The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latin and compared with the French. by Tho: Johnson. Whereunto are added three tractates our of Adrianus Spigelius of the veines, arteries, & nerves, with large figures. Also a table of the bookes and chapters.

CHAP. XXV. The description of the Bone of the Arm, and the Muscles which move it.

BEcause we cannot perfectly demonstrate the original of the Muscles of the Arm, (espe∣cially of the two Arm-muscles) not knowing the description of this Bone; first therefore we will describe it, then return to the original of the Muscles arising from thence. The bone of the Arm is the greatest of all the bones in the body, except the Thigh-bone; it is round, hollow and filled with marrow, with a great Appendix, or Head, on the top thereof, having an in∣different Neck, to which it is knit by Symphysis, for appendices are no otherwise united to their Bones. In the lower part thereof it hath two processes, or protuberations, one on the fore-side, another on the hind, between which swellings there is a cavity like to half the compass of a wheel, about which the cubit is moved. The extremities of this cavity ends in two holes, of which one is the more external, the other more internal: these cavities receive the heads of the cubit, that is, the fore, or internal, receives the fore process when the arm is bended inwards; but the external or hinder, the exterior as it is extended.

For the head of the Arm, it hath a double connexion, the one with its own Neck by Symphysis; that is, a natural union of the bones without any motion; the other with the lightly ingraven ca∣vity of the Shoulder-blade, which we call Glene, by that kind of de-articulation which is called Arthrodia; this connexion is made firm and stable by the Muscles descending into the Arm from the shoulder-blade, as also by the proper ligaments descending from the circle and brow of the ca∣vity of the Acromion and Coracoides to this head of the Arm; this same head of the Arm is, as it were, more cleft and open on the inner side, than on the fore-side, that so it may give way to one of the ligaments coming from the Shoulder-blade to the Muscle Biceps. Forasmuch as belongs to the lower end of the Bone of the Arm (which we said hath two processes); we may say that it is fastened to the bones of the cubit by two sorts of articulation; that is, by Ginglymos, with the Ell or proper Bone of the cubit; and by Arthrodia, with the Radius, or Wand, which in a lightly en∣graved cavity receives the fore process of the Arm, and is turned about it for the motion of the

hand, The hinder-process is chiefly added for the safety and preservation of the Veins, Arteries, and Nerves.

These things thus shown, it is worth our labour to know the figure of the Arm it self, as it lies between the fore-mentioned appendices and processes; that, in the case of a fracture, we may know how conveniently to restore it; therefore first we must understand, that this bone is somewhat bended and hollowed on the inside under the cleft of the head thereof, but bunching out, on the out and fore-side.

Wherefore seeing it must be moveable forwards and backwards, upwards and downwards, Na∣ture for the performance of so many motions hath furnished it with eight Muscles, which are six proper and two common with the Shoulder-blade. Of which number, two move it forwards, two backwards, two upwards, two downwards. Which must not be understood so, as that these two Muscles should move it directly forwards, inclining neither upwards, nor downwards; and the other two should move it so upwards, as it should incline neither forward nor backwards; but thus, That it cannot be moved neither to this nor that part, unless by the help and proper action of this, or that Muscle. Thus therefore; if the pectoral with his associate perform their duty; or action, the Arm is alwayes moved forwards, as it is lifted up by the action of the Deltoides, and his companion, and so of the rest.

[illustration]

Table 24. sheweth the Brain together with the After-brain, the Spinal Marrow and the Nerves of the whole Body.

• A, That part of the brain that is next the nostrils.
• B, that part which is at the side of the ventricles.
• C, the back part of the brain.
• D, the Cerebellum or After-brain.
• F, the mamillary process in the right-sid••.
• F, the original of the Optick-nerve.
• G, their conjunctions.
• H, the Coat into which the Optick-nerve is ex∣tended.
• I, the second pair of the sinews of the brain.
• K, the lesser root of the third conjugation.
• L, the thick root of the same conjugation according to the common opinion.
• M, the fourth conjugation of the sinews.
• N, the lesser root of the fift pair.
• O, the bigger root of the same pair.
• P, the small membrane of the ear which they call the Tympany.
• Q, the lower branch of the bigger root of the fifth conjujugation.
• S, the sixth pair of sinews.
• T, the seventh pair.
• V, the beginning of the spinal marrow out of the middle of the basis of the brain.
• X, the right sinew of the midriffe cut off.
• Y, a branch from the fift pair creeping to the top of the shoulder.
• Z, the first nerve of the arm, from whence there go∣eth a branch to the skin.
• A, the second nerve of the arm, and a branch there∣from into the first muscle of the cubit.
• B, the third nerve of the arm, and a branch going to the skin on the outside.
• C, a branch from the third nerve to the second muscle of the cubit.
• D, the congress, or meeting, of the second nerve with the third.
• E, a small branch from the third nerve to the second muscle of the Radius.
• F, the distribution of the second nerve into two branches.
• *, the lesser branch of this division lengthened out to the skin as far as the thumb.
• a, the place of the spi∣nal marrow, where it issueth out of the brain. 1, 2, 3, &c. Thirty pair of nerves arising from the spinal marrow are here noted by their Char. that is to say, 7. of the neck, 12. of the Chest, 5. of the Loins, and 6. of the holy-bone.
• b, the thicker branch of the second nerve divided into two parts.
• c, branches of the the third nerve sprinkled here and there.
• d, nerves from the third pair to the thumb, the fore-finger and the middle-finger.
• ee, the fourth nerve of the arm.
• f, the passage hereof through the inside of the

[illustration]

