The history of the vvorld: or, An account of time. Compiled by the learned Dionisius Petavius. And continued by others, to the year of our Lord, 1659. Together with a geographicall description of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America.

THE HISTORY OF THE VVORLD. OR, AN Account of Time

The Third Book.

Containing the Times from the Year of the Julian Period 4186 to 4430: or from the beginning of Cambyses, unto the begin∣ings of Ptolomey Philadelphus.

CHAP. I. Of those things which happened under Cambyses and Darius, worthy of memory; especially of the Marathonian Conflict.

CAmbyses in the fourth year of the 62 Olympiad, before Christ 529, as hath been shewn, began to reign in Persia; in the fifth year, as Eusebius writeth, he invadeth Aegypt. (a) Herodotus sheweth a ridiculous cause of this War: Cambyses desired the daughter of Amasis to Wife: but for her, Nitetis the daughter of Apries being sent by Amasis, because he knew she was not to be accounted in the place of a lawful Wife, but of an whore or leman; when Cambyses understood that matter, he turned his weapons against Egypt. But seeing that Apries dyed 44

years before that Cambyses desired Aegypt, it is not likely to be true, that the daughter of Apries could be chosen for a Maid in the marriage of Cambyses. Wherefore it more probable, the which also Herodotus writeth some to affirm, that affinity to have been sought after, not by Cambyses, but by Cyrus.

Which thing also Polyaenus believed. For he writeth unto Cyrus, requiring the daughter of Amasis to wedlock; Nitetis the daughter of Apries being sent by Amasis, in her room; which Nitetis, the matter being dissembled, when as she had born many children by Cyrus, and among these Cambyses, the deceit being confessed to Cyrus, he forced him, That because Amasis was dead, he should revenge himself on his son Psammeticus. But in the providing, Cy∣rus being dead, Cambyses by the encouragement of his Mother, passed over the kingdome of Aegypt unto the Successours of Apries.

(b) Before that Cambyses went into Egypt, Amasis dyed, and his son Psammeticus succeeded him. Who being taken by Cambyses, he lived sometime in Persia. Cambyses was holpen in that Expedi∣tion by a Navy of Polycrates, a Tyrant of the Samians. Aegypt be∣ing subdued, he acted many things in a cruel and wicked manner. He leading an Army against the Aethiopians, for want of provi∣sion, left off his enterprize. But when he had sent about 50 thou∣sand to burn the Temple of Jupiter Hammon, by that tempest, and great heaps of sand, they were overwhelmed.

Moreover, he commanded Croesus, friendly admonishing him of what was his duty, to be led to death. But the Persians with∣drew him privily. Which thing being known, being glad of his safety, he punished his preservers with a mortal punishment.

At length, in the beginning of the eighth year of his reign, be∣fore Christ 522, Cambyses fell into madness, and commanded his own brother Smerdis to be slain; because he had seen in a dream him sitting in his Chair of State. Prexaspes executed that com∣mand. So indeed Herodotus. But Ctesias writeth his name to have been Tanyoxar: and he explaineth the matter a little otherwise. Not much after, Cambyses falling suddenly upon timber, he hurt the muscle of his thigh, and the eleventh day after he dyed.

(b) Cambyses being sick, Polycrates in Samos, in the 11th year of his tyranny, being called forth through deceit by Oroetes the Liev∣tenant of Sardis is slain, and his dead carcasse is hung upon a gib∣ber.

About the same time, before the death of Cambyses, Magus, a certain man most like to Smerdis, put his person on himself, and Cambyses being dead, held the kingdom seven moneths.

(c) Who being slain by seven of the chief men, Darius, one of this number, by the endeavour of Oebares his Groom, and by the neighing of his horse, obtained the kingdom, being 28 years of age. For Herodotus in the end of his first book, saith, in the last year of Cyrus, Darius was about 20 years old. He a little after killed Oeretes. He punished Intaphernes, one of his six assistants,

with death, because he being forbidden by the usher of his Cham∣ber, and Porter, to come unto the King, he had cut off both their noses and ears. He reduced the Tributes to a certain mean. The summe of these out of Asia and Aegypt was 14560 of Euboean ta∣lents; the which being reduced to our brass money, do make 10374000 of our Targets.

He gave to Sylosontes the brother of Polycrates, of whom being deprived, he was as yet endowed with a robe or a chief Coun∣sellour in Aegypt, the chief rule of his Country, the Isle of Samos. At which time almost, Babylon fell off; the which being besieged 20 moneths, he obtained through Zopyrus a Prince of great trust: which fell out next after the third year of the 67 Olympiad.

There was a two-fold famous Expedition made by him. The former against the Scythians; the other against the Greeks. In the former he commanded Bosphorus, a narrow Sea with a bridge; then the other he made in the River Danubius: for the keeping of which, he placed Princes of the Ionian Cities, by whom it was deliberated, whether or no, the bridge being broken down, to which thing the Scythians perswaded them, they should deliver Darius, and the strength of the Persians to be overthrown, by an universal slaughter on the same. But the opinion of Histiaeus Mi∣lesius prevailed, who perswaded, that that should not be done for this reason, because by the kingdom of Darius, their own safety and rule was supported. Therefore Darius, a great part of his Army being lost, returned with grief into Asia; Megabazus being left with 70 thousand in Europe, that he might subdue it by wea∣pons. This dispatch against the Scythians happened, the 68 Olym∣piad beginning, before the account of Christ 508.

(b) Megabazus subdued Thracia and Macedonia unto the Go∣vernment of Darius. At which time Alexander the son of Amyn∣tas King of the Macedonians, slew certain chief of the Persians, wan∣tonly sporting themselves in a banquet at his own house. Darius returning into Persia, drew Histiaeus, a Tyrant of Miletus along with him against his will, through a shew of honour, and set his Couzen-german over the City in his place: Whom afterward, was privily encouraged, that he would fall off from the King, and should draw the Ionians with him into the fellowship of the War. For through a desire of his Countrey, and a weariness of the Per∣sian Court, he took that counsel, that under pretence of quench∣ing that domestick flame, he might obtain leave to travel from Darius. In the mean time, Aristagoras, freedom being restored to the Milesians, and Tyrants, as far as he could, being every where taken away, he looked at the ayd of the Grecians. Therefore the Lacedemonians being tryed in vain, he cometh to Athens; of whom he being holpen with a Navy of twenty Ships, he openly fell off from the Persians: Straightway by their help Sardis was taken and set on fire. That happened in the 69 Olympiad. The Persians following hard after the Ionians, do scatter and put them to flight. Who being forsaken by the Athenians, they however maintained

no lesser war against the Persians. They take Byzantium and other Cities. Darius, it being heard that Sardis was burned by the Athe∣nians, being covetous of revenging, commanded, that he should be daily put in mind of bringing war on the Athenians.

(a) Aristagoras being afterwards slain in the Army, Histiaeus, who was sent by Darius, doth vainly strive against the King with the Ionians: who being overcome in a Sea-fight, Miletus in the sixth year from the falling away of Aristagoras, was vanquished and consumed with fire; Histiaeus being taken in fight by Harpagus Captain of the Persians, and being brought unto Artaphernes the brother of Darius, they hang him on a gibber.

Darius sends Mardenius his son in law against the Grecians with an Army; who, Tyrants being taken away out of the Cities of Ionia, in their stead he appointed Governments popular, or of the people. Thereby he subjected Thracia, Macedonia, and the Neighbouring Countreys unto himself. He being tossed at the Mountain Atho with a grievous calamity, lost twenty thousand men. After these things Darius sent Ambassadours into Greece, who should take away by force, or demand, the water and fire, unto which the people of Aegina did homage.

At length, in the third year of the 72 Olympiad, 4224 of the Jul. Cir. they fought at Maratho.

(b) A desire partly of spreading his command into Europe and Greece, partly of revenging on the Athenians, afforded to Darius the cause of this War, who had helped the Ionians against them∣selves, and had burnt Sardis. He not onely pretended this latter for his Expedition; but this moreover, that he might restore Hippias the son of Pisistratus, who was cast out of Athens, and be∣come an humble suiter to him, into his tyranny.

Darius being moved with these things, sends a Navy into Greece of six hundred Galleys with Oars, as saith Herodotus: but as Cor∣nelius Nepos relateth in Miltiades, of five hundred; wherein he put two hundred thousand footmen, ten thousand horsemen, if we believe the same man. But Lysias in his Epitaph numbreth five hundred thousand. That Navy (Datis, and Artaphernes the son of Artaphernes, the brother of Darius, being Captains) first being brought to Euboea, took Eretria. From thence it cometh into At∣tica, and set forth its Armies on the plain field Maratho. The Athenians create ten Praetors or Maiors against them, who were chief over the Army; amongst whom was Militiades, by whose Successes with a very small company (for he had not more than ten thousand, whereof nine thousand of Athenians, of the Platae∣ans there were a thousand) the Barbarians were scattered. Cor∣nelius Nepos affirmeth Datis to have brought an hundred thousand of footmen, and ten thousand horsemen into battel array; 6400 being slain of the Persians. The Athenians make famous 192 on the 16 day of [Boëdromion], as saith (c) Platarch, this is the 29 of September: Among others, Callimachus a chief Warriour of the

Athenians, and Cynaegirus, who laying hold o•• the flags of an ene∣mies ship with his hand, it being cut off, he dyed.

After this slaughter, Darius made a greater provision against the Greeks of (a) three whole years space. But in the fourth year Aegypt forsook him. While therefore he fitteth himself to be re∣venged of both, a dissention arising between his sons, who requi∣red to be by their father chosen King, contrary to the custome; at length Xerxes was by him ordained and put before Artabazanes the elder, because he was also born of Arossa the daughter of Cy∣rus; and was received into the chief power. At length in the year following, from the falling off of Aegypt, Darius dyeth. These things Herodotus. From the which, this is concluded, the Mara∣thonian fight to have happened in the thirty and second year of Darius; That is, in the fifth year before his death.

CHAP. II. Of the History of those of the Family of Pisistratus, and the death of Hipparchus; as also of the Lordship of Miltiades; and the most grievous Errour of Cornelius Nepos.

