Nine books of physick and chirurgery written by that great and learned physitian, Dr Sennertus. The first five being his Institutions of the whole body of physick: the other four of fevers and agues: with their differences, signs, and cures.

Book. III. PART. I. SECT. I. OF URINES.

CHAP. I. Of the abuse of inspection of Ʋrines.

AFter we have spoken of those things which are to be known about the constitution of a sound body, * 1.1 now we are to speak of the knowledge of things contrary to nature; but because amongst signes Urine, and Pulse do arise from the fountain, we will speak of them in the first place: and first for what belongs to Urine, although a false opinion is deeply seated in the minds of many, that by the inspection of Urine alone, and wholly, the state and condition of the sick, and what ill he suffers, either within or without, from what cause soever may be known, and whether the sick be a man, or woman, whether a woman be great with child or not: yet such like are beyond the power of the Art of Phy∣sick, by the Urine to divine. In the mean time the In∣spection of Urine is profitable, but as Hypocrates also 1. Aphor. 12. teacheth that Urine may teach many

things of the condition of a disease; but that there may be a right judgment of Urine, the differences and cau∣ses of the differences are to be known.

CHAP. II. Of the differences of Urine, and first of the substance of Urine.

FIrst in Urine too things are to be considered, * 1.2 in re∣gard of the substance thereof, the liquor, and that which is contained in the liquor. In the liquor a∣gain two things, the Consistence and the Choller.

First for the Consistence, some are thick, * 1.3 some are thin, others indifferent.

That Urine is thin, which for the most part consists of watry and potulent matter, but of serous and salt matter, that which is separated in the Veins and Liver; or of another humor, which hath little or no mixture with it.

On the contrary, * 1.4 a thick Urine is that which contains much mixture of serous and salt humidity, or also of other humors. * 1.5 The middle is that which hath so much of that serous excrement, and aqueous humidity mixt with it, as for the most part is wont to be in a natural consti∣tution of the body.

Moreover some Urines are clear, others troubled, * 1.6 or foul; those are troubled, through which the sight cannot passe; but 'tis not the same thing for Urine to be thick and troubled, when as other liquors; so Urines also are accounted thick, which neverthelesle are cleare, and per∣spicuous; but a clear Urine is either made clear and so remains, or else 'tis made clear, and afterwards is trou∣bled, which is properly called troubled Urine; but trou∣bled Urine, properly so called, is that which is made so, and either remains such, which Urine commonly is cal∣led subjugal, which is like the contents of the U∣rine, or is made foul, or troubled, and afterwards become cleare, and becomes so afterwards, as is spoken. Moreover in respect of the colour, there are accounted several differences, but the principal colours, according to which the Urines differ are six.

First white; secondly, pale; thirdly, flame colour; fourthly, yellow; fifthly red; sixthly, black.

First to the white Urines belong the aqueous, * 1.7 which bare the colour of pure water, then those which represent thin wine, or fair water, into which is cast a little Oker, or Choller, as also snowy Urine, which represents the whiteness of snow, as also milkey and light gray, or such as represents the colour of clear horn.

The second is pale like the colour of Oker, * 1.8 or sub∣pallid, which is seen in water tinckted with Oker, but some call these Urines spicious, or the colour of ears of corn, * 1.9 and subspicious, and compare this colour to the colour which is seen in chaff that is old, or in straw.

The third colour is flame colour, such as is that of a Citron, and in fire burning clear, which if it be more remiss, 'tis called subfulgent; Actuarius calls these golden Urines, and subaureous, because they are like gold.

Fourthly, * 1.10 the next and neerest to this fulgent is yel∣low, yet so differing from it, that this inclines more to white, * 1.11 that is more shining and splendid, or neer to the colour and splendor of the Stars; that which is not so deep but clearer, then yellow is called subflavous; Actua∣rius calls these colours croceous, or saffron colours, or subcroceous, such as are in waters wherein saffron, or whilde saffron flowers are mixed.

The fifth colour, or red, whereof Galen makes three sorts, * 1.12 and places red in the middle, extream red, the highest, and reddish the lowest, and those he places in Bole-Almonack, and Vermilion, and red, in Cherries and Apples; others make four differences, and first they place the colour that is a mixt red, such as is the hair of those who are said to be red hair'd, which again is distingui∣shed into red, and reddish; the second is Rosie; the third purpurious; the forth sanguineous.

