The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latin and compared with the French. by Tho: Johnson. Whereunto are added three tractates our of Adrianus Spigelius of the veines, arteries, & nerves, with large figures. Also a table of the bookes and chapters.

The first Treatise, Concerning The VEINES.

CHAP. I. Reckons up the branches or propagations of the vena portae or the Gate-vein, and explains an Aphorism of Hippocrates, that makes very much to the purpose.

LEt us come now to the History of the veins, in which we will begin with the vena portae or gate-vein, as that which spreads not so wide and far as the cava or hollow one. For it is wont to be distributed only through the lowest belly, and not at all to propagate it self out of it; nor does it branch through all parts of that, but such only as are appropriated to the nutritive faculty, namely the Li∣ver, the bladder of Gall, the Stomach, the Spleen, the Sweet-bread, Kall, Guts, and Mesentery; for the Hollow-vein sends its propagations to the rest, as the Reins, Bladder, and those parts which serve for generation. But that the manner of this distri∣bution may be more easily understood, for our better method in teaching, likening the whole vein to a tree, we will divide it into four parts, one of which we will call the Roots, as that part which is in the Liver; another the Trunk, which continues it self on and is not divided; a third the Branches into which the Trunk is divided; a fourth, Twigs or Surcles, such small veins as the Trunk shoots out at its sides; before it be divided into its branches. Which terms ought diligently to be observed, because we have endeavoured by the propriety of these words to give light to this obscure Treatise concerning the veins. But that they may more easily be committed to memory, and all that concernes this business be written with more brevity, following some very learned later Authors, we will give e∣very part its name from the place of its insertion.

From the outside then of the Liver some very little hairy veins are prolonged towards its inner region, and by little and little meet together into greater branches, so that at length they become five, which again gathered together like roots about the middle of the hollow side of the Liver, but somewhat hinderly near to to the back, make a notable stock or Trunk, which at length issuing forth near to those eminencies of the Liver, which by the Greeks are termed 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Gates, is cal'd the Gate-vein, and now deserves the name of a Trunk.

This Trunk parting now from the Liver descends somewhat obliquely towards the left side, under the Gut called Duodenum, where above the Rack-bones it gets a firm seat; but before it be divided into branches, two twigs sprout from it; the first of which being very small, arising out of the uppermost and fore part of the Trunk, as soon as it is come forth from the Liver, is scattered into the neck and body of the bladder of Gall, or into it outer coat, with a numerous succession of very little branches, such as we have said above are called hairy veins. This twig is called in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latin you may render it vesicalis, the vein of the bladder of Gall. Vesalius sayes there are two branches, which run through the bladder of Gall, whence they are called by some Cysticae gemellae, the twin veins of the Gall, but this makes no great matter. The second twig being greater then the former, but lower, arising from the same fore part, and more to the right, is inserted into pylorus or the lower mouth of the stomach, into whose hinder part, which looks towards the back, it scatters many small branches, from whence it is commonly called Gastricus, the sto∣mach-branch, but perhaps for memories sake it may be better termed Pyloricus, or branch of

the lower mouth of the stomach, because there are others also which are called Stomach-branches.

These two twigs being thus propagated, the Trunk runs downwards, and inclining all the way somewhat to the left is divided into two notable branches, a right, and a left one: the left is some thing higher then the right, but lesser; the right lower, but greater: the left spreads it self through the stomach, the kall, one part of the Colon or colique gut, and the spleen; the right through the guts and Mesentery; that is called Splenica or Spleen-vein, or the linear one; this the Mesenterick.

Now the Spleen-vein, after it is thus come forth from the Trunk, is carried athwart, being underpropt by the membrane of the Kall, toward the Spleen, into which before it be con∣sumed, it shoots forth certain twigs, both from its upper part, and from its lower; from its upper part one, that ascending obliquely to the left side of the Stomach that looks toward the back, is divided into three propagations, of which the outermost on either side are conveyed into the Stomach, and presently scatter into more twigs; but the middle one ascending through the same hinder part spreads it self through the upper region of the Stomach, and compasses the left orifice or mouth, round about like a crown, from whence it is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or Coronaria, the Crown-vein of the Stomach. This a∣gain sends forth continually some small branches upwards to the end of the Gull et, and others downwards through the Stomach. All this branch is called Gastricus, the Stomach branch, because it is the greatest, and most capacious of all those, which come to the Sto∣mach. From the lower part of the Spleen branch arise two twigs; one, which is small, sending forth other little sprigs to the right side of the lower membrane of the Kall, and the colique Gut annexed thereunto, is commonly called Epiplois Dextra, you may Lat in it Omentalis, the right Kall-vein. Another answering to that branch, which arises from the higher part of the Spleen-vein, and begets the Crown-vein, is inserted in the lower membrane of the Kall, and presently after its rise is di∣vided into two branches, which parting one from another a great distance beget many other twigs, which are spent upon the lower membrane of the Kall, which like a Mesen∣tery ties the colique Gut to the back, as also upon that part of the colique Gut, which-is so tyed. It is called Epiplois, or Omentalis postica, the hinder Kall vein. After the Spleen-branch has thus scattered many twigs, now drawing near to the Spleen it is cleft into two branches, an upper, and a lower one; which are broken into others in the very Paren∣chyma or flesh of the Spleen. From the upper, sometimes before it enters the Spleen, sometimes when it is already entered, there sprouts forth a double or three sold twig, very famous among the writers of Physick, which they commonly call vas breve the short vessel, but we the Venal, to distinguish it from the Arterial vessel that answers to it: this is in∣serted into the left side of the bottom of the Stomach, sometimes also higher and about the left orifice or mouth. Which is the cause why some Physitians, and commonly Anato∣mists too have foolishly thought, that the melancholick humor is returned from the Spleen through this vessel back into the Stomach, to provoke appetite. But you may of∣ten finde bodies, in which it is altogether wanting. From the lower branch, which goes to the nether part of the Spleen, one propagation arises, which being pretty big, and notable is reflected toward the right hand, like the foregoing, and compasses the bottom of the Stomach to the left side, and also sends many little branches to the higher mem∣brane of the Kall on the left side; it is called Gastro-epiplois sinisira, the left Stomach and Kall-vein. There is also another notable branch, which is found in most to arise from the lower Spleen branch; very seldome from the spleen it self. This is carried down∣wards, and scattering twigs over all the left side of the colique Gut, goes on further by the whole length of the strait Gut, and at length determines in the membranous sub∣stance thereof, and in the fundament with many little twigs. Physitians makes mention of this very often, and call it Haemorrhoidalis interna, the inner emroid vein, to distinguish it from the outer, which is derived from the Hollow-vein. It is truly and properly called the Emroid vein; I say, properly, and truly, because sometimes they call by that name the veins of the nostrils, gums, and mouth, that cast forth blood, and without pain. In this large sence the Philosopher took it 3. de part. animal. where he makes menstrous purga∣tion [unspec 1] also a species of the emroids. But the Emroids properly so called by Physitians are dilatations of this vein in the fundament, caused as well by black and yellow choler, as also by a salt phlegm, as by the melancholick humor. And these are of two kinds; Caecae, blind piles which cast out no blood, but swell out like the stone of a grape into the fun∣dament [unspec 2] or out of it: Others apertae, open which cast out the blood, which they contain. The learned Hippocrates hath left us a peculiar book, a golden one indeed, concerning the cure of these. The remaining part of the Spleen-branch is spent upon the whole Spleen, and therein is scattered into divers and very small propagations, entring the very flesh of it about the hollow, and middle line. And these are the sprigs which g••ow out of the Spleen-branch.

The Mesenterick vein, or right branch of the Gate-vein is joyned to the Mesentery, as soon as it comes from the back, and is divided into two chief branches, which passing

through the Mesentery betwixt its two coats, are each of them cleft into an infinite num∣ber of small branches, and they again into less twigs, which going to the Guts make up those veins so famous among Physitians, that are called the Mesaraick-veins. The first of these branches is called the right Mesenterick vein from the right side, wherein it is placed, and is likewise twofold, whence it came to pass, that Vesalius, and almost all o∣thers, who follow him, reckon three Mesenterick veins. This branch is inserted into the Jejunum or empty Gut, the Ileum, or circle Gut, the caecum or blinde Gut, and the right side of the Colique Gut, where it lies next to the reins, and Liver; and although both its branches shoot forth many propagations from themselves, so that it is very hard to express any number of them, as well because they vary much by reason of their subjects, as also because they do not observe the very same order and course, yet it hath been observed, that for the most part there are fourteen, which afterwards are scattered into an infinite com∣pany of other twigs. These when they are come to the Guts, only gape with their lit∣tle mouths into their Coat, and enter not the cavity it self, that being compassed about within with a certain crust. But as in most parts of our body, the divarications or divisi∣ons of the vessels are attended with certain glandules, partly that they may make the safer progress, partly lest they should sink down, and withall the flow and ebb of the blood so very necessary be hindered; so here also the divisions of the vessels, which are scattered through the Mesentery, are bolstered up with certain glandules, which with their pro∣pagations observe such an exact propagation, that the greater glandules do sustain the greater branches, and the less the lesser. When these glandules swell with a Scirrhus, the vessels being prest close together, and the distribution of the chylus through the veins, and consequently of the blood through the body being hindered, there follows a Con∣sumption, and pining of the whole body. The left Mesenterick vein is distributed into the middle part of the Mesentery, and also that part of the Colique Gut, which runs from the left region of the Stomach as far as to the strait Gut. The haemorrhaidalis interna, or inner Emroid vein, of which we spake a little before, sometimes arises from this vein, as Vesalius hath observed, which affording some sprigs to the Colique Gut, at last running forward through the whole length of the strait Gut, determines in the fundament. But before the Mesenterick Trunk be divided into these two branches, it first sends forth two propagations, one of which is called Gastro-epiplois dextra, or the Right Stomach and Kall-vein, which creeps through the right bottom of the Stomach, before, and behinde, as also through the upper membrane of the Kall: the other called by others Intestinalis, or the Gut-vein, by us the Duodena, reaches to the middle of the Gut Duodenum; and the beginning of the Empty Gut or Jejunum, and descends all along through them.