IN the twentieth year before the Marathonian battel, as (b) Thucydides is Authour, the rule of those of Pisistratus was quen∣ched in Athens, by the endeavour of the Alcmaeonides, and the help of the Lacedemonians. For Hippias the son of Pisistratus, was dri∣ven out, when he had been chief 18 years after the death of his Father; whose brother was Hipparchus, as (c) Plato is witnesse, a moderate and learned man. Yet Diodorus saith, That Hipparchus and Hippias were violent and wilfull men; but the third son of Pisistratus, Thessalus, to have been civil and well manner'd, who, Tyranny being renounced, was much beloved of his Citizens: whom again (a) Heraclides contradicteth, who saith, Thessalus to have been the younger, and fiercely rash in boldness: Whom the Conspirators being willing to kill, they slew Hipparchus, far more gentle than his two brethren, in his stead. This man was slain by the conspiracy of Harmodius and Aristogiton, in the time of the Athenians exercising their active games. Who both being killed by them of the guard, many others were tortured, and punished. (b) After that, Hippias lorded it three years over the Athenians; and in the fourth being driven out, he fled to Darius, in the twen∣tieth year before the fight at Maratho, as saith Thucydides. Where∣fore the death of Hipparchus happened in the fourth year of the 66 Olympiad; in which year, it is gathered from thence, the five yearly active games, sacred to the Athenians, were wont to be pro∣claimed. But this year was before Christ 513. But Hippias was cast out in the third year of the 67 Olympiad, of the Jul. Circuit 4204; afterwards Images were publiquely placed for Harmodius

and Aristogiton, as (c) Pliny writeth; who saith, that was done in the same year, wherein the Rulers were driven away. But they were thrust out in the third year of the same Olympiad going out; that is, of the Jul. Cir. 4205.

(d) About the same time, wherein Darius by Ambassadours re∣quired the water and fire from the Grecian Cities, when the peo∣ple of Aegina had obeyed his commands, and Cleomenes Ruler in Lacedemon had come thither to enquire into, or hear their cause debated, he being by his companion in Office Demaratus led into a fault, he caused the Government to be taken away from this very man; Pythias being brought in as a false witness, which de∣nyed Demaratus to be the lawful son of Arista, Leotychides was or∣dained in the rooom of this man; of whom he being sharply touched with a mock, he ran away to the Persians.

At that season Miltiades the son of Cimon was renowned at Athens, who obtained dominion in Cherronesus, a City of Thracia. For Miltiades the Uncle of this man, the son of Cypselus born of the same Mother as Cimon, by the Dolonean or swift-footed Thracians, who inhabited Cherronesus, he being called to the chief rule, by the Oracle, at Athens, Croesus reigning, with whom when he ex∣ercised friendship, he held that Countrey. He dying, left Stesa∣goras the son of his brother Cimon his successour. Who being kil∣led by a privy murderer, the sons of Pisistratus, saith Herodotus, send Miltiades the son of Cimon, whem they themselves had taken away from amongst them, thither; who there enjoyed the affairs. But in the third year after it came to passe, the Scytbians break into Thracia, whom Darius had provoked by his Expedition made against them. Whom Miltiades shunning, left Cherronesus, and was restored afterward to the same by the Thracians. These things Herodotus. Which that they may be true, it must needs be, that Miltiades was sent by Hippias onely after the death of Hipparchus, for in the third year after, the Scythians made their violent assault or inroad.

Wherein the Errour of Cornelius Nepos is worthy the taking notice of, who hath confounded the former Miltiades with the latter, and hath ascribed the deeds of both unto one. But Aelianus (in his divers things) rightly distinguisheth of three Miltiades, in like manner, as we have done.

Miltiades the son of of Cimon, when the Persian Navy got over that whole Sea, he slipt to Athens, and afterward being General against the Army of Darius, he contended in the field of Marathon with a most prosperous and glorious success. Which victory be∣ing gotten, he is sent to pursue its remainder with a Navy; and while he compasseth by the Islands of Bella, a Town in Campania, he goeth to Paros; and what with a false fright of an Army of Persians invading, what through the sickness of an hurt body, be∣ing beaten off from thence, he was fined by the unjust sentences of his Citizens, with a great summ of money; and because he had

not paid it, he was cast into prison, till he dyed. These things happened the next year after the Marathonian victory.

CHAP. III. Of certain Learned men who lived about that time.

IN the interim, from the third year of the 60 Olympiad, and the rise of Cyrus in Babylonia, to the death of Darius, and the beginning of the reign of Xerxes, the memories of the most fa∣mous in all literature and several Arts are delivered to posterity. Some exquisite in Poetry, Simonides Ceus, a famous Lyrick, to whom Eusebius ascribes the Bayes in the 61 Olympiad, together with Phocylis.

After him Anacreon, a great Favourite of Polycrates the Samian Tyrant, as (a) Herodotus tells us: which Polycrates dyed by the hands of Oroetes in the 64 Olympiad.

(b) Aeschylus also, the brother of Cynegirus, who behaved himself so valiantly in the Battle at Marathonia, was very famous at Athens about this time: which Aeschylus likewise was in the same fight, as the Writer of his life tells us: But in the life of Sophocles we are informed Cynegirus was son to one Archontes Philippus, and born in the second year of the 71 Olympiad, and younger than Aeschy∣lus by 17 years; by which account, Aeschylus was born in the first year of the 67 Olympiad, and of the Julian Period the 4202, and fought this Battle of Marathonia in the 22, or 23 year of his age; so that his death will fall in the 4267 year of the Julian Period. For he lived 65 years. But since 'tis apparent he lived and dyed in the time of Hiero King of Sicilie, and that Hiero himself dyed in the 4247 year of the Julian Period; the story hangs not well together, but in all likelihood he was born long before the 67 Olympiad.

Amongst the Philosophers, Xenophanes, an excellent Naturalist, stands upon record, who was also very famous for Poetry, whom Diogenes and Eusebius place about the 60 Olympian.

But this Age was more honourable in nothing than Pythagoras himself, who took his origen from Samos, and after a long travel returning to his native Countrey, Polycrates still reigning there, went to Crotona in Italy, where he had the discipline of very many who came to be tutor'd by him, as Diogenes reports. Some say he very much disaffected Sylosontes, brother and successour to Po∣lycrates. He was renowned in the 60 Olympiad, if we may be∣lieve Diogenes. About the 62 Olympiad he writes, That Jam∣blicus went into Italy, where Polycrates had begun his reign. He dyed in the fourth year of the 70 Olympiad, when he had lived either eighty or ninety years, as Diogenes delivers. Jamblicus re∣ports he was very intimate with Phalaris the Tyrant, and Abaris;

the same Jamblicus who writes of his life and Doctrines. This Abaris was a Priest of Apollo, who adored Pythagoras instead of Apollo, and brought him a wonderfull strange and curious Arrow, with which crossing the River, he freed the cities that were infe∣cted, from the pestilence; and other things most miraculous, he acted by vertue thereof; as we have it from Jamblicus. But (a) Tertullian writes, that this Pythagoras aymed at the soveraignty of the Thurians.

By the sage precepts of Pythagoras, the Crotoniats instituted their Common-wealth, and thereby improved, not onely in civility, and good government, but in Martiall Discipline, so much that 100 thousand of them encountred with 300 thousand of the Sybari∣tans at the River Sagra (under the conduct of Milo) and having put the enemy to the Sword, utterly demolished the very city.

Heraclitus the Ephesian was in great esteem about the 69 Olymp. as Diogenes testifies: nor will we forget how famous (b) Zeno Elea∣tes was at this time,

CHAP. IV. Of the Kings dethroned at Rome, and the Wars thence kindled amongst the Romans.

LIviu•• sayes, Rome was a Monarchy for 244. years from the foundation of it before it became a free State. Therefore in the 245 year they deposed their King, disannulled that govern∣ment, and then were Consulls first elected and created. Where∣fore fince (by the testimony of Varro) the City was erected in the third year of the 6 Olymp. or in the year before Christ, 753. the decease of Kingship, and the rising of Confulship, there fall upon the fourth year of the 67 Olymp. the year before Christ, 509 if we follow the same site of Moneths, as in the old Roman year, and is now observed in the Julian Account. The Palilia, or feast of Pales, were celebrated on the 6th of the Calends of May, whence the time from the building of the City was compured. And the Olympian years from the solstice. So that the begin∣ning of the City-account of their years, and the end of the Olym∣pian, agreed exactly. But the Roman Moneths this while kept not the same order with the Olympian; and what rule they then ob∣served, we can by no means find out, therefore we commonly use the site of Moneths now known and setled amongst us at this day.

The Monarchy of Rome was dissolved, and Lucretius (then Mo∣narch) expelled, because his son offered to have ravished Lucretia. This was transacted upon the 6th of the Calends of March, on which day the Regifugium, or expulsion and departure of Kings is noted to have been in the Roman Calender.

Instead of their Kings, when the Praefect of the City had sum∣moned together the noble men, (as we have it in the Commenta∣ries of Servius Tullius) two of them, to wit, L. Junius Brutus, and L. Tarquinius Collatinus were created Consulls. One of them (i.e.) Tarquinius being a neighbour of the Tarquinii, and one of the Fa∣mily of Damaratus, and his Grandfather; who after the detecti∣on of that conspiracy, in which the sons of Brutus, and a sisters son of the said Tarquinius were taken, because he behaved himself too favourably towards the conspirators; by Brutus his own means, was banished amongst the rest; and one P. Valerius Poplicola sup∣plyed his place. After this, the King Tarquinius waged a war against the Romans, wherein Brutus fell, and in his place, first Lucretius, and afterwards M. Horatius were made Consull. And at last they made a decree, that every year two new Consulls should be chosen, and so the state of Rome was governed by an an∣niversary pair of Confulls.

(a) In the third year from the Roman liberty, Porsenna a petty King of the Clusini (to restore the Tarquinii) waged a war against the Romans, in which war the singular prowess of M. Hortensius Cocles was most illustrious and notable. He himself alone kept a bridge against the enemy, do they the utmost they could, an the bridge being cut down, swam safe to land. Mutius Scaevola ha∣ving aspired to the crown, and being baffled in his design. This Horatius took him, and held his hand in the fire till he was so ter∣rified, that he sued for peace with the Romans. The fortitude of the Female Sex at this time was no lesse conspicuous, but of Clelia especially amongst them all, who being delivered as a Hostage to the King, having deceived her keeper, escaped over a great River to her own party.

(b) After the repulse of the Etruscians succeeded an insurrection of Romans, stirred up by the incitations of Oct. Mamilius, a Son in Law of Tarquinias, and a Roman himself. The war raging vio∣lently, Posthumius, made Dictator in the year of the City 258. was sent out against these incendiaries, who having overthrown them in a pitcht field, at a place called Regulus Lacus, (i. e.) Kings-Mear, restored the Conquered to the friendship of the Romans. Nor was this the first Dictator; for before him, in the year of the City 250. T. Lartius, having borrowed money, and therewith bribed the people to give their voices, by that means was created Dictatour.

