The history of the vvorld: or, An account of time. Compiled by the learned Dionisius Petavius. And continued by others, to the year of our Lord, 1659. Together with a geographicall description of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America.

THE HISTORY OF THE VVORLD. OR, AN Account of Time.

The Seventh Book. WHerein are contained the Years from the 491 of CHRIST, unto 641.

CHAP. I. Of Anastasius, and Justinus; and what things (they reigning) were carried on in the Eastern Empire; from the year 491, to 527.

ZEno (a) being dead with his wife Ariadna, Anastasius undertook the Empire of the East in the year 491, (b) Oly∣brius being alone Consul, of the order of the Gentlemen-Ushers, not as yet recorded among the Senate. His Country was Dyrrachium: and before that he took the Command, he gave unto Euphemius the Patriarch of Chalcedon a profession of his faith, witnessed with his own hand-writing. (c) For he was a favourer of the Eutychian Opinion, and of the flock of the Doub∣ters, whereby he pleased Henoticon, or reconciler of Zeno. There∣fore Euphemius believed that he was tyed fast by that Caution, the

which he laid up in the yearly Registers of the Church. But when he was made partaker of his desire, he openly returned to falshood, and ceased not to fight against the Catholiques; other∣wise a profitable Prince to the Common-wealth: the which be∣ing overcharged by too much taxes, he eased, with the highest ap∣probation of all.

(d) He is praised especially in that kind, because he took away Chrysargyrum, or the gold and silver poll-money. That was a tri∣bute, which had been laid upon all heads as well as on great beasts and lesser cattel; even on dogs: ye••, he forbad it to be required in the ninth year of his Empire. As soon as he obtained the Empire, he had something to do with the Isaurians, who under Zenon, their friend and Countreyman, could do much in the Common-wealth. Longinus, Zenons brother being frustrated of his hope, to enjoy the Empire, was turned out into Isaura, and with him were all the people of Isaura to depart out of their City.

(a) Hence arose that Isaurick war, wherein Longinus was their Generall which began in the year of our Lord four hundred nine∣ty two, and ended Anno 497. which was the sixth year of the Wars.

(b) Two years after, that is, in the 499th year, the Bulgarians first daring to make incursions into the Roman Territories, wasted Thracia, and afterwards began to be formidable: (c) And the Persians in the mean time, that they might want nothing to keep a wicked Prince under, they over-ran the East, and took Amida by the treachery of the Monks of that place, whom Victor Cabades commanded to be put to death for an example, Anno 502. Ana∣stasius sent three Generalls with three Armies against him, such great Armies as never before the like were seen, as (d) Procopius, but Marcellinus saith that they were not above 15000, but their discord amongst themselves, made this great preparation of no effect: yet soon after this, Cabades being defeated, by the vertue and magnanimity of Celer, Master of the offices, a very valiant man, he concluded a peace with the Romans, and having recei∣ved a vast sum of money, he delivered up Amida, and some other Towns, Anno 505. as Theophanes and Marcellinus do declare. (e) In this same year, the temerity and indiscretion of the Roman Captains, brought not a small losse and detriment to the Romans, for Sabinian had a very bad successe in fighting against Mundo Geta. Anastasius having hardned his heart against so many Argu∣ments of an angry God, he ceased not to tread underfoot the Ca∣tholick interest, by divulging his own heresy.

(f) For he forbad by a wicked Appendix, the Trisagium hymn once to be sung, Qui Crucifixus es pro nobis, publickly in the Church, to his great danger: for hence arose a grievous sedition of the peo∣ple, in the year 514. which drove Anastasius to hide his head, his Wife Ariadna censuring him for his impiety. In the same year also (g) Vitulianus, a Scythian Generall of the confederates; for so

were the Goths called, as Jornandes records, under pretence of de∣fending the Catholick interest, he rebelled against Anastasius, and having made a great slaughter, and drawn his Army near to the City, he granted them peace upon that condition, that Pope Hor∣misda should assemble a Synod, which might take a care of the state of the Church, which was in the 515 year of Christ, but Anastasius by his wonted practices, deluded and made void the desires and intentions of the Catholicks, making no Conscience to lye and forswear himself after the manner of the Manichees, whose erronious opinions he had embraced: Evagrius writes that there was also a Sea-fight, and that Vitalian was beaten by Marinus Sy∣rus. But Zonaras saith, that by the industry of Proclus the Mathe∣matician, were made Brasse Prospectives, which burnt Vitulians Navies, by which means Maximus obtained a most remarkable Victory, which soon after was followed with an agreement of peace.

(a) In that age, as Marcellinus saith, in the year five hundred and fifteen, the Hunns having passed through Armenia, wasted and destroyed all Cappadocia, and came unto Lycaonia. And Ariadna Augusta, having lived sixty years, dyed in her Pa∣lace.

(b) At last in the five hundred and eighteenth year of our Lord there having been such tumult as the like never was, because Ana∣stasius had defiled and corrupted the Trisagiums hymn, Anastasius laying down his imperiall dignity, induced the people to compas∣sion and tendernesse towards him, who intreated him to reassume it again. (c) But the eleventh of Aprill was strucken dead by a Thunderbolt (d) in the eighty eighth year of his age, having go∣verned the Empire (e) twenty seven years, and three Moneths. The rumour is, that a little before his death there appeared to him, a man of a dreadfull shape, who holding a book in his hand shewed him that fourteen years should be cut off out of his life, because of his impiety. Its a thing admirable that he had such a long time appointed him to live, which if he had compleated, he would have lived 102 years.

Justine being already aged, succeeded after Anastasius was dead, the 9th of July, in the same year, (f) 518. He was a Thracian by Nation, descended of Parents of low degree, but an eminent per∣son in Religion and godlinesse: whose wife Lupicina, having changed her name, was called Euphemia. As soon as he had assu∣med the Purple Gown, he put to death Amantius the Steward, and Andreas the Chamberlain, and also Theocritus whom Amantius the Eunuch would have made Emperour: he made Vitalian in whom he much confided, Generall of the Militia, who in the seventh Moneth of his Consulship, in the five hundred and twentieth year of Christ, was stabbed in the Palace, as Marcellus saith; or by a sudden uproar of the people, as Theophanes asserts; or, as (a) Eva∣grius saith, by Justins treachery, or by Justinian Patricius's faction, as Victor Tununensis affirms.

(b) ••zathius the King of the Lazores, rebelling against the Per∣sians, comes to Justinus to Constantinople in the year 522, and af∣ter he had embraced the Christian Faith, the Emperour bestow∣ed upon him royall garments. Which deed Cabades King of the Persians taking ill, he resolved to declare wars to the Romans, but suddenly after he concluded a peace and alliance with them. (c) Then as he intended, that Justine should adopt Chosroes his youngest son, whom he had designed to succeed him, he was re∣jected by Proclus the Treasurer.

(d) In the dayes of this Emperour, Antioch was afflicted by a great losse, for it was almost all overthrown by a strong Earth∣quake upon the twenty ninth of May, in the year 526. being the 8th year of Justins Empire, and not the 7th; a great burning im∣mediately followed the Earthquake.

At last Justine, in the 527th year, when (e) Mavortius was Con∣sull, created Emperour Justinian, his sisters son, whom having made most noble, he had created Caesar in the year five hundred twenty four, as Victor Tunun. records, and then died of a wound four Moneths after, in August, being the (f) seventy seventh year of his age, having ruled the Empire nine years and a Moneth.

Procopius in his Suppressed History, saith that he was wonderful∣ly ignorant of Learning, in so much that he could not write his own name, wherefore what is read of Justinian in Suidas, that he was 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, ignorant of all learning, and not knowing the Letters, is to be understood of Justinus, and not of Justinian, saith (g) Alemannius, for he proves that Justinian was a very learned man. For which cause also Suidas supposeth that 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was taken for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, concerning which we must consi∣der farther.

CHAP. II. Of the affairs of the West under King Theodoricus, and of the Franks, and their Prince Chlodoveus, of the Burgundians, Wisigoths, and Alaricus.

Anno 491. of Christ, unto 527.

THeodoricus King of the Ostrogoths, having subdued Odova∣cre in the West, obtained Italy, Anno 493. (a) Albinus then being Consull, who endeavoured to establish and settle his King∣dome, by the affinity of the neighbour Princes: for he married Audeflenda (b) sister to Chlodoveus King of the Franks, as Aimonius saith, and not his daughter: which Jornandes and (c) Freculsus do reckon amongst his daughters, which he had by his Concubine, one of whom was married to Alaricus King of the Wisigoths, and the other to Sigismund King of the Burgundians: And he so go∣verned

the Republick at first, that he might worthily have been compared with any one of the best Caesars: and although by the peoples Law, he maintained the Arian opinion, he with much faithfullnesse preserved the rights of the Romans, and the liberty of the Church, but waxing old, he became cruell and barbarous.

(d) At this time the Kingdome of the Franks in Gallia, under doveus. under their King Chlodoveus, began to extend far and near. Having overcome and killed Syagrius, the Earl Aegidius's son, who governed the Soissons in the fifth year of his reign, and of Christ four hun∣dred eighty six, and in the tenth of his reign, and of Christ four hundred ninety one. Having subdued the (e) Turingians, he married Chlotildes, daughter to Chilpericus of Burgundy, the brother of Gun∣dobald, by which being often exhorted to embrace the Christian Religion, (f) at length he obeyed her advice, in the year six hun∣dred ninety six, after that, in the fight that he fought with the Ale∣mans, near Tolbiacum in the Ubes, he had experienced the present assistance of Chlotides's God, whom he invoked. Having subdued his enemies near (g) Remi, he was received into the Communion of the Church by St Remigius Bishop of that City, (h) and with him his sister Albofledis, which died not long after, and also his other sister, Lanthildis, from her Arian opinion became a good Catho∣lick. He was baptized on the day of Christs Nativity, as it appears by (a) Avitus Epistle, by which he congratulates him his assump∣tion of the Christian Faith: (b) Flodoardus and Aimoinus add far∣ther, that when (c) Hincmarus a boy, carried a Viall wherein was the sacred unction, and was shut in by the flocking of the multi∣tude, that then at the prayers and request of this Holy Prelate, there fled to him a Dove from Heaven, which brought another Viall in her beak, wherewith was Chlodoveus anointed: and since that time are all the kings of France consecrated and anointed at Rheyms, but Gregory makes no mention of this.

(d) Not long after this did Chlodoveus make war against Gundebal∣dus, the king of the Burgundians, to revenge the death of Chil∣pericus his father in law: for Gunderick king of that Nation, taking his Originall of Athanaricus Prince of the Goths, had left four sons, Gundebaldus, Godegisilus, Chilpericus, and Godomarus. Gundebaldus, having killed Childeric and his wife, as also Godomar, he reigned with Godegisilus; therefore at the instant request of Chlotides, and Godegisilus, he gave battell to (e) Gundebaldus. And having over∣come him near Dijons Castle, commanded him to satisfy himself with the half of the kingdome, and the other half he gave to Go∣degisilus, and layed an impost upon both: Chlodoveus being de∣parted, Gundobaldus kills his brother Godegisilus, having on a sud∣den besieged Vienna wherein he was, and taken it. Then having shaken off the French yoke, he recovered all that territory that now is known by the name of Burgundy, and ordained Laws to his people, which very likely were signed in the year five hundred and one, when Arienus was Consull, or enacted in the year fol∣lowing.

(f) Alaricus king of the Wisigoths fearing, not without good reason, the increasing power of the French he desires to enter into friendship with Chlodoveus: but as they were of different religion, (for the Goths were Arrians) their friendship lasted not long, for a while after, from secret grudges, there broke forth an open ha∣tred, and hence a war. Chlodoveus fought five year before his death, the five hundred and seventh year of Christ, as (g) Gregorius saith with Alaricus in the Vocladians fields, ten miles from the City of Poitou. And having defeated his Army, he killed him with his own hands, who had already ruled (a) twenty three years in Gallia and Spain, hence pursuing his victory, he added to his kingdome all that which was from the River Ligeris to the Rhosne together with Tolouse. But the Province of Narbonne, which was called the first Province of France, remained in the Goths subjection, and thence it began to be called Gothia: For Amalaricus, his father Alaricus being dead, hastily flying into Spain, he retained under his power Spain, with that part of France which we have already named: Theodoricus king of Italy possessed all what was beyond the Rhosne, that is the other Countrey of the Narbonnes, and the Alps by the Sea side. Isidorus saith, that Alaricus death was in the year 507. it being the same year that Giselicus whom he had by his Concu∣bine, striving to possesse the Kingdome, was expelled out of it by Theodoricus, who having taken upon him the tuition and Guardi∣an-ship of Amalaricus, his Nephew, he ruled Spain, and all the other Dominions of the Wisigoths 15 years, by Governours and Deputies, as Isidorus relates.

The divine providence gave to Chlodoveus, above all other Princes of the World, in those dayes such happy and joyfull suc∣cesse, as oftentimes by miracles, his warrs were confirmed to be guided of God, such as are recorded by (b) Gregory of Turine, amongst which is that remarkable thing: That hastning against Alaricus, having encamped near the River Vigenna, he found a shallow place by the direction of a Hind that passed over the River before him, through which he transported his Army to the other side, and after this Victory preparing to besiege Engoulesme, the walls of the City falling down of their own accord, gave him an easy entrance into the City: (c) Which things being known. The Emperour Anastasius the year following, the victory of Vo∣cles, in the year of his Consulat, sent a standard to Chlodoveus. And he went in procession in St. Martins Church at Turine, under whose protection and help he thought he was come to so great an honour, with his belt, his Purple Gown, and his Diadem. Then coming to Paris, there he established his Throne in the year of our Lord 507, with so happy successes.

Cassiodorus saith, that in the year of Christ 508. the next year after the Vocladian fight, when Celer and Venantius were Consulls, the Franks were overcome by Theodoricus King of the Ostrogoths, and that Gallia was taken out of their hands: there being slain

above 30000 of them, as saith Jornandes; but of this I have found nothing amongst our own Historiographers. Procopius (a) re∣lates, That the Franks being driven away from the siege of Car∣casone, and having forsaken the Countrey of Narbonnes, obtained Aquitania, and that Theodorick let them have that part of the Countrey, because he could not easily drive them out. (b) But that they defended and kept Arelatis from being surrendred to the Goths, Cyprian in Caesar's life witnesseth it.