To these Actuarius joines a vine coloured Urine, * 1.13 which represents the colour of a red Urine inclinable to black, to this be addes the colour of dry grapes, like new Wine (out of doubt of red Wine) boiled to the third part, * 1.14 or which is prest out of dried Grapes, or of Cher∣ries, inclining to a black colour.

Moreover there is a black Urine, * 1.15 under which some-Physitians

comprehend more colours, green, yellow, black, and such like; although there be innumerable dif∣ferences of green plants, yet two here are the chiefe, Leek-colour, which is seen in the blades of Leeks; * 1.16 and Eru∣ginous which is like Verdy-grease, and yellow, which represents the colour of red Lead, and therefore called plumbeous.

To these differences they refer Oleagenous Urine, * 1.17 which represents the colour and consistence of Oyl.

Now these differences which are taken from the sub∣stance and colour are complicate, and constitute, * 1.18 com∣pound differences, amongst which the chief are seaven, Urine thin and white, thin, pale, thin flame colour, or fulgent, thick white, thick red, thick black

Moreover besides these there are other differences less principal, which are taken from other qualities and cir∣cumstances; first from the smell, for some Urines smell little, others very little, and have that odour which is natural to Urine, others stink exceedingly, and others smell pleasant.

From the sound, for some Urines whilest they are poured out make no noise, others make a noise.

From the quantity, for some Urines are made in an indifferent quantity, others more sparingly, others more plentifully.

From the manner, for some are made without difficul∣ty and pain, others with pain, some drop by drop, and others altogether.

CHAP. III. Of the Contents in Urine.

A Content in a Urine is every corpulent and visible thing which is mingled with the liquor of the U∣rine; some Contents are essential, * 1.19 others acciden∣tal; the essential are those which appear for the most part in all the Urines of sound persons, and most of sick, but the accidental are those which neither alwayes nor most frequently are discerned in Urines.

Essential in respect of scite or place, in which they a∣bide there are three; the sediment, the suspension, and

the clouds, the altitude of the whole Urine is to be divi∣ded, as it were, into three parts, into the bottome of the Urinal, and the highest region of the Urine, and the medium betwixt these two extreams.

The subsidence or sediment of Urine, * 1.20 is that in Urine which descends towards the bottome, and settles in the bottome.

Suspension, or subliment is that which is contained in the middle, and is, as it were, suspended.

The clouds and little clouds is that which hangs in the higher part of the Urine like a cloud, yet suspension in Urine is sometimes taken by Hypocrates by the names of a cloud, as in the second of his Prognosticks, in the 29. Title is manifest.

Yet these Contents do not alwayes exactly keep their natural place, for the sediment sometimes plainly sticks in the bottom, and sometimes ascends higher, and tends to suspension, and sometimes suspension also ascends a little higher from the middle sometimes descends lower; so also Clouds plainly overspread the extremi∣ties, sometimes incline towards the middle.

In these three Contents, * 1.21 other differences moreover are to be considered from the substance; a Content is said to be thick, or thin, equal, or unequal, plain and smooth, or rugged; equal is when all the parts of the Content are of the same thinness or thickness; unequal is when one part is thick and another thin; plain and smooth is that which observes continuity of parts divulsed, or rugged, is when there is no continuity for the colour, A Content is either white, red, or black, or tinctured with a colour neer to one of these. In respect of quantity 'tis either little, much, or indifferent, out of which com∣plicated divers other differences again do arise.

Concerning the accidental differences which are con∣tained in the Urine contrary to nature, * 1.22 some settle in the bottome, others in the middle, others in the superficies, some stick to the fides of the Vrinal, others are confused∣ly mixt with the Vrine.

Of the first kind are farenacious sediments, * 1.23 which re∣present thick bran••, little flakes which are like leaves, grainem, which represent a kind of pulse, or corn, besides these sometimes in a Vrine, there are clots of blood, small sands, stones, little rags of flesh, quitture, worms.

In the middle of the Vrine there sometimes swims little bodies like Attomes, threds, or rags, and haires, * 1.24 and sometimes small sands, cleave to the sides of the Vrinal, representing the substance of Tartar.

But in the superficies there appears principally four things preter-natural, bubbles and those various, froth, * 1.25 a crown accor∣ding to the common opinion; when notwithstanding 'tis no∣thing else then a shadow, or light, passing through the circum∣ference of the Vrinal, received within the compass of the Vrine, and so is not properly called a Content, and Fat, yet besides these sometimes fine Sand swimming in the superficies of the Vrine

CHAP. IV. Of the causes of the various consistence of Vrines.