(c) After they began to make war upon the Volsci, which by reason of intermissions, was protracted for many years. There∣fore take notice that it began in the year of the City 259. (d) In this war the stupendious successe of C. Marcius Coriolanus is most worthy of memory, who in the year of the City 263. playing least in sight, for that he was under contempt at home, went to the Volsci, and stirred them up to a war, for the managing whereof, they elected him and one Tullius Accius, who were so befriended by fortune in that war, that after many victories had against the

Romans, at last they followed them to the very City-walls; when, by the intreaty of his Mother, he was taken off the enterprise of the City, which fell out in the year, according to the City-ac∣count, 266. Notwithstanding the losse of Coriolanus, the Volsci profecuted the War, but were conquered most tryumphantly by Spurius Cassius who had been thrice Confull.

But this good fortune was the ruine of the man. For he was the first after the depulsion of the Tarquinii, that was so hardy as to attempt the Soveraignty of Rome, but was supprest in the attempt (e) and for his pains precipitated from the Rock Tarpeia. Anno, U.C. 269. He was the chief man in bringing in the Agrarian Law, but the very year before his death.

But in the 261 year of Rome, the common people being so ex∣hausted by usury and oppression, that they were not able to pay their debts betook themselves to the Mount called Sacrum, or holy, and by the Counsell and Oration of Menius Agrippa, found the means to recover themselves, he having first ordered a Magi∣stracy, which he made use of for his own safety against the vio∣lence of the Fathers of Rome, and these they called Tribunes.

CHAP. V. Of Xerxes his expedition into Greece, The Graecians victory at Sea (near Salamis) and the destruction of the Persians.

THe tenth year after the Marathonian fight, the battle of Sala∣mis was disputed, as Thucidides reports. (f) For Xerxes who in the fourth year of the 73 Olymp. and the year before Christ 485 (his father being dead) began his reign, as well by the advice and instigation of the Pisistratans and Alvadarians, as also being inci∣ted thereto by many and fearfull Vifions in the 5th year of his reign) of the Jul. Per. the 4233. or the 4th year of the 74 Olymp. took his voyage into Asia, and having passed over the Winter at Sardis, the Spring following, he passed into Greece. Herodotus, tells us there were five Millions two hundred eighty three thou∣fand heads in his Army, (g) Plutarch five Millions. (h) Theodoretus, thirty hundred thousand. Cornelius Nepos 700 thousand foot, and 400 thousand Horse. The same Author reckons his Navy to 12 hundred Lacedemonians, under the command of Leonidas, with 300 Spartans, and 4000 of other Greeks from the borders of Thessaly, called by the name Thermopylae, who had formerly repel∣led his Army from their coasts, but the other Graecians being all departed, the Lacedemonians being incompassed by the Persians, were overcome. The Athenians being warned by an Oracle that they should make themselves woodden Bulwarks, (as we find by Themistocles) they left their countrey, and, with their Families, and all they had, betook themselves to the Sea; and to that end provided and got together, (as Cornelius Nepos stories i••) 200.

Sail, to which 100 more Greek Ships being added, they made up a fleet of three hundred sail. Herodotus mentions but a hundred twenty seven Attick Ships; but in all they amounted to 271. Xerxes entring Attica set A••hens on fire. (i) Then began the conflict at Salamina, in which the Persians were routed, on the 20, day of the Moneth Boedromion, which falls upon the 23th of our Septem∣ber. Xerxes betook himself to flight, and the 45 day after the fight arrived at Hellespont, having left Mardonius with 300000. foot Souldiers in Graecia. This Sea-fight happened in the beginning of the first year of the 75 Olymp. the 480 of the account before Christ, being the next ensuing. Mardonius being fought by Pausanias the Lacedemonian, and Aristides, the Graecian Generalls, was vanquished at Platea, the third of Boedromion, or 25th of Sep∣tember (k) upon which very day, the Graecians overthrew the Per∣sians in another Sea fight at Mycale.

At the same time that the Graecians and Persians were Grapling by Sea. The Carthaginians whom Xerxes had incited to invade Sicily were routed in a Land-fight at Himera by Gelo, as Diodorus ob∣serves.

CHAP. VI. Of the most memorable occurrences transacted in Graecia, after the Persian War ended, and other, and the civill broils in Greece.

WHen the storm of the Persian war was allayed, the Graecians had their hands full at home. For their two chief Cities Athens and Lacedemonia were at contention which of them should have the preheminence, and with these (some with one, some with the other) all the other Cities sided.

(l) The Athenians chief care was when they had ordered their affairs, to re-edify their walls which had been ruined by the Persi∣ans, which by the industry of Themistocles they accomplished, (do the Lacedemonians what they could to hinder it) who opposed it lest it might become a better fortyfied City then Peloponnesus, (which the Barbarians made their safeguard and refuge, whilst they forraged and plundered Graecia). But it was plain, they op∣posed it not so much for any affection to the publique good, as out of fear and envy, lest their rivall City should out-top them, but by the advice of the same (m) Themistocles, the Athenians made them a Haven in the Piraeeum, whereas hitherto they had made use of Phalericum.

(n) Afterwards the Grecians sent Pausanias with a fleet into Cy∣prus and Hellespont, to clear those parts from the Barbarians (o) Who having taken Byzantium whilst he stayed there, dealt pri∣vately with the Persians, about the betraying of Greece, which be∣ing made known to the Grecians, he was sent for, condemned, and died for it. In the mean time out of distast, at the haughtinesse

of Pausanias. The Grecian people were much alienated in their affections to the Lacedemonians, which opportunity the Athenians laid hold on, and by the means of Aristides consederated them to themselves, who thought conventient to make a certain Trea∣sure in the Island Belos, into which every year they cast in every man somewhat, which custome the Athenians held after∣wards.

After the death of Pausanias, Themistocles being accused of Trea∣chery by the Lacedemonians, he betook him to his heels, and fled to the Persians, which Diodorus reckons to be in the second year of the 77 Olymp the year before Christ, 471. being the ninth year after the great slaughter at Salamis, so that Xerxes being then living, to him it was that Themistocles went as elsewhere we have decla∣red.

(p) The year after, Cimon the son of Miltiades with a fleet of 250. Vessels, worsted, and utterly routed, and dispersed in downright fighting 340. Sail of the Barbarians, and the same day having clo∣thed his Souldiers in Persian habit, and put them into the ships he had taken in the battell with the Barbarians, came upon the Persian Army at unawares on land, and utterly cut them off at the River Eurimedon.

Lacedemon terrified with a great Earthquake which was in Pe∣loponnesus, when the Helots and Messenii were swallowed up, first craved ayd of the Athenians; but whilest the Auxiliaries were marching toward their relief, (the enemy being restrained by Archidamus) the Lacedemonians suspected the Auxiliary forces of Athens, and durst not trust them, but sent them back the same way they came; which was so resented, that it was the cause of much Heart-burning betwixt them. This Diodorus writes to be in the fourth year of the 77 Olympiad.

The following year being the 78 Olympiad, Mycaenae, because they would not submit to the Graecians, Diodorus tells us, they and their City were utterly destroyed by them, and then (q) Pausa∣nias (as the same Author intimates) out of emulation of their springing glory began to hate the Grecians perfectly, because in the Persian War the Argivi sate quiet at home, whilest the Mycae∣nians sent 80 Souldiers to Thermopylae against the Persians. In the year following he sayes Hiero King of Syracuse dyed, when he had reigned eleven years, and his brother Thrasibulus succeeded him, who being dethroned by the unanimous vote and consent of the Syracusans, went to the Locri. (r) From this time to the reign of Dionysius, the Syracusans lived in a continued peace and tran∣quillity, which was for the space of 60 years; which Diodorus reckons to the third year of the 78 Olympiad.

(s) In the fourth year of the same Olympiad, Xerxes was slain by Artabanus; and in the very year before that, Darius his son was murthered by Artaxerxes his brother, whom Artabanus accused before him of the fact, and he judged Artaxerxes, and condemned

him according to his demerit. So Artaxerxes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the same year began his reign. This man in the third year of his reign, and the second of the 79 Olympiad, warred upon Aegypt, which fell off from him, together with Inarus King of Lybia. But Inarus being back'd with the Athenians ayds, stood it out with the Per∣sians, who were, but the third year of the same Olympiad, routed by the Athenians in a conflict at Sea, and the next year after were pursued by them to Memphis, and besieged there. At last, in the 81 Olympiad, (t) the Aegyptians deserting the Athenians, they were glad to come off upon equal terms: Inarus was executed for his revolt, and Aegypt recovered.

In the interim, the seeds of discord grew up so by degrees be∣twixt the two Cities, that at last they fell from words to blows, by the continual provocation one of another. For the Athenians were so taken with their own breeding and generosity, that being puft with pride, the great ones of them behaved themselves not onely arrogantly, but injuriously iusulted over their fellows; so that many of them fled over to the Lacedemonians, as saith (u) Tha∣sius, in the 79 Olympiad of his Aegineta. Whereupon they made several incursions upon one anothers Territories. The Athenians, when under their Captain Leocrites they had routed the Corinthians and Epidaurians, marched for Peloponnese in the second year of the 80 Olympiad. And the 81 Olympiad, under their General Tol∣mides, harassed Laconia, and subjected aegina to their Dominion. (x) After that, by the means of Cymon, the quinquennial or fifth year Truce was compounded, they turned the dint of the Warr against their old enemies the Persians. Cymon with a Navy under his Command marched for Cyprus, and defeated the Barbarians both by Land and Sea, and brought Artaxerxes to compound for peace, than which nothing to this day redounded more to the honour of Greece, or to the disparagement of the Persians. For they were glad to accept peace upon these conditions, That they should not come within a dayes journey for a well-mounted horse-man, of the Sea-side; and that they should not passe betwixt the Cyaneans and Chelidonians in any long or beaked Ships, and that they should set free all the Cities of Asia which they held. (y) This peace was concluded in the fourth year of the 82 Olympiad, as Diodorus reports. The very same year Cymon, as he lay at the Leaguer of Citium, fell sick and dyed.

(z)

After this, the old grudge amongst the Grecians began to fester, and the War broke out anew, notwithstanding that it was reconciled by that triennial League in the third year of the 83 Olympiad. In this interim the Samians revolted from the Athe∣nians, and were light upon by Pericles, and foyled and reduced in the 4th year of the 84 Olympiad. Also the Corinthians warring upon the Corcyraeans and the Athenians, two Allies and Confede∣rates, about the second year of the 86 Olympiad, were clearly baffled in a Conflict at Sea. Therefore the Lacedemonians and

their sides-men alledge, That the Athenians violated the Articles the 4th year after they were concluded. And so the Peloponnesian War, as they call it, broke forth in plain terms.

CHAP. VII. Of the Roman Affairs, from the 271 year, from the building of the City, to the 323; and the beginning of the Peloponnesian War.

