The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latin and compared with the French. by Tho: Johnson. Whereunto are added three tractates our of Adrianus Spigelius of the veines, arteries, & nerves, with large figures. Also a table of the bookes and chapters.

The third Treatise, Concerning The NERVES.

CHAP. I, Of the Nerves of the Brain.

AMong those eight Conjugations, which arise from the marrow of the brain drawn out in length, whilest it is yet contained within the limits of the skull, that offers it self in the first place, which makes the Optick Nerves, that are so famous among all the Masters of Ana∣tomy. For these are not only the biggest, if thou look upon their thick∣ness; but also without doubt the softest of all the nerves of the bo∣dy. But they arise out of the middle of the basis of the brain, on the forepart, according to the opinion of the Antients, but indeed, if the head be turned upside down in the dissection (wich is the proper way) out of the beginning of the former trunks of the spinal marrow, that their origi∣nal is as it were in the back part of the head, and presently each of them by little and little making towards its mate, they are united (not only joyned, as some would have it) over the saddle of the wedg-bone, and making one common square body, the marrow within them being mixed together. After that presently separating again, each of them is carried obliquely into the eye of its own side, entring the orb thereof through the first hole of the wedg-bone, and entring at the very centre of the eye. In this pair we may easily shew those two membranes, which are derived to the nerves from the two Me∣ninges of the brain, as also the very inner marrowy substance, which comes from the bo∣dy of the brain. Yet the nerve it self is not cleft into more branches, (as the other are) but lying hid makes the coats of the eye; and out of the thick membrane it forms that coat which is called Cornea, the horney one; out of the thin membrane that is called Ʋvea, the grapy one; but out of the substance of the marrow the Retina or coat like a net. For as soon as it is arrived at the centre of the eye, these membranes are displayed, and making a sphere contain the humors in them. [Use.] These nerves convey the faculty of seeing to the eyes; wherefore, they being obstructed, or comprest, a blindeness ensues. Galen hath a∣scribed holes to them, and Herophilus for the same reason called them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the passages of the sight, teaching that there is a sensible hollowness plainly to be seen in them, whom for all that almost all Anatomists do contradict. But I have heretofore shewen in the University of Padua, and in a great assembly of them, that there are certain passages continuing from the beginning of these Nerves, as far as to the place where they meet together and presently after that vanish away toward the eye. And therefore I shewed that the Ancients may not only be excused, but also that they writ the truth, especially when none of them have said, that these passages were great, but only such as did not altogether escape the sight, if one would make tryal thereof in a great living creature, and by a cleer light, and presently after it is killed. For Galen himself requires these three conditions, 7. placit. 4 and lib. de oculis, that one may see them. But before we depart hence, I will bring in some problemes, that besides the history it self, I may also shew the use of that which I say, especially when in our time they only for the most part follow the study of Anatomy, who imploy their industry in the behalf of Phy∣sick. The first therefore shall be, what is the cause, that many upon sneesing often (espe∣cially [unspec 1] when they have povoked it for the nonce) have of a sodain faln blind. This hap∣pens, either because the branches of the sleepy arteries, which are so near to the optick nerves, that they touch, are filled, and bring so, press together those nerves; or else be∣cause

a copious, and that a phlegmatick humor has faln out of the brain into the optick nerves, and obstructed them. I have seen those that have been bling through the first cause, sometimes cured by a Seton; but I never remember, that any, in whom this a∣rose from phlegmatick humors, have recovered, except one having the French Pox, who being annointed with quick-silver, all the humors melting away, was restored to health. But it is not the part of a good and pious Physitian, to make use of those things, which, being full of danger, may do more harm, if they prove hurtful, then they can procure good, if they be profitable. And truly it is better not to cure blindeness, then to cause death, although oftentimes rashness helps them, whom reason helps not, as the most elegant of Physitians Celsus sayes elegantly. In the mean time in diseases of the eyes, they who practise Physick, may learn rather to administer those thing, which bring the phlegm out by the palat, then to draw the noxious humors to the nostrils. That I may conceal besides the danger which they avoid, that more profit arises from the medicines that void the phlegm out of the head through the mouth, which both long experience hath hitherto taught, and Anatomy perswades, when the optick nerves in their origi∣nal are not far distant from the palat; but farther from the spongy bone, and it is a pre∣ternatural way, by which the humors are carried, as hath been already demonstrated by [unspec 2] the learned Vesalius. Then it is disputed, by what means the eye can fall out of its orb, the optick nerve not being broke, whereof we may have very many histories. But it is not hard to give an answer, to wit, that the nerves may be very much extended in length. Whilest therefore this nerve receives much moisture in the inflammations of the eyes, it easily comes to pass that it is slackned; but the muscles themselves swelling very much, when they can no longer be contained in the orb, leap forth out of it. For this falling forth of the eyes most commonly proceeds from inflammations; such as are the stories the most learned Vega, who cured a woman in this case by procuring the flux of her terms, and a young [unspec 3] man by digesting ointments. But the question is very worthy to be made memtion of, and that gives me an occasion to explain it, which I have read in some Authors, that such as were before blind, upon receiving of a wound overthwart the forehead, and some upon a great loosness of the belly arising on a sodain, have received their sight, and that present∣ly. The cause of their blindness was no other then the compression of these nerves pro∣ceeding from the neighbour-vessels, to wit, the veins and arteries being swoln with blood, which such a wound presently emptyed. Wherefore I also sometimes, and not without success in that species of blindness with the Barbarians tall Gutta serena, open the middle vein of the fore-head, out of which I draw blood so long, till it ceases to run of its one ac∣cord.

The second pair arises, as the ancient Anatomists say, from the sides of the basis of the fore∣part of the brain, near to the original of the first pair. But the new dissection shews, that it issues out at the inside of the beginning of the spinal marrow, and that they are so u∣nited in their original, that they make one common angle, which is the cause why both the eyes are moved together to the same sides. It is much smaller, if you compare it with the first pair, and harder, and goes out of the skull through the second hole of the wedg-bone, which is somewhat long, and so it enters the orb of the eye. By and by it is divided into many sprigs, which goe to the muscle of the eye; and the first climbing [unspec 1] up above the first pair or the optick nerves, is disposed of into the two muscles, as well that [unspec 2] which lifts up the eye lid, as that which lifts up the eye. Another very conspicuous one is [unspec 3] disseminated in many surcles into the muscle which moves the eye inward. The third, no contemptible one neither, being divided first into two fibres, and by and into more, is sent into the muscle that draws down the eye: the fourth, into the lower or lesser of the oblique muscles, that rowls the eye about toward the outer angle; at length it issues out some thin fibres, which being joyned with the first pair are distributed to the outer membranes of the eye, so that this second pair is propagated only to four muscles of the eye, and to that which lifts up the eye-lid. [Use.] The use of this pair is to impart the faculty of motion to the muscles the eyes.