(c) Neither may I omit what our Historiographers themselves have not mentioned, whereof Procopius hath spoken; That the Francks made a League offensive with King Theodorick against the Burgundians, and that the Goths delaying the time purposely, at length arrived when the fight was ended, and so without receiving any losse or detriment, they divided the spoyl with the Franks, equally sharing the Kingdom, which it's like came to passe about the 508 year of Christ, it being after the Wisigoth's great defeat; although at that time the Burgundian Kingdom was not utterly extinct out of France, (d) for Gundebald being defeated and dead, Sigismund his son kept still what remained, who hearkening to St. (e) Avit, the Bishop of Vienna, he changed his Arrian heresie into the Catholike faith.

(f) At this time Clodoveus raging against his nearest friends, put them almost all to death; and at last in the 45th year of his age, and the 30th of his reign, 112 years after St. Martin's death, as Gregorius saith, he dyed in Paris, which seemeth to be the 511 of Christ, when Secundinus and Felix were Consuls; for when Felix was Consul, upon the 6th of July, it's remarked, That Clodo∣veus convoked the (g) first Synod at Orleans.

(h) His four sons divided equally his Kingdom amongst them∣selves, as then was the custome. Theodoricus whom he had of a Concubine, kept the seat of his Kingdom at Mets, Clodomirus at Orleans, Clotharius at Soissons, and Childebert at Paris.

(i) Theodorick the King of the Ostrogoths, degenerating in his latter dayes from his first laudable and good qualities wherewith he was endowed, as we have said, into cruelty; he put to death Symmachus, and his son in law, who were both accused of a false crime; which deed having perpetrated, as he had the head of a huge fish set before him at Supper, he imagined that he saw Sym∣machus's head; and being affrighted by this dreadfull fight, he soon after dyed, 35 years after the death of Odovacer, in the year of Christ 528, being the 564th year of Spain, as (a) Isidorus sup∣poseth.

CHAP. III. The Ecclesiastical Affairs under Anastasius, and the other Princes, from the Year of Christ 491, unto 527.

THe Churches estate could not but be very full of trouble un∣der an Emperour, who was such an opposite enemy to the Catholick parties.

Anastasius, of the number of the (b) Acephalians and Hesitants, and also adhering to the Manichaeans, gave liberty to every one to professe what opinion he would: And he mortally hated the Catholick Bishops, expelling Euphemius Bishop of Constanti∣nople out of his seat, having oftentimes laid snares for him; in whose place was ordained Macedonius, (c) Anno 495, in the 5th year of Anastasius's Empire, who sub scribed to Zenon's Henoticum; and for this cause the Catholicks refusing his company, suffered much.

At that time was the Church of Constantinople separated and divided from the society of the Roman-See, because the Bishops would not blot out of the sacred Tables of Constantinople, Acacius's name, who did dye in a Schism and heresie, or durst not: whom to recall to their duty and concord, the Pontiffs of Rome omitted nothing. First (d) Gelasius, who in the 492 year of Christ suc∣ceeded Pope Felix: (e) He the year following did in vain per∣swade Euphemius and Anastasius by the means of Faustus Master of the Offices, sent to Constantinople by Theodorick: Then Anastasius, who succeeded to Gelasius in the Papal office, in the 496 year of our Lord, and also Symmachus, who succeeded Anastasius in the 498 year, did all endeavour to obtain it: but it was so impossible to perswade the Emperour Anastasius to peace and unity, that on the contrary, he poured forth the pestilence of his breach and dis∣sention upon the Catholike Church, which exhorted him to love and reconciliation: Festus, a certain Roman Senatour, being sent by Theodoricus to Constantinople, having secretly promised to Anastasius the Emperour, that Anastasius the Pontiff of Rome should subscribe to Zenon's Henoticum; as he returned to Rome, and found Pope Anastasius dead, Symmachus being already by a legal election or∣dained, some certain factious persons being corrupted with mo∣ney, opposed to him another Pope called Laurence, in the year of Christ 498; whence arose murthers and disboistnesses: which to prevent and remedy, the decision of the whole controversie, (ac∣cording to Odoacres's law) was referred to the King, (who was Theoricus); he gave sentence in the behalf of Symmachus: So this burning, a little quenched, flamed out the more soon after: (a) Therefore in the year 501, and some following, were held several Synods at Rome about it, by King Theodorick's command; and Laurence in the same year 501 was condemned. But the year fol∣lowing, Odocres's Law was abrogated, by which he had forbid∣den

the election of the Roman Pontiff without the King's com∣mand; herein, above all others, was to praised the endeavour of Ennodius of Tichick, who gallantly pleaded Symmachus's cause against the Schismaticks: Anastasius in the mean time endea∣vouring to amplifie and spread his heresie, brought in every one: therefore did he admit into Constantinople, Xenaya, Prince of the Manichees in the (b) 506th year of Christ, and in the 509th year he received Severus of the Acephalians sect, a notorious person, with some 200 Monks coming along with him, and entertained them all very honourably: And this was the beginning of that filthy Severus, who in the year (c) 513, possessed by violence the Antiochian Bishoprick, out of which Flavinius because of his con∣stant zeal for the Catholick profession had bin turned out, and he attempted to bring all them of the East to the condemnation of the Chalcedonian Synod: but he turned out of their places those Catholique Bishops, who opposed to him first Elias Bishop of Jeru∣salem, then (d) Macedonius in the 511th year of Christ.

(e) Pope Symmachus being taken out of this world, Hormisda who was elected in his place, endeavoured as much as he could, to re-unite into one communion both the Churches, by the means of General Vitelian, who for that cause had taken up arms against Anastasius; but he deceived them both by his old craftinesse. (a) He being dead, and Justinian a most Religious Prince govern∣ing the Empire, Hormisda obtained what he had so earnestly en∣deavoured in the year of our Lord 519, having sent Embassadors to Constantinople, amongst whom Germanus of Capua was a very godly man, and therefore by their means and labour was con∣demned the memory of Acacius, Euphemius, and Macedonius, with all other hereticks; and also of Zenon and Anastasius both Emperors, and there was a full peace concluded, and renewed unity by the East Countrey Churches with the See of Rome, (b) which as Hor∣misda's Embassadours went to declare and proclaim along the Countrey: amongst them was one John a Bishop of Thessalonica, who was cruelly and ignominiously entreated by the people of Thessalonica, who were of the faction of Dorotheus Bishop; for which cause Dorotheus being warned to appear before Justinus, the Judges being bribed, he escaped with a small punishment. This discord of the East and West Churches lasted almost 40 years, as (c) Facundus writes, that is, reckoning exactly 36 years, which being numbred from the 484th year of Christ, at which time Pope Felix anathematised Acacius, unto the 519th of Christ, do belong unto the 6th of Hormisda.

(d) Then Justine by Edicts and punishments restrained the He∣reticks, and restored the Catholick Bishops, he commanded Se∣verus's tongue to be pulled out of his mouth, because he had usurp∣ed by robbery the Bishoprick of Antioch; but he fled with Julian Bishop of Halicarnassus into Egypt, (e) the first year of Justine's Empire, in the moneth of September, and there spread the con∣tagion of his errour, (f) insomuch, that at that time there was

divers divorcements and separations of that sect in Alexandria, some of them affirming the body of Christ to be corruptible, as Severus; and others incorruptible, as Julian of Halicarnassus. Ti∣mothy of Alexandria followed Severus; and Julianus was followed by Themistaeus his Deacon, who separating himself from Timothy, broached forth the new heresie of the Agn••ëtans; hence arose the division of the Corrupticolites, that is, that held Christ's body cor∣ruptible; and of the Incorrupticolites, which held Christ's body to be incorruptible, or of the phantasticks.

(g) There also arose in Constantinople an idle question by the Monks of Scythia, Whether any mention might be made of the Trinity; concerning which thing the Catholicks fell not a little at variance amongst themselves. (a) Maxentius was one of those Monks, who made his apology against the Pontiff Hormisda's Epistle, wherein he with his Companions was remarked.

(b) Now as Justine was afflicting and tormenting the Here∣ticks, and especially the Arrians, whose Churches he joyned to the Catholicks: Theodoricus an Arrian Prince taking it ill, he sent Pope John who had succeeded Hormisda, in the year 513, to Justi∣nus, that he would abstain from farther wronging and injuring the Arrians, threatening, That if he did not do it, that he would reciprocally rage with cruelty all Italy over. The Emperour received most honourably the Pontiff, (c) and he the first of all the Emperours received of him the honour of Imperial Majesty. Justinus being overcome by his prayers, he desisted from farther persecuting the Arrians, if we may believe Miscella the Deacon: but this John himself saith quite otherwise, in his second Epistle, because that being then returned to Rome, he was cast into prison, where worn out with grief, he dyed at Ravennes the 12th of June, as Anastasius saith, Anno 526; at which time also Theodoricus put to death by the sword Boëtius and Symmachus, who dying 90 dayes after John, he seemed to a certain Fryer cast down into Hell head∣long, (d) as St. Gregory relates in his Dialogues.

CHAP. IV. Of Excellent Persons, who by their Piety and Learning adorned and enriched that Age.

IN that Age Fulgentius for Piety and Learned Divinity carried it above all others, (e) who went to Rome the same year that Theodorick entred into it, by Cassiodorus's account, being the year of our Lord 500; but being made Bishop of Rupes, he was banished with others by King Thrasamund into Sardinia, and then after Thrasamunds death in the (f) 512th year of Christ, he return∣ed; after that Hilderic, Hunricks son, had restored peace to the Churches of Africa. Ferrand Dioconus, a most notable writer in those dayes was his disciple.

In France shined S. Caesarius Bishop of Arles, (a) whom we read to have been one of the Councel of Agathus, held in the 506th year of Christ, and lived unto Vigilius's time, of whom he recei∣ved a letter in the year 538.

Also Avitus Bishop of Vienna, of whom, and by whom the Bur∣gundians received the Catholique faith.

(b) Item, St. Rhemigius Bishop of Rhemes, and deservedly call∣ed, The Apostle of the Franks; he was invested of that Bishoprick in the 571 year of Christ, being then 22 years old, as Hincmarus and Flodoardus do assert; for in his (c) Epistle that he writ in the year of Christ 523, unto the three Bishops, he testifieth, That he had executed the Bishop's office 53 years already; he dyed be∣fore the 535th year, being that in this same year was held a Coun∣cel at Auvergnes, wherein was Flavius Bishop of Rhemes: Then are Hincmarus and Flodoardus mistaken, in saying, that he officia∣ted in the Bishoprick 74 years, and lived 96.

In Italy Ennodus Bishop of Ticena, whose labour and work we have above declared to have been very great against the Schis∣maticks under Pope Symmachus; also then lived Claudius Bishop of Vesontium, who was in the (d) Epaonian Synod, held in the year 517.

(e) In Ireland, St. Patrick first Bishop amongst them, dyed in the year 491, being then 82 years old, as it may be gathered out of Marianus's account; though he himself attributes him 92 years; and others 123, or 122, as Sigebertus; some say that he li∣ved 134 years, whereof he lived 60 in that Island preaching Christ.

In the East lived (f) St. Sabbas the Fryer, who by his Piety and holinesse adorned Palestina, and at that time maintained the Ca∣tholique Faith against the infectious impiety of Anastasius the Emperour. St. John Silentiarius, who from Bishop of Collen in Armenia, turned a Monk, was his disciple.

(g) Two Zosimus's are reckoned amongst the Worthies of that Age, one living solitary in Phoenicia, and the other in a certain Monastery in Palestina, who both foresaw from God that calamity that befell Antioch in Justinus's time.

In Gallia, (h) Launomarus of Carneton, and (i) Maximinus of Orleans, were a great honour to the Fryeries; Maximus built the Mician's Monastery near to the City, he was St. Euspicius's Ne∣phew. Clodoveus as he went first to Orleans, brought them both thither along with him, as writes Aimoinus; Sigebert calls that Monastery of the Mirians, Maximus's Monastery; and Aimoinus calls it, the Monastery of the Initians, that is, the Micians, and re∣tains still the name; also Avitus and Carilesus, Maximus's disci∣ples. (a) Then Severinus the Abbot, who healed King Chlodoveus of a grievous sicknesse at Paris, in the year 508; Aimoinus calls him the Abbot of the Agaunian Monastery; but it's not like, that it was already built then, because that afterward it was built by Sigismund King of the Burgundians, St. Avitus being the Author of

it, as Ado of Vienna writes; (b) St. Equitius flourished in Italy about the same time.

Cassiodorus and Boëtius have obtained great honour of sincerity, virtue and excellent doctrine under Theodorick King of Italy: (c) Possessor Bishop in Africa did write to Pope Hormisda concerning the Chronicles of the Kings; also John Maxentius, one of those Monks of Scythia, of whom is here above made mention, hath pre∣sumed to write (d) against Pope Hormisda, who seems somewhat aspersed with the Eutychian mist.

(e) Virgin St. Genovesa, the Patroness of the Parisians, yea of all the Franks, is said by Sigebertus to have dyed in the year that the first Synod was kept at Orleans, being the last year of Chlodoveus's reign, and of our Lord 511, she being fourscore years old; and by this, her birth will appear to be about the year 431, and that will be more probable that Beda saith of St. German and Lupus's pilgrimage, and also Sigebert, that it was in the year 446, and not as Prosper saith 429, but (f) Aimoinus saith, That she attained to Clotharius, and Childebertus's dayes.

CHAP. V. Of Justinian the Emperour, and of those things that came to passe during his Empire in the East, where it's spoken of the utter destruction of the Vandals power in Africk; and of the Gothick Warr.

Anno 527 of Christ, unto 565.

WHen Mavortius was Consul, (a) as it is taken from the Records of all Annals, that is, in the 527 year of Christ, Justinian, in the moneth of April, his Uncle being alive; in the moneth of August, after his death, being already of age; for he was (b) either 45, (c) or 44 years old, governed the Empire. (d) Although Procopius thinks, that he was much younger, when he saith, That as Justine ruled the Empire 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, he attained to the Government of the Common-wealth; he was a Prince of divers qualities, and indued with virtues, as well as bespotted with vices; for he was vehemently zealous for Piety and Reli∣gion; the which he hath testified by several Edicts of his own, for the preservation and propagation of the Catholique Faith, and Ecclesiastical Government; but he at last fell into Eutychius's er∣rour, then all his life-time he was defiled with the spots of ex∣tortion, covetousnesse, and unfaithfulnesse; (e) Procopius in his work called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is to say, Suppressed, declares that he was unjust in many and horrid things; the which he durst not have done in Justinian's dayes against the people, wherein he de∣clares something of Justinian, Theodora, and Belisarius, to be won∣dered at, not so much as known or believed by the vulgar. None can dissent from him touching Theodora, Justinian's Wife, (for

Theophanes is mistaken to say that she did marry Justinus, when he saith that she was an impotent, covetous, lascivious, and Heretick woman: for from vile and scenick Arts, and by her whorish lucre she became the Emperours legitimate wife by reason of her great beauty, whom Justinian esteeming and loving above reason, committed many things as well to the detriment of the Church, as Republick, but its not convenient in this place to touch farther his private qualities and inclinations.

