Campanalogia, or, The art of ringing improved

AN INTRODUCTION to the Knowledge of CROSSE PEALS.

THese Peals are term'd cross in respect of their intricate methods; wherein se∣veral notes moving at one and the same time, do thwart or cross each other in their course and motion, some moving up, others at the same time down, gives this Denomination to the Peals. The end of pricking them is to make the compleat number of changes by a method differing from that of other Peals. For although five can be varied but 120 ways, and six but 720 &c. yet the methods by which they are varied, are differing, ac∣cording to the several fancies of the Artist. And as order and method are the only basis on which this Art is founded; so the skilful Artists, the better to effect the aforesaid end, have thought fit in most peals to appoint one note to be as it were a Helm or Rudder,

by which the course of the peal is steered; which note is term'd a Hunt, and hath one constant uniform motion throughout the peal, differing from that of the other notes. The manner of its motion is continually through the other notes, that is, from leading to strike behind, and from thence again to lead, which motion, first up and then down, is term'd one compleat Course. Some peals upon five bells, as old Doubles, &c. consist of single Courses; there being ten changes in every single Course, and twelve of those Courses in the peal. Other peals upon five bells, as London Paradox, &c. consist of dou∣ble Courses; there being twenty changes in every double Course, and six of those Cour∣ses in the peal. Upon six bells there are also single and double Courses, viz. twelve chan∣ges in every single Course, as in Grandsire Bob &c. and twenty four changes in every double Course, as in Colledg Bob, &c. the change wherein the Hunt leaves leading be∣ing the first change of every Course. Now the methods of these peals being well consi∣dered, they will be found more easie than at the first view they may seem to be; for the first Course of any Cross Peal being judici∣ously viewed, the general method of the whole peal will thereby appear: for all the

Courses in a Cross peal do agree in these three respects. First, in the motion of the Hunt; secondly, in the motion of the rest of the notes; thirdly, in the making of the chan∣ges, which will plainly appear in the follow∣ing peals, (some few changes in each peal on∣ly excepted, as hereafter I shall shew in my Directions to the several peals:) for proof of which I will give an instance in the peal of new Doubles upon five bells, these being the three first Courses of the peal. Wherein 'tis observable, that the last change of the first Course which is 13524, I have set down again it the top of the second Course; and likewise the last change of the second Course which is 15432, I have also put at the top of the third course; which I have done for the plainer Demonstra∣tion of what I here intend. So that the ten lowermost changes are the ten changes of each Course.

First therefore, as to the motion of the bunt, the 1 which is the hunt moves directly up behind, where it lieth twice, and then

down again to lead, where it lieth also twice; as appears in each of these three Courses, and the like also throughout the peal.

Secondly, as the 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th bells move through the first Course, so the bells that lie in the 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th places in the last change of every course, moves in the same manner also through the next following course. For instance; first, for the bell in the 2d place: in the first course the 2d bell moves down to lead, where it li∣eth twice, and then dodges untill the treble comes down to it. So likewise in the second course, the 3d bell lying in the 2d place moves down to lead, where it lies twice, and then dodges until treble comes down to it; and also in the third course, the 5th bell ly∣ing in the 2d place, moves down to lead where it lieth twice, and dodgeth until the treble moves down to it. Secondly, for the bell in the 3d place. In the first course the 3d bell moves down to lead, and there dodg∣eth untill the treble comes down to it: so likewise in the second course the 5th bell lying in the 3d place moves down to lead, and there dodgeth untill the treble comes down to it: and also in the 3d course the 4th bell lying in the 3d place moves down to lead, and there dodgeth until the treble comes down to

it. Thirdly, for the bell in the fourth place: In the first course, the fourth bell moves up behind, then down into the 3d place where it lieth twice, then up again behind; so like∣wise in the second course, the 2d bell lying in the 4th place moves up behind, then down into the 3d place where it lieth twice, then up again behind; and also in the third course the 3d bell lying in the 4th place, moves there∣fore up behind, then down into the 3d place where it lieth twice, then up again behind. And such uniform motion also hath the bell in the 5th place through every course.

Thirdly, that the changes in all the courses of the peal are made alike, will here also plainly appear in the three courses. For the first change of every course is made on the two first and two last bells; the second change of every course is made on the four last; the the third is made on the four first; the fourth on the two first and two last; the fifth on the four first; the sixth on the two first and two last; the seventh on the four first; the eighth on the four last; the ninth on the two first and two last; and the tenth single.