The third pair arises with a very small nerve out of the lower, and hinder part of the marrow of the brain, and runs directly forward under the basis of the brain, being tyed to the second conjugation; together with which it enters into the Orb of the eye through the said second hole of the wedg-bone. By and by it is divided into four bran∣ches, [unspec 1] of which the first offers a little branch to the upper, and greater of the oblique mus∣cles of the eye, or that called the muscle of the pulley, and then falling out through the hole of the fore-head-bone above the orb of the eye, in the skin, and muscle of the fore-head, which ought rather to be called the muscle of the eye-brows. This branch is diligently to be taken notice of; because I have long since observed, that, it being hurt with a slight wound, the eye-lid fell down, whilest the muscle of the eye-brow by reason thereof fell into a Pal∣sie. I have seen also the same palsie caused by cold, and naorcotick medicines, somewhat un∣reasonably applyed for the procuring of sleep. But hence also a reason may be rendered, why Hippocrates 1. Prognostick, reckons it among the signs of death in acute diseases to sleep with the eyes half open. For this is an ill sign for that reason, because it signifies,

that the nerves are very much dryed, and so the brain it self, whence it comes to pass that they who are so diseased, for the most part suffering convulsions afterward dye. In some also a fore-runner of the Falling-sickness is wont to arise from the same cause in the eye-lids, the eyes, and the whole face, when this third pair is pluckt by the humors beget∣ting the falling-sickness, and so a convulsion of the eyes and face is caused. The second [unspec 2,] branch is carried downward, and falls out through the hole of the fourth bone of the upper jaw, which is under the orb of the eye, and presently scattering into more propagations, on the fore part of the face, is spent upon the muscles that move the upper lip, and wing of the nose outward, as also upon the lip it self, and the gums of the teeth, called Incisorii, or shredders. The third is sent through the hole of the second bone of the upper jaw, behinde the caruncle that is placed in the inner angle of the eye, to the wide cavity of the nostrils, being spread throughout its coat, whereby is comes to pass that it is endued with a very sharp sense, and being but lightly touch't causes sneesing. The fourth goes out through that crevise which is betwixt the first bone of the upper jaw and the wedg-bone, in the outer angle of the eye, or through the fourth hole of the wedg-bone, and departs to the inner side of the temporal muscle. [Ʋse.] The use of this pair is to convey the faculty of moving to the said muscles.

The fourth pair arises out of the marrow of the brain on the back-side, goes out of the skull through the sixth hole of the wedg-bone, and running strait down, propagates three branches from it self. The first is presently after its going out of the skull, which being writhed sometimes about in manner of the tendrels of a vein, or gourd, and united to two [unspec 1] sptigs of the Auditory nerve (of which we are to speak next) afterward distributes surcles to the temporal muscle, that lifts up the lower jaw, and that which moves it forward from the head, as also to the muscles of the cheeks. After this the pair running farther down, issues forth a second branch, which propagates surcles in order to the gums of the upper cheek-teeth called the grinders, and also to the teeth themselves. The third branch issuing forth from the back-side of the nerve, and entring the hole of the lower jaw-bone that is bored in the inner surface of it, at the original of the processes, bestows little branches in order to the roots of the teeth, and at length going forth through the fore-most hole in the outer surface is terminated in the lower lip, and skin of it. The remainder of this nerve is spent upon the coat of the tongue near to the root, and gives it the power of distinguishing sapors or tasting.

But note in this place, that these two pairs which we have now recounted, I say, the third and fourth are commonly reckoned for one by Anatomists, and that the third; but with this distinction, that they say this very pair arises with a double root; the one smaller, and the other thicker. They call that the smaller root, which we set down for the third pair; that the thicker, which we make the fourth. But we distinguish them, because indeed they are not joined together, neither in their original, nor in their progress. But that which they ac∣count for the fourth pair, seems not to be distinguished from the third; as Valuerda himself grants, lib 7. Anatomiae. cap. 4.

The fifth pair issues out of the marrow of the brain drawn out in length, on that side whereon a part of the cerebellum or after-brain is joyned to it, arising out of two nerves, of which one is softer, the other harder. These go out of the membrane together, and enter the organs of hearing. through the hole of the temple-bone, that is bored in the stony process thereof, being a large one and winding. After this that harder part goes forthwith to the foreside, being carried through a peculiar channel, and returns back∣ward again obliquely through the same bone, and departs into the first cavity of the in∣ner ear. From thence being more reflected, it sends forth two propagations, one higher, the other lower; but both pass through their peculiar holes. The upper is carried through the transverse hole of the same bone, through which also a little vein passes into the or∣gan of hearing; and a little after it is come forth of it, is joined with that branch of the fourth pair (as we have delivered; but as others commonly count the pairs of the third) which we told you was writhed about, like the tendrell of a Vine. The lower goes out through the third hole of the same bone, which is very narrow and winding; and being carried overthwart above the muscle of the lower jaw, that moves it sidewards, descends into the chops, having disseminated a pretty many propagations into the nostrils. But forthwith it is joyned with the propagation of the fourth pair, that resembles the tendrell of a Vein, or that sprig which goes to the tongue, from which it passes to the roots of the teeth, and muscles of the cheeks, as also to the skin that goes about the root of the outer, or little ear. Anatamists do beleive, that by means of the branch it comes to pass, that they who are born deaf, are for the most part dumb also. But that softer part of this pair is carried together with the hard part; and when it is come to that first ca∣vity of the inner ear, it is spread throughout it in manner of a membrane, and so it deserves to be called the Auditory nerve, as ministring all the spirits, that serve for hea∣ring.

The sixth pair arises somewhat more toward the lower and hinder part, then the fifth,

and not with one, but with many little nerves severed from each other, which for all that are presently joyned together, although they do not close so as to make one only, but two distinct ones alwaies, yet are they contained in one membrane, arising from the Durae meninx of the brain, which hath deceived many, so that they have accounted them for one. Being thus joyned, they descend both together out of the skull, through the second and third hole of the nowl bone; through which same the lesser branch of the sleepy Artery, and the greater of the Jugular vein enter into the skull. There being then two nerves, the one in its egress inclines more to the forepart of the said hole, and is the lesser of the two; the other to the hinder part, and is the greater. That presently after its going forth of the skull, tends straight downward to the muscles or the tongue and chops, and to the parts placed in the mouth, upon which it is wholly consumed.

This on the contrary sends its first propagation to the muscles seated on the backside of the neck, especially to the first muscle of the shoulder-blade, called Cucullaris or the cowl∣muscle, and then adhering to the seventh pair, and the aforesaid Artery and vein, by the benefit of certain membranes, it runs down to the side of the throttle, to whose muscles, especially those seated in the inner cavity, it distributes surcles overthwart. Here many propagations of nerves meeting together, and parting asunder again, a cer∣tain texture is made, wherein knots are found not unlike to the glandules that are tyed to the divarications of the vessels; which was first observed by the most learned Anato∣mist Fallopius, who would have it resemble the body of one alive. But the greater nerve it self going into the middle betwixt those same vessels which I spake of, is carried leisurly from the throttle to the rough artery, and running down at the side thereof, tends to the chest.

But before it enters thereinto, it is divided over the hollow of the neck into two branches, of which one is the outer and less: the other the inner and greater. We shall now speak briefly of the distribution and propagations of them, but so that being the right trunk is disseminated into another manner then the left, we set down the history of each by it self; and first of the right, then of the left.