Many and great were the wars in this Emperours dayes. (a) First the Persian war which was undertaken by Justinian in the be∣ginning of his Empire, in the behalf of the Laziceans, (which are the people of Cholchos) their king having embraced the Re∣ligion of the Romans with their alliance.

(b) To this War was Belisarius sent General Anno five hundred twenty nine, who having but doubtfully acted the matter, he was called back the five hundred thirty one year of our Lord by Justi∣nian to the war against the Vandalls, and the year, following at the (c) 11th Indiction, he concluded a peace with the Persians (d) in the sixth year of his Empire, and yet upon the condition that both should war against Lazica. In that same year arose up in Constantinople, a most dangerous sedition against the Emperour, whom the vulgar and commons called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from a Dice. (e) By this seditious people, was Hypatius the Senatour created Emperour with Pompey and Probus his kinsmen, who were all three the Em∣perour Anastasius's Nephews. Justinian doubting of his safe escape, by Theodora's advice he fortified the Pallace, and in a short time by Belisarius and Narsetes he suppressed the mutiny, having killed in (f) one day, being the 19th of January, 35000, or, as Proco∣pius saith, 30000 of them. (g) Then were many Churches over∣thrown, which Justinian mended afterwards, and chiefly St. So∣phyes Temple which he, in the 10th year of his Empire, began with exceeding great cost, to re-edifie.

(h) In this sedition the rage of the people was most violent against two of Justinians favourites, Johannes Capapdox the Lord chief Justice, and Tribonianus the Treasurer: the last of whom though not very learned, yet he was a notable head-piece, and un∣reasonably greedy of money, and defiled with vices and great wickednesse: and the first was born at Pamphilia, the most learn∣ed man of his age, and exceedingly well verst in the Law, but as avaricious and defiled with vices as the other. Wherefore he was daily wont either to make new lawes, or to abrogate those that were already. Justinianus being affrighted, for to condescend to the people, degraded them both of their dignities: but a while after he restored them to their former honours, (i) and Tribonianus having lived many years after, died invested with the same office. But John being turned out of all his estate, 10 years after, being the 542 year of Christ, he turned a Priest, and then he resided a time in the suburbs Church: thence being forced into Egypt, there he led a miserable life untill Theodora's death, that is, unto the

five hundred fourty eighth year of Christ, (a) at which time Ju∣stinian recalled him, where he also retained a Priestly office, ha∣ving a foolish hope of enjoying the dignity of Augustus, because of some false divinations, he at last found them to be but Chimeraes, and false imaginations, when he was shorn for a Priest, and con∣strained to take that Order's garments, because he had none of his own, a certain Priest named Augustus cloathed him with his Gown and Coat.

(b) Then the Vandalian War began in Africk in the year 533. Belisarius being also Generall of the same, was ended the year fol∣lowing. Geliber ruled the Vandalls, having slain Hilderick the son of Hunerick and Eudoxia the daughter of Valentinian the third, Be∣lisarius took Carthage at the end of that year; and the year following Gitimer having been besieged all that winter, came under his pow∣er, and was brought to Justinian to Constantinople, (c) when he was Consull the fourth time, by which deed Belisarius cleared him∣self of that calumny wherewith he was aspersed of usurping the Dominion of Africk, and got much honour by a kind of Triumph of a long continuance in great apparell and ceremony he walking along on foot, the captives being led before him, amongst whom was Gilimer, he went to Justinian who expected them in the Stilt∣yard, whom Gilimer was forced to worship, crying aloud, Vanity of vanity, &c. Belisarius was honoured with a second triumph in the field of Cappadocia, but because he would not forsake the Arians Heresy, he was not suffered to be a Consull. The King∣dome of the Vandalls was utterly extinguisht ninety six years af∣ter their possession of Carthage, 108. years after their entry into Africk: Wherefore Victor Tununensis is mistaken in saying that Gilimer was taken, and Africk freed from the Vandals ninety seven years after their invasion and ingresse into it.

(d) The Vandals after this, having retaken and recovered Africa; had continuall Wars with their neighbour Nations, and chiefly with the Moors, untill that Salomon, Spad, a valiant man in feats of arms, who was sent thither, having suppressed the enemies, re∣stored peace to that Province (a) the thirteenth of Justinian's Em∣pire, in the year of Christ 539. (b) but two years after being for∣saken by his souldiers, he was slain in the battell: and the Barba∣rians having retaken courage, being moved and irritated by the cruelty and unfaithfullnesse of the Romans, did much harm and hurt to them, giving them many routs, losses and defeats at seve∣rall times. Also at this time rose up many Tyrants and Usurpers (c) amongst whom was Guntharus, who had been Captain of Salomons's Life-guard. He put to death Areobinda the Emperours kinsman, who was sent to Africa to govern it: he himself in the 36 day of his usurpation was slain by Artabanes the Persian, (d) in the 19 year of Justinians Empire.

The Gothick war began the (e) 9th year of Justinians Empire in the spring, as it may be collected out of Procopius, whereof this is the accompt.

Theodorick the King being dead, as we have said, in the 526 year of Christ: A••halaricus son of Amalasuntha, Theodorick's daugh∣ter, and of Eutharicus of the house of the Amaleans, reigned over the Goths, under his mothers regency, being then (f) eight years old, and (g) died the eighth year of his reign, being the 534 year of Christ: Amalasuntha fearing the Goths did transfer the Scepter upon Theodatus son of Amalafrida, Theodorick's sister, whereunto he being elevated above and beyond hope, and being very sloathfull and covetous of money, he put to death a most vertuous and rare woman, which had well deserved at his hands. This deed (as (h) Procopius saith) was done by the agitation and practise of Theodora, Justinian's wife, fearing that Justinian would esteem her above her self.

The Emperour being grievously moved and offended at her death, and also intending to recover Italy, being animated to it by his happy successe he had in Africk, he sends his conquering Army, (still under the command of (i) Belisarius) against the Goths in the year 535, at the (k) 15th indiction: beginning the war in Sicilia which he possessed all in the same year. And entred (l) Sy∣racusa the last day of his Consulate. The year following did the Goths chuse Vitigis to be their King, having put to death Theodatus who valiantly resisted the Romans: Belisarius takes Rome in the 536 year of Christ, and delivereth the City afterwards, when it had been besieged by Vitigis (m) a year and nine dayes, near up∣on the Equinox of Winter, in the 538 year of our Lord: Thence Ravenna with Vitigis himself, and his Wife, being reduced un∣der Belisarius's power, who having denyed to take upon him the Kingdome of the Goths as it was offered to him in the 540 year of Christ, and the (n) fifth of this Gothick war, he is called back again for to go against the Persians, and brings Vitigis to Justinian. Ildibaldus was created King by the Goths, and after him Eraricus, then (a) in the year of our Lord 541. Totilas, Ildibaldus's kinsman, a severe and discreet person who was indued with many excellent vertues befitting a Gallant Prince, he restored the decaying estate of the Goths in Italy, no lesse by justice and moderation, then by warlike generosity: having severall times routed and defeated the Romans, he re-took Rome, the five hundred fourty sixth year of Christ; which, Belisarius being again sent into Italy out of the East, took into his possession: but Totilas recovered it two years af∣ter.

Again in the (b) eighteenth year of this war being the 552d of Christ: Narses Spado a Persian by Nation, overcame Totilas in battell, who flying from the fight, had his head cut off, (c) having reigned eleven years: after him Theias governed the Goths, who being soon after slain in battell, (d) upon the latter end of the 18th year of the wars, being the 553 of Christ, the battell was fought with the Goths. As the Gothick war was thus flaming, the Persian begun again of new in the East, (e) upon the latter end of the thirteenth of Justinians Empire, being the 540th year of

Christ: (f) Vitiges King of the Goths having induced Cosroes (who of himself was ready enough, because he envied Justinian's pro∣sperous successes in Africk and Italy) to break and violate his peace with the Romans, having sent to him two Priests of Liguria (g) upon the latter end of the 4th year of the Gothick-war, which was the 539 year of Christ. Therefore the year following Cosroes having over-run Syria,, he took Antioch and burnt it, and wasted, destroyed and burnt the Countrey, all about the Roman borders, as if it had been in time of peace, not being fortified with any garrisons: At length cessation of arms was agreed upon for five years (h) about the 545 year of Christ, and the 19 of Justinian; so that the War in Cholcos was very slowly carried on: (i) Then the five years of cessation being ended, five other more were add∣ed to them in the 551 year of Christ, to the greater ignominy and shame of the Romans, who were constrained to pay tribute to the Persians.

(k) Then reigned in Lazica, (which is Cholcos) Gubazes, an in∣timate friend to the Roman, who being envied by Martinus and Rusticus, both Justinian's Captains, because he had accused them to the Emperour of sloathfulnesse, being himself falsly accused, was killed by treachery at Bessa; which fact alienated the minds of the Colchians, and made them to joyn themselves to the Persians, in the year of Christ 455, as (a) Agathias saith; (b) Then Tzathes being given by Justinian to the Lazians for their ninth King; the Persians were overcome in a great battel, wherein were killed ten thousand of them. Nachoragan the General of the Persian Army being called back by Chosroes, had his skin pull'd off for his ill suc∣cesse and bad goverment of that Military Expedition.

(c) About the time of this victory was brought into question by the Romans, Gubazes's murther, and the authours of it were punished. (d) Chosroes afterwards agreed with the Romans touch∣ing Cholcos, that whatever any of the two had of it, he should in the mean time possesse it, untill a more full and certain peace were agreed upon, (e) which was at last concluded 17 years af∣ter in the year of Christ 562.

(f) In the mean time, the Hunns made several excursions into Thracia, and having layd a strong garrison near to the City, they plundered and pillaged far and near, (g) especially in the 558th year of Christ: when the Emperour being then wearied out with age and lingering in his life, he wholly applyed himself to rare buildings, and used all means to have and settle peace, casting off and neglecting all military care. (h) At last, by Belisarius's coun∣sel (who also was grown ancient) and valour, the Barbarians being suppressed by a great defeat, came to nothing, entring amongst themselves into a Civil Warr, they by it did utterly undo them∣selves.

(i) Theodora the Empresse dyed the 14th year of the Gothick Wars, in the year of Christ 548, and of Justinian's Empire the 22, in the moneth of June, as Theophanes saith; but Justinian be∣ing

full of age, dyeth in the 565 year of Christ, being then in∣fected with that heresie (k) which denyed, that Christ's flesh could suffer any thing, or be corrupted no more then after his resurrecti∣on; and having dejected (l) Eutychius a most godly and holy man out of his Bishoprick, because he would not consent with him in his opinion: He ruled the Empire 38 years and 8 moneths, as Evagrius saith, (m) for he dyed the 14th of November.

Pope Agatho extolls much the faith and piety of this Empe∣rour, now dead, in his Epistle, (n) mentioned by the sixth Synod that was assembled during his Papacy.

In the time of his Empire some Monks who came to Constanti∣nople from the Indies, taught the way of making silk, having brought from thence some silk-worms eggs; whereas before the Roman Merchants brought nothing but silk ready made from Per∣sia, (a) which was, as Procopius saith, in the 25 year of Justinian's Empire.

Belisarius dyed (b) the same year that Justinian dyed, the 13th of March, being the 565 year of Christ, who two years before be∣ing suspected of conspiracy against the Emperour, and forbidden to go out of his house, being confined in it, was not long after re∣conciled, having all his estate restored to him with much ho∣nour.

CHAP. VI. What things worthy came to passe in the time of the Emperour Justinian in other parts of the World, besides the Romans dominion, and of the Kings of the Franks, and of their Exploits.

THe Gothick Affairs decaying in Italy, and at last being over∣thrown by the power of the Grecians, The Kingdom of the Franks encreased daily more and more, and by them was first the Burgundians Kingdom extinguisht. (c) Sigismund, Gundebala's son, he valiantly kept and defended from the Franks what was left to him of the Kingdom; who as he was to be esteemed and praised for changing his Arrianism, into the Catholike faith, by St. Avitus's exhortation; so likewise was he highly to be blamed for the murther of his innocent son, whom he had by Theodorick's daughter, and by his last Wife's instigation did put to death; ne∣verthelesse he blotted out this horrid crime in the Agaunensian Monastery that he had built, by many dayes fasts and tears.

Chlodomirus who ruled over Orleans by his Mother Chlotildes's perswasion, declared war against him, and having overcome him in battel, he brought both him, his wife and children away in the year 527. In the mean while, Gundomarus, Sigismund's brother, recovered the Kingdom that the Franks had taken into their pos∣session; The which Chlodomirus bearing impatiently, Sigismund and all his, being cast into a Well, Anno 528, he undertakes a

new Expedition against the Burgundians, having defeated his enemies, as he advanced and ventured too much, into the thick crowd, being run through with a Spear, he dyed. The Franks, if we may believe (d) Agathia, being affrighted at their King's death, gave equal Laws and conditions of peace to their enemies, whom they had vanquisht. But our Historians relate, that they desirous to revenge their King's death, fell into such a rage, that they routed and utterly defeated them. (e) But four years after, Childebertus and Clotharius revenged their brothers death, who ha∣ving expelled Godomar, brought the Kingdome of Burgundy to be part of the Kingdom of France.

In Spain, after the (a) death of Theodorick the King of the Astro∣goths, his Tutor and Governour, which was in the year 526, as we have said above, Amalaricus King of the Wisegoths held the Scep∣ter five years, being allied to the Kings of France, whose sister Chlotidis he had married: As he, who was a Prince of the Arrian heresie, vexed her for her constancy in the Catholique faith, by several means and wayes; Childebert resolves to revenge that in∣jury: (b) Amalaricus being vanquisht in battel, and preparing himself to flye, is strangled by some of his own party at Narbonnes in the Market-place, in the year of our Lord 531. Childebertus returns home, bringing a great booty and much spoyl along with his sister; which dying by the way, was buried in Paris.