The chief use of the Gate-vein is to nourish those parts, which are seated in the lowest belly, and need a thicker and more faeculent blood, such as are all those parts which serve for nutrition. For their blood ought to be thicker, that it might be hotter, when heat is alwaies more powerful in a thicker body: so then the Roots of the Gate-vein nourish the Liver, the Trunk nourishes the Pancreas or Sweet-bread; of the Twigs, the Cy∣sticus, or Gall-twig nourishes the bladder of the Gall; the Spleen-branch, all the en∣trails which serve for nutrition, except the Mesentery, and the Guts; the Twig Pyloricus, or of the lower mouth of the Stomach, the Gastricus or Stomach-branch, both the Stomach and Kall-veins, and the short vessel nourish the stomach. For I do not think that the short vessel was made by nature for the carrying back of melancholick humors to the Stomach, but chiefly fot its nourishments sake; when that blood, which is generated in the Spleen, is not a melancholy and excrementitious humor, but rathet the best, although somewhat thicker then other blood, and that because the parts that are to be nourished by the Spleen branch, needed a thicker blood, then they which are to be nourished by the Mesenterick. Both the Stomach and Kall-veins nourish the upper membrane of the Kall; the right and the hinder Epiplois, or the Kall-veins, the lower. The Spleen is nourished by those two branches, into which the Spleen-vein is cleft, and which enter its parenchyma, or flesh through its middle line: the Mesentery, and almost all the Guts by the two Mesen∣terick branches; the Gut Duodenum by the propagation called Duodena; but the empty Gut, the Ileum or circle Gut the blind Gut, and the right side of the Colique or Colon by the right Mesenterick-branch. The left side of the Colique, and all the strait-Gut by the haemorrhoidal vein; but the middle part which lies under the Stomach, by the hin∣der Kall-vein. The second use is to attract the Chylus, and carry it to the Liver; whose veins are most famous for the making of blood. But the same veins which nourish the Mesentery branch, do also attract the Chylus, as we shall shew you hereafter, when we shall insist upon the History of it. The third use is to empty out the excrements from the body through the Guts. Thus we see that the cholerick humor is sometimes poured forth out of the Liver through the Mesenterick-branch in the bloody flux, and cholerick loosness, and the melancholick dregs through the Emroid-vein. The fourth use is to help the concoction of the Liver. Thus we see that the thicker part of the Chylus, which is called melancholy, is attracted by the splenick branch, not that the seat of melancholy is

in the Spleen, but that it may be more attenuated, and better concocted by the benefit of the Arteries, which are most abounding in the Spleen, and so not disturb, or hinder the concoction which is famed to be in the veins of the Liver, as it usually happens, that whensoever the Spleen is troubled with any disease, the work of making blood is presently harmed.

But because there has been mention made here of the Emroid veins, it seemed that it would not be unreasonable if I did refer to this place the explanation of a most excellent Aphorism, which is the twelfth of the sixth Section, when it cannot be understood with∣out the History of Anatomy, and is not so faithfully explained by others, as was neces∣sary. Hippocrates writes in it, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, he that is cured of old Emroids, unless one of them be preserved, is in danger of falling into a Dropsie, or Consumption. In explanation hereof we will first doubt of the Aphorism, then we will dispute of the manner whereby a Dropsie, or Consumption follows upon the Cure of old Emroids. But we may not without cause doubt of the truth of it, because the same Hippocrates in a Book concerning the Emroids, which I think to be very much his own, whatsoever Mercurialis say, though otherwise a most learned man, bids us to burn the Emroids, and forbids us to leave any unburnt, but to burn them all. And truly Aetius in his 14. Book, desirous to reconcile these two places, at those words 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, unless one be preserved, being overcome, thinks that a manner of diet is to be understood, not an Emroid, as if Hippocrates should say: Thou shalt not cure one that hath long had the Emroids, unless the Patient will diligently ob∣serve a convenient manner of diet prescribed by thee; for otherwise there is danger of his falling into a Dropsie, or Consumption. But Galen in his Comment upon that Apho∣rism writes expresly, that Hippocrates sayes, that unless one Emroid be preserved, such dan∣ger will ensue, and makes no mention at all of diet. And, what is more, daily experi∣ence sufficiently witnesses, that such mischiefs do ensue, though never so exact a diet be kept, and the reason taken from the manner, wherein they happen, and which we shall presently explain, does abundantly manifest it. Whence it is evident, that these two places of Hippocrates are left still in controversie and contradicting one another from this answer of Aetius. But the right answer will be, if we say, that Hippocrates when he writes in his book of the Emroids, that for a perfect cure they must all be burnt, speaks not of old Emroids, but of such only as are lately come, or when nature has already endeavoured to expel the humor, which was otherwise purged out of the Emroids some other way, whether it be by issues, or by a Fistula, or some ulcer in the Leg. For such may be very well cured and without danger of Consumption, or Dropsie, the rather, if the en∣trails be yet whole and sound, and especially if a good rule of diet follow. Nor does the cure of all old Emroids necessarily bring on a Dropsie or Consumption, but only for the most part they threaten a danger of these diseases to ensue; for sometimes the melancho∣lick matter being hurried up into the brains, there follows madness, as it happened to Al∣cippus, in Hippocrates 4. Epidem. For, sayes he, this Alcippus having the Emroids was forbidden to be cured, for after the cure he fell mad, but an acute Feaver following it, he was reco∣vered. For explanation of the second doubt, first let us hear Galen, for he in his Commen∣tary upon the Aphorism, sayes

That the Emroids came by reason of faeculent and me∣lancholick blood, which the Liver drives down to the mouths of certain veins, and so this way being stopt, an abundance of gross humors burdens the Liver, and stifles the natural heat, which being extinguisht, no more blood is generated, but only water, which nature afterwards driving it into the Abdomen, o•• paunch, makes a Dropsie. But if the Liver send that abundance of melancholick humor to the Lungs, some vessel being broken, there follows a Consumption.

This interpretation of Galen, besides that it seems very obscure to us, is not altogether agreeable to truth. For first, it is false in my judgment, which Galen sets down in his Comment, that it is impossible, that the Emroids should be caused without an abundance of faeculent and thick blood; when it may be proved both by reasons, and authority, that they come also from choler and phlegm. By the authority of Hippocrates, who in the beginning of his Book concerning the Emroids, witnesses that this disease is caused in this manner; to wit, when choler, or phlegm falling down into the veins of the Strait-Gut, heats the blood, which is in the veins. For these veins being heated attract the blood out of the little veins that are near, and when they are filled, the inward part of the Seat swels, and the heads of the veins appear out of it. But by reason it is proved thus; when madnesses are caused by phlegm, or choler, as Hip∣pocrates witnesseth in his Book De Morbo Sacro, the same Author in the 6. Aphorism, 21. professes that that madness is taken away, if there follow swellings of the veins, or Emroids in those that are so mad. Now the madness would not be taken away, if melancholick humors did only come forth by the Emroids; for then the cause of the disease would not be purged out. But I my self also have seen formerly in Germany some Noblemen, that were troubled with salt catarrhs, afterwards recovered by a great flux of the Emroids; that I am of opinion, that not only melancholy, but also salt phlegm and choler are wont to be purged out by the Emroids. Wherefore if it happen, that one, who has been long trou∣bled

