The anatomy of the body of man wherein is exactly described every part thereof in the same manner as it is commonly shewed in publick anatomies : and for the further help of yo[u]ng physitians and chyrurgions, there is added very many copper cuts ... / published in Latin by Joh. Veslingus ; and Englished by Nich. Culpeper.

CHAP. 3. Of the Omentum, Stomach, and Guts.

HItherto of the external part of the Abdomen; we come now to the internal parts; of which, some perform the office of pub∣lick digestion, others the labor of begetting and conceiving the Child. Those dedicated to publick digestion are, the Stomach, Sweet-bread, Liver and Spleen; Subservient to these are, the Guts, Omentum, Gall, Reins, and Bladder: The Vessels which respect the Generation, are, the Spermatick Vessels of both Sexes, the Privities of Men, the Womb of Women; of which we shall speak severally as they come to Anatomical view.

The first of the internal parts that comes to view is the Omentum, which the Ancients called Epiploon; it is a double Membrane filled with fat, which is joyned to the Stomach about the bottom, and spread over the Guts, that it may cherish those bloodless parts by its gentle heat. Au∣thors deduce its inferior wing immediately from the Peritonaeum, its su∣perior from the common tunicle of the Stomach; it hath Veins from the Vena porta, and the superiour wing hath the Gastroepiploica, both right and left, which are common to the stomach also; the inferior wing hath the right Epiploica and the Postica. Its Arteries are derived from the Coeliacal branch, and the Mesenteriack. Its Nerves are few and smal, and come from the plexure of the sixt pair of the costal Nerves, and all this is that it might not be destitute of nourishment, life and sence. It hath Glandulae scattered here and there, sometimes more, sometimes fewer, which like Sponges take away the superfluous moisture there∣of.

Its largeness is various according to the diversity of Bodies; In some it is not stretched below the Navil, and in some it is; the fatter it is, the heavier it is, so that in very fat Women it causeth barrenness: In all it is double, and the Tunicles being taken away between the Sto∣mach, Spleen, and the Gut Colon, it often give a receptacle to wind and serosus humors. Its fatness takes away its natural coldness and driness, and yet in falling down it is very subject to putrifaction for this very reason, It is joyned to the round lobe of the Liver, to the Sweet-bread, Spleen, and bottom of the Stomach, to the Gut Colon, which its office is to cherish.

The Omentum being taken away, the Stomach appears, being an Orga∣nical part of the inferior Ventricle, which converts the foot being ta∣ken and well chewed by the teeth into a white substance which the An∣cients called Chyle; it consists of a three-fold Membrane, which is stret∣ched out when it receives in meat, and contracted again when it is dige∣sted; the outward Membrane is called common, and it is supposed to

receive it from the Peritonaeum; the middle Membrane is more fleshy, that so it may retain the more heat; the inner is fuller of Nerves and is the very same that cloatheth the inside of the pallat, this is wrinkled and unequal for the better embracing the meat, and that it may not be suddenly vexed with the acrimony of juyces, it is defended with a mucilaginous crust, a delicate variety of Fibrae, is both in the middle and inner tunicle, stretched out, rightly, obliquely; and orbicularly, which gives solid strength and easie motion to it.

The stomach receives veins partly from the trunk of the Vena porta, partly from the branches thereof, both from the right, which is called the Mesenterick, and from the left, which is called Splenical: From the trunk of the Vena porta ariseth the vein which is called Vena gastrica dextra; others call it Pylorica, and it is divided about the lower Orifice of the stomach; from the Splenical branch ariseth the vein called Gastrica major, which compassing about the superiour region of the stomach, and the superior Orifice in form of a Crown, is called Coronaria, and by cer∣tain Anastomosis joyns it self to the Pylorica, then the lesser Gastrial veins, and the short vessel, or short vein, which is sometimes within, sometimes without the Spleen, is stretched out towards the bottom of the stomach; sometimes it is not single but manifold. Lastly, the vein called Gastroe∣piploica sinistra, which comes from the lower branch of the Splenical vein is distributed to the left side of the bottom of the stomach, as also to the Omentum: from the Mesenterick branch ariseth the vein called Gastroe∣piploica dextra, which also is distributed to the bottom of the stomach, partly before and behind, and partly to the Omentum, and it receives Gastroepiploica sinistra by Osculations. All these you may see cleerly de∣lineated in the Table of the following Chapter, figure the sixt.