About three years before this, (c) Theodoricus who reigned in the Territories of Mets, having called to his help his brother Clothar, undertook a War against the Thoringians, and having overcome Hermenefridus the King, (d) who had married Amala∣berga, sister to Theodorick King of the Ostrogoths, he added Thoringia to his Principality. Clotharius took in part of the spoyl amongst the Captives, Radegundes the daughter of Bertarius Hermenefridus's brother, whom he had himself slain, which he took for his wife, and having married her, he gave her leave to become a Nunne, that she might the better enjoy God.

As these Wars against their enemies were a great honour to the undertakers, so also their Civil Warrs amongst themselves bred great envy amongst their Children. (e) But chiefly Clotharius's murther, which he perpetrated with his own hands, with his brother Childebertus, for he stobb'd with a knife Theodovaldus and Guntharius, the sons of Clodomeris their couzen-german, who was killed in the Burgundian Wars, the third son, Clodovaldus being escaped by flight, he was first admitted into the number of the Clergy; then because of his rare and excellent piety and holiness, he soon after was taken up into the heavenly Mansion, and is reckoned at Neyen for a Saint; which Town was upon that called by his name. Sigebertus hath observed this, unto the 531 year of Christ.

(f) Then the friendship of these two Kings being turned into a mortal hatred, Childebertus with Theodebertus son of Theodorick's brother, conspired Clotharius's ruine; and as both Armies were

setting themselves in battel-array, there arose a suddain tempest with great showers, hail, thunder and lightning, which defeated both Armies; and so God hearkening to their Mother Clotildis's prayers stopt the stream of blood in Civil Wars. I think that (a) Agathias the Historian had respect to this, when he praiseth the Franks, that when they were divided into more Kingdoms then one, if there was any dissention between them, and had taken up arms, they were wont to end the quarrel in that very Precinct by a mutual discourse, rather than by a battle. (b) Then soon after Clotarius and Childebertus having renewed their league and friend∣ship, fall both upon Spain; the greatest part of which, as Grego∣rius saith, they conquered. (c) They also attempted to besiege Saragossa; of which siege the Inhabitants freed themselves, gi∣ving to Childebert St. Vincent's garment, in whose honour the King built a Cathedral in the Suburbs, which is now called St. Ger∣mans; concerning which (d) we read, that the Charter was given in the 48 year of his reign, being the 559 of Christ: now this Spanish Expedition was in the year 542, (e) according to Si∣gebert.

(f) At the same time that the Franks glittered their arms over Spain, they extended their rage beyond the Alps. (g) Theodeber∣tus, Theodorick's son, Totilas reigning over the Goths, and being en∣gaged in the Roman Wars, he brought under his subjection Li∣guria, the Alps Cottiae, and part of the Venetians Territories; and departing thence, he left Bucellinus, who as our Chronicles re∣cord, did over-run all Italy and Sicily: But Procopius saith, That Theodebertus in the last year of Vitigis's reign, being accounted the 539 year of Christ, as Bucellinus was besieged in Ravenna by Belisarius, broke into Italy with an Army of an hundred thousand men, and that being beaten by the Romans, and the plague being very hot and violent there, he was forced to retire himself.

(h) After his death Theobaldus his son in the end of the Gothick Warr, being the 554 year of Christ; he commanded his Soul∣diers under the conduct of Leutharis and Bucellinus, to the Italian Expedition, (i) who, Narsetes no wayes resisting them, being gone as far as Samnium, in the year 555, divided their Army: Bu∣tilinus (so he is called by Agathias) being advanced into the Tyrrhe∣nian borders, he went as far as to the Sicilian Sea; there were in their Armies both Franks and Alemans; but the Franks who were of the same Religion with the Romans in plundering, abstain∣ed from sacriledge; but the Alemans being Gentiles, plundered all, not making any difference betwixt things common, and things holy, (a) having gotten a great booty. Leutharis, Summer draw∣ing on, retired himself into the River Poe: Bucellinus, having en∣gaged his faith to the Goths, and hoping to be admitted their King, remained with thirty thousand men, and was defeated by eighteen thousand Romans, commanded by Narsetes near the River Casilinum, not far from Capua, all the whole Army, together with Bucellinus, being slain, but five onely. When Leutharis

having lost the greatest part of his Army and booty, fell into a frenzie, and dyed of it. This overthrow was in the 555 year of Christ, the next year after Theobaldus's death, who, as we have declared, dyed the 554, and (c) Agathias recordeth it thus.

Now Thoodatus King of the Goths, at the beginning of the Go∣thick war, as (d) Procopius saith, granted to the Franks that part of Gallia, which the Goths held, for to get them of his side; And Vitiges the year following ratified it, having drawn from thence the Gothick-forces; (e) And Justinian in the year 548, desiring also the friendship of the Franks, confirmed them by his decree the possession of that Province, and from that time forth they ce∣lebrated at Arles the Knights Combat, and did beat pieces of gold, out of French metals, not as other Nations, even as the Per∣sians with the stamp and effigies of the Emperour, but coyned it with their own proper stamp.

Now that I may return to our discourse of Clodoveus's Chil∣dren, the three brothers and their children being all dead, there remained Clotharius alive, who governed the Principality of the Franks somewhat above two years, and the last year of his reign he burnt (f) Chramnus, whom he had begotten of his Concubine, with his wife and children, being cast into a shed, in which they were all shut up, because of his constant rebellion and contu∣macy; then he dyed in the 51 year of his reign, and upon his death-bed, he uttered these words worthy of memory; Oh! What King thinkest thou the King of Heaven is, who thus destroyeth great Kings? (a) His four sons did again divide the Kingdome of the Franks between themselves, The Kingdom of Childebertus and his Throne of Paris fell to Charibertus, and to Guntramnus Clodomer's Kingdom, who had his Throne at Orleans; and to Clipericus his father Clotharius's Kingdom, who had his Throne at Soissons; and to Sigebert, Theodorick's kingdome, whereof Rhemes was the head City.

Procopius mentioneth Theodebert in the fourth of his Gothicks; and he writes, that his sister was married to Hermenisclus Prince of the Varnes, whom he asserts to be divided from the French by the Ri∣ver Rhine: And that after his death his son in law Rhadasis mar∣ried her by her Father's Will, who before was betrothed to the King of England his sister, which with an Army from her brother fell upon the Varnes; and having defeated their Army, and taken Rhadasis prisoner, she constrained him to marry her, and to reject his Mother in law.

CHAP. VII. The Ecclesiasticall affairs, of both the Empires, during Justinian; and of the three Chapters.

THere was held a (b) Synod at Orange, in the year five hun∣dred twenty nine, Debius the younger then being Consull, where Caesarius of Arles was President: in this Synod was main∣tained and defended Christs free Grace, against Pelagius and his opinions.

But at Constantinople, Epiphanius the Bishop being dead, (c) Anthimus Bishop of Trapenzonda, was advanced to the place, by the practise of the Emperesse Theodora, addicted to the Eutichian party, whereof Anthimus was then the head: whom Pope Aga∣petus sent by Theodatus King of the Goths, (d) to Justinian, (e) ha∣ving turned out of that Throne he deprived him of the Priesthood, and excommunicated him from the Christian Communion, and established Menna in his place in the year 536. who convoked (f) a Synod in the same year after Agapetus's death, on the sixth of May, wherein Anthimus, Severus and other Hereticks were con∣demned, who were all banished by Justinians edict, their books being all burnt.

(a) The death Agapetus being heard of, Silverius the son of Pope Hormisda was chosen at Rome. But Theodora having privily made a bargain with Vigil a Deacon of Rome, of restoring Anthime and of nourishing other Hereticks, she took care that Sylverius be sent by Belisarius, into banishment, and Vigil to be made Bishop of Rome in his stead, (b) in the year 538. Two years after Silverius being killed in the Island Palmaria, through miseries (c) and need, Vigil received the chief Bishoprick by lawfull assemblies for Election.

This man being chief Bishop, that famous controversy concer∣ning the three heads arose, for the which the fifth Generall as∣sembly was accomplished at Constantinople: the order of which thing, I will briefly explain.

(d) Nestorius being condemned, his favourers spread abroad books among the common people of Theodore, once Bishop of Mopsuestia, in which he so affirmed the two natures in Christ, that he might seem to give his voice for the Nestorian errour. Of these books the Catholicks discoursed among themselves a little after the Synod of Ephesus. The Armenian Monks withstanding Theodore, with many others, and among these Rabulas Bishop of Edessenum, and then John of Antioch, and others standing for him; and also Theodosius the Emperour himself.

(e) Moreover Ibas Bishop of Edessenum, the successour of Rabulas writ an Epistle unto Maris the Persian, wherein he reproveth Cy∣rill as well as Nestorius, as also Rabulas. But he greatly commen∣deth Theodore. The Councell of Chalcedon followed, in which (f)

Ibas being by some required for judgment, and having been freed in the Berytenian assembly in the year 448, he is again received, after he pronounced a curse on Nestorius and Eutyches, and then his Epistle was read, and so far tolerated, that there was no here∣ticall opinion in it. For although he sharply touched Cyrill; yet the discord being as yet new between the Eastern and Aegyptian Bishops, there seemed a necessity of pardoning that very thing. In the same Councell Theodoret, who had been deposed by Diasco∣rus in the Ephesine robbery, was admitted into his seat, who in∣deed, that grudge which I have spoken of, flaming between John of Antioch, and Cyrill, had set forth a stinging Commentary against the twelve curses of this man.

(a) After these things, some Palestine Monks being urgent, and together with these Pelagius the Deacon of the Romane seat and Chancellour, Origen was by the decree of Justinian condemned, to which Mennas of Constantinople, and Pelagius subscribed; as also Vigill himself the Romane Bishop, and other Patriarchs. Which thing sorely offended Theodore Bishop of Caesarea, the de∣fender of Origen, and the Acephalians, with whom Pelagius had a grudge, This man by reason of that favour with which he prevai∣led with the Emperours, was the Author, that for the reconciling the Acephalians with the Catholiques, Theodore of Mopsuestia, who was praised in the letter of Ibas, should be condemned, together with the letter itself, and the books of Theodoret against Cyrill. which thing when it had greatly pleased Justinian through an hope of renewing concord, many Catholiques came between, sup∣posing, those three being condemned, the authority of the Chalce∣donian Synod would be weakned, wherein both Ibas with his Epi∣stle had been approved, and Theodoret restored unto his seat. Yet the Emperour prevailed, and in the year 546, he set forth a book in which those three brief heads he condemned, and constrained Mennas and the rest of the Patriarchs to subscribe thereto. But he (b) provoked Vigil the Bishop of Rome to Constantinople: and a long time turning, drew him by force into his opinion. For the year following, he set forth a decree, which is called a [judg∣ment] wherein, the reverence of the assembly of Chalcedon being preserved, he condemned those three heads. Furthermore, Ju∣stinian pursuing, that he might utter a condemnation without any mention of the assembly, Vigil refused, and abode with an unconquered courage, against all threatnings and reproaches.

(c) Justinian that he might put an end to that controversy, pro∣claimed a generall Councell, which was solemnized, the fifth in order, at Constantinople, in the year 553. Vigil crying out against it, who took to him a patronage of the three brief heads against the Emperour. Neverthelesse those same were condem∣ned by the fifth Synod, and (d) Origen moreover, together with Dydimus and Evagrius, were laid under excommunication. Vigil because he would not subscribe to his decree, was cast forth into banishment, and many others were vexed for the same cause,

(a) especially the Africans, and Illiricans, who stuck stifly in the profession of the three heads. (b) But the Synod being confirmed at length by the agreement of the Romane seat, held its place amongst Oecumenicall, or universall assemblies. Vigil being by the endeavour of Narses called back from banishment, while he is returning to Rome, he died with a disease of the stone after the 13. of C. of Basill, saith the Appendice of Marcellinus, or the 17th, as Victor hath it. Whereof the first is, of Christ 554. the last 558.

(c) Pelagius received this man, who shook off the suspicion of death brought on Vigill, by a publique oath upon the Gospels and the Crosse.

CHAP. VIII. Learned and holy Men, whom the time of Justinian brought forth; as also Heathens who were famous in Learning.

JUstinian enjoying the Empire, there were famous in Learning and holinesse of manners, (d) Cassiodore a Senatour, who, King Theodorick being dead, was made a Monk of the Classenian Mo∣nastery.

(e) Dionysius a small Abbot, who framed his Circle in the year 526.

(f) Facundus Bishop of Hermania, a defender of the three heads.

(g) Liberatus Arch-Deacon of the Church of Carthage, of the same sect.

(h) Victor Bishop of Capua, who refuted Victorius the framer of the Circle of 532. years.

Victor Bishop of Tunneis in Africa, a Chronicle-writer.

Anator a Poet, who dedicated his book to Pope Vigill.

(i) There were Bishops in France, famous in holinesse, Gildard. his brother Medard, Bishops of Rothomagia and Suesonia: Agerick of Virdunia. In the East Sabbas, in the West, Benedict, Abbots. (l) It is sure, that this man lived under Justine and Justinian; the year of his death is uncertain. (m) Also Radegundis illustrated France with wondrous holinesse, who preferred the poverty of Christ before the marriage of King Chlotharius, and devoted her self unto him in the Covent of Pictavia.

The same Justinian reigning, Procopius and Agathias, and also Marcellinus an Earl, Historians, flourished (a) Philosophers, Da∣mascius a Syrian, Simplicius a Cilician, Eulamius, a Phrygian, Pri∣scian a Lydian, Hermias and Diogenes a Phaenician; Isidore of Ga∣za, all Heathens. Who being stirred up with a report of the Per∣sians and Cosroes, went into the East to see them, and being de∣cieved of their hope, when as they had there seen their manners and Laws publickly and in private, more corrupt then among

their own Countrymen, returned home, as Agathias writeth, (b) who also delivereth, Cosroes to have then been famous, with a false commendation of learning.

CHAP. IX. Of Justine the younger, Tiberius, and Maurice; and a worthy History: What things happened in the Eastern Empire, under them.

Anno 565 of Christ, unto 600.

JUstinus was born of (c) Vigilantia the sister of Justinian, and Dul∣cissimus his father, he was crowned by Curopalatas in that year wherein Justinian departed, in the year 565. together with So∣phia his wife, the (d) Nephew of Theodora, the Wife of Justinian, He was of an apt and ready mind toward the duties of piety; but a stranger from warlike affairs: a lover of Laws and Justice: the which being decaied through the weaknesse or willfullnesse of Princes, through a famous example of strictnesse he restored; of whom: Cedrenus makes mention, and it is altogether a worthy deed the which here also may be read.