with the Emroids, be cured afterwards, that choler and phlegm, ei••her breed, ob∣structions in the Liver, or Spleen, or being gathered together in some plenty by stretching the vessels contained in the Abdomen, or paunch, breaks through them, or by their quality corrodes and eats their way out, and makes a Dropsie in the Abdomen; or else by raising obstructions in the Liver, and extinguishing the natural heat, generates much water, and serous humor in stead of blood, which passing through the veins, make a species of the Drop∣sie called Lucophlegmatia; but if the humor go back to the Breast, or Lungs, it breaks through, or eats out their vessels, and hence follows a spitting first of blood, then of cor∣rupt matter, and from thence at last a Consumption, as Hippocrates teaches in his Aphorism. But in this place it is first of all to be observed, that there are two sorts of propagations of veins, which make the Emroids: for there are some propagations of the Gate-vein, of which we have already treated; but there are others of the Hollow-vein, which arise from the Iliacal branches, of which we are to speak hereafter. Now if the forementioned humors, whether melancholick, or cholerick, or phlegmatick and salt, flow through the propagations of the Gate-vein, the internal Emroids are caused, which being cured, the matters flow back into the branches of the Gate-vein, that are scattered through the lower Belly into which the veins being loaden with these humors unburden themselves, & make a species of the Dropsie called Ascites. But if they flow through the branches of the Hollow-vein, they cause the external Emroids, and these being cured against the Precept of Hippocra∣tes, there is danger of a Consumption to ensue, because from hence there is an easie passage of the peccant matter through the Hollow-vein to the Lungs, nigh to the Heart. And this is that which we have of a good while observed, that many, who have been long troubled with Fistula's of the Fundament; and afterwards cured, through the ignorance of Physi∣tians, have faln into a spitting of blood, and then into a Consumption. Nay, we remem∣ber, that a Maid was once cured by us in Germany, which had a Fistula in the middle of her Hip, and for three years had sought help from many in vain, but being cured she fell at length after three or four month into a spitting of much blood. Although she was scarce ten years old, I let her blood presently in the foot of that side on which she had been troubled with the Fistula, and purging her body, and laying on a cautery near the place, in which the Fistula had been, I easily freed her in this manner from imminent danger of a Consumption. This spitting of blood happened from no other cause, but that sharp and cholerick matter, which when it could no longer finde a way out by the Fistula, got up afterwards to the Lungs through the branches of the Hollow-vein. But Hippocrates sayes expresly, that there is danger of a Dropsie, or Consumption to follow, because it some∣times falls out, that neither of these happen, but rather some other disease insues, as it happened to Alcippus, who fell in to a madness, and from that into an acute Feaver: some∣times also the bloody flux follows, and other mischiefs. Sometimes also it happens, that they who are so cured, are preserved still in health, by abundance of urine, sweatings, re∣medies, and a good rule of diet.

CHAP. II. Treats of the superior, or ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava, or Hollow-vein, and the branches which it scatters through the Head.

WEE are now to consider the other vein, which as we told you is called Cava, the Hollow one [a], which spreads it self much wider then the Gate-vein, as being distributed throughout the whole body. For its office is to nourish all those pars of our body, which conduce not to the concoction of the food, & those parts being spread far and wide, it is necessary, that the Hollow-vein also be very large, and ex∣tended to a great length: and because they ought to be nourisht with a thinner, and more elaborate blood, and not so thick and faeculent, as that wherewith the Stomach, Spleen, and Gall are nourisht; therefore the blood which the Hollow-vein makes, and carries, is also more pure, thin and sincere.

In delivering the History of this vein, although we are not of their opinion, who de∣rive its beginning either from the liver, or heart, yet because we must begin our Treatise of it somewhere, we thought fit to follow the received custome of Anatomists, and so for perspicuities sake we shall alwayes speak of it, as if it took its birth from the Liver. It may be added, that it spreads certain roots as it were in the Liver, just like the Gate-vein, in the History of which when for that reason we took our rise from those roots, we may not without cause begin thence also with the Hollow one. But this vein although it run directly through the whole Trunk of the body, and make one very notable stock [D] that is drawn out through the middle, and lowest belly, like one straight line continued, or rather in manner of a channel, or conduit pipe, is notwithstanding wont to be divi∣ded into two by reason of the Liver, and so one to be called the Ascendent Trunk, the other the Descendent. For indeed that is not true, to which many perswade themselves,

that the Hollow-vein in its going forth from the Liver, like the great Artery, when it comes out of the heart, is cleft into two trunks; but if hereafter they be called Trunks by me, you must beleive, that I do it only for orders sake in teaching. The Ascendent thetefore of upper Trunk [A.D.] is that which stands about the Liver, and is terminated about the Jugulum, or Hollow of the Neck; but that is called the Descendent, one [T.V.] which is beneath the Liver, and reaches down as far as the Legs. For both of them are af∣terwards divided into two branches, of which they of the Ascendent [m and q] ••re carried upwards to the head, as the Jugular or Neck-branches; or to the Arms, as the Brachiales [G and I] or Arm-veins; these of the Descendent Trunk to the Legs, and are called the Crural b anches. [T]. We will speak therefore of all these in order, so that we first deli∣ver the History of the Ascendent Trunk, then of its branches, that grows up partly to the Head, partly to the Arms, after that we will come to the Descendent Trunk, and its bran∣ches, that are digested into the Legs.

As therefore we have said, that many little Veins like roots grow out of the Hollow side of the Liver, which alwayes by degrees inserted into the greater veins, and all of them at length meeting together about the middle of it did make a Trunk; so in the same man∣ner out of the circuit of the Convex side of the Liver a numerous propagation of veins issues forth, which afterwards meet together in one Trunk. This Trunk makes its way through the nervous part of the midriff on its right side, and passing through it goes undivided to the Jugulum, or Hollow of the Neck, and because it climbs upwards, it is commonly called the Ascendent Trunk by them who conceive that the Hollow-vein rises out of the Liver. It is much lesser then the Descendent, because the upper parts are nourished by it alone; but almost all the inferior parts, that are contained in the lowest Belly, by the Gate-vein. But although it be not parted into any branches, until it come to the Jugu∣lum; yet before that it spreads some propagations at its sides, and of those, three notable ones. The first [ee] is that which is called Phrenica, or the vein of the Midriff, on ei∣ther side one, and is distributed throughout the whole Midriff, which is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, with a numerous issue, sending little branches to the neighbouring Pericardium, or purse of the Heart, and the mediastinum, or partition of the Chest; which when it has now got above, and entred the Chest, it inclines a little to the left hand, and enters the Pericardium, and being hidden very close over against the eight Rack-bone of the Chest, is very strong∣ly infixt into the right ventricle [C] of the heart; that Aristotle did not without cause guess, that it sprung from hence. But before it be so infixed, it sends out another pro∣pagation [bb] which is a notable one, and extends it self by the hinder part of the Heart, and the left side of it, towards the forepart, compassing the basis of the Heart like a Crown, from whence it is called Coronaria, or the Crown-vein of the Heart. This scat∣ters many branches through all the outer surface of the Heart, but especially through the left side▪ as that which needed a more copious aliment then the right side, because of the continual, and greater motion there. But because the flesh of the Heart is hard, and solid, it ought therefore to be nourisht with a thicker blood, from whence it is, that this branch grows out of the vein, before it enters the Heart, to wit, when the blood is somewhat thicker, and not yet attenuated in the cavities of the Heatt. Near to the original of this there is a little valve, or flood-gate, which hinders the blood from flowing back to the Hollow-vein, as it might easily do by reason of the continual motion of the Heart. When the Hollow vein has now gotten above the Heart, it becomes lesser, and perforates again the Pericardium, and for sakes the Rack-bones of the Back, and being got above the Gullet, the rough Artery, and the Aorta, or great Artery, (which lean so upon one another, that the Gullet takes hold of the bodies of the Rack-bones, the rough Artery lies upon that, and the aorta again upon this) it climbs upwards through the midst of the division of the Lungs, where the right part is separated from the left. But because by this means it could not get to the back, and the little branches, if it should have sent forth any such, had been very liable to danger of breaking, being so hanged up; therefore it sends forth a third propagation [cc] as soon as it is got out of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart. The Greeks call this vein 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Latins sine pari, or carens conjuge, without a companion, or wanting a mate, because in a man there is but one, and it has no compa∣nion, or mate on the left side, as other veins have; though in creatures that chew the cud, it is double, and plainly to be perceived of both sides. But it issues forth about the fifth Rack-bone of the Chest out of the hinder part of the Hollow-vein, and the right side, and goes downwards, not directly, but inclining a little toward the right hand, is as it were reflected backwards to the Back-bone: but as soon as it reaches the eight, or ninth rib, it is cleft above the Spine of the Back into two branches, which running downwards pass through the division of the midriff, which is betwixt its two pro∣ductions, and so are spread abroad into the lowest Belly: Of these the left, which is some∣times the greater, hiding it self about the transverse Processes of the Rack-bones, and under the left production of the midriff and the original of the first bending Muscle of the thigh, is inserted into the left Emulgent, either near to its beginning, or (as it oft happens) into the middle of it. But the right, running on likewise under the mem∣branes

about the transverse processes of the right side, and the right production of the Septum or Midriff, and the beginning of the same first bender of the thigh, which keeps the right side, is implanted sometimes into the very Trunk of the Hollow-vein, sometimes into the first vein of the Loins. And we are indebted for this observation to the learned Fallopius, who would have the matter that is gathered together in the Chest, whether it be watery, or purulent and corrupt, or sanguinous, to be evacuated by the benefit of the left branch of this vein; of which notwithstanding we will say something briefly in the following Book. But this vein in its journey downwards shoots forth twigs of both sides, as well right, as left, of which the right are more notable, and larger, of which there are numbred almost alwayes ten; which run out to as many distances of the lower ribs, and make the inferior Intercostal veins. But I say they are almost alwayes ten, be∣cause it happens very seldome, that all the distances of the ribs receive branches from this vein, the two uppermost, to wit, the first and second distance getting their surcles or twigs from the fourth branch, that is presently to be mentioned. But these twigs run straight forwards near to to the lower side of the ribs, where there are cavities cut out for them, as we have taught in the second Book. And truly this place is diligently to be taken no∣tice of by Students in Chirurgery, because of the opening of the Chest in the disease called Empyema, that they may know that incision is to be made in the uppermost place of the rib, because in the lower the vessels would be harmed to the great indangering of life. But these veins do not run through the whole length of the true ribs, but are terminated together with the bony part. But the propagations of the Mammary vein nourish the six distances between the gristles of the seven true ribs, as we shall tell you by and by. Yet in the bastard ribs they run even beyond the Gristles towards the Abdomen or Paunch, into whose Muscles they insinuate themselves. But there are certain other little branches propagated from the same vein, by which nourishment is derived to the marrow of the Rack-bones, and the Muscles, to wit, those about which they are carried: some also are implanted into the Me∣diastinum near to the back. This vein sine pari without a companion, being thus constituted, the Hollow-vein ascends to the Jugulum, or Hollow of the Neck [D] being supported by the Mediastinum, and a certain soft and glandulous body, which the Greeks call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and is placed in the highest part of the Chest, to defend the divarications of the veins there hang∣ing up from all danger of breaking.