AFter we have mentioned the differences of Vrine, * 1.26 next we must find the causes of all those differences; and first the cause of a Vrine of an indifferent consistence is a se∣rous excrement of blood, mingled with an indifferent quanti∣ty of water which happens when the faculty concocting is well.

The cause of a thin Vrine which hath little of that serous ex∣crement mixt with it, is debility of concoction, especially in the Liver and Veins, which coldness of the Stomach may oc∣casion, but principally store of drink, also a cold distemper of the Reins. Thirdly, obstruction, and straitness of the ves∣sels through which thick humors cannot flow with the Vrine. Fourthly, the changing and converting of the matter in ano∣ther part.

Thick Vrine is made by the mixture of any thick matter which happens when crude humors, * 1.27 which are cumulated in the Veins, are expelled by nature this way, or when any obstructi∣on is opened out of the Spleen, Liver, Reins, and other parts, or an imposthumation is broken, or ulcer, the thick matter is mingled with the Vrine, or if there be store of serous and salt humors.

If the Vrine be made clear and remain so, * 1.28 and be of good consistence, it is a token that such clearness proceeds from the natural heat rightly elaborating the matter, for nature elabo∣rates not only aliment, but excrements also, as much as it can, * 1.29 and impresses convenient qualities in them; but if Veine be thin and clear, also 'tis a token of crudity; neither hath na∣ture then begun concoction of humors, and if Vrines have any other colour, then such waterish, they obtain it from collerick humors mixt therewith.

But if the Vrine be made clear, * 1.30 and afterwards be troubled, and that be in a sound body, it is a sign that he declines from his best health, and is prone to some disease, especially a Fever, and it signifies the humors in the Veins to be indigested, which nature now hath endeavoured, yet hitherto hath not perfectly concocted: but if the same happen to those that are sick, it sig∣nifies that some concoction is now to be made, and something of the peccant matter to be mingled with the watty substance; but that mixture not to be so exact; and happening by some oc∣casion from the external air, or the heat vanishing of its own accord; the vitious matter is separated from the other humors.

But if Vrine be made thick, * 1.31 and afterwards become thin, that happens because the natural heat begins to perform and concoct the matter, and to stir it, and mingle it, which notwithstan∣ding since it is not exactly mingled, the heat afterwards cea∣sing, the Heterogeneal parts are separated of their own accord, and the thicker reside in the bottome. The same comes to pass if the Vrine be thin, but some matter may be mingled therewith in its passage; but since it is not exactly mingled with it, but on∣ly confused afterward of its own accord, it settles in the bottom.

Lastly, * 1.32 if the Vrine be made thick and remain so, it signi∣fies great confusion of humors is made in the Veins by the heat stirring the humors, but not rightly concocting them, nor is there good concoction made, which the excrements elaborate to make after their manner, and indeed if such a Vrine appear in the beginning of such a disease, wherein no concoction seems hitherto to be made by the natural heat; it is a token that 'tis caused by the fiery heat contrary to nature agitating and troubling the humors in the veins; but if the Vrine in the beginning is not made thick, but clear, and afterwards becomes turbulent, it is a sign that the disease grows worse, and that the heat acting upon the matter contrary to nature is encreased, yet always this and also other signs must have regard to the rest of the conditions of the Vrine, and hence it is to be collected, whether such signs be made by the strength of nature working upon the vitious humors, or by the encrease of the preter-natu∣ral heat, and putrifaction, or debility of strength.

CHAP. V. Of the causes of colours in Vrines.

COncerning the causes of colours in Vrine, * 1.33 a golden colour, which agrees to the Vrines of sound men proceeds according to the vulgar opinion from some portion of yellow choller, or

rather from a serous and salt excrement, yet that also something tinctured with choller, which is mixt with the Vrine.

A white Water is made, * 1.34 either because nothing is mingled with it which may colour it, which is properly called aqueous, or because some white body is mixed therewith.

The first cause of aqueous Vrine is Crudity and weakness of the native heat, by reason whereof this excrement is left, * 1.35 as it were imperfect. Secondly, obstructions of the passages through which the matter useth to flow to the Vrine. Thirdly, if chol∣ler, and therewith that salt humor be carried to another place, as happens for the most part in acute Fevers, and Phren∣sies with them. Fourthly, much drink. Fifthly, heat of the Reins and Liver, which plentifully draw drink to them, but do not concoct it. Sixthly, Gravel in the Reins, or Bladder, too much of that which is salt, and thick adheres, but the aqueous flows out.

