The history of the vvorld: or, An account of time. Compiled by the learned Dionisius Petavius. And continued by others, to the year of our Lord, 1659. Together with a geographicall description of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America.

CHAP. XIV. Of those things which happened worthy to be known, Rodulph, Matthias, and Ferdinand, being Emperours: and Lewis, King of France.

From the year of Christ 1610, to 1632.

(a) After the death of Henry the Great, to be by all kinds of people bewailed, things were more quiet in France un∣der Lewis a child, than the hope of all men supposed: whose guar∣dianship, with the ordering of the kingdom is straightway granted to his Mother. Some of the chief ones made a beginning of tu∣multing in the year 1614; who hated the too much power of the Florentine Concinus.

Between these stirs, Lewis went into Aquitane in the year 1616, that he might take Anne, the daughter of the Catholique King, Philip the second, (whom he before, by an Embassadour, had espou∣sed to himself,) unto a lawful wedlock: and at the same time with the like good successe, he took his sister Elizabeth to be joyned with Philip the son of Philip the third. So two most mighty Princes, with the greatest profit unto Christian affairs, more strictly bound the promise of peace between themselves by this nuptial exchange. Homebred agreement the year following, doubled the publique merriment; Henry Prince of Conde, and the other Covenanters be∣ing reconciled with Lewis. But suddenly, new suspitions arising, on the very Kal. Septemb. of the year 1616, the Condian is sent to prison.

The Princes, who the former year had made a fellowship with him, depart from the Court. Against these, a war by the King's authority is proclaimed; which in the following year 1617 was ended. Concinus being in the very entrance of the King's Palace thrust thorow by the King's guard, on the 14th day of April, be∣cause being commanded by the King for certain cases to be laid hold of, he had tryed to defend himself by weapons. His death, a peace of the covenanted-Governours, and a publike quietnesse, followed.

The Queen-Mother, untill these Troubles were appeased, being in the mean time intreated to go apart, betook her self to Blesa. From which time King Lewis began to carry on the Common-wealth by his own authority. The beginning of which to be managed, that he might take from Religion, in the moneth September, he by a publique Law decreed, That in the Province of Benearn, which is situate at the Pyrenaean bottoms, the Catholique worship should be every where restored; and also that the Protestants should restore the goods taken away about 50 years before, unto the Churches.

Without France, these things happened worthy of memory al∣most at these same years. Juliack a Town of Lower-Germany was received upon surrender by Maurice of Nassaw, being holpen by the French ayds, September entring of the year 1610; con∣cerning whose possession, some Princes strove amongst themselves; after that John William the Duke dyed without off-spring.

Philip King of Spain having gotten the most strong Tower of Alarach, built by the Moors at the Gaditane Sea, the keepers of it being corrupted by reward, commanded all the Moors to depart out of Spain. They are said to have gone out to the number of ninety thousand heads, in the year 1610, and some years follow∣ing after that.

Sigismund King of Poland, taketh Smolenskum, a most fortified Town of Roxolania or Muscovy, after two years besieging, in the year 1611. in the Moneth of July. Whose son Uladislaus they chuse Duke of Mosch, although afterwards their Counsel or purpose being changed, they desire another: whereby a cruell war, after that, arose.

CHARLS, King of Swethland, dying through grief of an overthrow, brought on him by the Danish King, in the Moneth November, in the year 1611. Obtained his son Gustavus successour of the Kingdome; others in vain desiring to bring it over unto Si∣gismond King of Poland.

But the 1612th year entring, the twentieth of January, Rodulph the Emperour, died, the thirty sixth year from the departure of Maximilian his father. Whom his brother Matthias succeeded the same year.

The Venetians, after these things, being troubled by the inroads of the Croatians, encounter with arms, Ferdinand Arch-Duke of Austria, the son of Charls Arch-Duke, who was the brother of Maximilian the second, Emperour, in the year one thousand six hundred and fifteen. Which War being waged on both sides, through mutual losses for three years space, the 1618 year entring, was laid down.