• shoulder.
• g, a tripartition of this branch where it toucheth the cubit.
• hh, a branch distributed from the fourth nerve to the outward skin of the cubit.
• i, the upper branch of the division of the fourth Nerve.
• kk, a branch of i, reaching to the outside of the hand.
• ll, the lower branch of the division of the fourth nerve passing through the back-side of the cubit.
• m, the fifth nerve of the arm.
• n, branches of this nerve dispersed here and there.
• oo, a branch of the fifth nerve, reaching to the inside of the hand and the fingers.
• p, a surcle of the branch o, derived to the out-side of the hand and fingers.
• qq, the sixth nerve of the arm and the course thereof under the skin.
• rr, the intercostal nerves there cut off where they are together with the ribs reflected forward.
• ss, branches on each side running backward.
• tt, nerves attaining unto the chest.
• uu, the commixtion of the nerves.
• rr, with the descending branch of the sixt conjugation of the brain.
• xx, nerves from the loins led unto this place.
• y, a branch going to the testicle here cut off.
• z, a nerve reaching to the first muscle of the thigh.
• c, the first nerves of the leg. αβ, a surcle of the former nerve derived to the skin at α, and inserted into the Muscles at β. γ, the second nerve of the leg. δδδ, a nerve from the former, al∣lowed unto the skin as low as to the foot, and passing along the inside of the leg. ••, a branch of the second nerve running unto the Muscles. ζ, the third nerve of the leg. η, a surcle thereof unto the skin. θ, ano∣ther surcle unto the muscles. ιι, the fourth nerve of the leg. ηη, the anterior propagations of the nerves proceeding from the holy-bone. λ, the end of the spinal-marrow. μ, a branch from the fourth nerve in∣serted into the muscles arising from the Coxendix, or hip-bone. ν, another branch going to the skin of the thigh on the back-side. ξ, a propagation derived to the fourth Muscle of the leg, and to the skin of the knee. οο, nerves attaining to the heads of the muscles of the foot. πρ, the division of the fourth crural nerve into two trunks σ, a branch from the trunk π, dispersed into the outward skin of the leg. τ, a surcle of the trunk π, derived to the muscles. υ, another surcle to the skin of the leg on the fore-side. φ, a branch of the trunk ρ, to the skin of the inside of the leg and of the foot. χ, a surcle of the trunk ρ, to the hind-most skin of the leg. ψ, a branch of the whole trunk ρ, led along to the forward part of the leg and the foot. ••, the descent of the trunk ρ, into the foot.

But to come to the original and insertion of these Muscles; the one of these two which move the arm forwards called by reason of his original, the Pectoral, arising from more than half of the Collar-bone; and almost all the Sternon, and the 6, 7, and 8. rib, goes up and fastens it self to the Coracoides, by a membrane or a membranous tendon sufficiently strong (for which cause it is said to be common to the shoulder and arm) and it goes into the arm between the Muscles Deltoides and Biceps with a strong tendon composed of fibers crossing each other; of which some descend from the Collar-bone and the upper part of the Sternon, others ascend from the lower original hereof; that is, from the 6, 7, and 8 ribs: and although the action of this Muscle be divers, by reason of the diversity of its fibers arising from divers places, yet alwayes it draws the arm for∣wards, whether it be moved upwards, downwards, or to the brest; the other which is his companion, descends from the whole lip or brow of the simous, or hollow part of the blade, which it fills in the fore-part of the Arm near the Head thereof. For the two Levatores, or the lifters up of the Arm, the first named Deltoides, descends almost from half the clavicle, the process Acromion, and all the Spine of the Shoulder-blade into the fore-side of the Arm, the bredth of four Fingers below the joynt. It hath divers actions according to the diversity of the fibers, as also every Muscle hath; yet howsoever it is contracted, whether by the fibers from the clavicle alone, or by the Spinal a∣lone, or by both at once, it alwayes lifts and heaves the arm upwards. The other which is his As∣sociate descends from the gibbous part of the Shoulder-blade, contained between the upper rib thereof, and the Spine between the processes Acromion and Coracoides, to the neck of the Arm; and this we will call the the Epomis, or Scapularis; that is, the Shoulder-muscle. But the first and larger of the two Muscles, which draw the Arm backwards, arises from the greatest part of the utter lip of the gibbons part of the Shoulder-blade, which is under the Spine thereof, and lying upon the blade it self, it goes into the hind-part of the Arm above the Neck thereof. The other which is contiguous to it and his partner in working, but lesser, passes from the upper and exteri∣or part of the lower rib of the Shoulder-blade, and thence, as it were, in some sort extending it self upon the gibbous part thereof, neer unto that rib, it goes into the Arm. This Muscle seems to be same with the former, being fleshy without; even above the top of the Shoulder. One and the lesser of these two which draw downwards, enters out from the streight line of the lower rib of the blade, and goes into the lower part of the Arm about the Neck thereof. The other called the Latissimus, or broadest, ascends from the Spines of the Holy-bone, of the Loins, and often al∣so from the nine lower of the Chest, by the lower corner of the Shoulder-blade into which is in∣serted by a membranous tendon, as also it is into the inner part of the Arm neer unto the Neck by another strong tendon; whereupon this Muscle is called a common Muscle of the Shoulder and Arm. But when this Muscle happens to be wounded, the Arm cannot easily be stretched forth, or lifted up.

Notes

• The greatness and figure.
• The Appendix of the Arm.
• The processes of the arm.
• The figure of the Arm.
• The 8 muscles thereof.
• The original and insertion of the pectoral muscle.
• The Deltoides.
• The Epomis or Scapularis.