The Arteries of the Ventricle or stomach, arise from the Coeliacal branch of the great Artery, from its right, and especially its left bran∣ches, and keep company with the veins like man and wife together: The Nerves give the animal Spirit from the external branch of the sixt pair, both right and left, and are very copious about the upper Orifice; hence comes the sence of that place to be so ready and exquisite, and such a wonderful consent betwixt the stomach and the bowels, for that pair of Nerves, seing it is not bestowed upon the stomach alone, but al∣so upon the rest of the parts of the Abdomen makes a great consent be∣tween them; we shall speak of it here briefly, but shall describe it and shew it fully in the Theater.

There ariseth a Nerve of the sixt pair within the skul from the begin∣ning of the marrow of the back, a little below the fifth pair which seems to arise out of the concourse of very many smal Nervs having passed the Skull, it is knit to a Nerve of the seventh pair, and passeth to the tongue and the Muscles of the bone Hyois, and on both sides it is divided into an external and an internal branch.

The outward branch of the right side, after it hath administred bran∣ches to the Muscles in the Neck, then in its progress to the internal Mus∣cles of the Larinx, then to the Sphincter of the Throat, between the Ju∣gular vein and the Artery called Carotides; it slips under the Clavicula in

the breast, certain branches which it sent out being again united; they make that Nerve which is called Recurrens or running back, because running back about the subclavian Artery, neer the right side of the Aspera Arteria, or Wind-pipe, then into the Wind-pipe; then is distri∣buted in the Muscles of the Larinx; making its Progresse from thence, and giving smal branches to the Pleura and Pericardium: It is stretched out not only to the external tunicle of the Lungs; but also in the Lungs themselves, to the Branchi of the Aspera Arteria by many branches: At last having obtained the name [Stomachicall] it is divided into two Bran∣ches, and penetrating both the Gula and Diaphragma; it embraceth the superior Orifice of the stomach, with a Net like contexture of many small Nerves, and it bestows a smal Branch also upon the Liver.

The Internal Branch of the sixt pair on the right side, strengthens its Fibrae, with a long, red, and callous substance: In its Progresse by the fore-part of the Neck, whilst it applieth to that plexure, which is made of the cervical pairs of Nerves, and taking small Branches from them, growing thick again by its own callous Body, it is carried to the Thorax or Breast; in which descending under the Pleura, neer the roots of the Ribs: A small Branch being taken from each inter costall Nerve (whence it obtained the name Costalis:) at last having passed the Diaphragma, and sent certain small Branches to the Original of the Mesenterium, with the other Internal Branch which is its companion, it produceth a Nervous plexure, variously guarded with callous Bodies, from which by the right Region of the Mesenterium, Branches passe to the Guts to the Omen∣tum, Liver, Gall, and right Kidney: The remainder of it, which is free from this plexure, is partly spent upon the os Sacrum; partly upon the bottom of the Womb, and right side of the Bladder.

In like manner is the Nerve of the sixt pair distributed by the left side of the breast and Abdomen; Save only the external branch of it bends back its Recurrens, under the trunk of the great Artery: Besides it sends a spe∣cial Branch with very many Divisions to the Pericardium, and the Heart its self; then it passeth to the Nervous plexure of the Mescuterium, part∣ly by its self, partly united to the right Stomachical, having first sent a speciall Branch to the Liver. The left internal Branch of the sixt pair, even as the right makes up part of the plexure we spake of before, from which it is carried to the left Region of the Mesenterium, the Spleen, and left Kidney: That part which avoids this plexure is sent to the os Sacrum, the bottom of the Womb, and the left part of the Bladder.

From this admirable pair of Nerves, we return now to the Stomach; the structure of which in Man is single, and the bigness mean: It is mani∣fold in Beasts, because their meats are harder in digestion. It is distin∣guished into the bottom or Cavity, and the two Orifices, of which that which is uppermost, and on the left side, our Ancesters propperly named the Stomach: It is garnished with many Fibrae, and Nerves cir∣culed in an Orb: It is great and thick, and the seat of Natural appe∣tite.

