the author of great mischiefe. The cause then doth indicate and declare vnto vs what wee are to doe, (as Montanus well obserueth) but the efficient cause doth especially indicate preseruation from future infirmi∣ties: the materiall cause being corporeall or incorporeall, be∣longeth properly to the curing or curer of the said infirmi∣ties. Now these two sorts of materiall causes doe differ, the materiall corporeall cause ascribing vnto it selfe euacuation; the other being incorporeall only alteration. Or yet this in∣dication (according to the opinion of Argenterius) is taken from the number and difference of the infirmities, &c. Ga∣len defumeth the same from the dignity of the part or mem∣ber, the nature of the action, from the substance and scituation thereof, whom other Writers do also imitate. So doth Iac∣chinus defume and take the indication of this scope from the temperature of the part, the excellency of it, the seat or sci∣tuation, & the connexion or knitting therof with some other. Do∣natus in like manner draweth the first indication from the temperature of the part it selfe, affirming that the substance together with the infirmity it selfe doe both demonstrate this, (as 5. Meth) and the manner how to vse the same is taken from the forme and scituation. And thus doth Galen appoint to preserue and keepe the naturall temperature, with things alike in quality to the same, as to appoint dry remedies to dry parts, and moyst to the moyster, &c. Se∣condly, Donatus taketh his indication after Galens minde, from the action, and therefore willeth vs to purgc the liuer, and stomacke with great caution and circumspection, by reason of the noblenesse of their actions, and the necessary vse of them to the whole body: thirdly, from the shape and figure of the part affected. By this meanes are we warned by which way and passage we are to euacuate, to wit, the sto∣macke by vomit and stoole, the guts by stoole only, as also the hollow parts of the liuer, the kidneyes, the backe-part of the

liuer, and the bladder by the passages of the vrine, &c. The fourth indication he takes from the scituation of the part. Thus are wee to apply to outward distempers remedies iust of the same degree of contrary qualities, and such as the distemper requireth. But againe the inward and farre remote parts of the body being distempered require reme∣dies a great deale stronger then the distemper in its owne nature, and that in regard of the remotenesse of the part, the Physicke losing some of the force in the passage, &c. The fift indication he taketh from the sensiblenesse of the part, such as be of an obtuse and dull feeling contemning for the most part the most effectuall meanes, although they were of a corroding and eating quality. Such parts againe as be very sensible their strength is quickly ouerthrowne. It is very meete and expedient therefore to remedy the same not all at once in one instant with strong and forci∣ble meanes, but for the more safety by degrees: but where the feeling is duller thou maist safely vse such remedies as thou shalt finde fitting all at one time. And thus it now appeareth plainly that this second scope is not to bee taken from the viewing of the water, as these ignorant Ʋrine-mongers doe most falsly suppose, who vpon the bare inspe∣ction of it appoint their most dangerous and strong medi∣cines, yea rather most deadly Poysons, as doe in like man∣ner our Alchymists with their most dangerous metall-medicines, they being both alike ignorant in the Principles and rules of Art. The third scope is by what meanes wee ought to bring that to passe which we intend. This scope then requi∣reth the furniture of such stuffe as Physicke is able to afford vs, the which either the disease or the cause of the same doth indicate. If the disease, then it cannot be sufficiently knowne without the Physitians presence, much lesse cured vnlesse he be either alwaies present, or at least doe often vi∣site his Patient. This scope then is indicated from the disease, the cause, together with the accidents of the same. And there∣fore old inueterate obstructions doe indicate strong and forcible medicines for the opening of them: the abun∣dance

of humors, such Physicke as may be fit for the euacu∣ation of the same. The disease which yet is crude admit∣teth no euacuation before the concoction thereof. They are not therefore without blame who presently vpon the sight of the vrine onely, appoint the Patient strong and violent Purgations, whether there bee concoctions or none at all, and that quite contrary to the minde of Hippo∣crates and other learned Physitians.