And here the Hollow-vein is first divided into two notable branches [EE] from which all those veins arise, that run as well to the Head, as to the Arms, or to certain Muscles of the Abdomen. Of these one goes to the right side, and the other to the left, which as long as they yet are in the Chest, are called Subclavii, Subclavian branches, because they go un∣der th•• Claviculae, or Collar-bones; but as soon as they have gotten out of the Chest, and attain to the Arm-hole, they are named Axillares, the Axillary-veins [F]. From both of them very many propagations issue forth, some of which arise from their upper part, and some from their lower. In our recital of them we will observe this order, that they which are nearest to the Trunk, shall be first mentioned by us; and they last, which are farthest from it.

The first propagation then issues out near the very root of the divarication or divi∣sion of the Trunk, and is called Intercostalis superior, the upper intercostal-vein; [e] there is of either side one, which being very little, and descending along by the roots of the ribs, as far as to the third rib, sends two twigs [ff] overthwart, like the vena sine pari, to the two distances of the upper ribs. But if the vena sine pari send its propagations to all the distances (as it sometimes happens) then it is wanting not without cause. Sometimes the same vein arises from the Trunk of the Hollow-vein, before its division into the Sub∣clavian-branches.

Another vein [g] sometimes arises from the fore-part of the Bifurcation; sometimes from the root of the Subclavian-branch, and is double, of either side one: sometimes al∣so only one grows out of the middle of the Trunk, before it be divided; which at length, when it has attained unto the Breast-bone, is parted into a right, and a left branch. For Nature is wont to sport, as sometimes in its other works, so especially in the rise of veins, so that they are not spread in all bodies after the same manner. But this is called Mam∣maria, the Mammary-vein, which, whensoever it arises, going toward the fore-part, strives to get up to the higher part of the Brest-bone, and descends by the side of it, and when it comes to the Breast-blade, about its sides goes out of the Chest, and runs on di∣rectly under the right Muscles of the Abdomen, even to the Navil, near to which it is joyned by Anastomosis, or Inoculation [10] with an Epigastrick-vein [9] that ascends and meets it; by the benefit whereof arises that notable sympathy betwixt the womb and Breasts of women, of which we shall speak more hereafter in the eight Chapter, when we shal•• insist on that History of the Epigastrick vein. But before it leave the Chest, in its descent, it distributes one branch a piece to the six distances betwixt the Gristles of the seven upper true ribs, of either side, which are terminated with the Gristles near to the end of the bony part of the ribs, in which place we told you that the branches of the vein sine pari, (with the extremities of which these are joyned) were ended. From these

veins, which are distributed in this manner to the distances of the Gristles, some others very worthy of our notice do arise, which are disseminated both in the Muscles that lye upon the Breast, and into the Paps. Near to these a third [h] arises, and sometimes al∣so grows out of the Trunk, which is called Mediastina, because it spreads it self into the Mediastinum, or membrane that closes up the cavity of the Chest, being extended all a∣long by it, with the left Nerve of the Midriff. The fourth [i] commonly called Cervi∣calis, or the Neck-vein, is a large vein of both sides, which running obliquely, upward, and backward, to the Transverse processes of the Rack-bones of the Neck, and climbing up through their holes, (from whence perhaps it might be better named Ʋertebralis) affords sprigs to the Muscles that lye next upon the Rack-bones. When this vein has got above the Transverse Process of the seven Rack-bones, it derives a notable branch to the Sinus or Ganale; in the Neck, through the hole that is made for the outlet of the Nerves; and then another, when it comes above the Process of the sixth spondyl, or Rack-bone, and a∣gain another, when it has left the fifth Spondyl until at last it comes to the Process of the first Rack-bone, which notwithstanding it does not touch, much less does it pass into the Skull, (as Vesalius would have it) near which it goes partly to the same sinus or canale, partly it is distributed into the hinder part of the Neck. For there are two long sinus filled with blood, which are made out of the hard membrane of the Brain, one of each side, being placed at the sides of the ma••row of the Neck. From these little branches are di∣stributed, which nourish the marrow of the Back-bone, and the neighbouring parts; they being about the Juncture of the head with the first Rack-bone, and end near to the seventh Rack-bone of the Neck. These two sinus, of which one is of the right, another on the Left-side, have some communion betwixt themselves by a little pipe, and that a short one, which is derived overthwart from the one to the other, for the most part about that region of the Neck, which is betwixt the second and third Rack-bones. At last there is a fift vein [l] which arises from the hinder part, called Muscula imferior, or the lower Muscle-vein, which is distributed in many branches to the Muscles in the lower part of the Neck, (and so extending the Head and Neck, from whence the vein might be rightlyer called Cervicalis, or the Neck-vein) and also to those in the higher part of the Chest near to the Rack-bones.

From the upper part of the Subclavian branches, whilest the Hollow-vein is yet in the Chest, three propagations issue forth; two of which do very well-deserve to be no∣ted, which take their way upward, under the muscles that bend the Head. The former of the two looks more inward, and is called Jugularis interna, the inner Jugular vein: the other inclines to the outer parts, and is commonly called Jugularis externa, the outer Ju∣gular vein. For both of them arise near to the Jugulum, or Hollow of the Neck, and ascend by that to the Head. The inner is greater, and the outer less in a man; but in Brutes tis contrary. But when almost all Appellations are derived, and that best, not from the place, through which the veins pass, but from their insertion, perhaps they might be rightlyer named Cephalicae or Capitales, Head-veins. The inner Jugular vein [m] takes its original near to the joint, by which the Clavicles or Patel-bones are tyed to the Chest, and as soon as it arises, is joyned with the arteria carotis, or sleepy Artery, and a Nerve of the sixt pair, as companions in its journey, at the side of the rough Artery, and climbing to the Chops, about the middle of the way is parted into two branches, of which one is called the outer, the other the inner branch. The outer is so called, be∣cause it comes not into the inner parts of the Head, but being divided into two at the corner of the lower Jaw, distributes one branch to the Chops, and the other near to the Ears, and Face. The inner branch, all the way, is joyned to the Arteria Carotis, or sleepy Artery, even to the basis of the Skull, whither when it is arrived on the backside, it is likewise cleft into two branches, but of unequal bigness. For the first [n] is greater and more hinderly, being carried backward obliquely, which having propagated some twigs to the Muscles under the Gullet, and in the forepart of the Rack-bones of the Neck, through the second hole of the Occipitium or Nowl-bone enters the Skull with the lesser branch of the Arteria Carotis, through which said hole the sixt pair of the Nerves de∣scends: and thus this branch enters the first [1] and second [2] sinus of the thick mem∣brane. The second branch [p] be in smaller, and more to the forepart, quite forsaking the Arteria Carotis, or sleepy Artery, goes to the fore-part of the Head, and after that by the way it has bestowed a Surcle not very notable upon the Organ of hearing, it enters the Skull through the seventh hole of the Wedg-bone, or Os cuneiforme. This is dispersed through the basis, and sides of the thick membrane, with a numerous issue of branches, the prints whereof are observed in the inner surface of the bones of the forepart of the Head, as we have said above in the second Book. We will call these two branches, be∣cause they go to the brain, Encephalici, as if you should say Cerebrales, of the Brain, and that shall be the greater Encephalicus, this the lesser. The external Jugular vein [q] a∣scending under the skin, and the Musculus Quadratus, or square-Muscle, that draws down the Cheeks, by the sides of the Neck, when it comes to the Ear, is cleft into two branches [r] one of which I call Profundus, the deep one, because it enters the Muscles, and retires

into the more inward parts, the other Cutaneus the Skin-branch. The deep or inner one [s] in its first divarications meets with Glandules about the Chops, and sends forth propagations worthy of our notice to the Larinx or Throttle, and the Glandules that grow to it, as also to the Muscles of the Chops, and of the bones called hyoides, among which that which creeps all along under the tongue, is a notable one, and is scattered into many little branches, which are seen, if the Tongue be lift up, even before dis∣section. From this deep branch three other arise, which enter into the inner parts of the Head and the Skull. The first, after it has spread little branches into the Chops, and Mouth, enters the Skull, through the first hole of the Temple-bone. The next [e] passes out of the fore part of the eye through the second hole of the Wedg-bone, at which the second pair of Nerves gets out, and runs with some Surcles th••ough the thick∣er Membrane upwards. The third is scattered out of the bredth of the Nostrils through the hole of the Os cribrosum, or five-bone into the same Membrane. These two nourish this forepart, to which the third sinus reaches not, but ends near to the partition of the Mamillary Processes. But the outer or Skin-branch [u] creeping by the skin of the Head, and stayed up with the Glandules under the Ear, which they call Parotides, is divided into two branches; of which the Anteriour [x] is is carried upward obliquely through the Cheeks to the inner corner of the Eye, distribu••ing little branches by the way to the Nose; and going on to the Eye-brow, is joyned with the remainder of the branch of the other side, and makes the Strait vein, which they call vena frontis, the Fore-head vein, [y] and which in madness is opened to very great advantage. To this the Satyrist alludes, when speaking of a certain foolish fellow, he sayes,—Mediam pertun∣dite venam.