THe (a) Veian War began at Rome, according to the City ac∣count, the 271 year; which when the Fabii alone undertook to manage the War themselves upon their own charge, and had pitcht their Tents at the River Cremera, their quarters were bea∣ten up the very first day, and six hundred of them put to the sword; which Gellius sayes was in the 277 year of the City ac∣count; and the 4th after the Battle was at Salamis. But the year following, the Veians had to do with Servilius Consul.

(b) The War went on with the Volsci, who were often over∣come, especially by T. Quinctius Capitolinus. He, the 286 year of the City, destroyed Antium the head of that Nation; and the 296, was sent Dictator against the Aequi, and being but a man that came from the plough-tayl, delivered Minutius Consul, who was hemm'd in by them, and subjugated his enemies, and made them Tributary.

(c) In the 303 year of the City-account, and the 451 before Christ, the Constitution of the Roman State was altered, accord∣ing to Dionysius. For then the Decemviri (or the Government by Ten) were established in the Supream Authority, who appointed several Laws for the Romans, which they gathered out of certain Constitutions brought thither the year before, by certain Legates out of Greece, which I say they new-modelled and fitted to the Conisitution of the Roman Common-Wealth. But these men pre∣sently made use of the power put into their hands, to Tyranny and Oppression; insomuch, that one of them (by name Appius Clau∣dius) seeking by force to compell Virginia to be his Concubine, her father, to prevent him, slew her with his own hands. Where∣upon grew another Insurrection amongst the common people; to appease which mutiny, they were fain to suppresse the Decemviri, and restore the Tribunes of the People and Consuls, to Office again: which fell out upon the 305 year of the City, and the (d) 60 after the liberty thereof, the year before Christ 449; so that the Decem∣viri had ruled but three years at most.

(e) In the 315 year of the City, Sp. Melius took the opportu∣nity of engaging the affections of the people to him, as a probable way to attain the Soveraignty, by distributing corn amongst them very liberally in a most raging famine. But was cut off by the command of Quinctius the Dictator, and by the hand of C. Servi∣lius. The year following, the Fidenates fell off to Lartes Tolum∣nius,

King of the Viens, and put to death the Roman Legates, whose Statues or Monument were erected in the Forum; and the year following, being the 317 of the City, they were vanquished by Mamercus Aemilius the Dictator. Tolumnius was slain by Cornelius Cossus, who was the first but Romulus that devoted a rich booty to Jupiter Feretrius; although Sigonius thinks he dedicated them in his Consul-ship the 326 year of the City.

(f) The first Censors at Rome were created the 311th year, who were constituted Quinquennial or for five years; but in the 320 they were reduced tobe half-yearly, by Mamercus Aemilius the Dictator.

In the 323 year, A. Posthumius the Dictator was very fortunate in his War against the Aequi and Volsci, but the honour of his victory was very much defiled by the blood of his son, whom he punished no lesse severe, for but fighting without Orders, than with the Dint of his Ax.

CHAP. VIII. Of the most Learned men, fam'd in the World during the interval be∣twi••ct the Persian Expedition into Greece, and the Peloponnesian Warr.

THe most ingenious Philosophers in these times were Anaxa∣goras, who the very year that Xerxes sailed into Greece, arrived the age of 20 years; in which year also he began to read Philoso∣phy, as Diogenes reports; by which account he was born the 70 Olympiad, (which Apollodorus confirms) and dyed the 88: where Diogenes mistakes himself, and writes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, (i. e.) 70, for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, (i. e.) 80. Pericles was Schollar to this Anaxagoras.

(g) Socrates also, that father of Philosophers, was born the 4th year of the 77 Olympiad, on the sixth day of the moneth Tharge∣lion which falls upon the 4246 year of the Julian Period, and the 468 year before Christ. He lived 70 years, and dyed in the first of the 95 Olympiad.

Democritus was born the third year of the 77 Olympiad, being a year before Socrates, (as Thrasillus reports out of Diogenes) and lived 109 years, so that his death fell upon the 4th year of the 105 Olympiad. But in regard he testifies he wrote a book, enti∣tuled, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in the 730 year after the destruction of Troy; which year, according to our reckoning agrees with the 4260 of the Jul. Period, it's evident by this account, he was but then 15 years old. But it may be Troy was destroyed some years before this; as we have noted elsewhere.

(h) Tertullianus avers, That this Democritus put his own eyes, because he could not behold a woman without lustfull imagina∣tions.

(i) Empedocles and Protagoras were illustrious in the world about

the 84 Olympiad; at which time also Melissus, and not long af∣ter Parmenides, who was so famed in the 90 Olympiad, contracted great admiration. Nor must we forget the honour those times received by Gorgias, Hippias, Prodicus, and Hippocrates the Physi∣tian, whom Eusebius places in the 86 Olympiad. Meto the Astro∣nomer, who observed the Solstice before the Peloponnesian Warr, hath deserved no lesse observation.

Of Poets famous in these times were Pindarus, (k) who had at∣tained 40 years of age a year before Xerxes passed into Greece, and appear'd upon the stage of this World in the 65 Olympiad; and Bacchylides, whom Eusebius places in the 82 Olympiad. The fa∣mous Tragedians of this Age were Eschylus, of whom we have spoken formerly; Sophocles, who was 17 years younger than Eschylus, was born the second year of the 71 Olympiad, the 495 year before Christ, and dyed in the 90 year of his age, being the third of the 93 Olympiad, the 4308 year of the Julian Period, as (l) Diodorus reports; who likewise tells us, that Apollodorus makes mention in his Chronicle, That Euripides dyed the very same year; who was born (as Thomas Magister in his Life sets down) in that very first year of the 75 Olympiad, in which Xerxes invaded Greece, and lived to the age of 75 years.

Of Comicks also, Cratinus and Aristarchus stand upon record, in the 81 Olymp. in Eusebius.

CHAP. IX. Of the Peloponnesian War; and other Transactions contemporary, in Greece.

THat bloody and so long continued War in Greece, between the Alhenians and Peloponnesians, took date from the latter end of the first year of the 85 Olymp, in the Spring season, (Pytho∣dorus being Governour) the 431 year before Christ. Pericles was the chief Incendiary of this combustion, who having too lavishly expended 7000 talents, rather than he would be called to account, he would confuse the affairs of Greece.

In this War, Madam Fortuna played fast and loose to the pro∣duction of many contrary events, and great variety of Transacti∣ons. Pericles at the end of two years and six moneths from the beginning of this War, dyed of a Plague, which began to rage and spread it self, the second year of this War. The (b) Lesbians, and especially the Mitylenians revolted from the Athenians, the fourth year of the War; but the next year after, were received again by Pachetes the Captain, who had very much ado to save their lives; and the 10th year Cleo, General of the Athenians, and Bar∣sidas of the Lacedemonians, both perishing in the War, they had truce on both sides for 15 years, but it was broken at eight years end.

(c) In the 16th year of this War, being the 91 Olympiad, and the time of the Truce, the Athenians invaded Sicilie, to the relief of the Aegestans and Leontins, against the Syracusans; over which Ex∣pedition, Alcibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus were made Generals; but Alcibiades being accuses of sacriledge in his absence, was commanded home about it; whereupon he fled to the Lacedemo∣nians, and perswaded them to send ayd to the Syracusans: In which Voyage Gylippus was sent General; by whom the Athenians, who hitherto had proceeded to their hearts desire in every thing, were vanquished both by Sea and Land, and fell wholly into his hands. In this conflist the most valiant Commanders, Demesthenes and Ny∣cias, fell under the swords dint. This fell out the 19th year of the War, and the 413 before Christ.

From this time the Declension of the Athenians fortune was ob∣served; which nevertheless (d) Alcibiades recovered in all he might, when he was restored to his Countrey, having abolisht the then Government or rule over the people, and constituted the Common-wealth among four hundred persons, which afterwards were five thousand.

(e) At last the Athenians were totally routed at the bridge of Aegos, by the two Generals, Aracus and Lysandrus, and the very City came into their hands, and so the War ended in the begin∣ing of the 28 year, the 16 day of the moneth Munychion, which falls about the 18th of April. The war therefore continued 27 whole years, even untill the Athenian subjection. (f) But Xeno∣phon will have it to last till the Autumn following, in which the Sun declined its wonted course, which fell upon the 404 year be∣fore Christ, being the first of the 94 Olympiad, the third day of September. But if he reckons it to have come to passe the ninth Olymp. following; so it falls to be the next after that, which he rec∣kons most appositely to be the 93, in the beginning of his first book.

The War began the 34 year of Artaxerxes Longimanus his reign, (for he dyed the seventh year of the War, as we find by (g) Thucy∣dides, when he had reigned 40 year,) and ended in the latter end of the first, or beginning of the second of Artaxerxes Memoriosus, as appears by (h) Diodorus.

During this same War, as Diodorus testifies in the 22 year thereof, the Aegestans, who came to the aid of the Athenians, robbed them of all they could, and so fled to the Carthaginians, who sent out Hannibal the son of Amilcar with a strong party. He spoyled Selinunte, and destroyed Himera. Against him Hermocrates the Syracusan in his banishment made strong opposition; but he having secretly got into Syracusa the first year of the 93 Olympiad, toge∣ther with his accomplices, was put to the sword, amongst whom Dionysius (that afterwards in the last year of the Peloponnesian War was possest of the Soveraignty) was, but escaped. (i) But Dio∣nysius Halicarnassus writes, That Callia being President in the third year of the 93 Olympiad; (who began his rule the 4309 year of the Julian Period,) (k) Dionysius compassed the Sove∣raignty

a mongst the Syracusans, by the same wile that Pisistratus had before used amongst the Athenians.

CHAP. X. Of all the Memorable Occurrences transacted from the end of the Pelo∣ponnesian War, to the reign of Philip King of Macedon.

AFter the (a) Athenians were subjugated by Lysander, the ma∣nagement of Athens was committed to 30 Governours, who, insulting too imperiously upon the people, were deposed by Thra∣sibulus, and the Athenians restored to liberty the fourth year of the 94 Olympiad, and the fourth year after the City was taken. In which very year, Cyrus the younger son of Darius the brother of Artaxerxes Mnemon, being made President of Asia by his father, he, encouraged by the assistance of Greece, and especially Lacede∣mon, warred upon his brother, and was slain in a battle. The Graecian Auxiliaries being brought from ten, to five thousand, (b) Xenophon amongst others being a Commander amongst them, most strangely escaped through Armenia and Paphlagonia, and the very Army of the King, in the first year of the 95 Olympiad.

In the mean time, Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes being made Go∣vernours of Asia by Artaxerxes, the Lacedemonians joyned with Pharnabazus against Tissaphernes, by whom, Conon the Athenian was made Admiral.

Agesilaus likewise, when he was made President of Asia, beha∣ved himself very valiantly; (c) but when Tissaphernes the King was slain, a peace being concluded with the Persians, the Boeotians, Aphenians, Corinthians, and Graecians conspiring against the Lace∣demonians, he was call'd home, and fought the Boeotians, and came off with equal successe. This, Diodorus sayes, happened the second year of the 96 Olympiad.

