The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latin and compared with the French. by Tho: Johnson. Whereunto are added three tractates our of Adrianus Spigelius of the veines, arteries, & nerves, with large figures. Also a table of the bookes and chapters.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Muscles which, seated in the Cubit move the Wand and with it the Hand.

NOw we must describe the Muscles of the formerly described parts; that is, those which are seated in the cubit, which are carryed to the inside of the Hand, and those which are called the Inter••sses. Now the Muscles of the cubit are 14, seven external, & seven inter∣nal; two of the seven external do primarily twine or turn up the Wand; and secondarily, or by accident, turn the palm of the hand upwards, whereupon they have called them supinatores, or turners up of the Hand; two extend the Wrist, whereupon they are named Carpi-tensores, or the Wrist-extenders; two the fingers, whence they are styled Digitum-tensores, or finger-stretchers; to conclude, the seventh and last is termed A••ducter, or Obliquater externus.

The first of the two Supinatores is called the Long, or Longest, because it descends from the out-side of the Arm above the processes thereof, and is inserted by a round and strong tendon into the lower Appendix. The other descends obliquely from the outward and upper process of the Arm, and is inserted at the third part of the Wand by a membranous and fleshy tendon before, and on the inside thereof. The upper of the two extenders of the Wrist, de∣scending above the Wand from the external & upper process of the Arm, is inserted by two ten∣dons into the first and second Bone of the After-wrist, which sustain the fore and middle-fingers.

The other and lower, descending from the same place as the former, above the cubit, is in∣serted into the fourth bone of the After-wrist which bears up the little finger. These Muscles whilst they move alone, that is, each with his Antagonist, to wit, the Wrist-benders, they move obliquely, upwards or downwards, the whole Hand properly so called. The first and greater of the extenders of the Fingers, or Finger-stretchers, arising from the Olecranum, or Bone of the Cubit, descends superficiarily between the two Bones of the Cubit even to the Wrist, in which place it is divided into four Tendons, which passing under the Ring seated there, end (each distin∣guished by a common Ligament above the Bone or the After-wrist) in the last joynts of the four fingers, adhering nevertheless firmly to the Bones, which are above these joynts.

The other, which is the lesser, arising almost in the middle of the Wand, goes obliquely to the Thumb, into which it is inserted by two Tendons: the one thicker which is inserted into the root thereof, and draws it from the other fingers; the other slenderer continued even to the up∣per joynt thereof, and by its action extending the Thumb.

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The seventh which is the Abductor or Obliquator, is seated at the hind-part of the hand; that is, towards the little finger: we have often found this divided in two, yea verily we have found it trifide, or divided into three, this year in three or four dead bodies; one portion thereof went to the lower side of the Ring-finger with two tendons, the other in like manner to the middle and fore-fingers, and the third to the thumb.

And for all that it is thus divided, yet some have taken and accounted it for one Muscle, because it hath one original and action, which is, to draw the fingers backwards; some have added to this the extender of the thumb, by reason of their common original; and thus of four muscles they have made one, divided into seven tendons, distributed, as is formerly shewed. But when the Ob∣liquator of the Ring-finger is wanting, as it often happens, the extender of the finger supplies that defect by certain productions of tendinous strings. But some also have written, that this muscle which we said hath seven tendons, is only a production of the deep fore-muscle, which should be sent through the space between the bones of the cubit; yet I had rather make it a muscle of it self, by reason of its strait adhesion with the bones of the arm and wand. And let thus much suffice for the external muscles of the cubit, which you may comprehend in the number of seven, as we have done; or in six, if you take away one of the four; or in nine, if you had rather resolve it into four with Galen; or in eight, if you divide this muscle only into three. For in very deed the Ab∣ductor or Obliquator of the Ring-finger is not often found in men.

Now must we come to the inner muscles of the cubit, the first of which compasses the skin of the palm of the hand, whence it is called the Palmaris. The second and third joyned by the com∣munion of their action turn down or prone the wand, and consequently the hand, so that the palm looks towards the feet, whereupon they are called Pronatores.

The fourth and fifth joyned also in affinity of action bend the wrist, wherefore they are named Carpi-flexores, Wrist-benders. The sixt and seventh are appointed to bend the first, second, and third joynts of the fingers, wherefore they are termed Digitum-flexores, Finger-benders. For their original; the Palmaris, the least and uppermost of them all, descends fleshy from the hind-pro∣cess of the inner arm, and a little after ending in a long and slender tendon, it is spent in the skin of the palm of the hand even to the roots of the finger. For it was necessary that the skin should straitly cohere with the subjacent parts, not only for the fitter taking or comprehension of any thing, lest that skin in holding should be wrinckled and drawn away from the palm and fingers, and so be an impediment; but besides, that the hand might have a more exact sense to distinguish of hot, cold, moist, dry, smooth, equal, rough, soft, hard, great, little, and such other qualities. Then follow the two Pronatores, of which one called the round, comes obliquely from the inner side of the hind-process of the arm almost to the middle of the wand, to which it adheres by a mem∣branous and fleshy tendon, even to the place appointed for insertion. The other, square three or four fingers broad, yet somewhat slender, seated within under all the muscles which descend on the inside to the wrist or fingers, upon the ends of the bones of the cubit, ascends transverse from be∣low the Ell, unto the top of the Wand, where it ends in a membranous tendon. Both the Carpi-flexores, or wrist-benders, arise from the hind, but inner process, and descend obliquely, (the one more, or less; than the other) the one alongst the Ell, but the other alongst the wand; and that which descends alongst the Ell, is inserted into the eighth bone of the wrist, which we said made part of the Ring; the other which follows the wand is inserted with his greater part into the bone of the wrist, and with the rest into the first bone of the after-wrist which sustains the fore-finger.

Now remain the Digitum-flexores, or Finger-benders, which because they lye upon one another, the upper is called the Sublimis, but the lower the Profundus. The Sublimis, or upper, arising from the inner part of the hind process of the arm, and from the upper parts of the Ell and Wand, de∣scends between the two bones of the cubit, even to the wrist and ring; divided into four tendons it is inserted into the second de-articulation of the four fingers, which it bends by the force of this his proper insertion; as also the first, as well by the power of the common ligament, as by certain fibers coming from it, which it sends thither by the way in its passage. But these four tendons neer unto this their insertion are divided into two, so to give passage and add strength to the ten∣do••s of the deep muscles descending into the third and last joynt of the fingers.

But this same Profundus or deep muscle arising from the upper and inner parts of the Ell and Wand, descends between these two bones under the Sublimis, also undivided even to the wrist, where it is divided into five tendons which it brings forth under the common ligament, and the divisions of the tendons of the Sublimis even to the last joynt of the fingers, which they bend, by this their proper insertion, as also of the bones of the first and second joynts of the fingers by the means of the common ligament and fibrous productions which they bestow upon them by the way. Besides these fore-mentioned, there is seen also a certain membranous ligament which engirts the tendons in the compass of the fingers.