The other or Posteriour branch is carried behind, and sends branches to the Temples [z] and skin of the Back—part [α] of the Head. A third vein, which arises out of the upper part of the Subclavian branches, is commonly called Muscula superior, the upper Muscle-vein, in relation to another of the same name arising out of the lower part. It issues out near to the external Jugular vein, and is dispersed into the Muscles, and skin of the back-side of the Neck, in regard whereof we shal not do amiss to call it Cervicalis su∣perior or the higher Neck-vein [β]. But now let us return to the distribution of the Subcla∣vian-vein, from which we have digrest. This vein, as soon as it gets out of the cavity of the Chest, is called Axillaris [F], and when it comes to the Arm-pit, is divided into two notable branches, called Cephalica or Head-vein [G] and Basilica [I], which are afterward disseminated throughout the whole Arm. But before the Axillary-vein be thus divided, it sends forth two twigs: the first [γ] is called Scapularis interna the inner Blade-vein and is distributed, through the Muscles on the inside of the Shoulder-blade: the other [δ] is named Scapularis externa, or the outer blade-vein, it is a pretty big one, and is implan∣ted into the muscles of the outer, and gibbous part of the same Shoulder-blade. But the vein Basilica also, before it enters the Arm, shoots out two propagations; one called Thoraci∣ca superior, or the upper Chest-vein [ε] because it arises out of a higher part then the follow∣ing; it is a very notable one, and runs through the inside of the pectoral Muscle that brings the Arm forward to the Brest; it distributes branches also to the other Muscles of the Brest, as also to the skin of the Dugs in women. The other is called Thoracica inferior, the lower Chest-vein [ζ], a great and notable one likewise, which descending along the side of the Chest is distributed especially through the third broad Muscle or Latissimus that moves the Arm backward, scattering many little branches from it self, which afterwards are joyned by Anastomosis or inoculation, with the branches of the vein sine pari, that fall out of the Chest. And this vein sometimes grows out of the former, or the upper Chest-vein. These branches being thus distributed, the Axillary-vein reaches into the Arm.

CHAP. III. Shews how the Axillary-vein is distributed through the Arm.

THe Axillary-vein [F] therefore is cleft into two branches, as soon as it comes near to the Arm, but those branches are of different bigness. For the up∣per [G] which they call Cephalicus, the Head-branch, is smaller; but the lower vein [I] called Basilica, is almost thrice greater. The Cephalick also is as it were wholly just under the skin, & sinks not with above one branch into the deeper retreats of the Muscles; wherefore it has neither Artery, nor Nerves for its companions, they being addicted to the more inward rooms of the body. But the Basilick-vein partly creeps on under the skin, partly hides it self under the Muscles, and therefore it ought with good reason to exceed the other in bigness, as being destined for the nourishment of more parts. It hath both Nerves, and Arteries as companions in its journey, which is the cause why upon the cutting of this vein the blood spins out with a force; but of the

contrary, the ••hephalica being cut, it comes forth softly: which we see some Physitians unskilful in dissections, standing by whilst the vein is opened, foolishly refer to the strength, or weakness of the minde or body. We are now to speak briefly of the manner of the distribution of both these veins through the Arm, beginning from the upper, as the lesser branch.

The Cephalica [G] therefore is called by Ʋsalius Humeraria, or the vein of the Arm, because by the Arm it descends into the Hand; by others Cubiti exterior, the outer vein of the cubit, from its situation, because it runs on the outside of the Cubit, as the Bas••ica contrariwise does on the inside. By some later writers it is commonly called Cephalica, the Head-vein, because it is wont to be opened in diseases of the Head, through the error of the Antients, who thought ignorantly, that it arises from the external Jugular vein, and therefore empties the blood immediately out of the Head. But it arises from the upper part of the Axillary vein, & climbing over the Tendon of the Serratus minor, or lesser Saw-Muscle, that bends the shoulder-blade forward to the Breast, it runs betwixt the Muscle cal∣led Deltoides, which lifts up the Arm, and the beginning of the Pectoral Muscle, which brings it forward to the Breast, where it arises from the Clavicle or Coller-bone, and so it runs down by the Arm to the outside of the first muscle that bends to the Cubit, which they call Biceps, or the double-headed Muscle; by reason whereof the more learned Chirurgeons have wisely used to make issues betwixt the Muscles Biceps and Deltoides; for issues ought alwayes to be made at the seat of some notable vein, that the matter may more easily be voided out. But although this vein be not divided into branches, whilest it is thus carried down by the upper part of the Arm, yet it scatters some twigs [u and e] of both sides into the aforesaid Muscles, and the skin. At length when it is come to the Cubit, it runs under the fleshy Membrane, as a vein under the skin should, and presents it self to the sight without dissection. But about the very joint of the Cubit at the external protube∣ration of the Arm, it is wont to be divided [H] for the most part into three branches, an outer, an inner and a middle one. The two former run under the skin, the third deeper. The first or middle one, [i] which is often wanting, is very little, and deeper, and pe∣netrates into the substance of the Muscles, especially of those two that bend the second, and third joint of the finger, as also of the long supinator of the Radius, or wand of the Arm. The second [x] and inner, and chief of the three branches is carried down oblique∣ly under the skin, and joins with the inner branch of the Basilica, three fingers below the joint of the Cubit, with which it makes up the vein that Physitians call Mediana, the middle vein [λ]. This running down obliquely by the middle Region of the Cubit, di∣stributes many Surcles to the Radius or wand, and at length it self is divided into two lesser branches; of which the outer [ρ] goes to the inside of the wrist, toward the thumb; the other and inner [σ] runs to the fore, and middle fingers. The outer of these is cal∣led by some Cephalica manus, and is opened to very good purpose in the diseases of the Head or Teeth. Now the third branch [η] or outer Cephalick-vein climbs up to the Muscle called the long supinator of the Radius, or wand, dispersing divers little veins into the skin, and so is carried obliquely [υ] through the Radius, or wand, and having attained to the middle of its length enters the outside of the Cubit, and in that same place is joyned with a little branch [τ] of the Basilick-vein; being united thereto it goes on to the outside of the wrist; and distributes veins to that part of the Hand, which lies before the little, and Ring-fingers, as also to the fingers themselves. This vein, especially that which respects the little finger, is commonly called Salvatella, and the Section of it is much commended by Practi∣tioners in Physick in melancholy diseases. Which being sometimes called in question, and I having observed that experience does favor those Practitioners, endeavoured to find out the cause, and found that the e are many inoculations here of this vein with the Ar∣teries, as the inoculations are usually more frequent about the extreme parts, as being more removed from the fountain of heat, and therefore wanting a hotter, and more spi∣rited blood. This vein therefore being cut, because the Inoculations are so near, it can∣not be, but that the blood of the Arteries should be also let out, which cannot be so well done by opening the veins of the Cubit, because the Anastomoses or Inoculations are somewhat more distant from the place, in which the vein is opened. And hence it is, that the blood, which is emptied out of the Hand, is much fairer and redder, then that out of the Arm, because the Arterious blood there alwaies runs out together with that of the veins. But there being six times more Arteries then there are veins in the Spleen, it is necessary, that its diseases be much helped, when the peccant blood is drawn out of those vessels wherein it was.