After this, the Lacedemonians grew weaker and weaker. They were utterly routed also by the Persians at Gnidus, under their Ge∣neral Conon, at what time the Sun declined its wonted course, as Zenophon and Plut. in Ages. tell us. This fell out the 4320 year of the Jul. Per. the 14 day of August.

The most famous Generalls of this time, were, at Athens, Iphicrates, Chabrias, Thrasybulus, Timotheus; amongst the Thebanes, Pelopidas, and Epaminondas, a man not onely honourable for his learning, but also most illustrious for his valour, and Justice, who stirred up his Thebans to take in hand the soveraignty of Greece. For he quelled the Lacedemonians whilst they sought to recover their decayed lustre, more by treachery then valour. Phoebidas being sent Generall against the Corinthians, (d) by a wile possest himself of Cadmea, a Fort of the Thebans, and constituted Tyrants there, the third year of the 99. Olymp. as Diodorus takes it. But at the end of the 4th year, by the advice and contrivement of

Pelopidas, they recovered not onely their liberty, but their Fort. After, the Cities of Greece, all joyning their forces, were wholly bent against the Lacedemonians, the Athenians being the Ring-lea∣ders, but Artaxerxes made war upon the Aegyptians who had re∣volted. And, lest his Armies should any longer be detained in Greece, commanded that they should all lay down their arms, and return to their wonted liberty, and that all the Forts should be disgarisonned; which whosoever should dissent from, he would account as foes. To this proposall of peace, all Greece gladly ad∣hered, except the Thebans, whom Epimanondas had preoccupated with a fear of danger in joyning therein. But this concord amongst the Grecians lasted not long. For soon after the war broke out again, and grew more violent then ever. The Thebans took up arms against the Athenians, and to satisfy an old grudge, destroyed Platea. Then went they against the Athenians, and overcame them at Leuctra, in Boeotia. (although they were the far greater in number) under the conduct of Epimanondas their Ge∣nerall, in which conflict, Cleombrotus perished. (e) This (as Diodor. tells us) happened upon the second year of the 102. Olymp.

After this, the Lacedemonians began to grow contemptible, and were again sadly foyled by the Arcadians. Furthermore, the Thebans under their Generall Epaminondas, invaded Laconica, and laid siege to Sparta. The Lacedemonians send for aid to Athens, but Epimanondas (do they both what they could to hinder him) pilla∣ged the field of the Lacedemonians again. At length in the third year of the 103 Olymp. the Lacedemonians were reconciled to the Thebans, by the means of the Persian King. Then they con∣verted the dint of their weapons against Alexander Pheraeus the Ty∣rant, against whom Pelopidas fighting, was slain whilst the Victo∣ry was on his part. Again, the Thebans being requested to the aid of the Mantinians (who stood off from the rest of the Arcadians) took up arms under the command of Epimanondas. (f) He inga∣ged in the last conflict at Mantinea with the Lacedemonians and Ar∣cadians, where he came off Conquerour, but so wounded, that soon after he died, the second year of the 105 Olymp.

The year following (g) Agesilaus died in the 84 year of his age and the 41. of his reign in Cyrenaica, as he returned out of Aegypt from the aid of Tachon their King, who had revolted from the Persians.

(h) But in this mean while Dionysius was busy in the war in Si∣cilia. Nor had he more to do to defend himself against forreign∣ers, than his own countreymen the Carthaginians. He often quelled the insurrections of the Syracusans, advantaged by the assi∣stance of the Lacedemonian power, and had many a sore dispute with the Carthaginians constantly; who (under the command of Imilcon their Generall) whilst they besieged Syracusa (making ha∣vock of all that came in their way, not sparing the most holy things) were struck with a very sore plague, so that what by this

Pestilence, what by the Syracusan Navy, and the Army of Diony∣sius, they were utterly vanquished both by Land and Sea, in the first year of the 96. Olymp. (as Diodorus testifies). But they for all this, again invaded Sicily, and at last made a peace with Dio∣nysius, who afterwards when he would have renewed the war, (i) dyed of a surfet whilst he was preparing his Artillery, and after he had heard himself proclaimed twice Victor in the Lenaean games at Athens. (k) He reigned 38. years, began his sovereignty the 25. of his age, and died in the beginning of the 103 Olym. the year before Christ, 368, and his son who bore the same name succeeded him in the Throne, (l) against whom, Dio the son of Hipparinus (whose sister Aristomache was wife to the former Dionysius) by the guidance of two pack-Pedlers, went out of Greece, and (taking the oppor∣tunity of the Governours absence) possest himself of Syracusa. Who having Garrisonned the Castle, when he saw he could bring the Syracusans to no conditions, sailed into Italy. In the inte∣rim, Dio was butchered by the Zacynthian Mercenaries, (m) in the third year of the 106 Olymp. Dionysius, the tenth year after his ejection, recovered Syracusa, being the second of the 108. Olymp. At last Timoleon the Corinthian petitioned thereunto by the Syracusans, deposed Dionysius, and sent him to Corinth, where he kept a private School of boyes till he was very old. This came to passe the second year of the 109 Olymp. the year before Christ 343.

About the time these things were agitated, Timoleon having abolisht all the reliques of Monarchy, gave the Carthaginians a signal overthrow, the seventh day of the Moneth Thargelion, which falls upon the 26 of May, the latter end of the 4th year of the 110 Olymp. and so having appeased Sicily, spent the residue of his daies there in peace, and quiet.

CHAP. XI. Of the Sociall and Sacred war in Greece, and of the exploits of Philip of Macedon.

THe Sociall war in Greece, broke out in the third year of the 105 Olymp. (a) in which the Byzantians, Rhodians, Coans, and Chians, together with Mausolus Prince of Caria: conspited together against the Athenians. Chabrias, the Generall of the Athenians perished in the war, the very same year, and in the 4th year that war was terminated.

(b) About this time, another war (which they called Sacrum, or the Holy, arose. The Amphictyones (which were certain Jud∣ges or Counsellours, elected out of all parts of Greece) imposed a mulct upon the Lacedemonians and Phocenses; on the one, because they held Cadmea, one of the Cadmeans Fortresses; on the other,

for that they had incroached upon some holy or dedicated land. Philomelus stirred his Phocenses to the spoyling of the Temple at Delphos. When the City was thus tainted with sacriledge, they were presently ingaged in another Broyl with the Locrians, with the the Thebans, wherein they expiated that heynous fact, with the utter ruine and slaughter of their whole Nation. In which it is most remarkable what (c) Philo in Eusebius writes, That whereas there was a Law, that whosoever should rob the Temple, of her money or Ornaments, should either be precipitated, or drowned, or burnt, three chief Captains of the Phocenses, who were par∣takers in this sacriledge, perished by these three severall deaths: for first Philomelus being conquered by the Thebans, cast himself from a Precipice, and so died, as Diod. tells us, in the third year of the 106 Olymp. After him, Onomarchus was thrown into the wa∣ters by his own souldiers, and so drowned, the fourth year of the same Olymp. The third was Phyallus, who, the year following, was burnt alive in the Temple at Abas, although Diodorus and others say, he died of a Consumption. This was accom∣plished by Philip King of Macedon, to whose aid the Thebans flocked, and the Phocenses had supplies from both Lacedemon, and Athens. Yet all the Cities of the Phocenses except Abas which was clear of the sacriledge, were levelled with the Ground. This war began, as Diodorus reckons, in the second year of the hundred and sixth Olympiad, the three hundred ninety and ninth year from, or after, the foundation of Rome, and ended the very beginning of the tenth year of it in the latter end of the second of the hundred and eighth Olympiad; of the Julian Period, the four thousand three hundred sixty eighth, although (d) Pausauias will have it to begin whilst Aga••hocles was Praetor at Athens, and in the fourth year of the hundred and fifth Olym∣piad, and to expire in the beginning of the hundred and eighth Olympiad, Theophilus being President, being two years before Diodorus his account, but I think it safer to consent to the opinion of Diod. For (e) Demosthenes in his Orat. de Ementit. Legat. testifies, that in the very same year the Cities of the Phocenses were demolished by Philip; the Pythian Games were celebrated, to which (by reason of their great mourning) the Athenians omitted the sending of their 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. (i. e.) their sa∣cred Legats, and that the (f) Pythian Games ended in the latter end of the second year of the tetraëterick Olympian sports.

This Victory established Philip in the favour and great opinion of the Graecians in general, and at last in the soveraignty it self. He was the son of Amyntas, and being a Pledge at A∣thens, lived some time with Epaminondas, under whose disci∣pline onely, his Acts afterwards sufficiently expresse how much he improved. (g) His three Brothers (of which Perdiccas was the last) being dead, he ascended the Throne the second year of the hundred and fifth Olympiad. The same

year having vanquished the Athenians at Methon, he made peace with Amphipolis, that so he might with the more facility, subjugate his next neighbours. Then he Conquered the Paeons, and Illyrians; which done, he took Amphipolis, and having Conquered three Kings of the Thracians, Paeons, and Illyri∣ans, he brought the Olynthii into his subjection by Policy; that is to say, bribes and deceits in plain English, in the beginning of the hundred and eighth Olympiad, in which very year the Phocenses being utterly expunged, he put an end to the Warre called Sacrum, or the Holy Warre, to which he came as an assistant, and Generall, at the intreaty of the Thebans.

(h) In the third year of the hundred and ninth Olympiad, after the death of Arymbas, King of the Molossi, he dethroned Aeacid, the son of Arymbas, and the Father of Pyrrhus, and set Alexander, the Brother of his Wife Olympias, in his place.

When he had opposed Byzantium, he was deterred from that enterprise, when he saw the Athenians, and other Grecians agree together against him, and therefore he concluded a peace with the Athenians, the hundred and tenth Olympiad; Which being broken, the third year after, he had a conflict with the same Athenians, and the Boeotians at Chaeronea, and having the Victory, prosecuted it very moderately, and by the advice of Demades, renewed the peace and friendship with the Athenians. (i) After the Victory at Chaeronea, he gave this testimony of a very moderate and sober mind, that he com∣mended that every day he should be put in mind of his frail condition, and to that very end he appointed a Boy, who should daily, before he left his Chamber, proclaim these words to him; Philip thou art but a man. At last being made Generall for the Graecians against the Persians, whilest he was preparing himself for the Warre, in the very height of the sport, in the Games which Aegis set up in Macedonia, he was (k) stabbed by Pausanias, a Yeoman of the body to him; it is uncertain whe∣ther set on by his Wife Olympias, or his Son Alexander, which fell out in the beginning of the ninety first Olympiad, the year before Christ, three hundred thirty six. He reigned twenty four years.