The outer branch then of the right nerve sends out propagations presently after the divisi∣on to the muscle that bends the head, called Mastoideus, as also to that of the bone hyoides, called sternohyoides, and that of the Larinx or throttle, called sternothyroides; after this it [unspec 1] enters the cavity of the chest, and when it comes to the axillary Artery, issues forth from its inside sometimes three, sometimes two surcles, one under another, which are turned about the said axillary Artery, as it were an axel-tree, or (to say truly) a kind of pulley, and closing together make one nerve, which being [unspec 2] fastned to the right side of the rough Artery, by the benefit of a membrane, runs back from the lower part thereof to the highest, and hasts to the right side of the throttle, lea∣ning upon a glandule which is placed at the root of the right side. Having past this, it is forthwith divided into many surcles, which are spent upon the muscles of their own side, which are placed in the throttle, and h••ve their heads downward, giving motion to them. And this nerve is called Recurrens, the ••eturning one from its progress, and is very famous among all, being so made by ••ki••••ful nature with great wisdom that it might be inserted into the muscles of the ••••ottle, whose heads look downward, when all the nerves that give motion, ought to be inse••ted into the heads, and to look towards the end, not on the contrary. And bec••••se the throttle is an organ of the voice, but the voice cannot be uttered without motion of the muscles, that either open the cartilages of the throttle, or shut them; therefore these nerves, which impart to the muscles the power of moving and contracting themselves, being either bound hard or cut off, it happens for that cause, that the voice is taken away. This may be very handsomely shewn in dogs, or in a hog, because one continually makes a noise with barking, the other with grun∣ting. For one of these nerves being cut off, half the voice is taken away; but both being cut, it is wholly lost. The recurrent propagation being thus constituted, the outer branch [unspec 3] running down obliquely under the hollow of the neck, after that by the way it hath [unspec 4] distributed surcles of an indifferent bigness into the Pleura, or membrane of the ribs, and [unspec 5] into the coat of the lungs, and given others to the pericardium or pu••se of the heart, and to the heart it self, it descends farther within the duplication of the mediastinum, and near to the rack-bones is divided into two branches, which make the right nerve of the left orifice of the stomach, are carried obliquely, and the•• piercing through the midriff, together with the gullet, to which for all that they afford ••••ver a branch, are consumed upon the le••t orifice of the stomach, with many branche•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a little net, and so encompass it together with the left nerve, that it seems wholly to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of nerves. Hence there is so great a sym∣pathy of the stomach, not only with the b••a•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with the heart also; that such diseases as pain the upper orifice, seem to be of the ••t, and indeed so they are, the same heart suffering pain, because of this nerve being ••••ined. And this is the true cause, to wit, the communion of this nerve, not the ne•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of both the entrails, as others say. The inner branch goes to the inner side of the ••o•••• of the first ••ib of the chest, and cleaving to

the rack-bones under the Pleura, runs down through the roots of the rest of the ribs, ta∣king to it a little branch from every one of the Intercostal nerves that issue out of the back-bone; then passing through the midriff with the Descendent trunk of the great artery it is carried as far as to the Os sacrum or great bone, at the region whereof it issues out three propagations, which are distributed into the natural inner parts. The first goes to the lower membrane of the Kall, and descending through it is parted into three little branches, of which one is distributed to the right side of the same membrane, and to that part of the Colique Gut, that is joyned into it: another the least of them, and a very small one, to the guts duodenum and the Jejunum about its beginning; the third to the bottom of the stomach on the right side, and to the upper membrane of the Kall, which is some∣thing the larger. That which remains of this propagation is spent upon the hollow part of the Liver, and the bladder of Gall. The second goes into the right kidney, and [unspec 2] the membrane thereof. The third, which is greater then either of the former, descen∣ding [unspec 3] to the first rack-bone of the loins, reaches into the right side of the mesentery and in∣to the Guts that are tyed thereto entring the center of the mesentery in com∣pany of an artery, and a vein. The remainder goes into the bladder, and in women into the right side of the bottom of the womb. But the outer branch of the left nerve, saving that in its descent it has offered sprigs both to the Pleura, or membrane investing the rib, and to the coat of the lungs, and that outwardly; as also to the purse of the heart, and heart it self inwardly, at that part of the Descendent Trunk of the great artery, where it first issues out of the heart, and is bowed to the back-bone, it sends forth three sur∣cles which returning to the said artery close together into one nerve, which is called sinister recurrens nervus, the left returning nerve, and in like manner as the right one, takes its progress upward, and is propagated into the muscles of the Larinx, or throttle After this it issues out a small sprig, which is distributed through the basis of the heart, and coat of it in manner of hairs. Afterward the remainder descends inclining it self oblique∣ly to the right, and goes to the upper orifice of the Stomach, in the right side where∣of it is diffused, as the right branch was before into the left side, being divided into many little branches in manner of a net. From this a surclo is carried down along the upper part of the stomach to the pylorus, or lower orifice, which when hath as it were inter∣woven with some sprigs, it goes into the hollow of the Liver. The inner branch first of all takes to it propagations from the intercostal nerves, and then passing through the midriff is divided into three. The first of them goes overthwart to the spleen, and in the way shoots out two sprigs; one, which is likewise sent into the lower membrane [unspec 1] of the Kall and part of the colick-gut, which is tyed thereto; another into the left side of the bottom of the stomach, and into the upper membrane of the Kall. The second pro∣pagation [unspec 2] goes into the left side of the Mesentery, and the guts of that place; sometimes also it issues sprigs, which run out with the seminary vessels through the processes of the Peritoneum, or rim of the belly to the testicles. The third goes to the left Kidney, and [unspec 3] the fat membrane thereof. The remainder of the branch passes to the left side of the bladder and of the bottom of the Womb. The use of this pair is manifest enough, [Use.] as being very notorious, when the outer branch bestows little boughs upon the middle bowels, but the inner upon all those of the lowest belly, and the right branch upon those of the right side, the left on those of the left. Besides this use it conduces by the returning branches also to the framing of the voice, by imparting the faculty of motion to the muscles of the throttle.

The seventh pair arises in the utmost part of the nowl bone, where the marrow of the brain is ready to go out of the skull, and so is counted the hardest of all the nerves, that have their original within the skull. But it arises in some roots separated from each o∣ther, which joyning together on both sides into one, it goes out of the skull through the fourth and fifth holes of the nowl-bone (which are planted betwixt that greatest one, which opens a way for the descent of the spinal-marrow, and that, at which the sixth pair goes out) and presently after its egress is involved in one common membrane with the sixth pair, whence some, not so diligently observing it, have believed that they were mixt one with another; and thus they descend together. When it comes to the root of the tongue, it distributes surcles into all the muscles thereof, sending over some also to certain muscles of the bone hyoides, and of the throttle, as also to those which take their beginning from the appendix called styloides. The use of this conjugation is to carry down the faculty of sense and motion from the brain, to the muscles of the tongue.

To these seven pairs, which are commonly so numbred, we add an Eighth which makes the nerves of smelling, by which a faculty is derived from the brain of apprehending the odors of things without. These are commonly affirmed to arise out of the mar∣rowy substance of the brain, in the basis thereof, near to the first pair; but the new dissecti∣on of the brain, and which is performed by turning it upside down, hath taught us, that they arise at the utmost sides of the brain, in that part which is above the holes of the ears, whereby it is manifest, that hitherto only one half of them hath been shewn. They are very sharp at their original, and distant one from the other, but going forward by de∣grees,

betwixt the uppermost and middle prominence of the brain, they grow thicker, and draw nearer one to another, and so at length they lye down above the sinus or cavities of the spongy bone within the skull. These are thrust into the mammillary processes of the brain: but Galen and Marinus (whom almost all Anatomists have followed) would not call them by the name of Nerves, although they altogether agree therewith in their colour, course, and use, because they neither have productions like the rest of the nerves, nor go out of the cavity of the skull: but truly they seem to me to commit no other a sophism, then they who have expelled the teeth out of the number of the bones because they are not invested on the outside with a membrane, as others are, although neither this makes any thing to the essence of the bones, nor that to the essence of the nerves.

CHAP. II. Concerning the Nerves of the Spinal Marrow, properly so called, and first of those of the Rack-bones of the Neck.