The inferior Orifice whichis on the right side, the Ancients called Pylorus, or Janitor; for by this the meat digested passeth to the next

Guts as by a gate; the heat of the Bowels, round about the Stomach, quallify its cold and dry Temperature: the Stomach is in form like the Bag of a pair of Bag-pipes; it is placed by the Wisdome of God, in the left Hypochondrium under the Diaphragma: The right part is committed to the Liver, the left to the Spleen, below, it is cherished by the O∣mentum, and underneath it lies upon the Sweet-bread, as it were upon a Pillow.

The superior Orifice passeth to the Throat or Gula, about the eleventh or twelfth Vertebrae of the Breast; the right or inferior Orifice passeth down to the Gut called Duodenum, and in this middle space of the Hypo∣chondria, in which that Cartilage of the Breast called Mucronata is a little bowed inwards; make a Cavity of the Breast outwards, which the vul∣gar Latins call Foveam cordis, and we the pit of the Stomach.

In this place we often feel pains in the stomach, which we falsly impute to the upper Orifice thereof: when indeed they arise either from sharp or corrupt Food, or excrements, sticking about the narrow passages of the Pylorus; or sent up from the Gall thither. The various affections of the Sweet-bread being neer to the Pylorus, ad no small part to this trouble; as also the faults of the Cartilage called Mucronata, whether it turn its poynt inwards or outwards.

Now will we give this breife description of the Gula, which is also called Osaphagus; although it might more fitly be described with the As∣pera Arteria, and the Lungues: Yet we will not separate those parts in word which Nature hath joyned together in deed. It is the channel by which both meat and drink descends to the Stomach: It is composed of just as many Membranes as the Stomach is.

About its beginning, it is moved by three pairs of Muscles, and the Sphincter, which causeth the deglution, or gulping in swallowing: The first pair is called Cephalopharigigaeus; sent from the confines of the Head and Neck, and is stretched abroad in the Tunicle of the Pharingaeus: The second pair is called Sphenopharingaeus, which inclining downwards is extended in the sides of the Oesophagus; the third pair is called Stylopha∣ringaeus; it takes its beginning from the appendix called Styliforme, from whence descending with a fleshy and round Body, it ends in the sides of the Gula: Of these the first pair lifts up, the other dilate the Oesophagus: the Sphincter of the Throat, arising from both sides of the buckler like Cartilage, and opening transversly by the back part of the Throat, by stopping the Gula, drives the meat downwards.

It hath veins and Arteries in the upper part, from the jugular veins and Arteries, and from the internal Arteries called Carotides, Nerves from the external branches of the sixt pair; in the Breast it hath Veins from the Branch without a fellow, Arteries from the intercostals, Nerves as before; about the Stomach it hath the same, that it hath at its upper Orifice.

It hath many Glandulae which administer moisture to its membranes, for the easier swallowing, of which the superiour are posited at the sides of the tongue and Larynx, the inferior which are many stick in the breast to the branches of the Aspera Arteria. The Oesophagus takes its beginning

from the extremity of the Jaws, where it is joyned to the Larinx, descen∣ding streight down to the Breast, first towards the right side, then to∣wards the left: It pierceth the Diaphragma about the eleventh Vertebrae of the back, and so is united to the superior Orifice of the Stomach.

As the Stomach is joyned to the Gula, so are the Guts to the Pylorus; they are ordained to take away the burden from the Stomach, to gather to∣gether, and cast out the excrements; they are covered with a Membra∣nous substance like the Stomach; they have a common tunicle largly ore-spread with the fat of the Mesenterium, for the better conversation of their heat; their propper Tunicle is double, intertexed with diverse strings, which give not only the greater strength; but also the readier, motion; of the propper Tunicles, the middle most is most fleshy, the inner more Nervous, slippery, and filled with wrinkles, both for their safegard, and the better to embrace what they have to embrace.

The Guts have very many Veins; from the right Mesenterical branch of the Vena porta, and also from the left: they have Arteries from the upper and lower Mesentericals, they have Nerves from the sixt pair derived from the Mesenterical plexure: to these come abundance of small passages, for the Distribution of Chyle; which in this age Assel∣lius was the first that brought to publique view. Of which more when we come to the Sweet-bread.