And thus in every Cross-peal the Courses do all agree, first in the motion of the Hunt, secondly in the motion of the rest of the notes, and thirdly in the making of the chan∣ges,

as before I have showed. So that these three things being well observed, will be ve∣ry helpful both in pricking and ringing them; the first and third being most proper to di∣rect the pricking of them, and the first and second the ringing of them. Therefore if the Practitioner do but observe how the changes are made in the first course of a peal, wherein he must have particular regard to the motion of the Hunt, (which a little fur∣ther help from the following directions to each peal, as to the making of Extreams and Bob-changes) he may easily prick down all the following Courses of the same peal: and therefore in the following peals I have onely prickt down two or three of the first courses for an example, and then have abridged the rest of the peal by setting down only the changes that are made at the leadings of the Hunt. But note, there are some few Cam∣bridg-peals upon five bells, wherein all the courses of each peal do not agree in the afore∣said three respects: For although as to the motion of the whole-hunt they do, yet in the motion of the rest of the notes, and conse∣quently in the making of the changes they do not.

It being very difficult to begin the follow∣ing peals with cross hunts, that is, to make the

2d, 3d, 4th, &c. whole-hunts, I will there∣fore set down a general rule for making the first changes at the beginning of each Peal, wherein consists the great difficulty. In any Cross peal the whole-hunt may move either up or down at the beginning; and the motion of the whole-hunt in the first course of each of the following peals will direct the first mo∣tion of any cross hunt, and consequently of making the first changes in that peal. For Ex∣ample, admit the 4th were made the whole-hunt in the peal called Old doubles and singles upon five bells, and to hunt up at first: now to know how to make the first changes, observe how the change is made wherein the treble (which is there the whole-hunt) moves up out of the 4th place, and in the same manner must the change be made wherein the 4th bell al∣so moves up out of that place: therefore as the change wherein the treble moves up out of the 4th place is a single behind; so like∣wise must the change wherein the 4th bell moves up out of that place, be also a single be∣hind thus, 12354: and then as the next change wherein the treble lieth still behind is double of the four first bells; so likewise the next change wherein the 4th bell lieth still behind, must also be made on the four first, thus, 21534, &c. Or admit the 4th

were to hunt down at the beginning, then observe how the change is made wherein the treble hunts down out of the 4th place, and so in like manner must the change be made wherein the 4th hunts also down out of that place: therefore as the change wherein the treble hunts down out of the 4th place, is double of the four first bells; so likewise must the change wherein the 4th bell hunts down out of that place, be also double of the four first thus, 21435; then as the treble makes a single when it moves down out of the 3d place, so likewise must the 4th next make a single change in moving down out of the 3d place thus 24135, &c. which observations will guide the making of the first changes in in any cross peal with any Hunts; but ob∣serve whensoever the first change of any peal hapens to be single, it must be made at the back-stroke to prevent cutting compass; and the like when a double change happens first in a peal of Triples and Doubles. And more∣over by the way observe, that all the follow∣ing peals are so prickt, that in ringing them at half-pulls, if the first change of each peal is made at the fore-stroke, the single changes in each peal will always be made at the back-stroke; and also the double changes in Tri∣ples and Doubles, excepting some few Single

in two or three peals. But when it happens that the first change of a peal is made at the back-stroke, then consequently the bells at the end of the peal will come round at a fore-stroke change.

In such peals on five bells where singles are made in the 3d and 4th places at the leadings of the whole-hunt, the extreams may there be made three ways in each peal; viz. every time the half-hunt lieth next the whole-hunt; secondly, every time it lieth behind; third∣ly, every time the half-hunt lieth next the whole-hunt, and also behind: in this last way there are six extreams in each peal, but in other ways only three in each; the extreams being always made when the whole-hunt leads, and betwixt the two farthest extream bells from the half-hunt.

In such peals upon five bells wherein there are three extreams, and made in the 3d and 4th places at the leadings of the whole-hunt; the rest of the singles at the leadings of the whole-hunt may be made two ways in each peal, viz. either in the 2d and 3d, or the 4th and 5th places; if they are made in the 2d and 3d, then the extreams must be made when the half-hunt lyeth behind; but if the singles are made behind, then the extreams must be made when the half-hunt lieth next the whole-hunt,

the extreams being always made be∣tween the two next extream bells to the half-hunt.

In all the following peals the figures stand∣ing by themselves at the title of the peal, are the hunts in the peal there prickt: for in∣stance, in the first cross-peal upon five bells call'd Old doubles and singles, the two figures standing thus 1 and 2, are the hunts in that peal; 1 is the whole-hunt, 2 the half-hunt, and the like of the rest.