And thus doth euery one of these indicate the owne proper remedy, whether the cause, disease, or accidents of them. Distemper doth indicate alteration; the multitude of humours euacuation; crudity, concoction; paine, mitigation of the same; any violent Fluxe, astringent and binding reme∣dies, &c. The fourth scope considereth the quality of the matter, that is, a choyce of the fittest meanes, especially when they are many, together with the quantity of the same. And therefore it is not sufficient for vs to know what doth euacuate choler or any other humour, but what effecteth it to best purpose, The quality of the remedy is taken accor∣ding to Galen, from the action which it bringeth forth, ta∣king the name from the part to the which it is appropri∣ate, and the infirmity which it helpeth. The first qualities such as are heat, cold, drought and moysture, are the Authors of the action, and such as are deriued from them, as those which do soften, harden, loosen, extend or stretch; and such likewise as doe follow the solidity of the substance, to wit, those that doe attenuate, that doe cut, and such as doe thicken and stuffe vp the passages, and are called properly enplasticae, as in like sort such as are engendred of the two former sorts of qualities, as are astringent, repelling, digesting, opening, thick∣ning, clensing, together with others of the same nature and kinde. Secondly, the quality of remedies is taken accor∣ding to Galen, from the similitude or likenesse of the whole substance, from whence doth proceed the purging quality, which doth draw the humours of the body, some purging one humour some another. Thirdly, it is taken from the infirmity and the part affected; as for example, Bechica bee

such remedies as are appropriate for the cough; Stomachica, hepatica, such as befit the stomacke and liuer. Now the in∣firmity it selfe doth indicate the applications of the first qualities, thus; the heat that which is cold, and the cold a∣gaine that which is hot, &c. The temperature againe doth indicate the application of the like, as a cold temperature requireth a cold quality, &c. The same may bee said of all the aforesaid qualities.

Now which of the qualities, that take their names from the place and the infirmity of the same, ought to be apply∣ed vnto it, is indicated or declared as well by the nature of the part it selfe, as of the disease also. And for this cause the stomacke & liuer do require such medicines as may streng∣then them, as wormewood, &c. Each part also doth craue her proper and peculiar remedy: and so also are some dis∣eases thought to be helped by some peculiar remedies; as the falling sicknesse by Peonie, &c. The fift generall scope is the quantity of the remedie: and in nothing whatsoeuer doe Empiricks and ignorant Physitians erre more then in this poynt, it being notwithstanding so dangerous. It is not then sufficient to know that the disease is to bee cured by contraries; but the exact quantity of the remedy is also to be found out: for if we shall happen to ouer-coole a hot disease, we may cast the sicke into a cold disease, the which to preuent we ought to be acquainted both with the state of the body of the sicke, the disease it selfe, together with the nature and faculties of the remedies. Now that I insist not vpon the opinions of Montanus Argenterius, and o∣thers, I will shew onely from whence Galen taketh his in∣dications of the quantity of the remedies, whom Akakia also (my sometimes kind and louing friend, when as I practi∣sed Physicke in France) doth imitate. Hee taketh his indi∣cation of the quantity; first from the greatnesse of the infir∣mity, vnder which name I comprehend both the disease, the cause, and accidents of the same. A great infirmity ther∣fore doth not only require a great quantity of the remedy, but also a competent power and force in the same: the

smaller infirmity, smaller in quantity, and remisser in force: and finally the excesse of nature is to bee driuen away by the like excesse of the remedy. In the next place Galen ta∣keth his indications from the obstinacie and stubbornnes of the disease; for when the same may easily bee remoued, then are we to exhibite our remedies seldomer and more sparingly: but if they be hard and vneasie to be remoued, then may we more freely, more copiously, and oftner ex∣hibite our remedies. Thirdly, from the strength, for if it decay and wast, then must we exhibite our remedies spa∣ringly and seldome: but if the case bee otherwise, then may wee oftner and frequently vse the same. Fourthly, from the proper and peculiar nature of the Patient: for ac∣cording as they differ, so must the remedies in like manner vary. Some constitutions there are to whom any Physicke will presently turne into nourishment, and such may take the same more liberally. Others there are againe who are annoyed with any Physicke whatsoeuer, so that oftentimes the very smell of it will incite them to casting; and to such thou oughtest to giue the same more sparingly. Fiftly, from the nature and condition of the part: & this doth compre∣hend also vnder it the exquisite sense and feeling, together with the dulnesse thereof, the solidity, the office, &c. And therefore an acute sense and feeling doth reiect a strong and copious medicine, which a more obtuse and dull sense admitteth willingly. Likewise a thin and spongious part requireth much milder then that which is thick, hard and compact. So in like manner the noble parts, and such as performe a common duty to the whole body, (such as are the stomacke, liuer, heart, and braine) require the same more mild, and withall sparingly. On the contrary such as be obscure, ignoble, and performe no such publike and common office, may easily indure it somewhat quicker and in greater quantity. Sixtly, Galen taketh the indicati∣on of the quantity of the remedy from the shape or fashion of the part. And therefore such parts as haue within and without large and wide passages, through the which the