Vrines of another kind are made by the mixture of some white substance, whether it be flegm, or quitture, or seed, * 1.36 and these Vrines we call milky, yet for the most part they are made thick, and afterwards become clear, and the matter setling in the bottome of what kind it is, may be easily discerned.

A Vrine is somewhat pale, * 1.37 when pale choller in a sufficient quantity, or a little of yellow is mingled with the Urine, but if much pale choller, or yellow in an indifferent quantity be mingled with the Vrine a pale colour ariseth.

If yellow be mixed in greater quantity, * 1.38 the Vrine becomes yellow, yet some times other causes besides internal, external may give a tincture to the Vrine, as Rhubarb, Saffron, the leaves of Senna, and such like.

A ruddy colour in Vrine is caused by choller and blood, * 1.39 and indeed if the Vrine be coloured with blood it doth not look clear, and is properly called Vrine dyed with blood, and has a colour like water, wherein the flesh of animals newly slain have been washed, and is made either in some open vessel for what cause soever, or by the weakness of the Liver and Reins, by reason whereof they cannot contain blood and assimulate it to themselves, or because nature at set times evacuates the blood a∣bounding in the whole body with Vrine; but the blood which is mingled with the Vrine, is either thin, and the Vrine is made red or reddish, or thick, which if much be mingled, the Vrine is made exceeding red, but if little either simply red, or of a pale red, but that Vrine which is coloured by store of choller, the choller colouring it and and making it redder, it

shineth, and is as it were like flame, sometimes also it is made red and thick by plentiful mixture of adust choller, like wine of a blackish, or deep red.

Wine like Vrine is made by the mixture of ceruleous choller, * 1.40 or representing the colour of Woad, as also by the mixture of plenty of red choller: Grapy by the mixture of yellow choller exceedingly dryed, and as it were changed into a Violet colour and degenerating towards black.

A green Vrine is caused by plenty of Aeruginous, * 1.41 and Leck-like colour.

Yellow and black Vrine are sometimes caused by the mixture of external things; * 1.42 as for what belongs to the internal causes, the Vrine is made black when either the melancholy humour is evacuated with it, which happens in those which cumulate melancholy humours in the Spleen, or black choller is mixed with the Urine, or when the heat and spirits are extinguished in the veins, the blood is corrupted and becomes black.

CHAP. VI. Of the causes of an oyly Vrine, and of other differences.

O Leaginous Urines either have only fat swimming in the superficies, * 1.43 or represent Oyl in substance and colour: the first difference proceeds from a melting of the fat, and is rather to be referred to the differences in the Contents; but that Vrine which seems like Oyl in substance and colour, and yet is nor truly fat, hath its beginning from the mixture of ex∣crementitious humours, especially of pale and black Choller, as also of Flegm, from whence proceeds a crudity with a certain greenness like Oyl; * 1.44 but when the difference in substance and colour are joined, a black Urine cannot be thin, but if the black humor makes it black, it is necessary that there is so great plenty thereof mixt with the Vrine, that the Vrine must be∣come thick.

A light red Vrine is thin from the small portion of blood mingled therewith, * 1.45 but if it be made of a pale red, 'tis by choller which cannot happen unless there be so great plenty thereof, as may render the Vrine thick.

A pale and thin Vrine is made when a small portion of chol∣ler is mingled with an aqueous Urine, * 1.46 but a pale red and thick, when choller is mixt in greater plenty, but if any choller be mingled with a thick white Vrine, the Vrine is dyed pale.

CHAP. VII. Of the causes of smell, quantity, and such like accidents.

THe Urine which obtains the natural and usual smell, * 1.47 sig∣nifies that the natural heat is right, and concoction is well performed; but if the Vrine smell not, or lesse then the Vrines of those that are well use to do, it is a token that the native heat is weak, and almost no concoction performed, * 1.48 nor is the serous and excrementitious humour mingled therewith.

Sweet Vrine, * 1.49 or that which smells well doth not proceed from any internal natural causes, but if any such be found it hath acquired that smell from meats, or medicines taken in∣wardly.

Stinking Vrines are caused first from meat and drink, * 1.50 and certain medicines taken, also from crudity and corruption of meats, erosion, and especially from putrifaction, Fourthly, from daily retention of Vrine in the Bladder.

