The logicians school-master: or, A comment upon Ramus logick.: By Mr. Alexander Richardson, sometime of Queenes Colledge in Cambridge. Whereunto are added, his prelections on Ramus his grammer; Taleus his rhetorick; also his notes on physicks, ethicks, astronomy, medicine, and opticks. Never before published.

CHAP. XII.

De diversis. Argumentum primum consentaneum expo∣situm est, &c.

VVE have heard of consentaneum, and why he should put in primum rather than simplex I see not, for if he meant to have repeated them, he should have put in all, ergo primum would be put out, now the use of a transition is to hang things toge∣ther, when the one part is newly gone before, as it were half forgotten, then we must have an imperfect tran∣sition, otherwise a perfect one: this method obser∣ved for memories sake: now it remains that we con∣sider what the thing is not, and thus we go orderly to work. Before, we saw what went to a thing, for the making of it up: now we cannot well see what a thing is not, till we see what it is, for nonens is seen gratiaentis: now this respect ariseth not by way of argument: but by seeing what it was.

Dissentaneum sequitur.

This is opposite to consentaneum: sentio is general to them both, seutire is taken for intelligere, consentire is said of things that have the same iudgement, mind and reason; dissentanies are of them that have not the same judgement, ergo, seem to have no reason in them in respect of consentanies, ergo, Aristotle deny∣ed diss••ntanie arguments and made them fol∣low.

Sequitur, ergo, it is by nature after, second∣ly, it is next to consentanies because they are simple arguments.

Quod a re dissentis.

That differs from the thing it argues, are still ge∣neral: so that because the creatures of God are dis∣creet, and many, ergo, there is dissention, and because reason was made to behold the creatures of God, er∣go, it was necessary that they should be handled in Logick.

Sunt autem dissentanea.

Here he cals them dissentanea in the plural number, for that which was res before, is become dissentaneum, as it hath a dissentany to argue it, secondly, because here dissention agrees to them both as they are com∣pared together.

Aeque manifesta

Here dissentanies are made paria, arguing equally for manifestation, qua aequa manifesta, ergo, this pro∣perty contains thus much, that one dissentanie is not before another, for the manifesting of it, as causa was before effectum, &c. Is not invention before judgment, and they are opposite? Ans. True for doctrine, but in∣vention doth not clear judgement more, nor contra.

Alterumque ab altero aequaliter arguitur.

As there was not a priority, and posteriority, so they have equal force to argue, contrary to consenta∣nies; so that manifestation is for the clearing of them, and arguing because they have the same doctrine, but then what use of them.

Tame•• si sua dissensione, clarius elucescant.

Here it is, why they come principally into Logick, as black is not so black till it be set by white, &c. ma∣gis carendo quam fruendo, we see things, for when we

have a thing, and see not the privation of it, we make not much reckoning of it, sua dissentione, this is a dis∣cretion from the other prop••rties: so then we see why a contrary makes a contrary most clear, namely this, ergo, when we would shew a thing that is obscure, we shew it by a contrary, quia sua dissentione clarius elucescant.

Hitherto of the properties, which would not be in consentanies, for one was more manifest, ergo, before another, and more strongly arguing. Dissentanea in the plural number, because one argument serves for them both, ergo, one name, and because they a••e e∣qually manifest: again, to set one before another is to say it is stronger than the other. Again, they would not be aeque manifesta.

Sunt diversa, vel opp••sita.

We are to look at the dissention of things, now there is a more weak and a more strong dissention, the one turn but a little aside, others turn clean back, and are foes, ergo, accordingly doth he divide these: now remember it is ens, as ens that Logick considers, and many times it fals out, that one thing might be taken for another, but for diversity, and commonly our di∣stinctions are diversa. Diversa is a more light dis∣sention, and opposites contain them: so that diversa will give great light to opposita, but not contra, ergo, diversa are before. Diversa a divertendo, of turning a side, because they agree one with another common∣ly in dissention, onely they divert a little the one from the other, and this is it that the name commends unto us: they may agree in nature, but are made to divert ratione, ratio we know belongs to Logick, and it is the same with argumentum: so that he means they differ but only in some logical respect: they are the subtlest

of all arguments, because of their little dissention. Sola ratione, ergo, they do not of necessity make a de∣nyed axiom:

Quo de genere sunt illa frequentissima. Non hoc sed illud: quanquam, tamen.

This is not a rule of Art but a commoration, as if he should say, these arguments have not been in Schools before, but I have observed them by my ex∣perience, and then again they are subtil, ergo, I will help you, when you find, ergo, these notes commonly commend unto you diversa: so forma, and facundia are made to disagree in their adjunctive nature in respect of Ʋlisses: so that they differ not in their nature, but onely in logical respect, as if he should say they may both be adjuncts to one subject, but yet dif∣fer in Ʋlysses.

Priamus was ready to perish, and yet with-held not his hands, a man perishing should hold his hands, but Priamus did not: so that causa, and effectum which might consent are here diversa, not in respect of Pria∣mus, but of themselves.

Paula secus in Eunucho.

He means there is a difference of modus. Suppose I be worthy of this reproach, yet thou shouldest not tell me of it, here is subjectum and adjunctum, the di∣versity is in respect of the cause, they are diversa in respect of him that offered it.

Item alia aliusmodi.

Scelus tu illud vocas Tubero. Here is a little dif∣ference too, this fact was called scelus by Tubero, Tully tels him, others gave it other names, alii enim errorem appellant, alii timorem, &c. but no man besides thee call it scelus. Here these names are made divers in respect of him that called it scelus: as if he should

say, call it any of the rest, but call it not scelus, and thus we have heard diversa. If I say though he be rich or poor, yet he is honest here is a diversity, for so a discreet axiom may be affirmed: they are divers, because riches commonly make unhonest, and also poverty: so we may make diversity between the cause and effect, or in giving many causes to one ef∣fect, aut contra, or one subject to an adjunct, aut con∣tra, or many subjects to one adjunct, aut contra, and according to these wayes also, there may be several modi thereof.