A greater war arose in Italy between the Mantuan and Subau∣dian Dukes, in the year 1613, over the Principality of Montfer∣ra, when as Francis of Mantua dying without issue Male, Ferdi∣nand his brother, of a Cardinal was chosen in his room. Who be∣ing defended by the Spaniards helps against Charls Philibert Duke

of Subaudia, he strove some years, and Arms being laid down, and ever and anon taken up again. For the third year after, that is, of Christ 1615. peace being composed, in the year following the war was restored. Moreover Vercella was taken in the year 1617, the 25th of July, by the Vice-king of Mediolum; and a year almost turning about, by the endeavour of the most Christian King, was restored in the year 1618, in the Moneth of June, and so there was made an end of warring.

In Dacia, Gabriell Bathor, being put to flight by Bethleem Gabor, furnished with the aids of the Turks, most wretchedly perished. Gabor defended the Province possessed, against the Emperour, after that, by weapons and treachery.

A far most cruel War of all, was stirred up in Germany, in the year 1618; in which, Ferdinand Arch-Duke of Austria, and King of Bohemia, also the kingdom of Hungary he received on certain conditions from Matthias the Emperour. But then at Prague, the Protestants revolted from him, the Earl of Turra stir∣ring them up: who, the Magistrates being killed, and the Citi∣zens compelled to swear in their words, he provoked all Bohe∣mia, and the neighbouring Provinces unto arms. Unto this man, Ernest Mansfield a bastard, joyned himself. Between these things, Matthias dyeth in the year 1619, of March the 20th, the 62 year of his age turning, of his Empire 6 years, and nine moneths; in whose place Ferdinand king of Bohemia and Hungary, being cho∣sen, not slowly prosecuteth the war against the seditious, Bucquoius and Dampeter most valiant Captains, being opposed against them. But the Protestants make Frederick Elector Palatine, the son in law of the King of England, king of Bohemia: and he in the same year 1619, on the moneth November, with his wife, a woman covetous of a kingdom, received the Crown after the solemn cu∣stome at Prague. But truly so great successes had not a lasting gladnesse. For in that year which followed, 1620, the 8th day of November, under the very walls of Prague, a memorable battel being made, by Bucquoius Captain of the Emperour's Army, and the Bavarian, the Palatine is scattered; and being put to flight, and banished, the year following, he fleeth over unto the Batavians or Dutch: where being private from that time with his wife and children, he led his life. Bohemia by and by with the other Provinces returned unto the obedience of the Emperour; who restored every where the Catholike profession; and the fathers of the Jesuit-Society, by name, driven away from Prague, at the beginning of the troubles; the same year he most honourably brought back. And unto this very fellowship, to the immortal praise of King Lewis toward it, it was granted to open Schools at Paris, in the same year wherein Prague banished it, 1618.

Which was the sixth from a new company of Clerks framed at the same Lutetia or Paris, under the name of the Oratory. which being gathered together by Peter Berull a Parisian Elder, in the year 1612. Paul the fifth, the year following, by an Episco∣pall

Proclamation, decreed to be confirmed. Moreover Urbane the eighth registred the author of this famous instruction, emi∣nent in the like praise of learning and Godlinesse, into the order of the most eminent Cardinalls in the year 1627. Who, two years after being increased with great deserts, and famous in a great off spring, died the sixth Nones of October in the year 1629. of his age the 55th.