The length of the Guts exceed the length of the Body of Man diverse times, and lye in many foldings, that so they may keep what they re∣ceive the longer: their Temperature is cold and dry, which is asswa∣ged both by the vital Spirit, and the Fat: Their form is, round, that so they may the better admit the Chile, and cast out the excrements; they are underpropped by the Bones, which are gently knit to the Abdomen; but more especially by the Membranous ties of the Mesenterium.

They are divided according to their Tunicles, into thin and thick: The first of the thin Guts Herophilus calls Duodenum; because 'tis the breadth of twelve Fingers: this admits a pore from the Gall, by which sharp humors it is provoked to expell the Excrements; it is of a great largenesse, that so it may unite the large Stomach to the smaller Guts.

Neither yet (if the name please your fancy) are you to begin your Mensuration at the Pylorus, but to determine it at twelve Fingers breadth, that so you may avoid two errors. First, That you give not part of the Janitor to this Gut. Secondly, That you be not led by that foo∣lish conceit, that mens Bodies were formerly bigger than they are now; which the Sepulchres of those Kings and Priests in Palestina, those in the Pyramides in Egypt, and those Bodies which have been kept in Arabia in Mummy, many thousand years; not exceeding the Bodies in Europe in bigness, easily witnesseth.

The next of the thin Guts is called Jejunum; because of its emptiness, which the swift descending of the Chyle causeth: where this emptiness ends, the Gut called Ilium begins, and is the third of the thin Guts: It is so called from its manifold rings, or Circumvolections; it is longer than the rest by far, and hath very many Veins, and Arteries; but it is narrow, and thence it comes to passe that the internal Tunicles being

broken by a deadly stoppage, it causeth that disease called the Iliack passion: the office of the small guts is to receive the Chyle and keep it that it may the better be distributed.

The first of the thick guts is called Caecum, because it hath no passage into another of the extream guts; this is very small in such as are grown up to age, and hangs like the worm like process to the beginning of the Colon, and the end of the Ilium, and yet it is not to be excluded from the number of the Cuts, because in children 'tis alwaies full of excrements, and performs the same office with the thick Guts

The Colon is the second of the thick Guts, and is larger and wider than the rest, it hath a smal shut which serves to stop the excrements and wind that they may make a little delay in passing downwards: It riseth about the right Os Ilium, and is joyned to the Kidney next to it, from thence bending under the Liver it is knit to the Omentum, the bot∣tom of the stomach, the Spleen and left Kidney, from whence bending back it ends in the right Gut; it hath a proper bond of its own by which the order of its Cells are contained; it hath also a special Ligament by which it is knit both to the inferior and superior parts.

The third of the thick Guts by reason of the manner of its extension, is called the right Gut, this by its proper and middle tunicle is far more fleshy than the rest, and full of right strings; the lower part of it is mo∣ved by strong Muscles, to wit, Sphincter, by which it is drawn together, and two Levators by which it is lifted up; The Sphincter is joyned to the lower parts of the Os Sacrum, and is spread about the Fundament with fleshy and transverse strings, to which a thin Muscle is joyned both in body and office, in the extremity of the fundament, being about a fin∣gers bredth, and as it were compact in the skin. The Muscles called Levators arise from the Ligaments of the Coxendix and Os Sacrum, by a distinct portion they descend to the Sphincter; in men they joyn them∣selves to the root of the Yard, in Women to the passage of the Womb.

The Hemorrhoidal Veins are scattered about the right Gut, the in∣ternal of which, most usually ariseth from the left Mesenterical of the Vena porta, but sometimes from the right, sometimes from the Spleni∣cal branch of the Vena porta, sometimes from within the Spleen, some∣times from without; the external Hemorrhoidal veins proceed from the Hypogastrick branch of the Vena Cava, and are distributed to the Mus∣cles that move the Fundament.

There are also Arteries which accompany the Veins, part of which come from the inferior Mesenterick branch, and part from the Hypoga∣strick Artery, to those smal Nerves adjoyn themselves which proceed from the extremity of the Marrow of the Back, and as it is the com∣mon office of the thick Guts to gather the excrements together, and provoke them to expulsion, so it is the property of the right Gut to re∣tain them till occasion serve to cast them out.

Place here the Table of the third Chapter, which hath the Number 3. at the corner of the brass Plate.