Vrine naturally ought to answer to the drink, * 1.51 but it is made more plentiful then is fit: First, if meats are administred which are full of aqueous humidity. Secondly, if the aqueous and serous excrements, which use to be discussed by motion, or e∣vacuated other wayes be retained in the body. Thirdly, if na∣ture from the other parts, or the whole body expels the vitious humours through the passages of Vrine, which useth to hap∣pen in Critick, and Symptomatick evacuations, as in a Dia∣betes, or incontinence of Vrine, Fourthly, if Dyuretick me∣dicine be taken.

On the contrary, little Vrine is caused by contrary causes, * 1.52 namely, not only by reason of small quantity of drink taken, but of dry meats, moreover if the aqueous matter be consu∣med which useth to be in burning fevers, as also by motion and too much exercise. Thirdly, if the Vrine be converted to o∣ther parts. Fourthly, by reason of the straitness of the passages, by which the Vrine ought to be expelled.

CHAP. VIII. Of the causes of Contents in Vrines of those that are sound.

THe matter of a Content, * 1.53 or Sediment in the Vrines of such as are sound (for in Vrines of those that are exactly well, there is scarce any Content save onely a sediment) is some part of aliment which escaped concoction; for since it neither

can be changed into perfect blood, nor into the nutriment of any part, after the third concoction it is sent to the Reins and cast cut through the Bladder, and there is scarce found a Vrine of a sound man, * 1.54 wherein the natural sediment doth not appear; because scarce any body is so exactly sound which doth not ge∣nerate some such excrement; and no nourishment is to be found which cannot afford matter for such an excrement. Whence according to the diversity of meats, and natures there∣of there ariseth diversity of Contents: For although the Con∣tents settle in the bottome, and in those that are exactly sound; yet in those which do not enjoy most perfect health, * 1.55 or do not eat the best meats, it doth not enjoy its natural place; but in some, and those which eat grosser food more then is convenient, it doth settle in the bottome; in others it ascends higher then is fit, by reason of the heat which cannot subdue it.

A Sediment is naturally white and takes this colour from the veins and parts which are wont to impress a white colour on those things which they change: Equal and continued is not divided by reason of heat rightly concocting and rendring this excrement equal, and obtains the figure of a Pyramid, which although all parts seem to the senses to be equally thick; yet in truth some are thicker, which settle underneath, others thinner which consist in the superiour part.

A great sediment is through plenty of crude juice which af∣fords matter for a sediment; * 1.56 whence boyes through much ea∣ting, and those that live in idleness, and those whose accu∣stomed evacuations are suppressed, and females also have a more plentiful sediment; but men because they are hotter, and have not so many crude humors, have less sediment: the same hap∣pens in Summer through fasting, too great evacuations, and o∣ther causes consuming the humors, also obstructions, and much and thin drinks, which are distributed and cast forth before it can receive any mixture, or digestion with meat.

CHAP. IX. Of the causes of Contents in Vrines of those that are sick.

AGain in sick people the sediment consists of the more crude part of the aliment which cannot turn into nourishment ••f the parts; * 1.57 with which notwithstanding other vitious humors also are mingled, nay sometimes vitious humors onely may afford matter for a sediment, but by how much the more the Contents of those that are sick are like to those that are

well, by so much they are the better, and shew great concoction, but by how much the more they recede from those either in co∣lour, or other qualities, by so much they are the worse, and indeed the differences of colours of Contents are borrowed from the humour whereof they consist; but as for what belongs to the diversity of substance, that proceeds from the variety os burning heat and various disposition of matter: a farenacious sediment, as Galen teacheth, is made from thick dried blood, * 1.58 or flesh unequally consumed by a fiery heat, but rough or sca∣ly, when the solid parts are unequally consumed, and scaly par∣ticles are cast forth with the Vrine, and bran-like sediment pro∣ceeds from a flamy and consuming heat of a Fever, and a sore in the bladder or veins: a sediment that represents pulse pro∣ceeds from melting, as Actuarius teacheth, when a Fever comes to the flesh and melts it, but it is not thought credible by the late Physitians, that by the melting or flesh any thing so thick can be mixed with the Vrine; and moreover those sedi∣ments they account do proceed from a scabby, and exulcerated bladder, or from a crude and melancholy humor.

Small Sand and Gravel proceed from thick and feculent mat∣ter which sometimes contains in it selfe a principle of coagula∣tion, and a light occasion being offered, * 1.59 it concreates of its own accord.