NAture, the wise parent of all things, as the hath framed the nerves, that they might serve for the carrying of the faculties, and spirits, that are generated in the brain, because the brain it self could not be diffused through the whole body: so when the same could not conveniently bestow nerves upon all the parts, by reason of their too great distance, she made the spinal marrow, which is nothing else, but the marrow of the after-brain and brain, extended through the long conduit pipe of the rack-bones of the back. And therefore we having already viewed those nerves which take their original from the marrow of the brain, whilest it is yet contained in the skull; it re∣mains now, that we take a view of them also which come from the spondyls of the back-bone: But it is called marrow, not that it hath any affinity by reason of its substance with the marrow of the bones; but because like marrow it is contained within the rack-bones; but the substance thereof is like that of the brain, which it self also Plato called marrow; and it is named the spinall marrow, or of the back, to distinguish it from both those that are contained in the back-bone, but either in the skull, as the brain, or in the hollowness of the bones, as that which is properly called marrow. This substance is covered with two membranes, no otherwise then the brain it self is, from whence it takes its o∣riginal, the one thick, the other thinner, which are invested with a certain third, strong and membranous covering, that Galen thought to be the ligament of the rack-bones. But it was made to that end, that it might distribute sence and motion to the muscles, and membranes, to which those pairs of the brain do not reach. Therefore, when there is a good number of nerves arising therefrom, yet we shall easily reduce them to some certain classes, or companies, if we say that they all make up thirty pairs, of which seven belong to the mar∣row, whilest it is carried through the rack-bones of the neck; twelve, whilest it is carried through those of the chest; five, through those of the loins; and lastly six to that which is contained in the holes of the Os sacrum, or great bone. But these nerves go out through the holes of the rack-bones, and either with a double original on the fore and hinder part, as it happens in the two first conjugations of the neck, and five of the great bone, which a∣rise not from the sides, that is, from the right, of left part, but issue forth two branches before and behinde; or else with a single one, through the hole bored in both sides of the rack-bones, as happens in all the rest of the pairs, in which one nerve issues from the right side, the other from the left. But the first and second pair have a double beginning, lest if they should arise with a single one, that being somewhat thicker might have been hurt by the joints of the rack-bones; or if the hole should be made larger, the rack-bone (which was small enough of it self) should be liable to breaking. Therefore that both these e∣vils might be avoined, the wise Opificer made a double beginning, one on the forepart, a∣nother on the hinder. But the right branches go everywhere to the right side, the left to the left, and they are distributed on both sides after the same manner.

The first pair thereof [tab. 1. η. 1.] arises with its first, and foremost propagation [tab. 1. Β.] from the forepart of the spinal marrow, and passes out berwixt the nowl-bone, and the first rack bone of the neck, near to the sides of that round ligament, wherewith the tooth-like pro∣cess of the second rack-bone is tyed to the foreside of the nowl-bone, and so it is distribu∣ted into the muscles over the neck, and under the gullet, that bend the neck. With the o∣ther, and hinder propagation, [tab. 2. Fig. 1. C.] it likewise falls out through the hole, that is common to the nowl-bone, and first rack-bone of the neck, towards the hinder part, but with a double sprig, one of which being small is spent upon the les••er strait muscles and the upper oblique ones that extend the head; the other reaches out into the beginning of the muscle which lifts up the shoulder-blade.

The second pair [tab. 1. 2.] with its fore-branch [tab. 1. D.] (which is slenderer then the hinder one, though both of them seem small enough) arising from the fore-part of the marrow, goes forth betwixt the first and second rack-bones at the side of the tooth-like process, which branch is distributed into the muscles that lye upon the neck, as well a the fore-branch of the first pair, which is wvapped together with it; and is almost wholly spent upon the skin of the face. With its hinder branch [tab. 2. fig. 1. Ε.] it slips out through the sides of the backward process of the second rack-bone, but presently is cleft into two branches of unequal bigness, of which that which is the thicker [tab. 2. fig. 1. F.] tends from the forepart to the hinder, where the muscles seated on both sides of the hinder part of the neck do meet together, & there being mixt [t. 2. f. 1. C] with the third propaga∣tion of the third pair of the nerves, it runs out through the middle of the said muscles, return∣ing from the hinder to the fore patts, and so is distributed into all the skin of the head, as far as to the top of the crown, [t. 2. f. 1. Η] as also to the ears. The other branch, which is the slenderer, is inserted into the great strait muscles, and the lower oblique ones, that extend the head. Galen makes mention of these branches lib. 4. de locis affect. which place we shall not think much to transcribe hither, it making very much to the illustra∣tion of the use of this kinde of learning. Not long since, sayes he, they ulcerated the head of a certain man, by laying on medicines vehemently heating, thinking by this means his sense, that was greatly impaired, might be recovered. But we cured this very man, having found out the seat of the disease as well from other accidents, as from the primitive or procatarctick causes. For we diligently examined him about every one of them, and found that this was one; when he had walked in much rain caused by a violent wind, his cloak was wet about his neck, so that he felt himself affected with a vehement cold in that part: so then if you know that four nerves ascend from the first rack of the back-bone to the head, from which the skin about it receives its sense, you will easily find out the seat of the disease; that therefore being healed, the skin of the head was healed also, as having no pri∣mary disease.

The third pair [tab. 1. 3.] issues out of the common hole in the sides, which is betwixt the second and third rack-bones, and presently after it gets out, is cleft into two branches, of which the more forward one [tab. 1. l. is subdivided into four propagations. The first [t. 2. Κ] goes to the first bending muscle of the neck, or the long one: the second [t. 1. L.] runs down, and being united with a sprig of the fourth pair [tab. 1. Q] ends in the muscles that lye un∣der the gullet. The third [tab. 1. Μ.] climbs up, and joining with the thicker branch of the second pair but now mentioned [tab 2 f. 1 F] is spent upon the skin of the hinder part of the head. The fourth [tab. 1. Ν] is imparted to the transverse muscles, or to the first pair of the extenders of the neck, and to that which lifts up the shoulder-blade, of which two muscles, that tends in the transverse processes of the neck, this begins therein; and at length it is di∣gested into the square muscle that draws down the cheeks, which is called by Galen 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The hinder branch [tab. 2. f 1. Ο] is implanted into the second pair of muscles that ex∣tend the chest.

The fourth pair [tab. 1. numb. †.] issues out of the common hole of the third and fourth rack-bones, and like the third pair is divided into two unequal branches. The more forward and greater [tab. 1. Ρ] is cleft into three other twigs, of which the first [tab. 1. Q] is joined with another branch of the third pair [tab. 1. L] and goes to the first long pair of muscles that bend the neck. Another. [tab. 1. R] goes to the transverse muscle, or first of those which ex∣tend the neck, and to the first of the shoulder-blade, called Cucullaris, the cowl-muscle. The [unspec 1] third [tab. 1. S] being smaller then the other, and joined with a surcle of the fifth pair, and [unspec 2] another branch of the sixth pair, near to the mediastinum or membran that parts the chest [unspec 3] in the middle, and above the Pericardium, passes on downward, that out of these three principles the nerve of the midriff may be made up. The hinder branch [tab. 2. f 1. Τ] goes to∣ward the spine or ridge, under the muscles which are placed thereabout, to which also it affords a good number of branches, and from thence being led downward between the mus∣cles on both sides of the neck, it is carried to the square muscle that draws down the cheeks. In this place it is worth our labour to inquire what may be the reason, that they who are troubled with a Resolution, or deprivation of motion in the whole body, have nevertheless the motion of their midriff for a while free: some make answer, that this happens, be∣cause although no spirits are sent over from the brain, yet they may be diffused out of the marrow of the back. But these men beg the question, when we suppose that no spirits come from hence, because we see that all the muscles of the whole body, to which nerves are sent from the marrow of the back, are resolved or deprived of motion. Therefore I thought fit to seek out for another answer, and to say that the midriff has two motions, one that is voluntary, which we use whilst we breath strongly; another natural one, when the fibres are extended, and contracted of themselves. A man therefore is preserved by this natural mo∣tion, when we see that breathing is little, and weak, and as much as suffices that the lungs may be moved a little.