At the same time, in which it was warred the Palatinate, (that was the year 1620) in the Valley of Telline: which at the com∣mand of the Rhetians or Canes, whom they call the Grisons; Ci∣vill troubles flamed. The Catholiques being provoked with the injuries of the Protestants, hidden Counsells being entred into among themselves, oppresse or come upon all the Calvinists: and the aid of Duke Ferias Governour of Mediolum being intrea∣ted, they get leave of him of enjoying Castles in some fit places. Moreover the Rhetian Nation being all troubled, and with them the Venetians: who believed these inclosures of Italy to be held by a continuall possession by the Spaniards, was in no case ma∣king for their affairs, both defiring aid from him. Ludovick King of France was not wanting, and first of all, in the year 1620, he ob∣tained by Embassadours from the King of Spain, that he should promise to restore all things wholly, while they consulted of the Catholique affairs. Which caution being approved by the most Christian King, when as neverthelesse the matter wanted an issue, it is brought to weapons. Furthormore those exercisd the French and Spaniards, and the confederates of both, with a diverse success, for some years.

In the mean time a Civill war was renewed throughout France, some Governours conspiring against Lewine, whose power had in∣creased even unto envy; whom the secret flight of the Queen Mo∣ther, and her passage into the Castle of Andegavia, had enforced to attempt new matters.

In which war, Ludovick making use of the Faithfull endeavour and counsell of Henry Prince of Condy, who in the year one thou∣sand six hundred and nineteen, in the Moneth of October, had been freed from Prison, in a short time he restored rest and quiet∣nesse to the French, in one fight at Caesars bridge, the Armies of the adversaries being slain. Which conquest made the Queen Mo∣ther, and others of those parties, friends with the King in the year 1620.

The same year, an expedition for Benearn followed: which be∣ing finished with incredible speedinesse, brought a fruit more wel∣come then could be expected. For the stubborn enemies being affrighted at the sudden comming, the King found there all things inclinable to obedience.

Therefore, holy houses, and the goods of the Catholiques were delivered into his power, that whole countrey lying under the Pyrenaean Hills, whose right it was to be separated from the rest of the Kingdome, from that time foreward he determined by

his decree that it should be made tributary to the same, the which at last in the year 1624, was established. But three years before, of Christ 1621, very many Towns of the Santons, and Novempo∣pulonia, and the neighbour Provinces, which are to the number of sixty; were by force or fear, with a very great slaughter of the stubborn enemies, subdued. By little and little the course of Victo∣ries came on, to Mount Albane. Which City the King setting upon at an unseasonable time of the year, he left off to besiege: many, moreover, of the chief Nobility being lost, and, which happened most to be lamented, Henry Duke of Medua, himself, Lievtenant of Aquitane. Neither long time after, Lewine Master of both Souldiery deceased of a disease, the fifteenth of December, in the year 1621. Which same year was the last to Paul the fifth, chief Bishop. For he departed the eight and twentieth day of January, of his age the sixty ninth; of his Prelate-ship the six∣teenth. The Moneth following, and the ninth day thereof, Alex∣ander Ludovisius of Bononia, is chosen, who would be called Gre∣gory the fifteenth. And this man, about two years and five Moneths being finished, in the year 1623, the eighth of July, gave place to Maphaeus Barberine, who under the name of Urbane the eighth from a. d. 7. Ides of Aug. of the same year 1623, unto this time is chief over the Church, and as yet maketh it more famous by vertues, worthy of so great chief-dome, joyned with excellent Lear∣ning.

The death of Philip the third, king of Spain followed the death of Paul the fifth, the third Moneth after, which fell out the day before the Calends of Aprill, in the year 1621, of his age fourty three, of his reign twenty three. But in the Moneth of Septem∣ber, the fifteenth Calends of October, Robert Bellarmine of the Je∣suites society, S. R. E. Cardinall, flew up into Heaven, whither (the same which had brought him unto the Purple garment) in∣tegrity of life the companion of singular Learning, carried him.

About the same time also Breda a Town of Brabant, Spinola Captain of the Spanish Army, besieged; and in Aquitane, and the Province of Narbony, Rohanne, and Subizius, Protestant bre∣thren, renewed a war against king Ludovick. Breda in the year 1624. in the Moneth of August, is begun to be Besieged: on June the thirteenth, of the following year, for want of Provision, made a surrender. With the Rebellious French it was fought by land, and Sea, and the same being every where overcome: but in this latter, in which Gauisius was Captain, the Navy of the Rochella∣nian Robbers being tamed, the Island Rhee was reduced into the power of Ludovick the King.