Clods of blood are discerned when either from an ulcer, * 1.60 or otherwise from a hurt, broken or open vessel in a part through which the Veine passeth, blood is cast out.

Quitture appears in the Vrine when an imposthume, * 1.61 or ul∣cer lyeth hid in the Reins, Bladder, or otherwise through which the Vrine passeth; or when from the superiour parts, as the Brests, or Lungs, nature evacutates matter through the Vrinary passages.

Small pustles of flesh called Caruncles in the Vrine of exul∣cerated Reins, are aprts of the substance. * 1.62

Slimy, thick, and tough flegm like the snot of the nose, if it be made with the Urine, and be voided with pain, for the most part it is a token of the Stone in the Bladder, but that which is made without pain Fernelius saith doth proceed from a crude ulcer of the Reins, or parts thereabout, or from an imposthume; and truely for the most part, such matter being present in the bladder as it is the beginning, so it is a sign of the Stone of the Bladder; and moreover being sent out it coagulates into a lapidious hardness; but sometimes flegm which is cast forth in great plenty, is the off-spring of crude matter, and ill digestion in the parts beyond the Reins.

Worms if they appear in the Urine proceed from corrupt and sordid matter, * 1.63 as in other parts.

Small strings and little bodies like hairs, * 1.64 and cobwebs, if they are put forth with the Urine have their original from a thick humour, either in the veins, or in the reins, or dryed in the ureters, and reduced into this form by the longitude of the ves∣sel.

Bubbles and froth are generated from wind included in vis∣cous matter, * 1.65 which when it cannot exhale extends the matter into a tumor, and those bubbles may be of divers colours ac∣cording to the nature of the humour in which the inclosed wind stirs them up.

A Crown shews what kind of humors are contained in the greater vessels, * 1.66 and according to the diversity of humors hath divers colours, and is seated in the upper part of the Urine, and in that circle many things are obvious to our eyes, which cannot be discerned in the rest of the humors, because the light in the superficies of the liquor is otherwise divided and received then in the middle.

Lastly, * 1.67 if fat swim upon the top of the Vrine it proceeds from melting of the grease, but this proceeds from heat, therefore if the fat continually swim in Urine like cobwebs, it shews con∣sumption and melting of the body; yet Fernelius writes that he would advise you of Oyl taken inwardly, least any small bo∣dies of Oyl swim in the Urine by that means.

CHAP. X. Of the causes of changes in Vrines.

BUt Urines vary also in those that are sound, * 1.68 in regard of temperaments, sex, age, time of the year, sleep, watching, exercises, passions of the mind, and such like, which are called the causes of variations of Urines.

As for the temperaments, * 1.69 hot temperaments have higher co∣loured Urines, and thinner and less sediment, or in stead of a sediment a cloud, or Nubecula; but colder have Urines paler coloured, and few Contents also, unless raw juice, which pro∣ceeds from weaker concoction be mingled with the Urine.

In respect of age, * 1.70 Boyes have white Urines, thicker, with a plentiful sediment; youths thinner with few Contents, but higher coloured; old men have white Urines, but thin and without Contents, unless many excrements meet together, which if they are mingled with the Urines, it happens that the Urine is made thick, and full of Contents; those that are of a middle age have indifferet Urines,

In regard of the Sex, the Urines of men are far higher, * 1.71 or deeper coloured then the Urines of women, thinner, and have fewer Contents, but the Urines of women are paler, and by reason of crude humors, thicker with more plentiful sediment; yet nevertheless the Urines of men and women do not so vary, that they can be known by certain signs, whether it be a mans or womans water, * 1.72 for reasons may be given also in men which produce such Urines, as otherwise are familiar to women; although as in such as are great with child there may be some change of Urine, when the Menstruous blood is retained in them, and from thence no small change is made in the body; yet that change doth not afford a certain sign whether a woman be great, when the same causes of change may be shewen in o∣ther women which are not great, but in some which are more lively, there is little change of Urine.

As for the time of the year, * 1.73 the Urines of every kind in the middle of the spring are moderate, as also in the middle of au∣tumn, but by how much the more the year goes on towards Summer, by so much the more the colour of Vrine is encreased, and the thickness, and Contents are diminuished: in the Sum∣mer also the Vrines are higher coloured, thinner, and have less sediments; in autumn the colour of Vrines and tenuity are lessened: the Urines in the Winter come neerest the best state.