[illustration] Human anatomical diagrams

[illustration]

AN EXPLICATION OF THE TABLE OF THE THIRD CHAPTER.

The Omentum and Mesenterium, figure I. The Gula with its Muscles, figure II. and III. The Stomach and Bowels under it, figure IV. The Tunicles of the Bowels, figure V. and VI. The Muscles of the right Gut, figure VII. The Nerve of the sixt pair, figure VIII.

FIG. I.

• AAAA. The Mesenterium with the Guts adjoyned.
• aaaa. The Glandulae of the Mesenterium.
• BBB. The Vessels of the Mesenterium diffused to the Guts.
• CC. Part of the Colon stretched out.
• DD. Part of the Omentum drawn abroad up∣wards.

FIG. II.

• AA. The first pair of the Muscles of the Gula, called Cephalopharyngaeus.
• BB. The second pair of the Muscles of the Gula, or Sphenopharingaeus.
• CC. The third pair, Stylopharingaeus.
• DD. The Sphincter of the Throat.
• EEE. A backward view of the Gula.
• F The left external Nerve of the sixt pair.
• G. The right external Nerve of the sixt pair.
• H. The superior Orifice of the Stomach.
• III. The bottom of the Stomach.
• K. The inferior Orifice of the Stomach with a portion of the Duodenum annexed to it.

FIG. III.

• AA. The Muscles Caephalopharyngaeus conspi∣cuous on the fore part.
• BB. The Muscles Sphenopharyngaeus.
• CC. The Muscles Stylopharingaeus.
• DD. The Sphincter of the throat dilated.
• E. The internal face of the Gula.
• F. The descending part of the Gula.

FIG. IV.

• A. The superior Orifice of the Stomach knit to∣gether within a threed.
• B. The inferior Orifice, or Pylorus.
• CC. The common tunicle of the Stomach separated.
• D. The middle tunicle of the Stomach.
• E. The inner tunicle of the Stomach.
• F. A portion of the Duodenum.
• GG. The gut called Jejunum.
• HHH. The gut Ileum as it lies in its foldings.
• I. The Gut Caecum.
• KKK. The Gut Colon.
• L. The shut, being opened in the beginning of the Colon.
• M. The beginning of the right Gut, knit with a threed.

FIG. V.

• PP. The common tunicle of the guts separated.
• Q. The middle tunicle of the Guts, which is the first proper one.

FIG. VI.

• R. The rugged tunicle of the Guts which is the second proper,

FIG. VII.

• M. The right Gut cut off.
• NN. The two muscles called Levatores.
• O. The Sphincter of the Fundament.

FIG. VIII.

• ♃. The Nerve of the sixt pair on the right side, in which
• AA The external and greater Branch.
• a The branch which is carried to the Neck.
• b A branch of the seventh pair, joyned to this sixt pair which is carried to the Neck.
• c A Nerve of the seventh pair joyned to the sixt under the skull.
• d A branch of the seventh passing to the muscle of the Os Hyois.
• e A branch from the seventh to the tongue.
• ff A Nerve from the external branch of the sixt pair, which is carried to the internal muscles of the Larynx.
• g g The right Nerve called Recurrens.
• h h Many Nerves distributed to the Lungues and wind pipe.
• iii The branches of the right Stomachical, stret∣ched out.
• BBB The internal, or costal branch, laid open with its bunches.
• ▿ The Nervous plexure of the Mesenterium guarded with certain callous Bodies.
• l l The branch which is carried to the Omen∣tum, Duodenum, and Liver.
• m m The branch which is carried to the right Kidney.
• n n n n The branches distributed in the Mesenterium and Guts.
• o The branch which goes to the Os Sacrum.
• p p The extremity of the internal right branch, which is distributed to the Womb and Blad∣der.
• q r The branches from the internal right side, which make the plexure on that side.
• ♄ The Nerve of the sixt pair on the left side; in which, the signification of the Letters is the same, save only
• G Is the Nerve from the left Recurrens, which is distributed to the Pericardium, and Heart it self.
• ** The Nerve which from the external left sto∣machical is carried to the Liver.
• l l The Nerve which is carried to the Spleen and Gut Colon.
• m m The Nerve of the left Kidney. The remain∣der are the same with the former.

[illustration]