Which things while they are carried on in France, in Italy, Le∣diguer master of the Horse being Captain of the French Army for the Prince of Subaudia, fought against the Genoans and Spani∣ards, in whose Protection those are. But Mansfield had troubled Germany with often inroads and robberies, a tumultuous com∣pany

of robbers being gathered together. Who being put to flight by Tilly a most valiant commander, he fleeth unto Gabor the Transilvanian; and from thence striving to go to the Venetians, with an incredible profit and joy of the Catholique parties, he perished, in the year 1626. The Rochellers unmindfull of their sworn faith a little before, and of peace the same year received, call forth privily the English against the King. Who in the year 1627. being brought unto the Isle Rhea, or of Rhee, with a Navy of an hundred and twenty Ships, Buckingham being Captain, they possesse the whole, except the Castle; over which Toirase was go∣vernour, a stout man, and greatly skillful in warlike affairs. This man, although the works were new, nor as yet finished, shifted off the sharp and continuall forces of the enemies, untill now labour∣ing with the want of all things, and being wearied, the industry of Ludovick the King came to help them. For this King using Ricelieu the Cardinall, a man flourishing in all praise, his helper and Minister; he sent over quickly Schonberg a famous Captain, indeed with no great number of souldiers unto the succour of the besieged; who, Toirase being joyned to him, drave out the En∣glish, being slain and chased out of all the Island.

Nothing seemed to be done by so many wars and Victories, as long as that despiser Rochell, impatient of Kings, and all Rule, lifted up another Kingdome as it were in the middle of a King∣dome. Which City being scituate at the chinks, or overflowed places of the Ocean, it was fenced both with the nature of the place, and also with the hand, and Art, that it was commonly accounted invincible. This most sure City, Ludovick attemp∣teth with a great courage and hope, which he had taken from the help of God, being made triall of in so many affairs, in the year 1627. And the same Ricelieu the Cardinall, being partaker of the Counsells, by works and Fortifications, and, among other things, huge Bulwarks unmoveable, being finished by the Ocean side, he so held it shut up a whole year, that the Citizens being killed up with hunger, and having suffered all extremity, yielded them∣selves unto the King. Therefore it, the walls being cast to the ground, was reduced almost into the form of a Village for a ter∣rour and example to others, that the invincible might rather de∣sire the defence and clemency of their Prince, then to attempt weapons. Rochell was taken in the eight and twentieth year of that age, October the 30th. After that, the Rebels returned wholly unto their duty, neither saw the year following, any thing of an enemy left in France.

Ludovick being busied about Rochell, and the English: the Duke of Subaudia had stirred up the weapons of the Spaniards against Mantuan: with whom he had an old strife about the possession of Mountferrat. And also some Cities being already taken: and Casal (that is, a Town, as least antient, so of that Pro∣vince, as the report is, the most fortified of all Italy) Collal∣tus had besieged. Ludovick, things being appeased in Italy, led

his Army, being Conquerour, thither thorow the Alps, and the close places of the Mountains, being broken thorow, which also nature through the roughnesse of places, and most strong Garri∣sons of the enemy had made unpassible, he overcame Segusio, a City under the Alps, at the first onset, the three and twentieth of March, in the year 1629. The Spaniards having departed from Cassal, left it free for a military supply, and Provisions, our soul∣diers carrying on their Journey within the Town. After the de∣parture of the French, they by and by returned unto the siege that was broken off for a time, with a greater provision then before.