The fifth pair [tab. 1. numb. 5.] goes out betwixt the fourth and fifth rack-bones, and, like the two last fore-going, is cleft into two branches. The forwarder of them [tab. 1. U] issues

forth some propagations. The first [tab. 1. betwixt U and 6] goes to the muscles, that bend the neck. Another [tab. 1. Χ] together with propagations of the fourth, and sixth pairs, some∣times also of the seventh, to wit, then when the branch of the fourt is wanting, descends near to the side of the gullet through the sore part of the rack-bones of the neck, and is im∣planted into the midriff, and so makes the midriff nerve. The third [t. 1. Υ] is carried through the upper part, and outside of the arm, to the second muscle of the arm, to wit, that which lifts τ up, called Deltoides, from whence little branches are sent over to the first, and second, that is to the cowl-muscle, & the lifter up of the shoulder-blade. The fourth propagation [t. 1. b] at the neck of the shoulder-blade is cleft into two, of which the former [tab. 1. c] goes in∣to the muscle Deltoides, at that part where it arises from the clavicle or canal-bone: the lat∣ter and thicker [tab. 1. d] is inserted into the fourth pair of muscles of the bone hyoides, cal∣led coracohyoideum, and from thence imparts a small branch to the upper muscle over the shoulder-blade called super scapularis, and to the muscle Deltoides, where it arises from the spine of the shoulder-blade. The binder branch [tab. 2 f 1. e] is writhen toward the back-bone, and distributed in the same manner, as the hinder branch of the fourth pair is.

The sixth pair [tab. 1. numb 6] goes out under the fifth rack-bone, and in like manner as the other pairs are, is divided into two branches. The forwarder and greater [tab. 1. f] after it has propagated that sprig, [tab. 1. g] which we said is joyned with the fourth, and fifth pair, [tab. 1. S and Χ] to the making up of the nerve of the midriff [tab. 1. i] passing on farther is united with the two next following pairs, the seventh of the neck, and the first of the chest, and is again separated from them, and then again being joined with them it so weaves a certain net-like texture, from which nerves are issued forth, that go to the arm. The hinder [tab. 2. fig. 1. Ι] is carried to the hind muscles which extend the head, and neck.

The seventh pair [tab. 1. η. 7] is derived from the marrow of the neck, and issues forth through the common hole of the sixth and seventh rack-bones. The forwarder and greater branch thereof [tab. 1. m] is joined presently after its egress with the sixth nerve of the neck, and the first of the chest, and for the greater part is carried with the rest to the arm. The hinder lesser branch [tab. 2. fig. 1. n] goes to the muscles, that lye upon the neck, and to the square one, that draws down the cheeks.

CHAP. III. Concerning the Nerves of the marrow of the rack-bones of the Chest.

TWelve conjugations of nerves issue forth from the spinal marrow, whilst it runs through the rack-bones of the back, as the most learned Vesalius has right∣ly opinioned, however there are but eleven holes bored in the twelve rack-bones thereof, as Columbus objected, because the first pair passes out between the last rack-bone of the neck, and the first of the back, wherefore it ought to be numbered rather among the pairs of the chest, then those of the neck. All these conju∣gations after their egress are divided into two; and the one branch which is the greater, al∣wayes bends forward; the other which is the less is bent to the hinder parts, and to the muscles that lie upon the back.

The first pair then [tab. 1. numb. 8.] of the nerves, which issue forth from the marrow of the chest, goes out of the common hole of the seventh rack-bone of the neck, and the first of the chest, in the same manner as the five pairs last mentioned do, and in like sort also is forthwith divided into two branches. The forwarder, and greater [tab. 1. ο] is united, [tab. 1. ρ] partly with the seventh nerve of the neck, partly with the second of the chest, in that manner which we have before explained; and so afterward is wholly con∣sumed upon the arms, excepting one propagation [tab. 1. q] which arising at the begin∣ning of it, is joined with the said nerves, and runs into the foreparts, near the length of the first rib of the chest, to the breast bone, bestowing a sprig upon the subclavian muscle, after that being reflected upward it is spent upon the muscles, which take their original from the top of the brest-bone: such are the muscle that bends the head called Mastoideus; that which draws down the bone hyoides, or sternohuoideus and the first of them which extend the buckler-like gristle of the throttle, called thyroides, or the muscle sternothyroideus. But to the two last sometimes branches are sent over from the sixt conjugation of the brain, and the third of the chest. The same branch also when it has past the arm-pit, being ready to go to the arm, issues forth a certain other propagation from its hinder part, which goes to the muscles seated in the hollowness of the shoulder-blade. The hinder and less branch [ta. 2. fig. 1. r] lies hid under the muscles which grow to the rack-bones, and imparts some propagations to the second bending muscle of the neck, and to them which extend the head and neck; but when it has attained to the spine of the seventh rack-bone, it goes overthwart to the lower side, and distributes surcles into the first muscle of the shoulder-blade, or that like a Monk's cowl, and in the third of the same, called Rhomboides, as also into the upper of the hindmost saw-muscles.

The second pair [ta. 1. num. 9.] breaks out betwixt the first and second rack-bones of the chest, and is cleft likewise into two branches. The forewarder [t. 1. s.] is united with the first pair of the chest; and thus the first and second pairs of the chest are united by turns, with the fifth, sixth, and seventh of the neck, that the one are not discerned from the other; but make a net not unlike to those things which hang at Cardinals hats; from which after∣ward all the nerves that go to the arms, issue forth, and take their original. This spreads out a branch [t. 1. t.] which goes forward through the first distance betwixt the ribs, according to the course of the first rim, as far as to the breast-bone, making the first Intercostal nerve, from which surcles [t. 1. u] are distributed into the muscles that lye upon the chest. The hinder branch [t. 2. f. 1. x] has the same dissemination with that of the fore∣going pair.

The other ten pairs [tab. 1. numb. 10, 11, 12. and so on to 19 inclusively] of the nerves of the chest, observe the same manner both of their rise, and distribution. For they all issue out of the common holes of the rack-bones at the sides, and presently after their e∣gress are cleft into two branches of unequal bigness, one of which is the forwarder and greater; the other, the inner and less. The forward branches [ta. 1. y.] (which make the nerves between the ribs) are carried into the fore-side, and each of them affords a little branch in order according to its length, to the inner branch of the sixth pair, which descends under the pleura to the roots of the rib. These branches are joined with the Intercostal veins and arteries,; together with which they pass along the rib of the forepart through the sinus or channel, which is cut out on the lower and inside of the ribs. But they which be∣long to the true ribs, go on as far as to the breast-bone; but they which belong to the ba∣stard ones, are carried into the forepart of the Abdomen above the peritoneum or rim of the belly. From these nerves many branches are disseminated into the muscles between the ribs, not only in the inner, but the outer ones also, as wel into the other, [ta. 1. z] which lye up∣on the chest; such as are the fourth, and fifth muscles of the shoulder blade or the two for∣most saw-muscles, as also to the broad one, called Latissimus [tab. 1. β] that moves the arm backward from the breast. In like manner a propagation goes from the fifth Intercostal nerve, about the middle of the rib, passing through the Intercostal muscle, into the first pair of the muscles of the abdomen [ta. 1. α] as also into the skin of the chest; and being divided in four parts is distributed into the pectoral muscle that moves the arm forward to the breast, and also into the skin, from which some sprigs do afterward go to the nipples of the breast [ta. 1. γ] and impart to them a very sharp sense. The hinder branches [ta. 2. fi. 1. δ] go backward to the spine, or ridge, between the muscles going to the rack-bones, which have the charge of extending the chest. Yet are they not wholly spent upon the muscles, but when they have now attained to the tops of the spines, they fall out between the mus∣cles of both sides, whereabout they are joyned one to another, and so afterward they give nerves to all the muscles which arise out of the tops of the spines of the rack-bones. Such are the first extending muscle of the head, called Triangularis, or Splenicus; the third mscle of the shoulder-blade, or Rhomboides; the first of the shoulder-blade or Cucullaris; the third broad muscle that leads the arm away from the breast, called Aniscalptor, and the hinder saw-muscle. A good number also of surcles are distributed into the skin of the back.