In hot Regions, * 1.74 and under the hotter degrees of Heaven Urines are made deeper coloured; thinner, and of little sediment. In colder Climates they are neerer to the best state.

Those which exercise and labour moderately make well con∣cocted Urines, and in colour, substance, and contents mode∣rate, but those that exercise and labour immoderately, in those first the colour is encreased, and the thickness and contents di∣minuished; but if the exercise continue long, the colour and tenuity is lessened, when the streng this weakned, but those that live idly make Vrines not much coloured, and moreover thick and with many sediments.

In immoderate watchings, first the colour is encreased, * 1.75 but if they continue long 'tis abated: sleep if it be moderate cau∣seth Vrine to be good in all, but if it be immoderate, it encrea∣seth the colour of the Vrine, but abateth the contents and sub∣stance, but if it be protracted longer, it becomes crude.

The passions of the mind, since some encrease the heat, * 1.76 some diminish it, according to the calidity and frigidity which they bring upon the body, they alter the Vrines.

Lastly, * 1.77 Meats, Drinks, and Medicines change the Vrine, and Meat taken moderately causeth a moderate sediment; more plen∣tifully, a more plentiful; thin causeth none; Meats, also Drinks and Medicines have a power of changing colour and smel lof V∣rines.

CHAP. XI. VVhat is to be observed in the Inspection of Vrines.

SInce all these things are spoken of Vrines for that end that from thence diseases & the causes of diseases maybe known, and the events foretold, that this may be rightly done, we are to admonish you what things are to be observed in the In∣spection of Vrine.

First the time in making water is to be observed, those V∣rines which are made presently after eating and drinking, * 1.78 sig∣nifie nothing certainly, especially if much drink be taken, since the decoction is not performed, Vrine is rather to be lookt up∣on after a perfect concoction, and about the morning. In Fevers regard is to be had of the fits, because in time of the Paroxism the morbifique matter is expelled another way.

Secondly, it is to be weighed whether any meat, drink, or medicine, be taken which may change the Vrine.

Thirdly, * 1.79 the whole Urine made at once is to be be taken, not to be mingled with waters made at several times.

Fourthly, judgment is not to be given of Urine before it hath setled, and the Contents enjoy their proper place.

Fifthly, you must beware least the Urine by cold air, or winds especially in an open vessel, being exposed thereunto, should be changed, or corrupted, yet it may be changed no less by too much heat then by too much cold.

Sixthly if the Urines are troubled they are to be setled by the heat of fire, or rather warm water, that they may return to their former state; yet it is convenient to look upon troubled Urines before they become clear again, since often times in troubled Vrines the substance of the Vrine is more manifest then in clear, and often times Vrines which be not troubled seem to be alike, when troubled they differ exceedingly; and in troubled Vrines oftentimes that matter of the Vrine shews it self, which scarce any one could believe had been contained in it when 'twas clear.

Seventhly the Vrinal in Inspection ought to be quiet, and not to be stirred, only after Inspection it may be lawful to stir the contents.

Eighthly, the Glass wherein the Vrine is to be viewed ought to be clear, perspicuous and void of all colour.

Ninthly, the Urine is to be cast neither in a place too shady nor too light, yet the colours in a small shade, so not too dark, may be discerned best, but the Contents in a lighter place.

CHAP. XII. What may be discerned and foretold by a Vrine.

ALL diseases and affects cannot be discerned by Vrine only, since there are diseases of many parts which alter not the Vrine, * 1.80 but without dispute the Vrine may shew that disposition which is in the Liver and Vrines; since the Vrine is an Ex∣crement of the Veins, of the Reins also and passages through which the Vrine flows, and the diseases of the Bladder and Yard without controversie the Vrine may shew; for if any thing be contained in the ways through which the Vrine passeth contrary to nature; 'tis easily mingled with the Vrine: more∣over the diseases of those parts which send matter to the Veins, may be dscerned by the Vrine. Whence if any peculiar part be affected, and the Vrine changed also; if in the part affected there be also made any peculiar change, it is a token that such matter is transmitted from that part to the Reins and Bladder. On the contrary, also when the matter which is contained in the Veins is carried sometimes to other part s, and causeth vari∣ous Symptomes; the diseases of those parts may also be known by the Vrines, especially if other Symptomes agree with those of the Vrine. Lastly, when Fevers and venemous diseases may be joined with the diseases of many parts, although the Vrines then do not first indicate that very disease of the private part; yet 'tis not unprofitable then to consider the Vrines, and to ob∣serve the signs from thence of life and death.