medicine may be easily conueyed to the place affected, and the matter of the disease digested, require the same more gentle and more sparing: but such againe as are de∣stitute of the same, or haue their passages narrower, re∣quire it both more copious and more quicke. Seauenthly, from the situation and connexion of the part with others; for such as bee outward hauing any society with the sto∣macke and guts, require the same both gentle and little in quantity: but such as bee more remote from the former, demand it in greater abundance and stronger withall.

The sixt generall scope is the limitation of the quantity, or the manner of administring it according to the seuerall oc∣currents and occasions. And therefore it is not without cause that Montanus saith, wee are well to consider how and after what manner we go about that we take in hand: for we proceed after one manner when it is a maligne dis∣ease, and otherwise when it is secure and void of danger: as also many dangerous accidents require a course farre differing from that disease where there is no such thing to be seene. Now the materiall cause also, or the subiect in the which the disease is inherent doth indicate the same, as that the cure must proceed after one manner in the braine, & after another in the liuer. And to the former may be also added the sicke parties custome, state of life or calling, the time of the yeare, age, temperature, or constitution of body; the mo∣tion of the disease, or the resting or staying of the same, and the nature of the place affected.

A number of other indications for breuities sake I of purpose passe by, howbeit these may sufficiently declare vnto vs that which the stinking vrine will neuer doe. Now notwithstanding all the premises, we shall yet remaine in great doubt and suspence, vnlesse things bee done conue∣niently and in due time. And therefore the seauenth scope considereth the due & conuenient time for that we take in hand. Thus the motion of the disease doth indicate when to doe or not to doe, and the time likewise of the disease. And therfore if the motion of the disease be quick & speedy, we

must with all speed helpe and succour the same: where∣fore we must helpe very acute and sharpe diseases on the very selfe same day they begin vpon, enioyning a most ex∣quisite and sparing dyet withall, delay being here most dan∣gerous. If the disease goe on slowly, the matter of the same not swelling, nor yet in very great abundance, but still and quiet, then are wee to expect the concoction of the same. The time of the disease doth indicate that we ought not to attempt any euacuation at the beginning, but in the increase, when as the signes of concoction do manifestly appeare. In the beginning of inflamations we are to abstaine from such medicines as doe digest and discusse. In the increase, and when it is now come to a stand and stay, we are to vse the same. So according to the minde of Galen the fit and con∣uenient time is taken from the times of the disease, the vi∣olence of the accidents, and from the concoctions. So like∣wise the sicke parties proper and peculiar disposition, as also the remedies which haue gone before or ought to fol∣low, as also the preceding or following infirmities, do of∣ten further or hinder the exhibiting of any more Physicke. And for this cause if the nature of the infirmity require Phlebotomy, and yet the selfe same day the sicke haue taken a purging potion, we must of necessity deferre the remedy howbeit in it selfe very necessary. Now such things as doe commonly indicate, are the infirmities themselues, together with the state and condition of the body. Such things againe as doe hinder, are sometimes the disorder and vnrulinesse of the sicke, the frowardnesse of the Physitian, the perturbations of the minde, as also the manners and disposition of the sicke. The particular occasion hath in like manner the own pro∣per and peculiar indications: but such as in regard they are conuersant about particulars, are rather to be learned by experience then by reason.

Now these seuen foresaid scopes being common to other actions, we will yet adde two more, to wit, the eighth and ninth, concerning the place and order, the which are more peculiarly appropriated to this Profession. The eighth

scope teacheth vs to apply our remedies to the proper place. And therefore the great guts demand glisters, as fit reme∣dies; the small guts, some purge taken at the mouth; the sto∣macke or maw, a vomit, and sometimes a purge; the backe-parts of the liuer, by such means as prouoke vrine, as hath been said already, and so in many others, &c.