CHAP. IV. Concerning the nerves of the marrow of the rack-bones of the loins.

FRom the spinal marrow, whilest it is carried through the first of the loins, al∣though there be only four holes, yet five pairs issue forth, the first being between the last rack-bone of the chest, and the first loins. But they go forth through the common holes, and being gone forth, are distributed in like manner as we have said of the nerve of the chest; when from every one of them, presently after its going out, one branch, and that the greater, spreads it self forward; the other, and less backward. The formost branches run to the muscles of the abdomen or outer, and forepart of the lowest belly; the hindmost to them which lye upon the spines of the rack-bones, and the bones without a name, from whence they impart some little branches also to the skin that covers the loins. But the fore branches are knit together, the first with the second, the second with the third, the third with the fourth, and the fourth with the fifth in the same fashion, as we have said the nerves of the arm were, whilest they make the net like complication.

The first pair then, [ta. num. 1. 20.] as the rest do also, going out under the peritonaeum, or rim of the belly, through the common hole of the rack-bones, which is betwixt the last rack-bone of the chest, and the first of the loins, presently after its egress is cleft into two branches. The fore branch, which is greater, goes into the fleshy parts of the midriff, and into the beginning of the first bending muscle of the thigh, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

From this nerve a certain surcle [ta. 1. 39.] takes its beginning, reaching out for the most part with the preparing artery to the testicle. The hinder branch [ta. 2. fig. 1. nu. 42.] sends propagations into the muscles that lye upon the backside of the rack-bones of the loins, such as are the first and third of them which extend the chest, that being called Dorsi longissi∣mus, this sacrolumbus; as also the muscles which extend the loins: but when they issue out from the tops of the spines, whereabout the said muscles are joined one to another, they run to the sides, and are implanted into the broad muscle that leads the arm outward from the breast, called Latissimus.

The second pair [t. 1. n. 21.] goes out under the first bending muscle of the thigh, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, betwixt the first and second rack-bones of the loins. The fore-branch thereof is distri∣buted to the second bending muscle of the thigh, that fills up the cavity of Os Ilium, or the hanch-bone, and the first bending one of the leg, called Fascialis, as also to the skin of the thigh. The hinder branch going out of the abdomen is distributed to the three muscles that extend the thigh, or the Glutaei; and to that which extends the leg, called Membranosus, the membranous muscle.

The third pair [t. 1. n. 22.] issues forth likewise under the first bending muscle of the thigh, betwixt the second and third rack-bones. The fourth branch thereof passes over near to the hanch-bones, distributing two propagations; one which goes to the knee, and its skin; another [t. 1. 51.] which accompanies the vein of the inner ankle, called saphena. The inner branch is reflected and disseminated into the muscles which lye upon the loins.

The fourth pair [t. 1. n. 23.] is the greatest of all the nerves of the loins, and being car∣ried under the said muscle that bends the thigh, as also under the Os pubis, or share-bone, ac∣companies the Crural vein and artery.

The fifth. and last pair [t. 1. n. 24.] issues out betwixt the fourth and fifth rack-bones; the fore-branch whereof passes through the hole which is betwixt the hip-bone, the Os pubis, or share-bone, and the Os Ilium or hanch-bone, and distributes, some propagations to the two muscles that turn the thigh about, called Obturatores, others to the second and third bending ones of the thigh, and others to the muscles of the yard. The hinder branch goes in∣to the muscles, and skin upon the rack-bones.

CHAP. V. Concerning the nerves of the marrow of Os sacrum or the great bone.

LAst of all from the marrow which is contained in the rack-bones of the Os sa∣crum, the six last pairs of the nerves of the spinal marrow do issue forth. The first of these [t. 1. n. 25.] goes out betwixt the last rack-bone of the loins, and the first of the great or holy bone, in the very same manner as the rest, that arise out of the rack-bones of the loins, and likewise after the same sort is divided into two branches. The fore-branch although it be mixed with the crural nerves, sends yet a surcle [t. 1. 43.] over near to the inner region of Os Ilium, and is dispersed into the mus∣cles of the abdomen, and into the second bending one of the thigh. The hinder [t. 2 f. 1. n. 44.] is disseminated into the muscles that arise from the Os Ilium or hanch-bone, and especially into the first of them that extend the thigh, or the greater Glutaens, as also into the skin of the buttocks.

The other five pairs have something proper to themselves; so that before they go out of the bone, they are every of them double on each side, and so from every one of them a double branch is carried on each side, one to the forepart, another to the hinder. The three upper∣most of the fore-branches, as that of the first pair also, go to the Crus, or parts of the body below the buttocks: the two lowest go into the muscles of the fundament and bladder; and in women to the neck of the womb, in men to the yard; but in both sexes to the outer pri∣vy parts. The hinder branches are distributed to the muscles seated on the backside of the bones, Ilium and sacrum. Of this sort are the first and third extending muscles of the chest, or Dorsi longissimus, the long muscle of the back, and sacrelumbus, that which bends the loins, called sacer, and the broad muscle that leads the arm away from the breast; as also the three which extend the thigh, being the authors of the buttocks, and therefore called glutaei the buttock-muscles. And this is the utmost end of the spinal marrow, which reaching into the rump-bone, called Os coccygis is in this manner terminated: And this is the history of the thirty pairs of the nerves which go out of the spinal marrow, which is diligently and accurately to be committed to the memory, that we may know to what place remedies ought to be applyed, if at any time from some external cause, as by a fall from a lost, or a bruise, or some notable compression, any part shall have lost either motion, or sense or both. For the remedies must be applyed alwaies to the beginning of that nerve, not to the place, in which the sumprom is perceived.

CHAP. VI. Concerning the Nerves which are distributed through the Armes.

THose nerves being now enumerated, which are dispersed through the muscles of the three bellyes, and the parts contained in them; it remains that we describe those also, which are propagated through the artus, or extream parts of the body. Here we meet with them first, which are distributed through the arms, whereof there are six pairs commonly set down by Anatomists arising from the fifth, sixth, and seventh pair of the nerves that come out of the marrow of the neck, and from the first, and second of those which issue out of the chest. These nerves go out through the common holes of the rack-bones, on both sides, and presently after their going out are united one among another with their forward∣er and greater branches, by and by are separated one from another again, and joined again, and finally separated, so that they seem to make out a certain net-like texture, which cannot be better likened then to those strings of Cardinals hats. This implication of nerves goes forth under the clavicle, or collar-bone, about that place where the axillary veins and ar∣teries go out of the hollow of the chest, and from this all the nerves of the arm take their original. But their rise is very uncertain by reason of their being so knit together; where∣fore we in our relation of them will rather follow the footsteps of other men, then our own observations, lest we should seem to affect new opinions rashly, and without ne∣cessity.

The first nerve then [tab. 1. e] which is carried to the arm, is a double propagation, namely the third, and fourth of the fore-branch of the fifth pair of the neck. For the one branch [tab. 1. Υ.] is carried to the second muscle of the upper part of the arm cal∣led Deltoides, and to the skin that lies upon it: the other [tab. 1. b] goes toward the neck of the shoulder-blade, where it is cleft into two branches; the former of which [tab. 1. c] goes into the muscle Deltoides, where it arises from the collar-bone; the latter [tab. 1. d] is inserted into the fourth pair of the Muscles of the bone Hyoides called Coracohyoideum, and from thence affords a little branch to the upper superscapular muscle, and the Deltoides, at what place it arises from the spine of the shoulder-blade. This nerve runs out through the hinder side of the arm; but the other five are carried through the arm-pit into the arm, and in the same are scattered into more branches.