And thus what may be known, and foretold of every Vrine is manifest, from those things which are spoken of the causes of all the differences which happen unto Vrine.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The vulgar opinion of Inspection of Urine.
• * 1.2

  The sub∣stance af Vrine.
• * 1.3

  Consistence of Vrine. Thin Vrine.
• * 1.4

  Thick.
• * 1.5

  Indiffe∣rent.
• * 1.6

  Troubled and thick Vrine no the same. Troubled.
• * 1.7

  White U∣rine.
• * 1.8

  Pale.
• * 1.9

  Straw colour. Flame co∣lour.
• * 1.10

  Yellow.
• * 1.11

  Brighter yellow.
• * 1.12

  Red.
• * 1.13

  Vine co∣lour.
• * 1.14

  Blakish.
• * 1.15

  Black Urine.
• * 1.16

  Eruginous
• * 1.17

  Oyly Vrine
• * 1.18

  The smell of Vrines.
• * 1.19

  Contents what, how many fold.
• * 1.20

  The sedi∣ment of Vrine. The suspen∣sion of Vrine. The nube∣cula.
• * 1.21

  The diffe∣rence of Contents.
• * 1.22

  Acciden∣tal diffe∣rences.
• * 1.23

  Farenaci∣ous sedi∣ment like leaves, like Pulse.
• * 1.24

  Hairs in Vrine.
• * 1.25

  Bubbles. Froth. A crown.
• * 1.26

  Causes of Vrine of an indif∣ferent con∣sistence. Thin.
• * 1.27

  Thick.
• * 1.28

  Clear.
• * 1.29

  Thin and clear.
• * 1.30

  Troubled.
• * 1.31

  Troubled, which grows clear.
• * 1.32

  Troubled which re∣mains so.
• * 1.33

  The causes of a golden colour in Vrine.
• * 1.34

  Of a whit.
• * 1.35

  Of an a∣queous.
• * 1.36

  Of milky
• * 1.37

  Of palish. Of pale.
• * 1.38

  Of yellow.
• * 1.39

  Of blood red.
• * 1.40

  Of Vine colour. Of grape colour.
• * 1.41

  Of green.
• * 1.42

  Of yellow and black.
• * 1.43

  Of oyly Vrines.
• * 1.44

  Black V∣rine al∣ways thick.
• * 1.45

  A light, red, thin.
• * 1.46

  A pale and thin. A pale, red, thick.
• * 1.47

  Cause of the smell of Vrine.
• * 1.48

  Of no smel.
• * 1.49

  Of smel∣ling well.
• * 1.50

  Of Faetid.
• * 1.51

  Of store of Vrine.
• * 1.52

  Of little Vrine.
• * 1.53

  The matter of a sedi∣ment in sound men.
• * 1.54

  The causes of diversity of Contents
• * 1.55

  The cause of the qua∣lity of the sediment.
• * 1.56

  Quantity.
• * 1.57

  The cause of a sedi∣ment in the Urines of the sick.
• * 1.58

  Causes of a fernacious sediment. Frothy. Bran-lik. Pulse-like
• * 1.59

  Of sand and gravel.
• * 1.60

  Of Clods of blood.
• * 1.61

  Of quit∣ture in Urine.
• * 1.62

  Of Carun∣cles. Of slimy Ecrements.
• * 1.63

  Of worms.
• * 1.64

  Of fibres and hairs.
• * 1.65

  Of bubbles and froth.
• * 1.66

  Of a crown
• * 1.67

  Of fat.
• * 1.68

  Causes of changing of Vrines.
• * 1.69

  Vrine of those that are hot and cold.
• * 1.70

  Of Boyes. Youths. Old men. Of middle age.
• * 1.71

  Of men.
• * 1.72

  Of women great.
• * 1.73

  Change of Vrine ac∣cording to the time of the year.
• * 1.74

  According to the Re∣gion, and degrees of Heaven. To exercise and rest.
• * 1.75

  According to sleeping and wak∣ing.
• * 1.76

  Passions of the mind.
• * 1.77

  Meat, Drink, and Medicines.
• * 1.78

  When V∣rine is to be received.
• * 1.79

  The whole Vrine to be taken. It should first settle. In what place should be kept. Inspection of troubled Vrines.
• * 1.80

  What can be known by Urine.