But as in other the former scopes, so in this also, some things do sometimes occurre, which doe often hinder that wee cannot hansomely bring to passe that which is by the indications suggested vnto vs. As for example, the mouth of the stomacke being much perplexed by reason of hot distemper, and demaunding some actually cooling reme∣dy to bee applyed thereunto, the scituation of the midriffe doth prohibite vs from applying any such outward reme∣dy. The ninth scope is the order. For when as in a disease there be diuers things to be done, it concerneth vs not a little to know what is to be done in the first place, what in the second, and so consequently in order. Thus are we for∣ced sometimes in burning feuers, first of all to coole the whole body, then next we remoue the obstructions. As also when the strength of the body is almost quite wasted away, and the spirits neere spent, before we either set vp∣on the disease or the cause thereof, wee are constrained to administer some such comfortable nourishment and other meanes as may best nourish and comfort feeble & distres∣sed nature. In like manner we doe first clense a distempe∣red vlcer from the matter and corruption of it, before wee attempt to cure the distemper of the same. And therefore I thinke this axiome worthy the remembring, which may also direct vs what to doe, to wit, that wee are to begin with that which most presseth and vrgeth vs, to wit, that first of all we remoue the same, and in the next place that which sup∣plyeth the place of the efficient cause: Lastly, wee are to come to such things, without the which the rest cannot be accomplished. But of these things thou maist at great length see the learned volumes of diuers famous Physi∣tians.

And now I hope it is apparant to the eyes of euery one, that such Physitians proue fooles who doe from the inspe∣ction of the vrine, affirme that they are able to finde out any one, much lesse all these foresaid scopes, which is as impossible, as if they would containe all the water of the Sea in a few spoones. Whence it commeth to passe that these water-prophets plunge themselues in a world of er∣rors, if omitting and passing by these scopes and indicati∣ons vpon the bare sight of the vrine they shall happen to prescribe Physicke for their Patients: when as these for∣mer indications do more then sufficiently declare, that the presence of the Physitian is also required to assist his Pati∣ent. And some are not content rashly and boldly vpon the bare sight of the vrine, (as is said) to prescribe their re∣medies, but doe withall, publishing the same in their vul∣gar tongue to the great damage of many, prostitute the same to euery ones idle braine and fancie, to abuse them at his pleasure. But of this wee will now speake at greater length in this next Chapter.

CHAP. VI. Against such as do prescribe and appoint remedies in their owne vulgar tongue, making the same common to euery one.

NOw as we haue hitherto sufficiently con∣uinced the errors of such as vpon the bare sight of the Ʋrines, without any other in∣dications, doe prescribe their remedies to the sicke without any sight of them: so must wee yet say somthing of another error depending vpon the former. And this is the prescription of remedies in the vulgar tongue. And therefore the renowned Hippocrates leaueth vs this instruction, that high and great mysteries are not to be communicated to the ignorant multitude, but onely to such as are initiate & trained vp in the grounds & principles of the same. And it doth manifestly appeare, that if the myste∣ries

and secrets of nature be laid open to wicked people, to Impostors and deceiuers, or yet to the vnlearned, they doe exceedingly abuse the same. And therefore the foresaid Hippocrates, vpon the admission of such as he found wor∣thy to enter into this profession; tyed them to the oath of obseruing such precepts & ordinances as are set downe in that science, most prouidently foreseeing what great cala∣mity and vnexpected mischiefe might befall men, if the se∣crets and mysteries of this Art were made common to knaues and ignorant people. But this cursed custome is growne so common, that the vulgar sort of people seeme to haue this noble Art of Physicke to sell and dispose of at their pleasures. Now this commeth to passe in part by means of the sordid and base niggardlinesse of many, who either do obtaine through importunity or otherwise, the prescription of their remedies in the vulgar tongue, to the end they may againe if need so require, vse the same in the like case, or yet communicate the same to their friends or acquaintance; and sometimes also after the seruing of their bill, get the same againe from the Apothecary to serue for the same purpose, not considering with themselues the manifold alterations and changes which may fall out in a short time, insomuch that that which before proued to be a most soueraigne remedy for thy health, may now by rea∣son of some circumstances, be the cause of thy vtter ouer∣throw and ruine. And thus haue I sometimes seene the billes of a Physitian dead twelue yeares before, carried to the Apothecaries shop to be made againe. And moreouer now of late I met with a bill wherein was set downe the description of a purging Potion, being communicated from house to house, and so sent to the Apothecaries shop to be prepared, and was indifferently exhibited to euery one which demanded it, and that without any regard ei∣ther of age, sexe, temperature of body, or season of the yeare, &c. Againe in the next place, this commeth also to passe, by reason of the couetousnesse and auarice of the A∣pothecary, who is ready (ayming onely at his owne gaine