The other branch of the Axillary-vein, that is the inner, and greater, is the Basilica [I] which according to its situation in different arms hath found different names among wri∣ters practised in Physick. For in the right arm it is called Hepatica or the liver-vein; but in the left Splenica, or the spleen-vein. They choose that to be opened in diseases of the liver, this in diseases of the spleen. But it issues forth under the armpit, and dispersing many pro∣pagations of the Glandules, that are frequent thereabout, it is carried down by the upper part of the Arm to the side of the double headed-Muscle, or Biceps, between the Muscles

that bend and strecht out the Cubit, and not far from its egresse out of the Chest, is divi∣ded [K] into two notable branches, of which one is called Profundus or deep, the other Subcutaneus, or branch under the skin, from their site and progress. The deep one or Profundus [L], which for the most part is the thicker, all the way it goes, penetrates into the more inward parts of the Arm; having the Axillary Artery, that runs into the Arm, everywhere for its companion, as also the fourth branch of the third Nerve of the Arm. But it is carried betwixt the two Muscles, which bend the Cubit, and having past its joynt, is cleft [M] into two branches; of which the outer [N] near to the radius or wand, (from whence it might be called Radieus) goes down to the Hand, and scat∣ters little branches toward the Thum or Fore-finger, as also the middle one; but the inner branch [O] passing near to the bone of the Cubit, (from whence it deserves the name of Cubiteus) distributes small branches to the middle, and little fingers; but as the outer sends its propagations to the Muscles on the out side of the Hand; so the inner to those on the inside. The other is the branch Subcutaneus, or under the skin [P] which is carried down by the inside of the Arm, scattering divers little branches to the skin, and parts adjacent, but when it is come to the inner protuberation of the Arm, it is divi∣ded [Q] into an outer, and inner branch, like as the Cephalick is. The inner [R] is carried down obliquely; beneath the bow of the Arm, and being united with the in∣ner branch [χ] of the Cephalick, makes the vein called Mediana, [λ] of which we spake before. But the outer [S] neer to the inner protuberation of the Arm being divided in∣to two branches, is carried by the greater along the Region of the ulna or ell downward to the wrist, and scatters it self into the little Finger, but by the other it is derived to the inside of the Hand.

But in this place it is worth our pains to advertise with other the most learned Ana∣tomists; that it ought not to be beleived, that the same order, and course of veins is to be found in all men; when the dissection of the bodyes does demonstrate, that scarce two in a thousand do accurately observe the same distribution of the veins. Wherefore we ought not to be so scrupulous in choosing out places for the opening of the veins, as some that are unexperienced, are wont; but to choose that vein especially, which may be most safely opened, because it is best seen. For sometimes the Cephalick or Head-vein is so small, that it can hardly be discerned; and sometimes on the contrary the Basilick is so. Wherefore he shall do best, who will rather follow wise counsell, then the scrupulous opi∣nion of unskilfull Men.

CHAP. IV. Explains the lower, or descendent Trunk of the Hollow-vein.

WE have done with the upper Trunk, and branches of the Hollow-vein; it remains now that we treat also of the lower. Nevertheless (as we have above also ad∣monisht) they are not indeed two Trunks, as Galen would have them, but one only, which reaches in one continued line from its division about the fifth Back-bone of the Loyns [V] as far as to the Jugulum, or Hollow bf the Neck [D]: but, for methods sake in teaching, we thus divide it by reason of the Liver, which standing as it were in the middle of it, seems to part it into an upper and a lower Trunk. As there∣fore that is the upper one [AD] which runs up from the Liver to the Hollow of the Neck; so that is the lower [TV] which beginning at the same Liver, is terminated at the Os sacrum, or Holy-bone. And as the upper did run on undivided through the Chest, scat∣tering only some propagations at its sides; so the lower also slides down, intire through the whole Abdomen, or paunch, only some twigs sprouting from it. But when it has at∣tained to the fifth Rack-bone of the Loins, it is cleft into those two notable bran∣ches called Iliaci [XX] as the upper is into the Subclavian, which Iliacal branches after∣ward reaching into the Legs make the Crurall-veins; as the Subclavian carried into the Arms make the Brachiales, or Arm-veins. Let us speak therefore in this Chapter of the Trunk, and its propagations, as long as it yet is in the lower belly. Then let us come to the crural branches.

For the descendent Trunk then [TV] before it part into the branches, arise four veins. For as soon as it is come forth from the hinder part of the Liver, it declines to the right side of the Back, and sends forth a propagation from its own left side which they call Adiposa sinistra, the left fatty vein [υ on the left side] because it passes to the fat and outer membrane of the Kidneys, which arises from the Peritoneum or Rim of the Belly, as also to the Galandule, that grows above the Kidneys. There is another [υ on the right side] answering to this on the left side, but which does very seldome grow out of the Trunk, but rather from the upper side of the middle part of the Emulgent vein; and because it is distributed in the same manner as the left is, it is called Adiposa dextra, the right Fatty vein. Yet sometimes you may see the contrary also to happen, and this right vein to

come forth of the Trunk, and the left out of the Emulgent. For there are divers spor∣tings of nature to be seen in the veins; and you cannot easily meet with a dead body in which you may not finde something new, and differing from others. After this the Hol∣low-vein passing on, when it comes beyond the middle of the back, about the first Rack-bone of the Loyns, it brings forth a second pair of veins, [φ] very notable, which ha∣stens directly to the Kidneyes, upon whole substance it is wholly spent. And hence it is called Renale, the pair of Kidney-veins from its insertion; but from its use Emulgens, because the Kidnyes seem by this pair to milk out the whey or serous moisture in the blood, and to draw it to themselves. It is therefore very thick, but yet short, and not of equall length, nor rising directly opposite each to his fellow. It ••s short, because it did not need length, which for the most part is given by nature to vessels for some pre∣vious preparation. It is unequall, because it was fitting the left should be longer then the right, by reason that it was necessary to bring the spermatical vein out of it. But the beginning of both answers not directly one to another, lest one should be hindered by the action of the other. And the left is higher then the right, because the left Kid∣ney is also seated higher then the right. But the Emulgent branches, as soon as they arise out of the Trunk, do not presently go to the cavity of the Kidneys, but are first di∣vided into two greater branches, and so, accompanied with Arteries, enter the concavous side of the Kidneyes, and afterward being broken into lesser branches are scattered quite through the whole substance of the Kidneyes, and at last determin with their small hairy ends in certain fleshy processes, which they call Mammillares. These veins do serve not only for the bringing of nourishment to the Kidneyes, but also for the carrying down of the se∣rous moisture to those fleshy Processes called Mammillares, throught which it is strained into the pipes of the Ureters, and then gathered together into that cavity of theirs cal∣led the Pelvis, and so drops down by little and little into the bladder, as we shall shew, when we open the history of the Kidneys. And here the place is to be noted, in which the stones of the Kidneys are wont to be generated, which is not in the Emulgent vessels, I mean veins, or Artery; but rather in the very cavity of the Kidneys, or in the Pelvis and pipes of the Ureters. For in these if a viscous matter be at any time received, either it is hardened there by reason of a notable heat, or else through cold is congealed into grave••l or stone. For this matter is not only a crude and uncocted kinde of blood, which like a mucus matter sometimes is wont to abound in the mass of blood, but oftentimes also that excrementitious phlegm which falls down from the head, through the veins and Arteries, both into the hollow vein, and the great Artery, and sometimes into the Stomach and Guts. Of which this seem to be a manifest sign, that they who are subject to dis∣eases of the Stone, are very often troubled with reumes, and pains of the collique; of which whilst some perswade themselves that it is caused by wind, daily experience hath taught me, that it comes from phlegm; because I have observed, that they who are troubled with the stone in the Kidneyes, had their Colon or Collique-gut alwaies stuft with plenty of this phlegm, and that this being taken away, the Stone has been no longer bred. And therefore oft-times I give scouring Clysters, and such as gently purge phlegm, not only to such as have the Stone already, but also to such as are threatned with the breeding of it, with a great deal of benefit to the Patients. But all those things are perpetually to be avoided, which drive out the stones, as well because most of thar nature are hot, as also because they are able to drive down the crude matter plentiful∣ly to the Kidneyes. We though fit therefore to insist upon this, that we may accommo∣date the study of Anatomy to the very practice of Physick; especially seeing that the place wherein the stone is bred, is not commonly known, because the most famed Fer∣nelius, whom the greatest number of Physitians does for the most part follow, Lib. 6. Patholog. c. 12. thinks that small gravell is bred in the proper substance of the Kid∣neys, and washed from thence by the flowing of the Urine and carryed into the cavity, and so the Urine full of gravel slides down through the Ureters into the Bladder. But if any one enquire also the cause, why the left Kidney is more subject to the Stone, then the right; we must conclude, that this happens, because the Collique-gut lies more up on the left Kidney, in whose cells this phlegm, of which we spake, abounding, either it sweats through the pores, and is suckt into the Kidneys, or else by reason of its nearness, the Kidneys are exceedingly cooled; experience having often taught us, that this kinde of phlegmatick matter is indeed actually exceeding cold in the body, as they have sufficiently perceived, who have voided it in great plenty by Stool. After this there follows a third part [χ and ψ] called spermaticae,, or seminales, the spermatical, or seed veins, because they carry down matter for making of the seed. These differ in their original. For the left [ψ] arises from the inside, and middle part of the Emul∣gent, and communicating some surcles to that part of the Peritoneum, or rim of the bel∣ly, which covers the Muscles, that lye in the Loins, it goes fast by the said Peritone∣um, and descends obliquely; but when it has attained to the Os pubis, or the Share-bone, riding over it, it passes through the Peritoneum, and holes of the oblique and transverse Muscles of the Abdomen, with whose processes being sustained it is contorted into certain

varicous circlings, which are ••oyned with the spermatical Artery by Anastomoses or In∣oculations, and at length it ends in the Testicle of its own side. But the right spermati∣call vein [χ] arises not out of the Emulgent, but the Trunk it self, and the forepart of it, a little beneath the Emulgent-vein, and afterwards observes a like course with the former. And thus they are in males, though we may observe nature oftentimes vary∣ing in them: but in Women, although they arise in the same manner, and observe the same course with those in Men, as far as the Holy-bone; yet they fall not out of the Peritoneum, nor reach into the share-bones, but before they come to the Testicles, are cleft into two unequall branches; the lesser of which is scattered into the sides of the womb, toward the bottom of it; the greater being joyned to the spermatical Artery, and inocu∣lated with it, enters into the Testicle of its own side. Last of all the fourth pair is cal∣led [X] Lumbares, the Loin-veins [444] two, or three which the Hollow-vein sends forth from its back side, which looks towards the bodies of the Rack-bones of the Loins; and therefore they are not to be seen, unless the Trunk of the Hollow-vein be lif∣ted up. These veins go in through the holes of the Rack-bones, through which the Nerves go out, and so carry nourishment to the Spinal marrow. From them two other veins, tyed on both sides to the side of the Marrow, ascend toward the brain, with which afterward two veins descending from the internall Jugular, are joyned by an Anastomosis or Inoculation.