About the same time, Collaltus Captain of the Emperours Ar∣my, very much wasted the land of Mantua: and Spinola chief Governour for the Spaniards from the Catholique king, a man of great fame for warfare, besieged Casall with all his Forces. But the unconquered vertue of Toirase, who held that Town in Garrison, made all their endeavours void. At last, the French flee to Ricelieu the Cardinall, ordering the Warre with the greatest power, the second time beyond the Alps to bring help.

There, many Towns being conquered, while they extend their journey, stopped with many difficulties; Mantua, through the Plague received within the walls by the Towns-men, and defen∣dants, being wasted, is suddenly invaded by the Germans, on the Moneth of July, in the year one thousand six hundred and thirty.

The French being nothing affrighted with the misery of Par∣ties, three Armies being in vain opposed, the victories repeated over the enemies, they through valour brought forth thither a pas∣sage for themselves whither they had intended. Then under the very sight of Casal, and the Spaniard pitching his Tents, when they were in readinesse to joyn battel, Mazarine running between, the matter is brought unto conditions of peace without arms, and bloud; by the highest providence toward both, yea toward all Christians: lest either through a great slaughter, victory should be manifest to either; or might yield to neither, a mutuall slaugh∣ter being made. This was the end of the Italian Expedition, No∣vember going out, of the year 1630. When as now the labour of the siege bringing a continued disease, a disease brought a departure of life to Spinola.

After these things the name of Lewis was famous throughout all people; not more by the report of weapons, than equity, and faithfulnesse toward his fellowes, whose safety he held more belo∣ved, than his own private profits and wealth. Also the excell∣ing force and vertue of mind of the most eminent Cardinal Rice∣liou was for admiration; and in managing great affairs, a like industry of a diligent Wit.

In the year 1631, in the moneth of April, both Embassadours agreeing, a peace was established between the Emperour and Duke of Mantua, on equal terms; and also the possession of Man∣tua was confirmed to this man by the Emperour's decree, and of Montferrat, the second day of July. Thus all things being appeased, the ancient rest and quietnesse returned unto Italy.

French and German stirrs followed Italian peace. In France, the Queen-Mother, a grudge being taken up against Cardinal Ri∣celieu, she openly renounced her friendship from him; neither that she might receive him into favour, could she be intreated by any of his, or even by the intreaties of King Lewis her son himself. Gasto the King's brother in a short time after followed his Mother's example, and his mind being estranged from the same Cardinal, he departed unto Orleance, which City belonged to his Title. Straight∣way the King, with all the Court, and likewise the Queen-Mo∣ther, go to Compendium: Who being there left, when as the king a little after had gone away, she privily escaped out of that Town into Flanders, July the 19th day; The Duke of Orleance now going aside from Orleance, from the moneth of March, into Burgundy, thence fleeing from the King, following after him, he also departed into Lorrain, and lastly into Flanders.

Then a tumultuous company being gathered together, he break∣ing out into France; the following year he set upon Narbone in France, which they name Occitania. The Duke Montemorence was chief over this Province; who falling away unto him in the moneth of July, brought with him a great increase of Forces, and courage; That now the Army of the king, with Schonberg the Captain, assailing on him, he durst to resist, and encounter with it. Therefore on the very Kalends of September, of the year 1632, they met in a very short, but bloudy battel at Castlenaudar; in which, the Rebells were overcome, and not a few chief men were slain. Montemorence, some wounds being received, came under the power of his enemies; and being brought to Tolouse, a Sentence of his head being passed on him by the Senate, he sub∣mitted his neck to the sword or hatchet the third Kal. Of Novem∣ber. Which highest chance not onely with a steadfast, but also godlily and religiously, as became a Christian, with a ready mind he underwent.