CHAP. XII. The most memorable Transactions in the Roman Affairs, from the begin∣ing of the Peloponnesian War, to the death of Philip, that is, from the 373, to the 418 year of the City-Account.

SEveral Wars were waged at Rome, from the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, to the death of Philip. (a) For they had to do not onely with the Aequi and Volsci, but also with the Veians, whose City they besieged and kept at the Leaguer ten years toge∣ther. When it was, that it came first into use to make Tents of Skins to defend themselves from the sharpnesse of the Winter∣storms. They began the siege the 349, and the City was taken by Camillus the Dictator, the 358th year of the City Account. The same Camillus reduced the Falisci to the Roman Empire, (not so much by force, as by the opinion he gained amongst them by his singular Justice) the 360 year from the foundation of Rome.

(b) But Rome her self, that famous Conqueress, had almost been brought to nothing by the Galls. Who, when in the 363 year they had besieged Clusium, and the Romans had sent the three Fabii Legates thither, they, (contrary to the Laws of Nations) when they had once appeared in the front of the Army, forsook Clusium, and fled to the City.

At the first onset those Romans that stood to it were routed, and fled to Alia: and at last the City was taken, set on fire, and the Capitol (into which the flower of the City had betaken them∣selves) beset, and Manlius being absent, had been taken by the enemy, but for the gagling of certain Geese at their approach; which awaked Manlius and the rest, who came together thither, and forc'd the Galls down a precipice from the Capitol. In this mean time, Camillus, who was banished, and at Ardea, was resto∣red home, and while he was absent, elected Dictator. He, when he came, rally'd the Roman forces, and repell'd the Galls, and clear'd the Coasts of them within eight miles of the City.

After this, the Dictator, Camillus, perswaded the Romans from a phansie they were very earnest in, of leaving the ruines of Rome, and invading the Veians, (but with very much a••o) and brought them to repair the ruines of their own Country. But M. Manlius, taken with the splendour of the Capitol, from which he had the sirname, Capitolinus, being puss'd up with arrogance, he was indu∣ced, through his own ambition, and the favour he had with the people, to propose to himself, and go about the means of com∣passing the Soveraignty to himself; but being taken in this pro∣ject, was precipitated from the (c) Tarpeian rock, (the very place he had had in charge to defend) the 370 year after the City was built.

(d) At length a great difference grew between the Patricii and

the common people. For C. Licinius, and L. Sextius, Tribunes, made a law the 377 year of the City, That the Commons should have the election of another Consul; which when the Senate op∣posed most violently, the Tribunes would suffer no Officers of State to be created: (e) By which means Rome became an Anarchy for the space of five years, and at last the Plebeians prevailed in the 387 year of the City; and the year following, the common peo∣ple made their first Consul, L. Sextius.

(f) In the 392 year of the City, there happening a great open∣ing or gaping of the Earth in the midst of the Eorum, and the Oracle commanded, that the best thing the Romans had, should be dedicated to it. Whilest all men wondred what this should mean, M. Curtius, an excellent young Souldier, and notably valorous, all armed and mounted on horseback, cast himself into the jaws of the gaping earth, accounting, That no virtue more became a Roman, than valour and courage, nor was a greater good.

After this, they went to War with the Tiburtians, the Tarquinii and Falisci, but most hotly the 398 year of the City, when the Falisci and Tarquinians fighting with fire-brands, and casting Ser∣pents in the front, to the great terrour of the Priests, were con∣quered by Fabius Consul, and had conditions of peace granted to them both for 40 years, in the 403 year of Rome.

With the Galls also they had to do more than once. Whilest they stood in battalia, M. Valerius, Tribune of the host, at the age of 23 years, Pichier'd a certain bravado of the enemy, who stood challenging and inticing the Romans to battle, and slew him by the help of Corvus, in the 405 year of the City; whence he took the sirname Corvinus; and the year following, for his singular de∣serts, was made Consul.

But none of these Wars proved more tedious and virulent, than the Samnian, which the Romans took upon them at the request of the Campani, the 411 year of the City. For they being vanquish'd by the Samnians, put themselves under the protection of the Ro∣mans, by a League of fealty, and so engaged the Romans in that War, (d) which lasted 70, or 71 full years, although the Sam∣nians were often that while conquered, and often entred into League with the Romans; as in the 413th year they (e) renewed their hostility against the Romans; but the year following were conquered again by Coss. Torquatus and Decius, one of whom struck his son with an Ax, for that he had engaged in fight without com∣mission; the other engaged himself for the Army, and they com∣mitted themselves to his fealty and protection; but soon after, viz. the 460 year, they rebelled, and were then clearly eradica∣ted.

CHAP. XIII. The famous Wits of those Times.

THe (a) most fam'd for ingenuity and wisdome, in Greece, amongst the Philosophers, were Plato, who was born the first year of the 88 Olympiad, the 7th day of the moneth Thargelion, Aminias being President, who was also called Epaminon, which was in the 3556 year of the World, (for this year the Magistrate∣ship of Aminias expired a little before the beginning of the Olym∣piad) and dyed the first year of the 108 Olympiad, under the rule of Theophilus, the 406 year of the City-account, the 348 year be∣fore Christ, it being then the 81 year of his age. He began to hear Socrates his Lectures when he was twenty years of age; up∣on which account he could be his hearer not above eight years; for Socrates dyed the first year of the 95 Olympiad, when Plato was but 28 years of age.

(b) Speusippus his sister's son succeeded Plato in his School, who dyed the second year of the 110 Olympiad; Lysimachus then pre∣siding, so that he kept that School about eight years. (c) Tertul∣lianus sayes, this Speusippus being taken in adultery, dyed for it. Him Zenocrates succeeded for the space of 25 years.

(d) Aristotle, that founder of the Sect of the Peripateticks, (as Apollodorus in Diogenes conceives) was born the first year of the 99 Olympiad, the 384th year before Christ, being younger than Plato, about 43 years, whom he began to learn of, in the 17th year of his age, was an auditor 20 years, and dyed when he had arri∣ved to 63, being the third year of the 114 Olympiad; in which year also Demosthenes descended the stage of this World.

(e) Eudoxus Cnidius was famous the 103 Olympiad, as Diogenes tells us, who by the general account of that Age merited the crown amongst Astronomers.

(f) Xenophon, that support of Platonists, was illustrious at this time, not onely for his skill in Philosophy, but for his exquisite Souldier-ship. He, together with his brother Cyrus, the 4th year of the 94 Olympiad, whilest Zenaenetus presided, being the year preceding the death of Socrates, undertook an Expedition against Artaxerxes; and having put a period to the War, brought back the Greek Auxiliaries into Greece in safety. He departed the Scene of this world at Corinth, the first year of the 105 Olympiad, in the time of Callidemides his Magistrateship, in which very year Phi∣lip began his reign over the Macedons, which falls in with the 3625 year of the World.

(g) This Age also was not a litle famous for illustrious and most exquisite Historians, amongst whom Thucydides was the chief, concerning whom, that place of Gellius, in the eleventh book of Pamphylas, is most worthy taking notice of. Hellanicus in initio belli Peloponnesiaci, &c. (i.e) Hellanicus in the beginning of the Pelo∣ponnesian

War had lived 60 years. Herodotus, 53. & Thucydi∣des, 40.

Philistus the Syracusan, a familiar acquaintance of both the Dio∣nysius's, left this life the 106 Olympiad, in a conflict at Sea which he had with the Syracusans, in behalf of Dionysius minor, or the less, as we have formerly related out of Diodorus.

Theopompus the Scholar of Isocrates, and Ephorus the Cumaean, who was descended from Ulysses; Ctesias also the Cnidian Physitian, who flourish'd in the time of the younger Cyrus: But Isocrates, that Master of Eloquence, was born the 86 Olympiad. Lysima∣chus praesiding four years before the Peloponnesian war, and the 3548 year of the World, as Dionysius and Plutarch relate it, in his Life. He left this life the same year that the Athenians received that signal overthrow at Chaeronea, in the time of Cheronidas or Cha∣rondas his President-ship, the 3646 year of the World.

Amongst the Poets of this Age, the most famous were Aristo∣panes the Comick about the Peloponnesian war, Eupolis and Cratinus also, two other Comicks, were not obscure then; neither Philoxe∣nus Cythereius, Timotheus, Telestes, Dithyrambicks or Poets of Bacchus, flourished then also; as Diodorus records it in his 14th book. And Dionysius the major Tyrant, writ his Tragedies about this time.

CHAP. XIV. Of Alexander the Great, and his time, with many Acts by him per∣formed; of the death of Darius; the fall of the Persian Empire; and the death of Alexander.

(a) ALexander the son of Philip, for his high atchievements, was sirnamed Great. He was born the 106 Olympiad, the 328 year of the City, the 3628 of the World, and 356 be∣fore Christ, according to Diodor. Plutarch also adds, it was upon the 6th day of the moneth Hecatombeon; on which very day, he tells us, Philip received three most welcome messages when he had taken Potidaea; the first was, the victory Parmenion had over the Illyrians. The second, that he had the prize in the Olympick games, by the swiftnesse of his horse: and the last, the news of his son's birth; all which 'tis possible might fall out the same moneth Lous or Hecatombeon; but they were never brought to his year the very same day. Likewise the Olympick Agones were celebrated in the Plenilunium or full of the Moon of that moneth which answers to Hecatombaeon, unlesse perchance the first moneth of the Elidenses happened that year to precede the Attick Heca∣tombeon or Lous. Rupertus in his 9th book, de victoria verbi Dei, in the 11th Chapter of it, (out of what Author I know not) deli∣vers, That Nectanebus, a certain Inchanter, whilest the Olympick games were at the height of agitation, turned himself into the

shape of Ammon or Cornuted Jove, and by that means begat Alexander.

It's past controversie, that the same night Alexander entred the stage of this life, the Temple of Diana at Ephesus was on fire, from which proceeded that saying of Timaeus, That it was no wonder that Diana whilest she was present at some part of the Olympick Sports, should be absent from her Temple. Which (b) Cicero commends as an ac∣cute phansie; but Plutarch justly despiseth it, as silly and dis-inge∣nious.

(c) Alexander was committed to the Tutorship of Aristotle at the age of 15, and in the 20th of his age, and the 418th of the City; his father Philip being slain, he began his reign; (d) Pythodo∣rus being then President at Athens, who was also called Pythodemus.