All peals of doubles upon five bells, which go sixty changes compleat without any single, by making of two extreams they will go 120. And also all peals of doubles upon six bells, and triples and doubles upon six, which go 360 changes without any single or extreme, by making of two extreams they will go 720. The extreams in all these compleat peals pro∣ceeding from one and the same cause, are therefore to be made after one manner, ac∣cording to this general and infallible rule: Wheresoever any two of the extream bells are in course to make a change, those two bells by lying still will effectually make the extream. So that the making of the extream in doubles upon five bells, necessitates the ma∣king of a single change at the same time, by reason that the two extream bells which

should contribute to the making of the dou∣ble change, do lie still; so that the single change is accidental, and very improperly called the extream. When the extreams in triples and doubles upon six bells are made at double changes, then there happens two singles in the peal; but when they are made at triple changes, then those two changes will become double, and consequently the 720 will then go compleat without any single. Upon five bells the first extream must be made with∣in sixty changes from the beginning, and the second extream just sixty changes from the first. Upon six bells the first extream must be made within 360 changes from the begin∣ning, and the second extream just 360 chan∣ges from the first. The easiest way in pra∣ctice, is to make the extremes at the leadings of the whole-hunt; wherein it may be obser∣ved as a general rule, That in all peals upon six bells, where the half-hunt dodgeth behind at the bobs, there the first extream may be made either the first, second, or third time: the half and quarter-hunts dodg together be∣hind, and then the second extream must be made the third time those two bells dodg a∣gain together behind, after the first extream is made. And also in all such peals upon six bells, where the doubles at the leadings of the

whole-hunt are made on the four middle bells, there the first extream may be made either the first, second, or third time the half and quarter-hunts do make a change in the 2d and 3d places, and then the 2d extream must be made the third time those two bells come there again to make a change after the first extream is made. The singles at all these ex∣treams must be made by the half and quarter∣hunt. The first extream in any peal may also be made at any place, where two of the ex∣tream bells are in course to make a change according to the preceding general rule; and then the making of the second extream may be guided by observations taken from the changes at the leadings of the whole-hunt: for at the leadings of the whole-hunt the half and quarter-hunts always come together to make a change in one place, just at 120 changes di∣stance from one another throughout each peal. Now as the second extream must be made just 360 changes from the first, so the making of it may thus be guided: Look how many changes, or else how many leadings of the whole-hunt the first extream is made after the half and quarter-hunts have made a change together, so many changes or leadings of the whole-hunt must the second extream be made, after the third following time that those two

bells do make a change in the same place a∣gain. And likewise in all peals, where there are single and double bobs, the same observa∣tions will also hold good, in making the ex∣treams either after the single or double bobs as before; there being likewise 120 changes distance between the single bobs and also be∣tween the double bobs: so that if the first ex∣tream is made at a single bob, the second must then be made at the third following single bob, and the like also at double bobs. And such kind of observations, according to the nature of the peal, will guide the making of the second extream in any peal, either upon five or six bells. Wherein 'tis observable, that the second extream must always be made by the same two bells, and in the same place where the first was made, which two bells will in course lie apt for that purpose; and the rest of the bells will also in course lie in the same places at the second extream where they lay at the first. After the making of the first extream, the method of the peal goeth on as if no extream had been made; and also af∣ter the making of the second extream if any remaineth, it also goes on, until in course the bells come round.

In all compleat peals of doubles upon six bells there may also moveable extreams be

made, which are made according to this rule; wheresoever any two of the extream bells are together, and in course to lie still, those two bells by making a change will thereby make the extream, which is as effectual as the fixed extream, the reason and ground of both be∣ing one and the same. There are also two of these extreams in each peal, and the second always made 360 changes from the first, and the making of it guided by such kind of ob∣servations as before. When moveable ex∣treams are made, then there will be two tri∣ple changes in the 720; but when fixed ex∣treams are made, then two singles.

The art of cross-pricking may receive a be∣ing from this consideration. As every com∣pleat peal of plain changes upon one number comprehends the compleat peals on all lesser numbers; so likewise every compleat cross∣peal must of necessity do the like, although their cross course permits it not to be done so regularly and demonstrably as the former. From whence may be inferr'd, that every note in a cross-peal must of necessity lie as ma∣ny times in one place, as the rest of the notes are capable of making changes; and also that two or more of the notes must jointly lie in the same places as many times, as the remai∣ning number are also capable of making chan∣ges:

this being a certain touchstone to prove all cross-peals after they are prickt, and must be held as a principle on which to ground such methods of pricking, that the course of all the notes may demonstrably tend to pro∣duce those effects. And from hence it is, that the whole hunt immediately derives the manner of its uniform motion through the courses of each peal. And the changes in every course are as so many guides to con∣duct the rest of the notes in such sort, that they may be prepared to lie at the last change of the course in apt places for each succeed∣ing course to receive them, and to perform the like. Now as the changes in all the cour∣ses of a peal are made alike, except as before; so in the composing of cross-peals, by pricking of one course may soon be discovered, whe∣ther or no a compleat Peal will from thence arise.

Notes

• First Course	2d Course	3d Course
  12345	13524	15432
  21354	31542	51423
  23145	35124	54132
  32415	53214	45312
  23451	35241	54321
  32541	53421	45231
  23514	35412	54213
  32154	53142	45123
  31245	51324	41532
  13257	15342	14523
  13524	15432	14253