These propagations being thus sent out, when the Hollow-vein has almost attained to the Sacrum, or Holy-bone, about the fifth Rack-bone of the Loins, it inclines under the great Artery, and is cut into two notable branches called Iliaci [XX] which having gone a little way are again cleft into two others [Y and Z] of unequal bigness, of which one is called the inner, the other the outer. The inner is less, the outer lager and greater. But before they be so divided, they scatter two other propagations, the first of which [5] is commonly called Muscula superior, the upper Muscle-vein, which is disseminated overthwart, through the Muscles of the Loins, and Abdomen, or paunch, from whence I would call it Muscula lumbalis, the Muscle-vein of the Loins: the other [6] is named Sacra, or the Holy-vein, because it reaches some little twigs to the upper holes of the Holy-bone, for the nourshing of the said bone and the Spinal-marrow.

But from both the Iliacal branches many veins issue, before they go out of the Peri∣toneum or Rim of the Belly toward the Legs; and from the inner branch two. The first [7] arises from the out-side called Muscula media, the middle Muscle-vein; because it is scattered into all the Muscles of the Buttocks, and into their skin: For it carries aliment to all those Muscles, which are of the out-side, or Back of the bone Ilium or Hanch-bone, as also to the very joint of the Hip, that for this cause it ought to be especially taken notice of by them who would somewat curiously consider the cause of the ach in the Hip, or the Sciatica. I should think that this vein may not be amiss called Glutaea from its insertion, because it is implanted into the Muscles called Glutaei, or Muscles of the Buttocks. The other [8] grows out of the inside, and is a notable vein, called Hypo∣gastrica, or the vein of the water-course, from its distribution into almost all the parts of the Hypogastrium, or water-course. From this issues a branch named Haemorrhoidalis exter∣na, the outer Emroid-vein, because if at any time it swels with a more faeculent blood, or hot, or salt, it makes the outward Emroids of the Fundament. This affords twigs to the holes of the Os sacrum, or Holy-bone, but bestows greater branches upon the Muscles of the Rectum Intestinum, or the Strait gut, as far as to the outer skin of the Fundament. There is also another branch arising from the same Hypogastrick-vein, which we call Cysticus, the Bladder-branch, and is worthy of observation both in men and women; in men, be∣cause it is spent upon the Bladder; but in women, because in them being sustained with a fat membrane, it goes with some twigs to the Bladder; but with more to the bottom of the Womb; and with more manifest ones to the Neck of it, by which veins alone some think that the monthly courses flow in Virgins, and some also think the same in Wo∣men. But the monthly courses do not only flow out by these branches, but by those also which we told you were sent from the spermatical branch, and which go to the bottom of the womb, not to the Neck. For the menstruous blood is is usually purged out, whether in Virgins or women, every month; not only through the Neck, but especialy through those passages of the Womb, called Cotyledones. Which we have shown here at Padua, publickly in the Theater, the first year of our being Professor, in the carkass of a certain Woman having her monthly courses. For we saw that the Hypogastrick branches, and the sperma∣tick vessels with the Testicles were filled with blood, and that the Womb it self did pour out a thicker blood, the little mouths of the veins in the inner part of the Womb lying o∣pen, and manifestly gaping. Yet I saw twice in others, that the menstruous blood came out of the veins of the Neck only, not also out of the womb, and in another on the contrary that it flowed out of the Womb only. But the ordinary way is for women to be purged at them both and not at one only, except when besides the intent of nature obstructions do seem to hinder their flowing.

But we have observed, and seen divers times, whilest we were about the cure of Ulcers in the privie members, and the neck of the Womb, that at what time the monthly courses do flow, the month of the Womb gapes. I saw also then, that those parts were dilated with a certain stinking moisture, and that the neck of the Womb appeared much larger then it was wont to be at other times. And therefore no man need to wonder at that, which hath been observed by some Writers of our age, that in the time of their courses these parts have been so widened in some, that being new married, although they were true Virgins, they have for this reason been accused, and thought to have been defloured. Wherefore if it happen, that any, who are new married, doubt of their Wives virginity, because they finde the privy passage very wide, it will behove them to consider, whether their flowers were not at that time upon them. Now at length the remainder of the inner Iliacal Trunk makes to the Share bone, and taking to it a propagation of the outer Ilia∣call, together with which it makes one vein, and so passing throught the Perito neum, and hole of the Share-bone, it spreads it self into the leg, and is extended almost beyond the middle of the Thigh on the inside.

From the outer branch in like manner some veins issue: and first of all, that which is called Epigastrica, or vein of the lower Belly [9] which arises from the higher part of the branch, and is so named, because it goes to the Muscles of the Epigastrum, to wit, the rich muscles of the Abdomen. For passing with its chief branch out of the Peritoneum or Rim of the Belly, it climbs strait up of both sides under the right Muscles, till it come near to the Navill, where it is joyned by Anastomosis with the descending Mammary-veins. But this Anastomosis or Inoculation is seldome found in men, but in women it is very conspicuous, from whence also Galen Lib. de Dissect. Ven. & Arter. Cap. 8. witnesseth, that great sympathy betwixt the womb and the Brests or Dugs is caused by these two vessels. But the most learned Hippocrates has explained this sympathy in many Apho∣risms of the fifth Section. For in the fiftieth Aphorism he sayes, If you would stop the courses in a woman, apply a very great Cupping-glass to her Brests. And in the thirty seventh; If the Brests of a great bellied woman, do of a suddain become small, the child proves Abortive. And in the thirty eight; If one of the brests of a great bellyed wo∣man become small, one of the Twins, that she goes with, proves Abortive; and that a Male, if the right Breast be small; a Female, if the left; so the womb being diseased, the Nipples become pale; and upon a Dropsie in the Womb they swell up. But there is a sympathy also not only by reason of the veins, but also of the Nerves, that come from the sixth conjugation. Whence we see, that if the Brests of a Woman, or Virgin be han∣dled, they are provoked to lust; so that for this reason also those Women, that have great Breasts may be accounted more lustful, as Afra is in Martiall. But it is convenient to note concerning the originall of this Vein, that very often it arises out of the Cru∣rall branch, which we shall by and by describe, but oftner out of the Iliacal. Another vein is the Pudenda [11] which arises from the inside of the outer Iliacall branch, after it is come out of the Peritoneum or Rim of the Belly, and it is called Pudenda, because it is spent upon the privities of both Sexes. For in men it is destributed into the Scrotum or Cod, and into the skin of the Yard; but in women it is propagated to the Lips and skin of the privy passage, to the Nympha or wings, and other parts of it; but in both men and women to the Glandules, that lye about the leskes, whence arises that confluxe of matter into these Glandules, in a pestilent or venereous Bubo. Lastly, the Muscula inferior, or lower Muscle-vein [12] is that which goes to the joint of the Hip, and is disseminated into the skin and muscles thereabout, by reason whereof in my judgment by a stricter Appellation it might be better called Coxendica, or Coxalis, the Hip-vein.

CHAP. V. Reckons up the propagations, aad branches of the outer Iliacal branch disseminated through the crus, or great foot, that reaches from the lower part of the Buttocks to the end of the Toes.