When as the Citizens ran on every side to Justine, as often as he went forth openly out of his Pallace, to complain of the wrongs of the mightier sort, and he had oftentimes in vain reported of that thing to the Senate, A certain one of that order rising up, received him; If he should be made Governour of the City, and a leave of the Emperour might be granted him of comming to him, as often as he would, and through the same it should be lawfull to use his power, he would bring it to passe within a Moneths time, that there should be no injuries and complaints left in the Citie, but if there should be any of any one, the w^ch being brought to him he should not revenge, he would perform it with the punishment of his head. The condition being received, a little after, a woman of the common people, brought the name of a certain chief man, who had spoiled her of all her goods by deceit, and reproach. He, by the command of the Governour or Lievtenant, was summoned to appear the second time, when as he neither had stood before him, and the same day he had gone to a Banquet being invited by the Emperour, the Lievtenant breaking in a moment into the Palace, warns the Emperour sitting at the Table of the agree∣ment, who when he had said he forbade nothing, whereby he might the lesse do by the Law whatsoever he would; he forth∣with commandeth the man to be led away, and being brought be∣fore the seat of judgment, and convicted to be punished with stripes: then his head being shaven, carried upon an Asse, to be brought through the City, and all his fortunes or estate, to be ad∣judged to the woman. When he had begun in this, and likewise in other things, he struck so great a terrour on all, that afterward

they abstained from wrongs. Then he going to the Emperour, said, I have done what I had promised: do thou, if it listeth thee, make triall. Justine straightway proceeding, when all things were largely quiet, neither did any one any more exclaim, he conferred a Senatours dignity on the commended man, and Liev∣tenantship of the City, for his whole life.

The same Emperour brake a peace agreed on with the Avari∣ans, their yearly tribute being denyed, not seasonably enough, in the year 566. Likewise a Persian peace, with a far greater dam∣mage to the Common-Wealth. (a) For a war being underta∣ken for an honest cause, in the year 572. he unwisely and sloath∣fully managed.

(b) In the year 574. the 8th of Constantines account, now be∣gun from Septemb. and on its seventh day, he declared Tiberias Lievtenant of the Watchers and Warders, to be Caesar, by whom afterwards the Commonwealth was governed. For Justine ha∣ving recieved a slaughter in the East, being horribly affrighted, fell into a phrensy: (c) wherewith Cosroes being moved, granted a three years truce unto Sophias desiring it; So that in the mean time they strove onely in Armenia. There therefore, the war being renewed about the year 576, Cosroes was overcome (d) by Justinus his Captain, and was deprived of the Camp, and so great a fear took hold of him by that slaughter, that he establish∣ed it by a continued law, that the King himself should not hence∣forward lead an Army against the Romans. (a) Some will have that victory to have happened, Justinus being dead; but Simo∣crata, Evagrius, and John Biclariensis, write, it was gotten, he being alive, yet Tiberius, who then governed all things, being the Author.

Justine, the disease growing heavy on him (b) on the 12th of Con∣stantine's account, the 26 day of September, that is, the year 578, made Tiberius, of Caesar, Augustus or Emperour; and the October following, the 4th day, he departed from the living, when he had reigned 13 years, and lesse than one moneth.

(c) Tiberius therefore, by birth a Thracian, began to reign in the year 578; whom all Historians do diligently set out for his gen∣tlenesse, justice, bounty, piety, and other virtues becoming an Emperour. In the beginning of his rule he reduced Sophias, hid∣denly preparing ambushes for him, unto a private condition, (d) he slew the Persians, Mauricius being Captain, proudly refusing a Roman peace; and those things, which, Justinian being Empe∣rour, were possessed by them, he in the fourth year of his Em∣pire received. Diaconus writeth, the treasures of Narsetes were found by him. He reigned after the death of Justine 3 years, and about 10 moneths. For in the year 582, (e) the 15th of Con∣stantine's account, the 14 day of August, he dyed of a disease: when as the day before, he had given his daughter Constantine un∣to Mauricius, and had ordained him his succeeder, both of them being crowned.

Mauricius, (f) born at Cappadocia in the Town of Arabissum, is made Emperour of the Romans in the year of Christ 582, prai∣sed for his virtue and knowledge of warlike affairs. But the foul spot of covetousnesse deformed either comelinesse; the which al∣so at last turned unto his destruction. He successfully ordered a war undertaken with the Persians, Justine being Emperour, by his Captain Philip and others.

(g) The chief Victory was gotten by a Roman Captain, in the eighth year of Mauricius, the 7th Constant. account, and so in the year of Christ 589. For the which, Hormisdas being angry, he sent to Baramus their Captain a womans gown for a mock, who had fell off from that Army. In the mean time, Hormisdas being taken by Vindoes, and a little after was made blind by his son Cosroes; and at length, because he made no end of cursing, he was killed with the beating of a club or cudgel. Cosroes for the parri∣cide being hated of his subjects, and Baramus rising up against him, fleeth unto Mauricius; by whom he was adopted for his son; and Baramus, by the endeavour of Narses, being overcome, he was restored into the Kingdom. Thus in the same year 589, an end was made to the Persian War: the which (a) Simocrata writeth not exactly enough, to have continued 20 years. For it was begun in the year 572, and held on 22 years.

The Avarican war succeeded the Persian war, Chagan King of the Avarians, watching an advantage; when as also the Sclavo∣nians and Bulgarians provoked the Romans.

Comentiolus who was Captain in the Avarican War, by the command of Maurice, set (b) some thousands of seditious Soul∣diers lightly armed, against the Barbarians: the which being part∣ly slain, partly taken, Chagan, a very little money being demanded for the redemption of the Captives, because the Emperour would not redeem them, he killed them all in the year 600, the (c) third Const. Account. Mauricius felt God to be angry with him for so great cruelty. Therefore, as he was religious and godly, letters being sent, throughout Monasteries, and all holy places, he commanded that God should be intreated, that he might pay the punishments of his committed offence, rather living than dead; the which, upon his desire, God granted to him.

For in the year 602, (d) 6 Const. Acc. in the moneth of No∣vember, Phocas a certain Centurion, of a ready tongue, and for that, acceptable to the common Souldiers, the Army being stirred up against Mauricius, he was saluted Emperour; and the 27 day of the same moneth, the third holiday, Mauricius, his sons being killed in his sight, he is beheaded at Chalcedon. But Constantine his wife three years after, (e) the 8. of Const. Acc. is slain, and to∣gether her three daughters with her.

(f) Not any other Emperour had tryal of a more sharp fortune, or bare it more steadfastly. One speech of his in so great a tor∣ment of his sons, is taken; Thou art righteous, O Lord, and thy judg∣ment right. Moreover, the Nurse hiding one of his sons as yet an

Infant, and offering her own to death for him, Maurice of his own accord discovered the deceit; neither suffered he the strange child to be killed. He Reigned 20 years, three moneths, and some dayes.

CHAP. X. What things were carried on in the West, Justin 2d, Tiberius, and Maurice being Emperours. And the first Kingdom of the Longo∣bards in Italy; and of the three Narsetes; as also of the Exarchi or chief Governours, or Lievtenants of Ravenna.

THe Longobards, (a) so named from their long beards, when as they were before called Vuinilians, from thence they came (b) out of Scandinavia, from whence also the Goths, Vandals, Ru∣gans, Herulians, Turcilingians came. They, (c) Iboreas and Aion being Captains, Ausanius, and Olybrius, Consuls, that is, in the year of Christ 379, the Vandals being overcome, possessed many seats; and at length, Audoinus being King, which is reckoned the (d) ninth by Paul, invaded Pannonia, (e) in the year of Christ 526. A league being entred with the Romans, being holpen by their riches, they made prosperous battels against the Gepides, in the 14 and 17th year of the Gothick War, as (f) Procopius writeth, of Christ 548, and 551; and likewise they also came for ayd to the Romans in the same Gothick war: (g) At which time Narses being sent into Italy, warred with the Goths, their King Totila be∣ing slain, in the year 552, as I have minded above. But when they assaulted all Italy after the manner of beasts; and wasting all things with sword and fire, they defiled the very holy houses with whoredomes: Narses sent him away from him as soon as might be, into Pannonia. Audoinus then reigned over the Longo∣bards, whose son Alboinus first came into Italy, Justine the second being Emperour, in the year of Christ 568, 1 Const. Account; in which year, Easter was celebrated on the Calends of April. So (h) Paul Vuarnefride. The year following, the 3d Const. Account entring, he vanquished almost all Liguria, except the Sea-Cities; entring into Mediolam, he besieged Ticinum full three years; which Town at length he enjoyed in the year 572, and afterwards ro∣ving throughout the rest of Italy, he possessed almost all places (i) besides Rome and Ravenna. This man was joyned in affinity with Clotharius the son of Clodoveus, whose daughter Clothosinda he had in marriage. She being dead, he married Rosamund the daugh∣ter of Cuniemund King of the Gepides, whom he had killed with his own hand; by which daughters lying in wait, he was killed, when he had reigned three years and six moneths in Italy; or from his entrance he touched the seventh year, as our (a) Gregory hath de∣livered. Therefore he perished in the year 572. (b) Rosamund flying with the treasures of Alboinus, and her adulterer Hermiges,

unto Longinus the Exarch or chief Lievtenant to Ravenna, by his perswasion he drank poyson to her, part whereof being drank, he compelled her to drink the rest, with the drawn sword of Hermi∣ges. So hoth the adulterers paid the punishments of their wicked parricide.

(c) Anastasius and Vuarnefride affirmeth, That the author of this breaking in of the Longobards, was Narses a Senatour, a gelded man, by whom the kingdom of the Goths was blotted out. For when he was by the Romans brought in for an accusation before Justine; he was commanded by reproachfull letters of Sophia the Empresse to return to the spinning of wooll, as became an Eu∣nuch; he answered, he would weave such a web for her, the which neither she, nor her husband, should ever unweave: and so called forth the Longobards to invade Italy. These things Vuar∣nefride. Which things are therefore thought to be refuted by some, because Narses then lived at Constantinople, as Corippus af∣firmeth, and because the same man afterwards resided in that Ci∣ty, far most dear unto the Emperours: untill by Phocas in the year 605, he was burnt alive, as Theophanes writeth. But the history of those times sheweth many of that name. For Justinian being Emperour, (d) Procopius mentioneth there were two Narsetes; whereof the one was a gelded man, and was now Treasurer of the common treasury the 4th year of Justinian, of Christ 530, by whom the affairs of the Goths were overthrown in Italy, Totilas be∣ing slain in the year 553, as I have shewn above. (e) And this man was a Pers. Armenian by birth. The other arising from thence, with his brother Aratius and his Mother, fell away to the Romans in the same 4th year of Justinian, and was received by the former Narses. Of these, Anastasius telleth, that the former dyed in the year of Christ 572, after he called out the Longobards. I have not remembred I have read of the death of the latter. Corippus treat∣ing of the Consulship of Justine the second, nameth Narses his Armour-bearer, who as he there singeth, was

Of goodly shape, and hair comb'd out so fine, And comelyspeech, was all of golden mine.

This cannot be that gelded one, which was then somewhat old and mishapen. But neither was the latter of the stock of Aratius, unlesse we would think him to have been almost a child when he went over unto the Romans. Therefore it is not an absurd suspition, that he was the son of this man, to whom (a) Gregory gave an Epistle, unlesse thou hadst rather he should belong unto the very father of this. Moreover, I judge the same Narses, the son of the latter, to have been burned alive by Phocas; whom they who think him to have been that famous Eunuch, do greatly erre; as amongst others, Constance Manasses.

That I may return to the Longobards, these by little and little got Italy; Rome, as hath been said, and Ravenna excepted; and from

them the name of Longobardy being drawn almost through the large Province of Italy, and to this day keepeth it. They reigned 206 years. For (b) the last King Desiderius being overcome by Charls the Great, king of the Franks, in the year 773, and shut up in Ticinum, the following year, the City being taken, he was brought into France. His son Adelgisus fled to Constantinople. Where by Constantine, Copronymus, he got the honour of a Senatourship; the which our Annals witnesse; and also Paul Vuarnefride.

Furthermore, at the same time, wherein the Longobards bare rule in Italy, [Exarchi] or dispatching-Princes held Ravenna. They were Greek Governours, who had wont to be sent by the Emperour from Constantinople: and in some sort resisting the Lon∣gobards, they defended there the remainder of the Empire; but through wilfulnesse and covetousnesse, they brought more hurt unto their own Citizens, than the enemies themselves.

Therefore about the year 568, (c) Longinus a Senatour is sent the first Exarch to Ravenna, Narses being removed, Justine the younger commanding. The last was Eutychius, under whom Ai∣stulphus King of the Longobards possessed Ravenna by arms, (d) about the year 752. After this account, the Greek Exarchs, or dispat∣ching Princes, were chief over Ravenna, about 185 years.

CHAP. XI. What things were done in France and Spain, in the mean while, from about the year 565. to 600. whereof the four sons of Clotharius, Charibert, Chilperick, Sigebert, Gunthchramnus, and the Po∣sterity of Sigebert, as also of Levigild King of Spain, Hermenigild, and Ricared.

FRance being divided into so many parts, obeyed the four sons of Clotharius: as (a) we have above mentioned. The worst were Charibert and Chilperick, in whom, besides the not punishing of Lusts, and liberty of them, thou mightest acknowledge nothing of a King. (b) Sigibert, that he might reprove the disgracefull wedlocks of these, he desired the affinity of Athanagild King of the Wisigoths in Spain, his daughter Brunechild being married. (c) Whom Chilperick imitating, a little after took unto him his sister Gasuntha Fredegund a Harlot, being cast off, by whose flatteries he being afterwards insnared, deprived the harmlesse woman of her life, and took the Harlot in her room. For that thing Gregory tells he was driven by his brothers from his Kingdome, the which ne∣verthelesse he a little after received.

The Chronicle of Sigebert seemeth to bring back the marriages of both brethren, into the year 569. But Athanagild, who being author, those two married, as saith Gregory, died before that year, (d) to wit, of Justine 2d. and so in the year of Christ 567, in which year Liuba succeeded.

Chartbert, for his lawfull wife Ingoberta being cast off, and the wedlocks of Merofledes, and afterwards of her sister, being again renewed, he being by Germane Bishop of Paris, forbidden of holy things, died at Blavia in Sancton, (e) in the 9th year of his King∣dome, therefore of Christ about 570. (f) whose Kingdome, his bro∣thers divided among themselves.