and profit) at all times, and to all sorts of persons, to pre∣pare and make ready such billes as are prescribed either in the Latine, or yet in the vulgar tongue: the which neuer∣thelesse ought not to be done, vnlesse the Physitian out of his discretion, shall thinke it fit for that indiuiduall party. This the Poet Sophocles wittily reprehended in these words

Profit and gaine thou ioyest my heart, Though thou from lyes proceeded art.

And this was the song of that sordid Emperour Ʋespasi∣an, The smell of gaine is alwayes good from whence soeuer it doth come, &c. Now howbeit at my first comming out of Italy, finding this peruerse custome to haue crept in a∣mongst my Countreymen, and therefore at first I also, howbeit against my will, gaue way for a season to this in∣ueterate custome; yet after a while well weighing with my selfe the manifold abuses and inconueniences of this so per∣uerse a custome, I began to shake this burthen off my shoulders, refusing to write any billes at all either in the Latine or vulgar tongue. And therefore I gaue the Apo∣thecary a paper-booke to keepe by him, in the which I wrote downe all my notes and receipts, as is the laudable custome of the Italian Physitians: this booke I charged him to keepe, and to suffer none to write out any receipt or note out of it; nor yet to prepare any of them without my knowledge and priuity.

But if any will yet obiect that this is for our owne pri∣uate commodity, let him know that the honest, carefull, and conscionable Physitian doth not so gape after gaine as doe the multitude of these mercenary counterfeit Physitians, being such in name onely; but aboue all things aymeth chiefly at the health of his Patient, preferring it euen before his owne priuate gaine and commodity, rea∣dy to redeeme their health, if it were with dammage and detriment to himselfe. The which what other profession I pray thee will thus put in practice. And yet ought not the Patient to be so miserable and base-minded as to bee vnthankfull to his Physitian: howbeit when he hath been

most bountifull in this kind, yet is he neuer able to requite him for so worthy a thing as is the health of the body: for whatsoeuer is giuen in this kinde is nothing else but a signe and token of a thankfull minde for so great and ine∣stimable a benefit receiued. And this may plainly appeare if wee shall but consider the equall intercourse and com∣merce amongst men, on the which the whole streame of Iustice and equity is founded; for then it will plainly ap∣peare, that howsoeuer money and wealth may counter∣poyse and match things of their owne ranke and nature; yet will it neuer bee able (as being of a farre inferiour and baser ranke and degree) condignly to recompence or re∣ward the same. And in this may the difference bee seene betwixt this noble Profession and other inferiour mecha∣nicall Arts, in the which it is apparant that the labourer may sufficiently be recompenced for his bodily labour and paines, as equity, long custome, or yet mutuall couenant shall agree vpon. And put yet the c••se that health doe not en∣sue (as it often pleaseth the Almighty otherwise to dispose) who can giue the Physitian a sufficient competent recom∣pence for all his toyle, labour and paines; but especially for his anxiety of minde, his great solicitude and care which hee day and night vndergoeth, for the misery, calamity, and perplexed estate of his distressed Patients? Can any man of vnderstanding think that a small summe of money can sufficiently requite the same? No; if thou wert as rich as Craesus all thy wealth were not sufficient to recompence them condignly.

But to returne to our purpose againe, I hope that ho∣nest and ingenuous Physitians will not follow this vulgar and corrupt custome: but will not onely themselues ab∣staine from divulgating abroad their billes or bookes in the vulgar tongue, as also from this preposterous and per∣uerse manner of inspection of vrines in their owne Cham∣bers; but will also as much as in them lyeth, labour to re∣claime others from this error. And if yet they shall per∣haps not attaine to their intended end and purpose; yet