The second nerve [tab. 1. ζ] is thicker, and take its original from that net-like compli∣cation, of which we spake; yet, from what nerve, cannot be evident enough. This is carri∣ed down through the middle, and fore-part of the arm; into which it enters under the first bender of the cubit, or the double-headed muscle, at that part where its two heads are united one with the other, and where the tendons are inserted both of the pectoral muscle that leads the arm forward to the breast, and of the Deltoides that lifts it up. Being hid then under this muscle it sends forth two propagations [tab. 1. η] one of each side, which enters into the two heads of the muscle biceps; and after that about the middle of the length of the upper part of the arm, going under the same double headed-muscle, it shoots forth another sprig [tab. 1. †] by means whereof it is joined with the third nerve; and from thence descending it distributes in its progress a surcle [tab. 1. θ] from its out∣side to the head of the longer of the two muscles of the radius or wand, that turns the palm of the hand downward. When it is come to the bending of the cubit, being led to the fleshy membrane, near to the outside of the tendon of the said double-headed mus∣cle, it is distributed into the skin, being divided into two branches, of which one is the outer, the other the inner; that is the slenderer, this the thicker. The outer then [tab. 1. ι.] being carried down a good way with a branch of the Cephalick vein through the inside of the cubit, is distributed [tab. 1. λ.] to the second bone of the thumb. The inner branch [tab. 1. κ.] is subdivided under the common vein of the arm or the middle one, called Me∣diana, into two branches, the outer whereof [tab. 1.] going on obliquely under the skin lea∣ving the vein goe; away toward the radius as far as to the wrist: but the inner [tab. 1. ν] being fastened to the inner branch of the Cephalick vein, when it goes more obliquely, in the region of the cubit is cleft into two special branches, of which one [tab. 1. π] is distribu∣ted through the region of the lesser bone of the cubit, the other [tab. 1. ο] through the re∣gion of the greater bone to the wrist, and from thence, that being past, into the skin of the inside of the hand.

The hinder nerve of the arm [tab. 1 ρ] or the third, which is carried to the arm, lies next under the second, and in like manner with it arises from that net-like texture. This nerve, whilst it passes through the arm pit, before it has yet attained to the arm, brings

forth a propagation, [tab. 1. σ] which is dispersed under the skin betwixt the Pectoral muscle that leads the arm to the breast, and the muscle Deltoides that lifts up the same. But when it hath first attained to the arm, it hides itself under the muscle Biceps, or first bender of the cubit, and passing on downward together with the second nerve, it ••ends out a little branch [tab. 1. τ] into the head of the second bending muscle of the cubit. After this descending it receives a branch [tab. 1. υ] from the second nerve, by means where∣of they are joyned one with the other, and then it goes further through the forepart of the arm unto the bending of the cubit, being alwayes equally distant from the second nerve, and is carried into the protuberation the inside of the arm, and the fore-part thereof. When it hath past this, it issues forth many propagations, [tab. 1. φ] which to∣gether with the branches, that are derived from the fifth nerve, which is carried through the hinder region of the same protuberation, are distributed into the muscles that are seated on the inside of the cubit, and arise from the inner protuberation of the arm: such are the two that bend the uttermost bones of the fore-fingers, and that which bends the third joint of the thumb. After this it sends out another propagat on, which is carried down between the said muscles through the radius together with a vein and artery, to the wrist, and passing, through under the transverse ligament, scatters some small sprigs into the muscle that moves the thumb outward from the fingers, and the two that bead the first joint of the same. After this when it is come to the palm of the hand, it is divided [tab 1. χ] into three branches; the first of which scatters two twigs into the thumb, the second as many into the fore-finger, the third sends one to the middle finger on the inside.

The fourth nerve [tab. 2. fig. 1. ψ] is the biggest of all them, which are carried to the arm, as being almost thrice thicker then the rest. This arises, as well as the other, from the net-like complication, and from then••e is carried down through the arm, in like manner as the third is, lying deep everywhere among the muscles, having the basilick-vein, and axillary artery for its companions. But presently after it hath entred the arm, it derives many, but small sprigs [tab. 2. fig. ω] into the heads of the muscles that extend the cubit; and before it is come to half the length of the upper part of the arm, it is con••orted ob••iquely down∣ward to the bone thereof, and passes on betwixt that, & the muscles which extend the cubit. But before it be wholly reflected, it sends forth a surcle [tab. 2. fig. 1. Γ] from its inside, which goes betwixt the said muscles, as also the second of them that bend the cubit, and is spent upon the skin that clothes the inside of the arm, some fibres being propagated up∣ward, and downward. Having disseminated this propagation it goes by degrees through the hinder part to the outside of the arm, being carried through the cavity of the outer pro∣tuberation of the upper bone of the arm, that is cut out in the back-side thereof, where likewise it sends out a surcle [tab. 2. fig. 1. Δ] going to the skin, that covers the lower part of the outside of the arm; and then another [tab. 2. fig. 1. Θ] which is distributed in∣to the skin, as far as to the wrist. After that near to the joint of the cubit it is divided into two branches, an outer, and an inner one, which being hid deep, and among the mus∣cles, as the whole trunk also, descend to the wrist. The outer branch [tab. 2. fig. 1. Λ] goes along the radius, or wand, and when it is come to the wrist, passes through the trans∣verse ligament, on the outer part, and by and by is subdivided [tab. 2. fig 1 Ξ] into two branches, of which one goes with a double sprig into the outside of the thumb, the other is spent partly upon the fore-finger, partly on the middle one. But the inner branch [t 2. f. 1. Π]. reaching along the cubit scatte••s more propagations, the first [tab. 2. fig. 1. Σ] into the first muscle that extends the fingers, the second [tab 2. fig. 1. φ] into the second that extends the fingers; the third [t. 2. f. 1. Ψ] into the i••ner muscle that extend the wrist. But in its pro∣gress [t. 2. f. 1. Ω] it affords propagations to the three beginnings of the muscles that take their original from t e ulna, or greater bone of the cubit. The remainder of it ends in the wrist, [tab 2 fig. 1. 31].

The fifth nerve [tab. 1. numb. 32] arising lower then any of the fore-mentioned, out of the same net-like, compl cation, and being joined to the fourth, descends through the inside of the arm, between the muscles that bend, and extend the cubit. This scatters no propaga∣tion from it self, but remains intire, til it be come to the inner protuberation of the arm, at whose hinder cavity it is reflected, and is distributed afterward in the same manner with the thi d nerve, which passes through the fore-side of the same protuberation. For both of them bestow propagations [tab. 1. 33] upon the muscles, which grow out of the inner protuberation of the arm, and keep the inside of the cubit. It issues forth a propagation also [tab. 1. 34] which being carried through the radius, or wand, goes between the mus∣cles which bend the second and third joints of the fingers, and so to the palm of the hand, and sends out the first branch, which being parted in two is implanted into the inside of the little finger; then another, which being also cut in two goes into the ring-finger, and at last another that goes to the outer part of the inside of the middle finger. But from this same fifth nerve, and from the outside near to the middle of the length of the radius, or wand, there grows out a certain other surcle, [t. 1. 35.] which being divided into three branches is disseminated into the outerpart of the middle, the ring-finger, and the little one.

The sixth nerve [tab. 1. n. 36.] issues out of the lowest part of the net-like complication, and going through the arm-pit, and inside of the upper part of the arm, and of the cubit, under the skin it makes haste to the inner protuberation of the upper bone of the arm, dis∣persing many surcles in its way to the neighbouring skin. [t. 1. 37. 37] But as soon as it has attained to this protuberation, it is cleft into many propagations, some of which lye under the branches of the basilick vein, some lye over, and so being carried under the skin, when they are come down to the wrist, they end [ta. 1. 38.]

CHAP. VIII. Of the nerves that are distributed through the Crura, or thighs, legs, and feet.