Chilperick and Sigebert being continuall enemies against each other, waged more often wars with themselves, than with stran∣gers. While this follows after the Huns with weapons, (g) Chilpe∣rick invaded some Cities of him being absent. Neither yet rejoy∣ced he long in this victory. For Sigebert having returned, taketh the Town Suessonium, and in it, Theodebert the son of Chilperick by Audovera: whom, an Oath being first required, that he should not take up arms against him henceforward, the year turning, he sent away. (a) That fell out a little after the Marriage of Brune∣child.

Another Civill war after the death of Charibert was raised by Chilperick. (b) Who in a hostile manner invaded the Turonians, and Pictavians, whom Sigebert hath taken by lot from the dividing of his brothers Kingdome. But Sigebert, his forces being joyned with Guntramnus, through Eunius sirnamed Mummolus, a most va∣liant Captain at that time, recovered all, a little after the year in which Charibert dyed, of Christ 574. The fifth year after, af∣ter the slaughter of Alboinus, as (c) Warnefride sheweth, of Christ 574. or the year following, some Princes of the (d) Longobards of those ten which succeeded Alboinus, brake out into France, and troubled the Burgundians with slaughters and sackings. But Mummolus slew them at Ebredunum. Neither long after, he (e) crushed the Saxons, who had joyned themselves unto the Longobards, with no lesse slaughter.

(f) The third civill war, the same Chilperick moved, the Turoni∣ans, Pictavians, Lemovicinians, Cadurcinians, and other Provinces, of Sigebert being possessed, and like an enemy wasted. With which things he being much moved, the people beyond Rhene be∣ing called out to his help, he so affrighted Chilperick, although trusting to the aid of Guntramnus, that of his own accord, all be∣ing restored, he desired peace. But that was broken after one year by the same Chilperick, who again drew to him Guntramnus into a fellowship of the war, but he being easily reconciled, Sigebert put Chilperick to flight, and all places even unto Paris and Rothomagum being largely reduced into his power, he being fenced with a buckler by the French, according to a solemn custome, was pro∣claimed King in the place of Chilperick. From hence Armies be∣ing sent before to besiege Tornacum in Nervia, in which City Chil∣perick, with his wife and children had hedged himself, by two privy murtherers, whom Fredegund had privately sent, their knives being dipped in poyson, he was thrust thorow, in the (g) 14th year of his reign, of his age 40, of Christ 575. Brunechild was then at Lutetia, whose son Childebert a (a) child of five years

old, is by Gundobald his fathers Captain, led away by stealth, to the Kingdome of Austrasia. Brunechild being spoyled of all by Chil∣perick, is sent a way to Rothomagum. (b) With whose love Mero∣veus the son of Chilperick being taken, he took her as his Wife without his fathers knowledge, and at last, souldiers being sent to lay hold of him, that he might not come under his fathers power he yielded himself to a certain familiar friend of his to be slain, in the year of Christ 577. as is manifest from the (c) years of Childebert, numbred by Gregory: and also from (d) Easter, the which that year was solemnized, he saith, in France, 14th Cal. May. In Spain, 12. Cal. April.

Childebert in the mean time under the Protection of his Mother Brunechild, reigned in Austrasia, who in like manner waged wars with his Unkles. (e) Chilperick when he had seen Clotharius born to him of Fredegund, the 4th Moneth after, a little before night, returning from hunting, is by privy murtherers killed, in the year of Christ 584. to wit, in the 9th year of Childebert, as (f) Gregory telleth. Whose Sepulchre is also at this day seen in Basilica at the City of Vincent. (g) That murder is said to have been done by the Counsell of Fredegund, by Landerick an adulterer of hers, which thing Gregory hath been silent in. Who (h) writeth this one thing, she was required by Childebert to declare the cause, and, whereby she might the lesse do it, Guntramnus interceded. (i) But this man being called by Fredegund to Lutetia, took the Kingdome of Charebert and Chilperick. For he undertook the tuition of Clotha∣rius the 2d; son of Chilperick, who in the same year in which his fa∣ther was killed, (l) in the fourth Moneth of his age, was decla∣red King.

After these things (m) Childebert being hired by Maurice against the Longobards, he through fear forced them to an yielding. But when in the 13. (n) year of his reign, he had again sent an Army against them, it was almost wholly overthrown, (o) Guntramnus used nothing a more prosperous fortune against the Goths, who sent an army into Septimania, which then belonged to the Gothick title or jurisdiction. Those wheresoever they took their journey, ha∣ving spoyled all things, holy and profane, in a hostile manner, blot∣ted out this wickednesse, with their great slaughters (p) in the year of Childebert 10. of Christ, 586.

(a) Then in the fourth year after, of Christ 589. Septimania be∣ing again attempted, the Army of Guntramnus was cut off by a greater destruction. The Captain of the Goths was Claudius: who, John Biclariensis is Author, with no more then three hundred men, scattered sixty thousand of the French or Franks, which thing is not likely to be true.

(b) Guntramnus dieth in the year of Christ 593. or 594. 5 Cal. of April, having left a famous remembrance of godlinesse and other vertues, the which being (c) committed to Church-Tables, is repeated every year on the 28. of March. His Kingdome came to Childebert. This King having followed after old enmities, fra∣med

a strong Army against Clotharius and his mother Fredegund. (d) Fredegund, a woman bold beyond a womans capacity, shewing Clotharius whom she carried in her arms, caused so great a cou∣rage in those Souldiers, that a great force being made on the ene∣mies at unawares, they brought forth a Victory through their great slaughter. Clotharius was then at least nine years old, who was born in the year of Christ five hundred eighty four, as we have above taught.

(e) Childebert in the fourth year from the death of Guntramnus, of Christ 596, is with his wife, taken away by poyson, whom Theodebert and Theodorick his sons succeeded, under the tuition of their Grandmother Brunechild. (f) But Fredegund, Lutetia being taken, with other neighbouring towns, scattered the conjoyned Armies of both the brethren unto the destruction of Chlotharius her son, and in the year following, she having finished her life, is bur∣ried at the City Lutetia, in the Chappel Cup of Vincent.

(g) The sons of Childebert, their Grandmother stirring them up, fight against Chlotharius, and compell him to part with the greatest part of his Kingdome, being overcome in battell.

But in Spain Leovigild being received into the fellowship of the Kingdome by his father Liubas, in the (h) third year of Justine, married Gosuintha the wife of Athanagild, in the year of Christ 568, when as now he had two sons, Hermenigild and Ricared, by Theodosia the daughter of Severian Duke of Carthage, (i) the sister of Leander, and Isidore, and he very much enlarged the affairs of the Goths by warlike vertue and victories, in Spain. But being besmeared with the Arrian poyson, he cruelly persecuted the Ca∣tholicks: so that for that cause, (a) he condemned Hermenigild, with death. Ingund the daughter of Sigebert King of the Metenians had married this man, by whose perswasion he changed the Arian Heresy for Catholick Godlinesse: and fearing the offence of his father, and lyings in wait, he fell off from him, and desired aid from the Romans, and sent Leander an Embassador unto Tiberius the Emperour. But they delaying, Leovigild in the mean time following Hermenigild close with war, reduced him under his power, and banished him to Valentia, (b) in the second year of Maurice the Emperour, of Christ 584, & the year following, on the very night of Easter, which happened the 15th of April, in the year 585. deprived him, denying to communicate with the Arians, of his life. Whose death, (c) Pope Gregory, witnesseth to have been made famous by very many miracles. Moreover neither Biclari∣ensis nor Gregory Turonensis have made mention of his Martyr∣dome.

Leovigild (d) in the fourth year of Maurice, of Christ 585, dieth at Toletum, and Ricared reigned in his stead, (e) unto whom, his father dying, is said to have given a command, that he should embrace the Catholique faith, the which, Leander being Author, he performed with so great zeal, that he joyned the whole King∣dome by little and little to the fellowship of the Catholick

Church. The same man being famous for war, established and encreased the Rule of the Goths. A peace being from King Gun∣thramnus desired in vain, the war brought on him by the other, as we have plainly shewn above, he valiantly repulsed.

CHAP. XII. Some chief heads of Church-Affairs, as also some men famous in holinesse and Learning, from the year 565, unto the year 600.

IN the last year of Justinian, of Christ, 565, (f) Eutychius Bi∣shop of Constantinople, a holy man; because he condemned the Emperours heresie, was cast out of his seat the 22 Jan. and car∣ried away to Amasea, and after 13 years being restored by Justine the third of October, (g) 11 of Constant. Account, of Christ 577, dyeth in the last year of Tiberius, of Christ 582. This is that Eu∣tychius, whom not thinking rightly of the resurrection, (a) Gregory both Chancellor of P••lagius, chief Bishop, (b) and himself after∣ward made chief Bishop in the year 590, untaught. Who when as he had in vain avoided that dignity with what reasons he could, carried on so great matters in it, that the sirname of Great was deservedly given unto him.

(c) In France, Sagittarius, and Salonius; the first of Ebreduna, the other of Vapinga, Bishops; for their wickednesses, and also because being armed, they fought in manner of Souldiers, in the assembly of Lugdunum, were deprived of the honour of Bishoprick in the (d) 6th year of Guntramnus, which is of Christ, 567; but they ap∣pealing to John, by his command they were restored; at last, be∣cause they continued in heynous offences, they were again by the Cabillonian Councel spoyled of all dignity, as (e) saith Gregory, in the 4th year of Childebert, of Guntramnus and Chilperick the 18, which was of Christ 579.

(f) Radegund dyed at Augustoritum, of the Picts, the 14 August, 4th. holiday as her acts teach us, in the year of Christ 587, (g) to wit, the 12th of Childebert, in whose Monastery were some Vir∣gins sprung from a royal stock: who after his death being listed up in pride against Leubovera the governesse of the Nunnery, first of all departed from her: the men of the guard being sent into the Monastery, and all things taken away, they drew out Leubovera by force from thence. At length, by the command of Childebert, a Council of Bishops being gathered together in Pictavia, they were cast off from communion, and Leubovera restored into her former place. (h) That seemeth to have been begun the 14th year of Childebert, of Christ 589, to be ended the following year.

In the Island of Brittain, Christian Religion was much propa∣gated, through the labour and endeavour of Columban, a most ho∣ly man; who coming out of Ireland, brought over the Northern Picts unto it, (i) in the year 585. But the English Saxons, who

possessed in times past the Southern part of the Island, Gregory Bi∣shop of Rome (l) converted to the same faith, Augustine, and other Monks being sent thither, in the 14th year of Mauricius, of Christ 596.

Besides these, highly holy in that Age, flourished another Gre∣gory Bishop of Turo in France, Germane of Paris, (m) who dyed in the first year of Childebert, of Christ 576. (n) Salvius of Albige∣num, he dyed in the same year wherein Chilperick, of Christ 584. (a) Dumnol of Cenomania. (b) Sulpitius of Bituricenum. These were all Bishops. Besides these, (c) Hospitius of Nicaea, leading a retired life, Eparchius of Ingolisma, wonderful in the like purpose of life, and many others.

In the East, (d) Anastasius Sinaita, Bishop of Antioch; (e) Eulo∣gius of Alexandria, both familiar friends to Gregory the Great. In Spain, Leander Bishop of Hispalia. (f) Martin of Gallecia, who dyed in the year 580, when he had held that seat 30 years; whence from the same place also that great Prelate of Turo, to wit, out of Pannonia arising, was excelling in Learning.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Affairs of the Eastern Empire, from the year 600, unto 641, under the Emperours Phocas and Heraclius; and of Mahumet builder of the Arabian sect; and the beginning of the Monothelites, or one-onely-Willers.

PHocas, Mauricius being slain, governed the Empire almost eight years, with the same cruelty whereby he had got it to himself. For he began the 602 of Christ, the (g) 6 Const. Account, the 23 day of Novemb. 6 holiday, in which Cyriach the Patriarch crowned him; and being taken by Heraclius, he was slain in the year 610, the 14 of Const. Account.

(h) He reigning, Cosroes King of the Persians, as it were re∣venged the death of Maurice, with whom he had made peace with great deserts of his towards him, on the authors; he sacked the Roman borders; and snatching away all things like a current of waters, came through Chalcedon even unto Bithynia. When Phocas in the mean while, being in all things secure, and settling himself at home in filthy lusts, satisfied himself with the bloud of the Princes. When as this thing could not longer be born, (i) Hera∣clius the son of Heraclius Lievtenant of Africa, in the year, as we have said, 610, in the moneth October; loosing from thence, ob∣tained Constantinople, and Phocas being laid hold of, taketh punish∣ment of him. Among these things, that Persian flame came for∣cibly on, which snatched away the East, and Asia in a moment. (a) Furthermore, in the year 614, in the moneth of June, 2 Const. Account, Jerusalem was taken by the Persians, and many Clerks and Monks of both sexes being killed, the reverend Crosse was

carried away into Persia; the year following 615, Saes the Cap∣tain of Cosroes besieged Chalcedon: this is 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, not 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as Cedrenus amisse hath it; and (b) Paul Diaconus, who turns it [Car∣thage.] Thence the errour was set into the Annals, that Cosroes pierced even to Carthage: the which is otherwise: For the Per∣sians never held Africa. The same year the Persians enjoyed Egypt, Alexandria, and Lybia. (c) With which calamities He∣raclius being sore abashed, desired peace in an humble manner from Cosroes: but he proudly answered, He would have no con∣dition of Peace, unlesse they would renounce their crucified God, and worship the Sun.

Moreover, that no kind of evil might be absent, at the same time the Avarians made an inroad into Thracia; who being hard∣ly appeased, he wholly applyed himself unto the Persian Warr, whose successe, God favouring, was better than all their desire. An Army being (d) transported into Asia in the year of Christ 621, he often fought in battel with the Captains of Cosroes: and their great Armies being overthrown, he brake into Persia in the year 627. Cosroes, all things being without hope, ordained Mer∣dases, in the flight, his youngest son, his successour. The which Siroes the elder taking grievously, conspiring with the chief of Per∣sia against his father, first making him a laughing-stock, and com∣pelled to see all his sons slain before his face, commanded him to be exposed to darts or arrowes. He agreed a peace out of hand with Heraclius, the Captives being set at liberty and restored, which had been taken away out of all Roman Provinces; as also the holy crosse being restored, in the year of Christ 628; the which in the Spring following, Heraclius brought over to Jerusa∣lem with the greatest reverence.