shall they in this poynt performe the part of honest and carefull Physitians. If any will yet further obiect, that if the vrine doe neither demonstrate and shew forth the in∣firmities nor yet the indications of the same, to what end and purpose haue you heretofore referred the inspection thereof to so necessary and profitable a part of Physicke, as that which the Physitians call commonly semeioticall, or handling the signes of diseases? To this I answer, that none of our best Physitians doe deny the necessary and lawfull vse thereof; but yet after a farre other manner then most men haue hitherto conceiued. My minde and pur∣pose therefore is not, nor euer was, to take away the right vse, but to reforme the abuse of the same, and taking away that which hath beene by it vsurped, and now for a long time vniustly detained, to make knowne to the world what of right and due belongeth to the same, as hath been at great length declared already. And thus I thinke it fit∣ting that the Physitian bee present with his Patient there, not onely to view his vrine, but also narrowly to consider of all other such signes as do offer themselues to his view. For if wee thinke the presence of the Surgeon necessary for the curing of any outward wound receiued in the body, if hee will cure the same according to Art as he ought: much more is it requisite that the Physitian be present with his Patient, being sicke of any internall disease, to the end that both hee may consider of all such things as we haue heretofore spoken of, as also that hee may obserue and marke all such things as may further or yet hin∣der the cure of the same, as hath beene already at great length declared and set downe. Now it may perhaps be replyed, this is not a thing like to be reformed, since it is not vnlikely that the greatest part will still retaine their old inueterate custome, and will not free themselues from imposture and cozenage. To them I answere, that I be∣leeue this to be true, all men are not of one minde, neither yet can wee alone amend all errors which are crept into this noble profession; diuers others hauing before our

times (although not with the expected issue) attempted the like. In the meane time this shall giue the world a sufficient testimony of our diligence and care, in that wee haue here opposed our selues against some such errors, as haue somewhat darkened the bright splendour of this Profession, and for the benefit of the sicke, laboured and indeuoured to remoue out of the society of the best appro∣ued Physitians, this vaine babbling and coniecturing by the Ʋrine: and some I hope there will be not onely ready to approue and think well of these our endeuours, but will also translate the same in their vulgar tongues, to the end that the most simple and ignorant may by this meanes, if they will, free themselues from the imposture and coze∣nage of these deceiuing Water-mongers. For this cause also are we to pray to the great and mighty God of heauen, that he would touch the ignorant consciences of these Sy∣cophants, iuggling and cozening Empirickes, woman-Physitians, and all the rest of that rabble, that yet at length they may repent them of their cozenages and impostures. I doe in like manner most earnestly intreat and request all learned Physitians that they would ioyne with mee and others of my minde in these our so honest endeauours; and wee a∣gaine will not be wanting on our parts: and further if at any time by meanes of the importunity of some wee shall bee forced to giue way to this inspection of vrine in our owne Chambers, we shall neuerthelesse giue warning to euery one who shall thus come to aske counsell at our hands, that it were a great deale better that we were con∣ducted to the place where the sicke party lyeth, that so both more easily and more safely we might doe our best for the restoring of him againe to his former health. But if on the other side they will not hearken to this our whol∣some admonition, the fault shall lye vpon themselues.

Now at length to draw this our Discourse to an end, I hope it doth plainly appeare, that the generall conclusion whereabout we haue so much bestirred our selues in this whole Discourse, as being the maine subiect thereof, to

wit, that the iudgement of the nature and essence of diseases by the sole inspection of the Vrine, is very full of danger and deceit, is plainely and conspicuously laid open to the view of euery one that will not shut vp his eyes that hee may not behold manifest truth. And certainly the very loue we ought to beare vnto our neighbours might bee a sufficient motiue to induce vs to lay open to the view of the world all such errors whereby our neighbour might be any wayes indangered or indammaged, to the end hee may auoid and shun the same.

Now GOD of his great goodnesse grant that this la∣bour and paines which I haue so willingly vnderta∣ken for this end and purpose bee not frustrate of the due effect.

FINIS.