In the very same year Darius Codomanus, the last of the Persian Kings, was crowned. Against whom, Alexander, by the general vote of Greece, besides the Lacedemonians, was elected General. But the Greeks, like fickle-headed people as they were, whilest (e) Alexander was at war in Thracia, revolted from him. When he heard this, he made all speed with his Army towards them; and having reconciled himself to the Athenians, and some others, upon their fair deport, bent his Forces against the Thebans, who stood most stiffly against him, and having taken their City by force, utterly destroyed it the 15 day of the moneth Boedromion, which fell upon the fourth day of October, in the second year of the 111 Olympiad, as I conceive, (f) 90000 of the Thebans be∣ing put to the sword, and 30000 captivated; the children were all led captive, except the Hosts of Philip, who when he was a boy, was pledg in that City, and the off-spring of the old Poet Pindar, whose house only Alexander left standing in the whole City.

From thence passing the Hellespont, he arrived in Asia the 3650 year of the VVorld, the third year of his reign, as (g) Zozamus tells us. He had then in his Army 30000 foot, & 4500 horse; with which so small number, but old experienced and hardy Souldiers, he destroyed and abolisht the Persian Empire. The first Combat happened to be at the River Granicus in Phrygia, where the Per∣sians were vanquished, and almost all Asia became the Triumph of that victory, being pestered every where with the Greek Co∣lonies, whilest Memnon, in the mean time, the best Commander Darius had, harrassed the Islands.

(h) The second conflict was at Issum, a little before which fight, Alexander fell dangerously sick, but by the skill of a Physitian of his father Philips, he soon recovered: at long running the Persians were worsted, although their Army consisted of no lesse than 400000 foot, and 100000 horse. The Tents of Darius, with his Mother, Wife, and Children, fell into the hands of Alexander, who treated them most courteously and vertuously. This hap∣pened the 333 year before Christ, the 3651 year of the World;

and the year following, being the first of the 112 Olympiad, Alexander arrived in Phoenicia, (i) which when he was wholly possest of, saving Tyre, he sent thither Heraulds to perswade them to peace; but the Tyrians, contrary to the Law of Nations, put them to death, and cast them into the Sea. He was sorely pro∣voked by this affront, and presently laid strict siege to the City, raised great bull-works against it, and used all military engins and force to the storming of the City: When they within, what through despair of pardon, what by being out of all hopes of, and from the Carthaginians, whose Ambassadours by chance were then there, and resolv'd them of that matter, stood it out the more resolutely, but at last were vanquished by plain force the seventh moneth after the siege was layd, when he commanded that they should all, except those that took sanctuary at the Temple, be put to the sword, and their houses set on fire, but 15000 of them were saved by the Sidonians of Alexander's Army, and carried to Sidon. There were six thousand men of war slain in the City; 2000 that escaped the sword, were crucified along the Sea-shore. The City was taken (as (k) Arianus tells us, Anicerus being chief Magistrate, (who is named Niceratus by Diodor.) the 332 year be∣fore Christ, in the moneth Hecatombeon, which falls much about the Solstice. Diod. writes, That Hephaestion gave Balonymum for a King to this City, descended indeed of a royal stock, but by po∣verty become a gardner in the Suburbs of it. (l) But Curtius tells us, That before the captivity of Tyre, Abdolominus was not onely made King of this City, but of Sidon also. After this, Alexander subdued Gaza by force of Arms.

About this time, comming to Jerusalem he was entertained by Jadduas the Priest there. He sacrificed in the Temple, and be∣stowed many gifts upon the Jews; professing that he had an Ap∣parition in Macedonia, in the very same garb that the high Priest came to meet him in, who advised him to go on with the Persian expedition, and promised him the Victory.

Afterwards he went to Aegypt, and visited the Oracle of Jupiter Ammon, and in his return thence, built Alexandria. At length he became Victor in the last battle, at Arbella, with Darius, in the second year of the 112 Olymp. the 331 year before Christ, and the 423 of the City, in which battle, Plutarch further recounts, Darius had ten hundred thousand souldiers in his Army, which Author (as also Arrianus) places the building of Alexandria before the sacrifice he made at the Temple of Ammon; But Curtius, Di∣odor, and Justin, conceive it to be after.

Upon this account the year of the World, 3653, and the 331 year before Christ, was the very year wherein Alexandria was founded. In which very year also the utter rout of the Persians at Arbella, or Gaugamela, put a period to the Persian, and gave begin∣ing to the Macedonian or Grecian Empire. Which year is thought to be the sixth year of the reign of Alexander, and so much after the death of his father Phillip.

Darius with much ado escaped out of the fight, and by the swift∣nesse of his horses heels, frustrated the pursuit of Alexander after him, and having rallyed his forces, and joyned in battle again, was by Bessus the commander of the Bactrians basely butchered, the next year after the overthrow at Arbella. In the mean while, Alexander being possessed of Susiana, he spoiled Persepolis the head of the Nation, and burned the Kings Palace therein to the ground.

Nor was Antipater, Alexanders Generall, lesse fortunate in his contest with the Lacedemonians, wherein Agis the King lost his life.

In the East, Alexander got more victories then he marcht paces, every where as he went. He brought under his subjection all Hyrcania, the Paropomisades, the Inhabitants of Caucasus, the Indi∣ans when he had first conquered their King, and taken him priso∣ner, and after them divers Nations and Provinces far and wide. The first year of the 113 Olymp. Bessus was delivered up to him and he gave him condigne punishment for his treachery to his Lord and Master Darius. By this he was so puft with his high successe, that not able to bear sogreat fortune, he began to forget his humane state, and would be accounted the son of Jupiter.

Then by flattery, luxury, and excesse, his disposition was quite altered into immane cruelty, insomuch that he put many friends to death, who had deserved very well both of him and his father Philip. Amongst these, he too rashly brought Parmenion, a most valiant Captain, and his son Philotas? and slew Clitus with his own hands at a Banquet. About two years before his death, he lost Hephaestion his chief friend, whose death he took to heart out of measure, and most womanly; whose body he commanded to be carried to Babylon, and there to be interred with great solemnity. And would needs have him accounted a god, as Lucian tells us in his book, De Calumnia.

At last in the thirteenth year of his reign, that is, when he had reigned twelve compleat years and seven Moneths, he died at Babylon of a disease he had contracted by his intemperance in drinking, or (as some think) by poyson, in the beginning of the thirty third year of his age.

CHAP. XV. The most remarkable occurrences transacted in the East and in Greece from the death of Alexander unto Pyrrhus his time.

AFter Alexander's death, in regard he would nominate no suc∣cessour, there grew up almost as many kings as there were Governours and Captains belonging to him: but Perdiccas at first had the command of almost all, for that Alexander upon his death∣bed, gave him his ring: and afterwards their minds changing, (a)

Aridaeus, son of Philip by Philinna a Thessalian, and a Concubine of his was made titular (and had very near been indeed) King, and took to himself, and had given him the name of Philip; and Perdic∣cas was appointed his vice gerent: then were the Satrapae's and Praefectures all distributed into Principalities, and assigned; to Pto∣lomey the Son of Lagus, Aegypt; to Laodemon the Mitylenean, Syria; to Philotas, Sicilia; to Python, Media; Paphlagonia to Eumenes, with Cappadocia, and the outer Provinces; Pamphilia to Antigonus with Ly••••a and Phrygia the Greater; Caria to Cassander, Lydia to Melea∣ger, Phrygia the lesse to Leonnatus, Thracia to Lysimachus; Mace∣donia to Antipater; the upper Provinces of Asia to those who were then Governours of them. Seleucus was made commander of the Horse of his companions. Craterus at this time had been sent by A∣lexander with 10000 choise and tryed Souldiers in Cilicia, to whom, together with Antipater, was Graecia appointed.

This while, the Grecians hearing of the death of Alexander were every where in a tumult. In the first place the Athenians, who under their Captain Leosthenes, called the Greeks to liberty; over∣threw Antipater, and besieged him at Lamia, a Town of Thessaly, whence it was called the Lamian war, which began the first year after the death of Alexander (b) but the year following, when Craterus joyned his forces with Antipater, the Athenians were foyl∣ed at Cranon in the Moneth Metagitnion, which falls even with our August, and in Boedormion, that is September, they received the Guard of Macedonians against Munychias.

(c) But Perdiccas, desiring to bring all things in the East to him∣self and his command, in order to his suppressing the Governours and commanders, he resolved to begin with Ptolemy. Against whom he led a most strong Army, but by his pride having aliena∣ted the affections of his Souldiers, in the passing of Nilus they con∣spired against him and slew him the 322 year before Christ. But Eumenes a friend to Perdiccas, a little before had a conflict with Craterus and Neoptolemus, and came off Victor, which two being both conquered and slain, the one with his own hands, for this cause both Eumenes; and Alcetas, Perdiccas his brother; were voted enemies, and all things else were disposed and ordered by Ptolo∣mey and Antipater, under whose jurisdiction the Principality of Antigonus then was, Antigonus by that means being sent against Eumenes and Alcetas, overthrew them both in Pisidia. Antipater died whilst Polyspercon was tutor of King Aridaeus, and his wife Euridice, and his son Cassander Chiliarch; with which fortune be∣ing not content, he fell over to Ptolemey Polyspercon, recalled Olym∣pias the Mother of Alexander to Macedonia, from Epirus; whither she had fled for fear of Antipater. She, when she was restored, put to death Philippus Aridaeus, and his wife Euridice, and many other Princes that were friends to Cassander. (d) Diodor. sayes this fell out about the three hundred and eighteenth year before Christ, who assigns six years and four Moneths to the reign of A∣ridaeus.

At the same time Cassander had to do with Polyspercon in Graecia. and Eumenes (one that held with Polyspercon and Olympias) with Antigonus in Asia. The Athenians came into the hands of Cassan∣der: who took away their popular Government, and constituted Demetrius Phalerius over them. This Demetrius was the Scholer of Theophrastus, whose parallell for Eloquence and Philosophy that age could not produce. This mutation of State-affairs happened in the Praetorship of (e) Archippus, in the third year of the 115. Olympiad, a little before which Phocion being a condemned per∣son, was lit on by Polyspercon, and sent to Athens, (f) where he was executed by the Athenians (as the manner was) with a potion of wild Hemlock. Cassander, the first year of the 116. Olympiad, ha∣ving got possession of Macedonia, sent Olympias out of the World, and took Thessalonice the sister of Alexander the Great, to his con∣jugall bed.