(e) This man commanding, Mahumet a Prince of the Arabians raised up a destructive sect; the which also he by force of arms farther extended. This fellow, from a shepherd of Camels, be∣ing made a husband of a wealthy mistress, went into Palestina, where talking with Christians and Jews, Sergius a Monk being his assistant, who had been cast out of the Church for heresie, out of the filthy heap of all sects, framed that new Monster: unto which blockish lye he added authority. For when ever and anon he was tossed by the devil and falling-sicknesse, or grew weak, he perswa∣ded his wife grieving for that thing, that he being astonished at the sight and talk of the Angel Gabriel, was so moved: That, Sergius confirming, was largely dispersed by the endeavour of the poor woman, and was commonly believed. Theophanes writeth, that heresie to have lien hid ten years; and nineteen years after to have avouched it, being spread abroad by power and sword. That is manifest, in the year of Christ 622, the 16 day of July, the 6th holy or resting day, he took his flight, when as for the newnesse of the errour he was in danger of his life. From this flight, which the Arabians call Hegyra, that is, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or persecution, their new Epocha, or stop, or measure of time, goeth forward.

This man in the year of Christ 628 coming unto Heraclius out of Aethribum, a Country of Arabia Foelix, with his Saracens, begged a piece of Land to inhabit in; and afterwards in (b) the 631 year dyed. From which time the Saracens his successours, subjected by degrees, Syria, Aegypt, Palestina, Heraclius reigning, unto them∣selves. Moreover also in the year 640, King Hormisda being put to flight, they took Persia.

Heraclius gave a beginning to so many miseries of his Empire, the wrath of God being provoked against him, whilest he obsti∣nately defends the heresie of the Monothelites or maintainers of one will, being rashly received. (c) That took its beginning in the year of Christ 630; in which, when Heraclius was at Jerapo∣lis, being asked by Athanasius the Patriarch of the Jacobites, whe∣ther there were two wills and actions in Christ, or onely one; from this same man, and from Sergius of Constantinople, and Cyrus of Alexandria, Bishops, he learned to professe one onely will▪ (d) the which also by an Edict, or as they call it, an [Ecthesis,] he openly set forth in the year 639. (e) Heraclius dyeth at length on the 11th day of March, in the year of his age 66, when he had reigned 20 years, 4 moneths, and 6 dayes, of Christ 641, of wa∣ter between the skin gathered, and other diseases, with which, he is believed to have paid the punishment of the incestuous mar∣riage with Martina his brothers daughter.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Affairs of the Western Empire at the same time, and especially the French, and also of famous Men.

IN France, the two sons of Childebert, Theodebert and Theodorick, (their Grandmother Brunechild working that thing) reigned with perpetual disagreement together among themselves, and with Clotharius. Clotharius was first of all overcome by them, (a) in the year from the death of Childebert their father, five, which is of Christ 600. Then again (b) after four years, he is overcome by Theodorick, when as against this King, Meroveus the son of Clotha∣rius was chief Commander of his Army; as Fredegarius saith: the which seemeth absurd. For Clotharius was born in the year of Christ 584. Therefore in the year 604, he had exceeded the twentieth year of his age at the highest.

After that, those same brethren burned with mutual hatreds amongst themselves. Theodebert being overcome by his brother in battel, in (c) the 17th year of their reign, of Christ, 612, is (d) slain by his own Souldiers at Colonia. Theodorick dyeth the year following, 5 bastard sons being left, because he wanted a lawfull wife, his grandmother endeavouring that, whereby she might have her Nephew the more subject to her, (e) who a little after paid the punishment of her wicked acts unto Clotharius; for the

which, she was hated of the French; (f) who in the same year of Christ 613, having obtained the whole Kingdom of the French, he bound Brunechild in a Cable-rope, led about with wild horses, and tare her to pieces. After these things, the affairs of the Franks were at rest, and flourishing, this and his son Dagobert being King. (g) Whom in the year 622, being called into the fellowship of the kingdom, he made Lievtenant of Austrasia. (h) He revenged the same man, in a war against the Saxons, being evilly intreated by them, and wounded in the head, with a great slaughter of his enemies; when as indeed, none of them who was greater than his sword, he left alive.

(i) Clotharius dyeth in the year 628, of his dominion 45, whose kingdome Dagobert wholly received, his brother Charibert endea∣vouring in vain, he being begotten of Sichild, the latter wife; Da∣gobert was born with Berthrude. Who at length taking pitty on his brother, granted him the greatest part of Aquitania. And this man, the seat of the Kingdome being appointed at Tolousa, he sub∣dued all Vascony unto himself. Dagobert, having made use of the counsels of Arnulph, Bishop of Metenum; and also of Pipin of Austrasium governed the Kingdom with the greatest equity and prudence. (a) Afterward being let loose into riot, he is said to have had three wives, beside many Concubines at the same time. Yet being liberal towards those in want, and given to piety, He reverenced especially Dionysius Bishop of Paris: to whom he built a Temple not far from the City; the which he enriched with the spoyls of others. (b) He also compelled the Jews, through the perswasion of Heraclius the Emperour to undergo Christian rites; which very thing Heraclius himself in the East had done.

Phocas reigning, (c) Pope Gregory dyed in the year of Christ 604, 7 Const. Account. But Heraclius being Emperour, John Bishop of Alexandria sirnamed [Eleemon] or mercifully flourished; in the framing of whose years, there is a great blemish of the An∣nals, (d) which we have elsewhere corrected. That is certain, the Persians in the 6th year of Heraclius, of Christ 616, took Alexandria; whence, if he were made Bishop by Heraclius, it must be, that he dyed short of the sixth year of his dignity. (e) Aaastasius a Persian, a Monk, and Martyr, suffered for Christ about the 622 year, of Heraclius the 12th.

Equall to these, was (f) Antiochus, a Monk, and Abbot of Sab∣basat Laura, who prosecuteth the slaughter at Jerusalem, and that Persian whirlwind, in his 107 Homily, and in his confession, in a sorrowful style: And the same man writeth down a doleful end of a certain Monk. Who after many years passed over in a pri∣vate life by all the ornaments of virtues, the devil set before his sight on this side, the Apostles, Martyrs, and all Christians wan or black and blew, and in a filthy and unhandsome habit: on that side Moses with the Prophets, and multitude of the Jews, neat and shining; and drave him so far, that Christian Religion being

condemned, he made himself a Jew, and being circumcised, mar∣ried a wife. In which wickednesse, ere the third year that he wrought those things, his body breeding worms, the Homily sheweth he was, by his worst destiny, consumed.

In France, a very famous name of holinesse, got (g) Amandus Bishop of Trajectum under King Dagobert. (a) Arnulph of Me∣tenum, the son of Arnold, the Nephew of Ansbert, whom Blithild the daughter of Clotharius the first had married. Austregifil of Bituricenum; Lupus Bishop of Senonenum; (b) besides Bavo con∣verted from a robber, by Amandus. Columhane likewise being ve∣ry much vexed by Brunechild, lived under Clotharius, and his Schol∣ler Gallus. In Spain, Isidor Bishop of Hispalenum.

The End of the Seventh Book.

Notes

• (a)

  Theod. Lect. Evag. 3. ch. 29.
• (b)

  Vict. Tun. Marcell. Theoph.
• (c)

  Leont. of Sect. The virtues of Anastasius mixt with vices.
• (d)

  Evag. 3. c. 39. Theoph. Cedren.
• (a)

  Marcel. Theoph, Evag. 3. c. 35.
• The Isaurick war.
• (b)

  Marcell. The Persian War.
• (c)

  Marcel. Theoph.
• (d)

  Procop. apud Phot. N. 63.
• (e)

  Marcel.
• (f)

  Theoph.
• The Trisagi∣um corrupted by Anastasius.
• (g)

  Marcel. Vict. Tun. Evag. 3. c. 24. Z••n. Theoph.
• (a)

  Marcel. Vict. Tun.
• (b)

  Evag. 3. in fine Marcel.
• (c)

  Theoph. Anastatius's deplorable death.
• (d)

  Vict. Tun.
• (e)

  Marcel. Zon. Ged. Theoph. Paul. Diac. l. 15.
• (f)

  Evag. 4. Marcel. Vict. T••n. Theoph. Z••••. Ced. Niceph. 17. c. 1. Chr. Alex. Vitalian's death.
• (a)

  Evag. ••. c. 3.
• (b)

  Chron. Alex. Theoph. Zon. Ced. &c.
• (c)

  Procop. 1. Pers. Theoph. Zon.
• (d)

  Evag. 4. c. 5. Theoph. Nice. 1. c. 4.
• (e)

  Marcel. Vict. Tun. Chr. Alex. Theoph.
• (f)

  Ch. Alex. Theoph. Paul. Diac. in fine ch. 15. Justine was no part of a Scholler.
• (g)

  In Not. ad Procop.
• Theodoricus King of the Ostrogoths.
• (a)

  Cassio••.
• (b)

  Aimo 2. c. 1.
• (c)

  To. 2. l. 5. c. 18.
• (d)

  Greg. 2. c. 27. Aimoinus 1. c. 12.
• The exploits of the Franks under Chio∣doveus.
• (e)

  Greg. 3. c. 2. Aimo. 1. c. 12.
• (f)

  Greg. 2. c. 31. Aim. c. 19.
• (g)

  Greg. Tu∣ron. l. 2. c. 31.
• (h)

  Tom. 1. Conc. Gall.
• (a)

  Tom. 1. Con. Gall. Hinem. in cap. Cat. call. 35.
• (b)

  In vita S. Rem. apud. Sur. 13. Jan. & in capit. Car. Cal. 35.
• (c)

  Lib. 1. c. 13.
• (d)

  Greg. Aim. Chlodoveus's war with the Burgundians.
• (e)

  Greg. Tu∣ron. 1. c. 32. Aimo. p. 2. c. 19
• ••undebaldus's Laws.
• (f)

  Greg. 2. c. 35.
• (g)

  Greg. 2. c. 43.
• Chlodoveus overcometh Alaricus and the Goths in France.
• (a)

  Isid. Chr.
• (b)

  Greg. 2. c. 37. Aim. 1. c. 21.
• (c)

  Greg. 2. c. 38. Aimo.
• Paris is made the head City of the King∣dome.
• (a)

  Procop. 1. Goth.
• (b)

  Cassiod. 8. ep. 10.
• (c)

  Procop. 1. Gott.
• (d)

  Greg. 3. c. 5.
• (e)

  Ado. Chron. Anno 492.
• (f)

  Greg. 2. c. 42. & 43. Aimo. 1. c. 23. Chlodoveus's death.
• (g)

  Tom. 1. Con. Gall.
• (h)

  Greg. Tur. l. 3. c. 1.
• (i)

  Procop. 1. Goth.
• Theodorick's depravation and death.
• (a)

  Isid. Chron.
• (b)

  Evag. 3. c. 30. & 31.
• The Emperour Anastasius an Heretick.
• (c)

  Marcell. Theoph. Theod. Lect.
• The Schism of the Church or Constantinople because of Acacius.
• (d)

  Anast.
• (e)

  Gelas. ep. Tom. 2. Conc.
• The Schism of Rome un∣der Pope Symmachus.
• (a)

  Tom. 2. Conc. in Sy∣nodis tempore Symmachi.
• (b)

  Theoph.
• Severus the Heretick's be∣ginning.
• (c)

  Marcell. Evag. 3. ch. 32.
• (d)

  Marcell.
• (e)

  Anast. Biblioth.
• (a)

  Hormisda epist. tom. 2. Concil. The Peace of the Church mediated by Justinus.
• (b)

  Suggestio ••egatorum ad Hormisd. Tom. 2. Conc.
• (c)

  Lib. cont. Mocia. p. 565.
• (d)

  Evag.
• (e)

  Evag. 4. ch. 4. Severus in∣fected Egypt.
• (f)

  Liberat. c. 19. Leont. de sectis. Act. 5. & 10. Vict. Tunun.
• (g)

  Epist. Hormis. Tom. 2. Conc.
• (a)

  Tom. 4. Bibl. P. P.
• (b)

  Marcell. Theoph. Diac. 15. Greg. Pop. 3. Dial. Niceph. 17. c. 9.
• (c)

  Anast. Bibl.
• Theodorick's cruelty.
• (d)

  Greg. 4. Dial.
• (e)

  Vita Fulg. apud Sur. Jan. 1.
• (f)

  Isid. Chron.
• (a)

  Tom. 1. Conc. Gall.
• (b)

  Flodoard. l. 2. c. 21. & 18.
• (c)

  Tom. 1. Conc. Gall. p. 204.
• (d)

  Tom. 1. Conc. Gall.
• (e)

  Marianus Scotus Mes∣singh. in SS. Hiber.
• (f)

  Cyril in vita S. Sab∣bas.
• (g)

  Niceph. 17. c. 4. & 5. Evag. 4. c. 6.
• (h)

  Aimo. 1. c. 17.
• (i)

  Id. & Si∣geb. Anno 495.
• (a)

  Sur. 11. Febr. Aimo. 1. ••. 24.
• (b)

  Greg. p. 1. dialog. l. 1.
• (c)

  Epist. Horm.
• (d)

  Extat in Bibl. pat.
• (e)

  The Life of S. Geno. apud Sur. Jan. 3.
• (f)

  L. 1. c. 4.
• (a)

  Marcel. Vict. Tun. Chr. Alex.
• (b)

  Zona.
• (c)

  Onufrius.
• (d)

  Procop. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. p. 29.
• (e)

  Procop. in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. p. 57.
• (a)

  Procop. 1. Pers.
• (b)

  Theoph.
• (c)

  Marc.
• (d)

  Procop. 1. P••rs.
• (e)

  Marcell. Theoph. Chr. Alex. Procop. 1. Pers. A violent sedi∣tion against Justin.
• (f)

  Theoph.
• (g)

  Procop. 1. de aed. Just.
• (h)

  Procop. l. 1. Pers. p. 39. & seq.
• (i)

  Procop. ibid. p. 42.
• (a)

  Procop. in fine l. 2. Persic.
• (b)

  Procop. in Vand. The Vanda∣lian War.
• (c)

  Marcell. Belisarius's triumph.
• The Vandals Kingdome in Africa extinct.
• (d)

  Procop. Vand. 2. The∣oph.
• (a)

  Procop. l. 2. p. 151. v. 7.
• (b)

  Procop. ibid. p. 154.
• (c)

  Id. Marc.
• (d)

  Id. p. 163. Ver. 28.
• (e)

  Procop. 1. Goth. p. 76. Marcel. The∣oph▪ Misc. Zon. Cedre.
• (f)

  Procop. Ibid. p. 167.
• (g)

  Id. p. 19. Jornand. de rebus Get. c. 59
• (h)