THere are four pairs of nerves, which are propagated through the Crura. They arise from the three lower conjugations of the loins, and the four upper ones of the Os sacrum, or great bone, which after they are gone forth through the common holes of the rack bones, as wel as the nerves, which are distributed through the arm, make a certain complication like the meishing of a net, but far the greater then that other. Nor are these nerves of equal bigness, but the first [ta. 1. n. 46.] and the third [ta. 1. 56.] are small, wherefore also they reach but to the thigh; the second [t. 1. 50.] is somewhat thicker, and reaches to the leg, but the fourth [t. 1. 61.] alone is thicker then the three other put together; and is carried down as far as to the utmost ends of the toes.

The first nerve then [ta. 1. 46.] grows out of the higher part of the net-like complication, where the third nerve of the loins is joined with the fourth [ta. 147.] But it is presently car∣ried downward under the rim of the belly, to the thigh; lying upon the outside of the ten∣don of the first bending muscle of the thigh, to which when it is come, it sends out a pro∣pagation [ta. 1.48] which runs out through the skin on the forepart of the thigh, as far as to the joint of the knee, and there ends, and affords surcles [ta. 1. 49.] to the first bending muscle of the leg, as also to the second and third that extend the same.

The second nerve [t. 1. 50.] arises out of the same complication, and below the first, over against the connexion of the third and fourth rack-bones of the loins. This together with the crural vein, and artery, (which are the outer Iliacal branches) descends through the groin into the thigh, which when it has attained to, presently it issues forth a notable pro∣pagation [ta. 1. 51.] from its inside, lying upon the saphena or vein of the inner ankle, on the fore part, all the way it goes under the skin through the inner parts of the crus to the great toe. But as the vein saphena it self distributes some sprigs in the way to the skin next to it, no also this nerve sends out many propagations, of which that is the chief [t. 1. 53.] which it gives to the foreside of the knee. But the trunk it self [t. 1.54] when it has sent out this propagation, passes together with the trunk of the crural vein and artery into the thigh, & is scattered into the muscles seated on the inside of the thigh, especially [t. 1 55.] into the third bending one of the thigh, and the fourth extending one of the leg and so afterward it is terminated above the knee.

The third [t. 1. n 56.] grows out of the complication, under the second, over against the conjuction of the fourth and fifth rack-bones of the loins. This nerve being carried down upon the second bending muscle of the thigh, called Iliacus internus, passes through the hole of the share-bone, and affords propaga••ions [t. 1.57.] to the two muscles that turn the thigh about, which they call Obturatores, the stoppers, to wit, of that said hole, as also to the two muscles that erect the yard, which arise out of the bone of the hip. From thence like the two foregoing nerves, it descends, and distributes little nerves into the skin, that clothes the inner part of the thigh [t. 1. 58.] The remaining part [t 1. 57.] lies deep, the chief propagation whereof [t. 1. 60.] is spent partly on the second, partly on the third mus∣cle that bend the leg.

The fourth nerve [t. 1. n. 61.] is made up out of the fore-branches of the four uppet pairs of the great bone being united together. By reason whereof it passes the rest yea and all the nerves of the whole body, not only in thickness, but in hardness also, as being made of the last, that issue out of the spine, or ridge. This enters into the hinder part of the thigh through the cavity, that is in the hinder part of the hip-bone. But presently it sends forth a notable propagation [t. 1. 62.] from its back-side, which stayes a pretty while under the first extending muscle of the thigh, or Glutaeus magnus, the great buttock-muscle, and from thence is dispersed into the skin that covers the buttocks, and the back-side of the thigh to the middle of its length. Then it sends other propagations [ta. 1.63.] on both sides, three for the most part to the heads of the third, fourth and fifth muscles that extend the leg, and to the third bending one of the thigh. After this the trunk of the nerve descends among the muscles seated on the hinder part of the thigh, near to the bone, as far as half the length thereof, and distributes another branch [t. 1. 64.] to that fleshy lump of the fifth bending muscle of the leg, called Biceps, which grows to it on the

inside, after it has gone beyond the middle of the thigh. From hence also other surcles proceed, which are distributed into the skin on the backside of the thigh. But the trunk it self proceeding farther on, at length attains to the knee betwixt the two heads of the bone of the thigh, and imparts a small branch [t. 1. 65.] on each side into the first exten∣ding muscle of the foot, and the sole muscle, called plantaris, and by and by is divided, [t. 1. 66.] in the inner cavity of the knee, or in the ham, into two unequal branches which are distributed along through the leg and foot. For there is not any nerve which runs out through the leg, besides these two branches of the fourth, if you excep only that notable propagation, which bring derived from the second nerve, as we have said, descends in com∣pany of the vein saphena, through the inner part of the crus. The outer branch [t. 1. 67] is the smaller, and goes toward that part where the upper appendix of the fibula, or lesser bone of the leg is joined with the tibia, or greater bone thereof, scattering a propagation [t. 1.68.] in the way, which goes to the outer ancle under the skin, distributing in the mean time, many sprigs to the skin. But the branch it self [ta. 1. 69.] passes between the muscles seated on the foreside of the leg, and going through the long ligament of the tibia and fibula, or two bones of the leg, passes together with the tendons of the muscles that extend the toes, under the transverse ligament, and disperses little branches to the sides of the upper part of the toes. The inner branch [t. 1. 72.] is carried down through the backside of the crus, lurking betwixt the muscle of the sole of the foot, and the first of them that move the foot obliquely, as also the long bending muscles of the toes; and being joined afterward with the branch of the outer, which passes through the ligament, it goes to the sole of the foot, and distributes propagations into both the sides of the lower part of the toes.

Notes

• The first pair of the brain.
• Its original.
• Progress.
• Insertion.
• The holes of the optick nerves.
• Problemes.
• The second pair. Its original
• Branches.
• The third pair. Its original. Branches.
• An observa∣tion.
• The fourth pair. Its original branches.
• A note.
• The fifth pair Its original. Its two parts.
• The harder.
• The soft part.
• Its use.
• The six••h piar Its original.
• The lesser nerve.
• The greater nerve, and its propagations.
• The branches of the greater nerve.
• The propaga∣tions of the outer branch of the right nerve.
• The right re∣current nerve.
• Whence the sympathy is be¦twixt the sto∣mach & he•• t. Propagations of the inner branch.
• The outer branch of the left nerve.
• Its propaga∣tions. The left recur∣rent nerve.
• Propagations of the inner branch of the left nerve.
• The seventh pair. Its original.
• Its use.
• The eighth pair.
• Its original.
• The spinal marrow.
• Why it is cal∣led marrow.
• It is wrapt up into two mem∣branes.
• The conjuga∣tions or pairs of the spinal marrow.
• The first pair of the neck.
• The second pair.
• The third pair.
• Its fore-branch.
• Its hinde•• branch.
• The fourth pair. The fore-branch. Its propagati∣ons.
• The hinder branch.
• A question.
• The fifth nerve Its fore-branch.
• The binder branch. The sixth pair. Its fore-branch.
• Its hinder branch. The seventh pair. The fore-branch. The hinder.
• The first pair.
• Its fore-branch
• Its hinder branch.
• The second pair. The fore-branch.
• The hinder one.
• The other ten pairs.
• Their fore-branches.
• Their hinder branches.
• The first pair.
• Its fore-branch.
• The hinder one.
• The second.
• The third.
• The fourth.
• The fifth.
• The first pair
• The other five pairs.
• The first nerve of the arm.
• The second. Its progress.
• Its propagati∣ons.
• Its branches. The outer. The inner.
• The third.
• The fourth.
• Its propagati∣ons.
• Is two bran∣ches. The outer.
• The inner.
• The fifth nerve.
• The six h.
• The first nerve
• The second.
• The progress of the trunk.
• The third.
• The fourth.
• The progress of the trunk.
• Its division.