In Germany, Gustave king of Swethland, who from the year 1630, going out of his own borders, had cast forth the Emperor's Armies out of Pomerania, and other neighbouring Provinces; in the following year 1631, he moved forward into more inward pla∣ces, and, Towns without number being vanquished, he largely spread about his terrour. Tillie, the Captain of the Catholique party being in vain opposed against him: who also himself, from the year 1630, having in the mean time set upon Magdeburg,

brake it thorow with the greatest force, and burned it the ninth of May, of the following year 1631. But the Lutheran Princes, an Assembly being had at Lipsia, they conspire against the Em∣perour; and their forces being joyned with Gustave, they take up war. Against these Tillie is opposed; who in the moneth of Sep∣tember, another Captain, Papenheim, being joyned with him, be∣siegeth Lipsia, and compelleth it to yield. A little after, the Co∣venanted-Princes, are present, and especially the king of Sweth∣land, with the Duke of Saxony.

There is made at Lipsia, between these and the Tillians, a most sharp battel; whose issue fell out lamentably unlucky to the Ca∣tholique party. Tillie being overcome, withdrew himself by flight, and for the most part ten thousand being lost. Lipsia was retaken by the Saxons into possession. This Victory laid open to the king of Swethland that which was left of Germany, none hin∣dring him. Herbipolis being taken, he subdued all Francony, and also Moguntia, and others: From that time forward, he passed thorow other Provinces in manner of an out-breaking flame, or steep-running River: The Saxon in the mean time invading Bohemia, afterwards took Prague, the head City of that king∣dom, by surrender. Some of the Princes of Germany, that they might turn away the storm invading them, implored the help of Lewis King of France, whom he by his weapons and au∣thority defended safe from wrong; especially the Archbishop of Trevirs: the which in the year following 1632, was per∣fected.

This very year the Swedish King kept the same course of victo∣ries without offence or hindrance: and wandring thorow Suevia, Alsatia, and Bavaria, he made many Towns to come under his power. The River Danubius being passed over, he scattered the Bavarians with their Captain Tillie, who a little after deceased of a wound, at Ingolstade, now of a great age, and excelling in warlike glory; but more famous in Religion, and the worship of Catholique Piety. Vualstine Lievtenant of the highest Catholique affairs, recovereth Prague against the Saxon and Swede. And then after many tossings, at length at Lutzen, which Town is not far distant from Lipsia, Valstein and Papenheim fight for two dayes space against the King of Swethland: In which battle Gustave the king of Sweden dyed. Nor long after, Papenbeim. That was done in the moneth Novemb. The Swedes, their king being slain, re∣newed the War nothing more slowly; the which they prosecute unto this day.

The same year 1632, made Uladislaus king of Poland; who in∣to the place of his father, by solemn Assemblies of the kingdom was chosen, according to the custome, in the moneth October; when as the nine and twentieth day before of April, Sigismund had dyed, of his reign the 45.

Moreover, this year was memorable for the burning flame of the Mountain Vesuvium; the which being renewed on the moneth of February, brought a very large wasting, but a great affright∣ment unto the Neapolitans: who, a solemn supplication being for that thing proclaimed, by the which, the head of Januarius the Patron or Defender of the City was carried about, they turned away the destruction hanging over their heads.

The End of the Ninth Book.

Notes

• (a)

  Ex hist. Ludovici XIII & an∣nuis Com∣m••nt.
• Now strius.
• The siege of the Juliacans.
• The Moors driven out of Spain.
• Charls, King of Suevia, being dead, Gustave suc∣ceedeth.
• The German War in Bo∣hemia.
• The Palati∣nate is made King of Bo∣hemia.
• He is over∣come and put to flight.
• The War in the Tellinian Valley.
• A Civill War in France.
• The Expedi∣tion of Be∣nearn.
• The siege of Mount Albane
• The fiege of Breda.
• The Genoan War.
• The Isle of Ree taken away from the English.
• The siege of Rochell.
• The besieging of Casall.
• The Offence of the Queen-Mother and King's Bro∣ther.
• A Civil War, wherein the Kings Brother is overcome.
• Troubles of Germany, and the King of Sweden's Expedition.
• The Fight at Eipsia.
• The last Fight and death of the King of Sweden.