THe outer branch then of the Iliacal veins [Z] when it hath sent forth the said propagations; falls out of the Rim of the belly, and is carried to the Inguina or leskes, through the upper and inner region of the Hip-bone, through which the first and second bending Muscles of the Thigh do descend, and makes the Cru∣rall vein [L]. The History whereof that we may deliver in an easie method, we will di∣vide it into Trunk, and Branches. But before the Trunk be cleft into its branches, it shoots out four propagations; the first of which is that they call Saphena, [13] and vein of the inner Ankle▪ because it runs rear thereunto; it is also commonly called by Physiti∣ans vena tali, but improperly, as we have said above in our first Book. But it arises from the inner side of the Trunk, presently after its departure out of the Peritoneum, or Rim of the Belly, and having no Artery for its companion, runs strait downwards under the

skin, through the insides of the Thigh, & Leg; and when it is now come to the inner Ankle, it ••preads it self into the upper part of the Foot, and scatters a branch overthwart, from which afterward many others arise, that are distributed in their order to every one of the Toes. This vein scatters other propagations by the way, but which are seldome found answerable one to another, either in number, or bigness, as we have already more then once intimated, that nature is found to sport in the veins, but especially in those of the joints. the first [17] of these propagations, not far from the original of the vein it self, is delt into the upper skin of the inner Region of the Thigh, in two branches; of which the outer, which is the thicker, creeps through the fore, and outside of the Thigh, under the skin; but the inner goes more inwardly, and spreads it self into the rim of the Belly. The second [18] is propagated, when the vein has now attained to the middle of the Thigh. The third propagation [19] arises about the knee, and brings forth two off springs, one, which is disseminated into the skin of the forepart of the Knee, by the Patella or Whirl-bone, but the other into the skin of the Back-side, where the bending, or Ham is, about which it is rowled orbicularly. The fourth [20] is carried to the middle of the Ti∣bia or Leg, with surcles forward, and backward. Over against the Saphena, another vein [14] is brought forth from the outside of the Trunk, but shorter then the vein Saphena is, and reaches outward, and overthwart into the skin, that covers the forepart of the Hip-bone, as also into the Muscles of the same place which the later Anatomists call Ischia. These propagations being brought forth, the Trunk afterwards is drencht into the Muscles that compass the bone of the Thigh, and sets out a third propagation [15] which they call Muscula the Muscle-vein; and there use to be two of them. For the outer, which is the less, sends shoots to the second, and fourth, extending Muscles of the Tibia or Leg, together with the skin; the inner, and greater, affords twigs to the third ex∣tender of the Leg, and to almost all the Muscles about the Thigh. After this the Trunk turning to the Backside, and descending by degrees, scatters some other twigs into the membranes of the muscles, and by and by sends out a fourth vein, which runs into the backside of the Thigh, and is called Poplitea, the Ham-vein [16] much spoken of by wri∣ters of Physick, but especially by Hippocrates the chief of them, who 6. Epidem▪ 1.5. com∣mends much the opening of it in diseases in the Kidneys. But it is oftentimes seated too deep to be cut without very great difficulty. I have learnt by frequent experience, that issues made in the Sura or calf of the Leg, to which this vein spreads it self, have done a great deal of good in many diseases. This vein, when it is propagated, some∣times receives the addition of a Sprig from the inner branch of the Muscle-vein; often∣times also two propagations issue from the Trunk, one higher, and another lower, which afterward are united in their journey. But presently after its risen it scatters some branches into the skin of the Thigh, about the higher and hinder part of it; then it runs down directly through the middle of the Ham, or bending of the Leg, into the Calf, to which it distributes many Surcles, that run on with an uncertain course, some directly, some overthwart, and some obliquely. These little branches being thus dissemina∣ted, the vein passes on as far as to the Talus, or Cockall-bone, and there at lenght deter∣mines.

And this is the progress of the Crural-Trunk, and these the propagations which it scatters, before it be divided. For lyi••g upon the bone of the Thigh, it so descends, and runs side-long near to it, that when it has attained to the Knee, it is carried betwixt the two lowest, and hindmost head▪ of the Thigh, in which place [Δ] it is cleft asunder into two branches, an outer, and an inner one. But they are of unequal bigness, the outer being the smaller, and the inner the greater, but both of them [ΘΛ] are scattered through the Leg, and lowest part of the Foot. The inner [Θ] in its descent sends some propagations of the Muscles that are placed on the backside of the Leg, and especially those which make the Calf, but most of all to the inner part [21] of the Gasteronemius externus, or outward Calf-muscle, and so afterward continuing its course downward, when it is come to the lower Appendix of the Tibia or Leg, and has bestowed some shoots upon the skin, it is reflected under the inner Ancle [22] and runs out as far as to the great Toe. The outer [Λ] is presently cleft into two lesser branches, that are likewise un∣equall, of which the inner [Ξ] that is the greater, and lies deep, is wholly spent upon the Muscles of the Calf, running all along directly betwixt the two heads of the Gasteronemius externus, or first moving Muscle of the Foot, as also betwixt the Gasteronemius internus, or in∣ward Calf-Muscle, and the Tibieus anticus or forward Leg-Muscle, and at last betwixt the Mus∣cles that bend the Toes, distributing some surcles everywhere by the way to the Muscles, through which it passes. When it comes to the mid length of the Leg, it is again subdivi∣ded into an inner, and an outer branch. The inner of these distributes a twig near to the joint of the Tibia or greater Leg-bone, and the bone called the Cockall, descends with the Tendons of the Muscles, and is divided into the great, the fore, and the middle Toes. The outer passes on near to the Fibula, or lesser bone of the Leg, and when it comes to the Li∣gament which tyes together the greater and lesser bones of the Leg, it shoots forth a branch, which perforating the Ligaments runs into the Foot, and is scattered into the Mus∣cles which bend the Toes of the Foot outward.

But the outer and less branch [Π] of the Crural-vein goes from that division of the outer branch, which is made near the Ham, to the upper Appendix of the Fibula, as also to the outer and hinder part of the Tibia, where scattering many little branches, it goes to the outer Ankle, and at last ends in the Foot.

And this is the univetsal History of the Hollow and Gate-veins, where we have perfect∣ed the whole course of their distributions. It seems yet to remain, that we speak of the Umbilical, and Arterious veins. But because the Umbilical vein is nothing else but a more notable propagation issuing out of the Gate-vein; and in a man grown performs the office of a Ligament, rather then a vein; because it keeps the Liver in its place; as the stories of them do witness, who upon the cutting off, or wounding of the Navil, have sodainly dyed, their respiration being hindred by the weight of the Liver falling out of its place, and pulling down the Diaphragma or Midriff with it; we thought it not worth our pains to make any more mention of it in this place. But if any one will obstinately contend that it is a peculiar vein with arguments fetcht out of his own Brain, we know no better counsel, that we can give him, then to consult better with his own sense, or if he will con∣tend further, to purge his Head with Hellebore, that that dimness of the Eye-sight may be a little taken away. But we shall with more convenience make mention of the Vena Arte∣riosa, or Arterial-vein, in the following Book, when we shall explain the history of the Ar∣teria venosa, or venal Artery, because they are very like one another, and therefore the same pains may serve them both.

Notes

• Note that the Letters, which are enclosed thus [] refer to the par∣ticular tables at the end of that Treatise, wherein they are set.
• Through what parts the Gate vein is disper∣sed.
• The division of the Gate-vein into the roots, Trunk, bran∣ches and twigs
• The Roots.
• The Trunk.
• The twigs, that grow out be∣fore the divisi∣on of the Trunk. Custicus.
• Gastricus.
• The two branches. Splenica. Circles rising from the upper part of the Splenick-branch.
• Coronaria.
• Circles rising from the lower part of the Splenick-branch. Epiplois Dex∣tra.
• Epip••ois posti∣ca. The division of the Splenick branch. A propagation of the upper branch.
• A propagation of the lower branch.
• Gastro-epiplois sin••stra.
• Haemorrhoidalis interna.
• The right Me∣senterick branch.
• The left Me∣senterick.
• Propagations that arise be∣fore the divisi∣on of the Me∣senterick. Gastro-epiplois
• Dextra. Intestinalis. The first use of the Gate-vein.
• The second use.
• The third use.
• The fourth.
• The explana∣tion of a cer∣tain Aphorism of Hippocrates.
• The use of the Hollow-vein.
• The method to be observed in the History of this Vein.
• The Ascendent Trunk.
• Propagations of the Ascen∣dent Trunk. Phrenica.
• Coron••ria.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• The division of the Hollow vein into the two Subclavi∣an branches.
• Propagations from the lower part of the Subclavian branches. Intercostalis su∣perior.
• Mammary.
• Mediastina.
• Cervicalis.
• Propagations that arise from the upper part of the Subcla∣vian branches. Jugularis in∣terna. Externa.
• Jugulari•• Externa.
• Profundus.
• Three br••n∣ches entring the skull.
• Cutamea••▪
• Muscula supe∣rior.
• The division of the Axillary vein into two branches. Its propagati∣ons before its di••ision.
• Scapularis in∣terna. Externa. Thoracica supe∣rior.
• Thoracica infe∣rior.
• The division of the Axiliary vein.
• The Cepha∣lick-vein.
• Three bran∣ches of the Ce∣phalick-vein.
• Salvatella.
• The basilick vein.
• The branches of the basilick urin. Profundus.
• Subcutaneus. Its division into an outer ••nd an inner branch.
• The inferiour Trunk of the Hollow vein.
• Four propa∣gations arising from the Trunk before its division. Adiposa.
• Emulgentes.
• The place in which the stones of the Kidneys are bred.
• Why the left Kidney is more subject to the stone, then the right.
• Spermatica.
• Lumbare••.
• The division of the Trunk into the two Ili••cal bran∣ches.
• Muscula supe∣rior.
• Sacra.
• Propagations of the inner I∣liacal branch.
• Glutaea.
• Hypogastrica.
• Haemorrhoidals externa.
• Cysticus.
• Propagations of the outer I••iacal branch. Epigastrica.
• Pudenda.
• Muscula Infe∣rior.
• The division of the Crural vein into a Trunk and branches. Four propaga∣tions of the Trunk before its division. Saphena.
• Four propaga∣tions of the vein Saphena.
• Ischiea.
• Muscula.
• Poplitea.
• The division of the Trunk into two bran∣ches.