Notes

• The duty of a learned and ho∣nest Physitian.
• By what means this abuse crept first into the Profession of Physicke.
• Omnes licentia deteriores sumus. Terent.
• Couetousnes a great & chiefe occasion of this Abuse.
• Great gaine which a certain Physitian got by inspection of vrines.
• About 15. shil∣lings sterling, much in that Countrey, and in that time.
• Notable impo∣sture of an Ita∣lian Empiricke.
• The Physitians of best note & fame in Italy, contemne this manner of con∣iecturing by Vrines.
• Langius.
• ••angius Epistol. lib. 2. Epist. 41.
• Causes mouing this abuse still to bee maintai∣ned and conti∣nued.
• Good and lear∣ned Physitians ought not to winke at com∣mon errors.
• Casuall euents not to be trust∣ed to.
• The bare inspe∣ction of the V∣rine only is to small purpose.
• Obiection.
• Answere.
• The vulgar sort ordinarily more liberall to Impostors and cozeners, then to honest and learned Physitians.
• Story of a rich Miser sending his vrine to the Physitian, and smarting for his couetousnesse.
• Another obie∣ction.
• Answer.
• Laudable cu∣stome of such places as main∣taine publike Hospitals, where also Physitians are entertained to looke to the poore when they are sicke
• When and with what caueat the vrine may be sent to the Physitian.
• The foolish cu∣stome of some people to try the Physitians skill by the vrine.
• The Physitian ought to see his Patient.
• Eccles. 38.12.
• Against booke-physitians.
• A pretty com∣parison.
• Another.
• Errors ought to be reproued & banished out of the Common∣wealth.
• Great gaine commeth often to good Physi∣tians by the er∣rours of Empi∣ricks & others.
• Hipp. aph. 1. lib. 1
• Instances in some cases, wherein the v∣rine may de∣ceiue vs.
• Of a Priest sick of a Feuer he∣cticke, with a long continued loosnesse, killed by misskilfulnes and too much trusting to th•• vrine.
• Facies Hippocra∣tica. Hippocr. prognost. lib. 1.
• The Impostor goeth about to cure him as sick of the French-pox.
• Phlebotomy prescribed without the sight of the party, by the vrine only, hast∣neth the sicke to his end.
• Not safe al∣waies to let blood when the vrine is red.
• A pretty de∣scription of a water-prophet.
• Ingenious con∣fession of a Iew
• Lib. de Praecept.
• Lib. de centi. ••or∣natu.
• Galen hath writ∣ten of set pur∣pose diuers bookes concer∣ning the pulse, not so concer∣ning vrines.
• Iohannes Dama∣scenus & Rhases in Aphorismis.
• Story of an vn∣skilfull Surgeon, who pierced a carnosity in the passage of the Yard, procu ing by this meanes the death of the Patient.
• In libris obseruat. Medicinal. de fe∣bribus.
• Rationalis sectae Author Hippo∣crates.
• After Hippocra∣tes Galen, and af∣ter him many learned men haue handled this Method.
• Donatus ab alto mari.
• Leonhardus. Iac∣chinus cap. 1. in 9. Rhas. ad Al∣mans. Montanus Met. vniuersa. cap. 56. & 57
• Argenterius lib duobus de offici Medici, praeser∣tim. cap. 18. lib. 2
• Gal. de caus. morb. &. sympt. Fernel de causis morber. &c.
• A Scope what it is.
• Indication.
• Coindication.
• Contraindica∣tion.
• Correpugna∣tion.
• 1 Scope. Whether wee are to vnder∣take the Cure or no.
• Second scope choyce of that which is fittest to be done.
• ••. Meth.
• Third scope by what meanes.
• The fourth scope the selecti∣on and choyce of the fittest meanes, and the quality of the same.
• The fift scope the quantity of the remedy.
• The sixt scope. The manner or limitation of the quantity.
• Vale Gal. ad Glam. Monta∣num.
• The seuenth scope. The fit & con∣uenient time.
• The eight scope The proper place.
• The ninth scope. The order.
• Vide Argent. lib. 2. de offic. Medici. cap. 18. Donat. 1. part. de febr. Heurn. Meth. ad praxin. lib. 3. &c.
• This disorder occasioned by the sordid co∣uetousnes of the patient.
• As also by meanes of the Apothecary.
• Dulce lucrum etiam ex menda∣cio. Sophocles. Lucri bonus o∣dor ex re quali∣bet. Iuuenalis.
• A laudable cu∣stome of the Italian Physiti∣ans, in writing all their billes in paper-books, kept by the A∣pothecary.
• The Physitian can neuer bee sufficiently re∣compenced for his paines.
• Whatsoeuer is bestowed vpon the Physitian for his paines, is but a token of the Patients thankfulnesse, called properly honorarium not salarium, as in the mechani∣call Arts.