  In 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (i)

  Procop. Goth.
• (k)

  Marcel. l.
• (l)

  Procop. p. 272. Goth.
• (m)

  Procop. Goth. p. 126. Graec.
• (n)

  Proc. l. 3. Vitiges taken prisoner.
• (a)

  Proc. 3. p. 260. 261. graec. comparatis cum. p. 205. v. 23.
• (b)

  Proc. 4. p. 363. & seq.
• (c)

  Proc. p. 270. v. 41.
• (d)

  Procop. in fine l. 4. Goth.
• (e)

  Procop. Pers. p. 52. v. 10.
• (f)

  Procop. Init. l. 2. Pers. & Goth. 2.
• (g)

  Procop. 2. Goth. p. 244. ver. 5.
• (h)

  Colligitur ex Procop. in fine 2. Persic. p. 90. v. 30.
• (i)

  Procop. 4. Goth. p. 343.
• (k)

  Agath. l. 3. p. 60. Gr.
• (a)

  Lib. 2. p. 62.
• (b)

  Agath. l. 3. p. 85. Ib. p. 100.
• (c)

  Agath. l. 4. p. 128.
• (d)

  Agath. ib. p. 137.
• (e)

  Theoph.
• (f)

  Agath. l. 5. p. 150. &c.
• (g)

  Theoph.
• (h)

  Agath. ib. p. 139.
• (i)

  Procop. 2. p. 299.
• (k)

  Evag. 4. ch. 39.
• (l)

  Vita S. Eutych. Apr. 6.
• (m)

  Chron. Alexand. Theoph.
• (n)

  Act. 4. p. 45. The way how to make Silk.
• (a)

  Procop. Goth. p. 345. Zonar.
• (b)

  Theoph.
• (c)

  Greg. l. 3. c. 6. Procop. 1. Goth. p. 186. Aim. l. 2. c. 3. &c. Gesta Franc. c. 34. &c. Sige.
• The history of Sigismund of Burgundy.
• (d)

  Agath. 1.
• (e)

  Greg. 3. c. 11. Aim. 2. c. 7. Gesta Franc. 37. Burgundy won by the Franks.
• (a)

  Isidor. Chr. Greg. 3. c. 10.
• (b)

  Isid. Chr. Greg. 2. c. 10. Aimo. 2. c. 8.
• (c)

  Greg. 3. c. 4. & 7. Aimo. 2. c. 9. Sigeb. Jorn. de rebus Get.
• (d)

  Greg. 1. c. 18. Sig.
• (e)

  Aimo. 2. c. 12. Gesta Franc. 38.
• (f)

  Greg. 3. c. 18. Aimo. 2. c. 18.
• (a)

  Agath. l. 2.
• (b)

  Greg. Tur. 3. c. 29. Aimo. 2. c. 19. The Franks Expedition in Spain.
• (c)

  Aimo. 2. c. 19.
• (d)

  Aimo. 2. c. 20.
• (e)

  Aimo 2. c. 21.
• (f)

  Procop. l. 4. p. 358. vid•• l. 3. p. 304. Gre. 3. c. 32. Aimo 2. c. 21.
• (g)

  Lib. 2.
• (h)

  Agath. l. 1.
• (i)

  Agath. l. 2. p. 31.
• (a)

  Agath. p. 34, &c.
• (c)

  Lib. 2. c. 47.
• The Franks obtain all what the Goths had in France.
• (d)

  Procop. 1. Got. Sig. A. 530.
• (e)

  Procop. l. 3. Goth. p. 104. Clotharius reigneth alone.
• (f)

  Greg. l. 4. c. 13, 16, 17, 20. Aimo 2. c. 30. Appen. Marcell.
• (a)

  Greg. l. 4. c. 21. Aimo l. 2. c. 37. Greg. ibid. c. 22.
• (b)

  Tom. Conc. Gall.
• (c)

  Liberatus c. 20.
• (d)

  Marcel. Append.
• (e)

  Liberatus c. 21.
• (f)

  Conc. sub. Mena. Tom. 2. Conc. A Synod at Constantino∣ple under Menna.
• (a)

  Liberat. 22 Anasta.
• (b)

  Marcell.
• (c)

  Liberat.
• (d)

  Liberat. ch. 10. See Facun. Her. The History of three certain heads, from the writing of Theodore of Mopsuestia.
• (e)

  The Coun∣cil of Chalced. 2. of the Epist. of Ibas.
• (f)

  Counc. of Chalced. act. 10. Synod. 5. Collat. 5. Fa∣cun. 6. ch. 3.
• Of the wri∣tings of Theo∣doret against Nestorius.
• (a)

  Liberatus ch. 23.
• (b)

  Proclus m••ntioneth it b. 3. p. 279. Vigill hardly condemneth the three heads.
• (c)

  The fifth Syn. Tom. 3. Counc. The fifth as∣sembly.
• (d)

  Cyr. in Sabba with Sur. 8. De∣cemb.
• (a)

  Vict. Tun. Facund. Her.
• (b)

  Greg. Pope 1. Ep. 24. & in other places here and there. The death of Vigill.
• (c)

  Anast. Si∣geb.
• (d)

  Sigeb. in the year 528.
• (e)

  See 12. of Doctr. times ch. 3. & Ap∣pend.
• (f)

  Facun. in his books.
• (g)

  Liber in his Breviar. Tom. 8. Coun.
• (h)

  Sigeb. Bed.
• (i)

  Sigeb. in the year 535.
• (l)

  Greg. 2. Dial.
• (m)

  Greg. Tur. 3. Hist. ch. 7.
• (a)

  Agath. 2. p. 65.
• (b)

  Ag. p. 62.
• (c)

  Evag. 5. Theoph. Zon. Ced. Paul. Di∣ac. b. 16. Justine the younger.
• (d)

  Vict. Tun.
• Cedr. p. 3319.
• A famous deed of Justine.
• (a)

  Evag. 5. c. 7. Theoph. Paul. Dia. 16.
• (b)

  Chron. Alex. Theoph. Simoc. 3. c. 11.
• (c)

  Evag. c. 12.
• (d)

  Simoc. 3. c. 13. &. 14. Evag. 5. c. 14. Theoph. Paul. Dia. 17.
• (a)

  Theoph. Paul. Dia.
• (b)

  Chron. Alex. Theoph. Paul. Dia.
• (c)

  Evag. 5. Theoph. Paul. Dia. Zon. Ced.
• (d)

  Theoph. Joan. Biclar.
• (e)

  Chron. Alex. vita. S. Eutychi.
• (f)

  Evag. 5. ch. 13. Simo∣crata.
• (g)

  Simoc. 3. ch. 6. Theoph. Paul. Diac. book 17.
• Cosroes kills his father.
• (a)

  Simoc. 3. ch. 9.
• The Avarican War.
• (b)

  Theoph. Paul. Diac. 17. ch. 19. Chr. Alex. Zon.
• (c)

  Theoph. Simoc. 8. ch. 11.
• (d)

  Chron. Alex.
• The miserable death of Maurice.
• (e)

  Chron. Alex.
• (f)

  Simoe. l. 8. c. 11. Theoph. Paul. Diac. 17. ch. 52. Zon. Ced.
• (a)

  Paul. Vuarnef. b. 2. ch. 9.
• (b)

  The same, ch. 1.
• (c)

  Prosper.
• (d)

  Paul. Vuarnef. b. 1. ch. 12.
• (e)

  The same, b. 2. ch. 7.
• (f)

  Procop. p. 307. & 360.
• (g)

  Procop. p. 301. Vuarnef. 2. ch.
• The coming of the Longobards into Italy.
• (h)

  Vuarnef. 2. ch. 7. & 15. & Paul. Diac. in Misc. 16. ch. 35.
• (i)

  Vuarnef. ch. 26.
• (a)

  Greg. Tur. 4. ch. 35.
• (b)

  Vuarnef.
• (c)

  Anastas. in Joan. 3. Vuarnef. ch. 25. The History of Narses.
• (d)

  Procop. 1. Pers. p. 25. Got. p. 280.
• (e)

  Procop. 1. Pers. p. 25.
• (a)

  Greg. l. 1. cp. 6.
• (b)

  Paulus Vuarnef. b. 6. ch. last.
• (c)

  Rubeus b. 3. & 4. Vuarnefr. b. 1. ch. 29.
• (d)

  Rubeus b. 4. p. 211.
• (a)

  Ch. 6.
• (b)

  Greg. 4. c. 15. Aim. ••. c. 4.
• (c)

  Greg. 4. c. 18. Aimo. 3. c. 5.
• (d)

  Joan. Biclar. Isidor. in Chron.
• Charibert ex∣communica∣ted.
• (e)

  Sigeb. in Chron.
• (f)

  Greg. 4. ch. 26. Aimo 3. ch. 2.
• (g)

  Greg. 4. ch. 23.
• (a)

  Greg. Si∣geb. & Aimo.
• (b)

  Greg. 4. ch. 40.
• (c)

  Book 2. ch. 32. & b. 35. c. 1.
• (d)

  Greg. 4. ch. 36. & foll. Vuarnef. b. 3. ch. 16. & foll.
• (e)

  Aimo 5. ch. 7. Vuarnef. b. 3. ch. 5.
• (f)

  Greg. 4. ch. 42. & foli. Amo 3. ch. 14.
• The death of Sigebert.
• (g)

  Greg. in end of b. 4.
• (a)

  Greg. 5. ch. 1.
• (b)

  Greg. 19. ch. 2.14.19. Aimo 3. ch. 14. & 15.
• (c)

  Greg. 5. ch. 6. & 26.
• (d)

  Ch. 17.
• (e)

  Greg. 6. ch. 40.
• (f)

  Greg. 6. ch. 33.
• (g)

  Aimo. 3. ch. 56.
• (h)

  Greg. 7. ch. 6.
• (i)

  Greg. 7. ch. 6.
• (l)

  Greg. b. 7. ch. 7.
• (m)

  Greg. 6. ch. 41. Vuarn. 3. ch. 16.
• (n)

  Greg. 9. ch. 5. & 26. Vuarn. b. 3. ch. 28.
• (o)

  Greg. 8. ch. 30.
• (p)

  It appears out of b. 7. of Greg. ch. 24. & 8. ch. 38.
• (a)

  Greg. 9. ch. 31. John Bi∣char. Isid. Chr.
• (b)

  Freged. in Chron. ch. 14. Aimo 3. ch. 81.
• (c)

  Martyr. Rom.
• (d)

  Aimo 8. ch. 82.
• (e)

  Aimo 3. ch. 84. Fred. ch. 17.
• (f)

  Aimo 3. ch. 86. Fred. ch. 17.
• (g)

  Fred. ch. 20. Aimo. 3. ch. 87.
• (h)

  John Bi∣clar. Isid. Ro∣der. Tolet. 3. ch. 14.
• (i)

  John Vaseus in his Chron.
• (a)

  Greg. of Turon. 5. ch. 39. & b. 8. ch. 28. Hermenigild killed by his father.
• (b)

  John Bi. clar. Greg. Tur. 8. ch. 28. Vuarn. 3. of things done Long. ch. 21.
• (c)

  Greg. P. 3. Dial. ch. 31.
• (d)

  Biclar. Isid. in Chron.
• (e)

  Turon. 8. ch. 46. The piety of Ricared.
• (f)

  Eust. in his life with Sur. Apr. 6.
• (g)

  Theoph. Cedr.
• (a)

  Joan. Diac. in the life of Greg.
• (b)

  Greg. Turon. b. 10. ch. 1.
• (c)

  Greg. Tur. 5. ch. 21.
• (d)

  Counc. Lugd. 2. Tom. 1. Counc. France. p. 325.
• (e)

  Greg. Tur. 5. ch. 28.
• (f)

  Greg. Tur. 9. ch. 2.
• (g)

  Greg. 8. ch. 43.
• The distur∣bance in the Monastery of Radegund.
• (h)

  Pater ex Greg. 9. c. 26, 39, &c. and l. 10. c. 15. & 16.
• (i)

  Beda l. 7. Hist. of En∣gland, ch. 4.
• (l)

  Beda l. 1. ch. 23. &c. John Diac. in the life of Greg. b. 2. ch. 34. Greg. P. of Bish. b. 5. cp. 52. &c.
• (m)

  Greg. Tur. b. 5. ch. 6. & 8.
• (n)

  Greg. b. 7. ch. 1.
• (a)

  Greg. ch. 9.
• (b)

  The same, b. 6. ch. 39.
• (c)

  The same, ch. 8.
• (d)

  Evag. 9. ch. 5.
• (e)

  Niceph. Chron.
• (f)

  Greg. 5. ch. 38.
• (g)

  Chr. Alex. Theoph. Paul. Diac. b. 17. Zon. Cedr.
• (h)

  The same Authors.
• (i)

  See the same Authors, & b. 4. Part. 2. ch. 24. Niceph. Breviar. and Notes on the same.
• (a)

  Chr. Alex. Theoph.
• (b)

  Paul. Diac. b. 18. ch. 6.
• (c)

  Theoph. Paul. Diac. b. 18.
• (d)

  Niceph. Breviar. Theoph. Paul. Diac. Zon. Cedr.
• The slaughter and death of Cosroes.
• (e)

  Theoph. Paul. Diac. Zon. Ced. &c. The time of Mahumes.
• (b)

  Theoph. Miscel. 18. ch. 38.
• (c)

  Theoph. Diac. The beginning of the Mono∣thelites.
• (d)

  Syn. La∣ter. under Mart. Sectet. 1. & 3.
• (e)

  Niceph. Breviar. p. 83. Theoph. Diac. Zon. Cedr.
• (a)

  Fredeg. in App. ch. 20. Aimo. 3. ch. 87.
• (b)

  Fred. ch. 26. The errour of Fredegarius.
• (c)

  Fred. ch. 38.
• (d)

  Aimo. 3. c. 98.
• (e)

  Fred. 40. & 41.
• (f)

  Sigebert. Clotharius kills Brunechild.
• (g)

  Frede.
• (h)

  Aimo. 4. ch. 8.
• (i)

  Fred. ch. 56. &c.
• (a)

  Fred. 6.
• (b)

  Fred. 6.
• (c)

  John Diac. in the life of Greg.
• (d)

  In the Notes to Ni∣ceph. Brev. & 11. of the Doct. Times, ch. 49.
• (e)

  See the same places.
• (f)

  Tom. 1. of the Greek Bibl. PP.
• (g)

  Sigeb.
• (a)

  Sigeb. in the year 625.
• (b)

  Sig. stylo.