(g) Eumenes having a long while tyred out Antigonus in Asia, was at last betrayed into his hands by his old fouldiers called Ar∣gyraspidi or silver-shielded, and put away by him the tenth year af∣ter the death of Alexander the Great. From this time Antigonus growing very much in power and wealth, together with his son Demetrius, who was surnamed Polyorcetes, waged war against Cas∣sander and Ptolomey; both of them pretending to restore the liberty of the Graecian Cities, which Cassander had infringed. The great∣est part of them, by the help of his son Demetrius, Antigonus re∣stored to their own Laws and priviledges. In the first place, the 15th year after they had been brought under by the Lamian war, he removed the Garrison from Athens, and restored the City to its former immunities the 307. year before Christ. In which year not onely they two, but all the rest of Alexanders successours took to themselves both the name and port of Kings, Immediately upon this, in the 24th year after the death of Alexander, the 301. year before Christ, and the last of the 119 Olymp. when the ex∣traordinary power of Antigonus and Demetrius was become formi∣dable to all the rest, Lysimachus, Cassander, and Seleucus joyned their forces, (to the number of 74000 foot; of horse, 10500; and 120. Chariots) against them two, whose armies consisted of 70000 foot, and 10000 horse, and 75 Elephants: which all met, and fought at the very Town of Phrygia. Antigonus was conquered, and died in the battle, and Demetrius fleeing into Graecia, was kept out by the Athenians. (h) But a little after having recruited his forces, he made against Athens, and took the City after a years siege, and deposed Lachares (who ruled as King there) in the first year of the 121 Olymp. Then appeared the Kings great clemen∣cy, who behaved himself so courteously towards them (who, be∣ing conquered, could expect nothing but the utmost) that after some verball reprehensions, he restored unto them, not onely their liberty, but all things else that were theirs, and having placed a Garrison there, bent his forces against the Lacedemonians, whom with their king Achidanus, when he had conquered, and was pre∣paring

to besiege Sparta, he was incouraged to make for Macedon, (i) for that lately Cassander had died (to wit, the third year of the 120 Olymp.) and left three sons which he had by Thessalonica, the eldest of which named Phillip, having reigned but one year now the other two, Antipater and Alexander were at ods about the Kingdome, which was the ground of fresh hopes to Demetrius. Antipater the son in Law to Lysimachus King of Thrace (for that he saw her something more inclined to his brother Alexander then to him) slew his mother, she begging her life of him by those her breasts he had been nourisht by. Alexander therefore desired aid of Pyrrhus, who, upon that condition, received part of Macedonia into his power. At this time also came Demetrius, whom also Alexander had sent for, who, having expell'd Pyrrhus and Antipa∣ter, and slain Alexander, got the whole possession of Macedonia, the third year of the 121 Olymp.

(k) But when he levied a great army consisting of two hundred thousand foot, and twelve thousand horse, with a Navy of five hundred ships, for the regaining of Asia; Seleucus, Lysimachus, Ptolomeus, and Pyrrhus, with one consent prepared for to oppose him. Being expel'd Macedonia, and terrified with the defection of other of his Cities, he is forc't to yield himself into the hands of Seleucus: who voluntarily gave his daughter Stratonice to Wife to his Son Antiochus, because he was so desperately in love with her, that thereby he was in danger of his life, and with him the third year after, he most ingloriously died by his intemperance and Luxury, being the third year of the hundred twenty third Olympiad.

(l) Not long after, these three Conquerours died. Ptolomeus the son of Lagus having transferred the Kingdome to Philadelphus, his son, left this life the first year of the hundred twenty and fourth Olympiad. Lysimachus the third year of the same Olympiad, the two hundred eighty second year before Christ, past into Asia against Seleucus, and there in a fight died the seventy fourth of his Age. And Seleucus in his seventy seventh year (the last of Alex∣anders associates in war) about seven Moneths after, distrest by the cunning and treachery of Ptolomeus Ceraunus, the brother of Phila∣delphus, lost the Kingdome of Macedonia (which he had taken from Lysimachus) and with it his life. Demetrius being dead, his posterity reigned in Macedonia, untill the time of Perseus the son of Philip, of whom we shall speak more hereafter.

And these are the chief Kingdomes that after Alexander's death rose out of his ashes, and which are numbred four by Daniel the Prophet, shadowed under obscure figures, (m) The Chief of them were Ptolomeus the son of Lagus, in Aegypt; Seleucus in Babyloaia, and Syria; Cassander in Macedonia and Graecia, and Antigonus in Asia: all which (as also did Lysimachus in Thracia) assumed the Title, Badges, and Port of Kings, in the second year of the 118 Olympiad, (c) as we find by Diodorus, the year before Christ 307. In emulation of whom, the Tyrant Agathocles (who then

chanc'd to be in Africa at war with the Carthaginians) took upon him also the honour and title of King. At last, Antigonus being sub∣dued, the whole fell into the power of the three Dominions, to wit, that of Aegypt, Syria, and Macedonia: to which that of Per∣gamus was added, which took its rise, and was founded in the reign of Lysimachus.

The Dominion or Kingship of the Ptolemeys in Aegypt continued along in the direct line of Posterity, from Ptolemaeus the son of La∣gus the very founder of it, (or, as Pausanias in his Atticks tells us, of Philip the father of Alexander the Great, who although he had the title of King but the eighteenth year after the death of Alexan∣der, yet his Kingdom or reign is reckoned from the very year wherein Alexander dyed. From this time therefore began the Ptolemeys to reign in Egypt. For they have fourty years attributed to them by Eusebius, and all the rest,) and reach't from the 3660 year of the VVorld, to the 3699. For in this very year he substi∣tuted his son Ptolemey, sirnamed Philadelphus, King in his life-time; which son was born unto him by Berenice his Wife.

CHAP. XVI. Of Agathocles, Pyrrhus, and divers Expeditions of the Gauls into Graecia.

ABout the same time (a) Agathocles reigned in Syria, very meanly born, the son of Carcinus a private Citizen of Rhe∣ginum, of whom he learnt the trade of a Potter. He got to be Tyrant in Syracusa the fourth year of the 115th Olympiad, the 3667th year of the VVorld; which place he continued in for about twenty eight years, through most strange variety of for∣tune. (b) Having often conquered the Sicilians, he had to do also with the Carthaginians, by whom at the River Himera, being wor∣sted in the third year of the 117 Olympiad, unadvisedly convey∣ing his Forces into Africa, he there requited the destruction of his Forces to the Victors. Curtius makes this Expedition of the Syracusans into Africa, and the siege of Carthage contemporary; in which account he is out no less than two and twenty years. The year wherein Agathocles passed into Africa, is noted for a most re∣markable Eclipse of the Sun, by Diodorus and Justin, which hap∣pened at Syracusa about eight of the clock in the morning, of the 15th day of August, the 4404th year of the Julian Period, the 310 year before Christ. The Carthaginians being reduced to ve∣ry great extremity, sacrifice their children to Saturn, and recall their General Amilcar from Sicilia. But he having besieged the Syracusans, is taken by the very besieged, and put to death. (c) At last, Agathocles taking Sea against the Bruttians in the 4th year of the 122 Olympiad, the 289 before Christ, is poysoned by his Ne∣phew Agathocles. (d) Diodorus in his excerptions of the last Edi∣tion calls him Agatharchus.

(e) The various fortune of Pyrrhus was no less stupendious, but his virtue as a lawful Prince much more illustrious, who being the son of Aeacidas, the son of Arybas, who was born Prince of the Molossi; and being depell'd from his Country under Demetrius Peliovcetes, who had married his sister Deidamia, had the very elements of his martial discipline. For in that famous conflict, wherein Demetrius with his father Antigonus was overcome; he was one being yet a very youth. Afterwards by the affinity and furtherance of Ptolemy Lagidas, and his wife Berenice, he regained his Kingdom, whose beginning (f) Velleius attributes to that year, wherein Q. Fabius, and P. Decius Mus. were Consuls, which is the 459 year of the City-account, and the 3689 year of the World. In which very year being intreated in ayd into Macedonia, to Alexander the son of Cassander, he requires his part of it. Whence being depuls'd by Demetrius Poliorcetes for some years, partly by himself, partly joyning his Forces with Lysimachus, Ptolemey, and Seleucus, he made war upon him, and for his reward enjoyed Macedonia, indeed, but not above seven moneths. Immediately after being called to the ayd of the Tarentines into Italy, he warrs in vain upon the Romans. And likewise attempting Sicilia, he was beaten as well thence, as out of Italy, and so return'd home. Then again he gets possession of Macedonia, having ejected Antigonus the son of Demetrius. Lastly, being called to the ayd of Cleonymus of Sparta, the son of Areus into Peloponnesus against Antigonus, he dy∣ed at Argos the first year of the 127 Olympiad, and the 272 year before Christ, in the 23 year of his reign, as it appeareth, in that he began to reign the 459th of the City, and the 295 before Christ. He had a very sad Auspicium that very night that he en∣tred Argos, A Bird sitting upon the point of his Spear; as Aelia∣nus writes.

(c) A dispatch also of the Gauls into Thrace and Greece happen∣ed into the same space of time. It is described by Pausanias to be threefold. First of all, Cambaules being Captain, they pierced even into Thrace; with whose wasting being contented, they returned home. Secondly, their Army being divided in three parts, some came to Thrace, Cerethrius being Leader, others to Pannonia, Bren∣nus, and Achichore Leaders; the rest Bolgius carried into Macedo∣nia and Illyricum. The Macedonians daring to resist this man, do receive a great slaughter. The valour of one chief one, Sosthenes, raised up the affairs of Macedonia, being past hope; who beat back the Barbarians, triumphingly rejoycing in victory, and drave them out of the borders of Macedonia; and by that desert obtained the Kingdom. (a) Polybius writeth, That four Kings, Ptolomey Lagidas, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Ptolomy Ceraune, dyed within the 124 Olympiad. Wherefore the murder of Ceraune shall be truly reckoned to the fourth year of that Olympiad going out, of the World 3704.

The year following brought a third breaking in of the Gauls in∣to Greece, Brennus and Achichore being Generals, whose Army

consisted of 152 thousand footmen, twenty thousand and four hundred horsemen; unto every of which horsemen, were adjoyn∣ed two servants, who should succeed their dead masters: which 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or certain number of Souldiers, they called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or a thrice-horsing. For the French or Gauls did name a horse, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, saith Pausanias. So there were sixty and one thousand horsemen, and two hundred more. They are first overcome at Thermopylae, then at Parnassus, whither they had broken thorow, for obtaining and spoyling the Temple of Delphos sake. Brennus himself, many wounds being received, drinking down new wine more largely, voluntarily ended his life. That calamity of the Gauls is noted by Pausanias, Anaxicrates being chief Ruler, in winter-time; this was in the second year of the 125 Olympiad before Christ 279.

Again, the following year, Democles being Pretor of Athens, the Gaules poured forth themselves into Asia, as the same Pausanias sheweth: But Polybius writeth, That in the same year the remain∣ders of the Gaules invaded Thrace, Comontorius being their Captain, and required tribute from the Byzantines.

CHAP. XVII. Things done by the Romans, from the year of the City Built, 419, unto 472.

WHile in the East, and Greece, all things were, by Alexander the Great, and his succeeders, through Wars and Tu∣mults, in a hurly-burly, Italy suffered no lesse storms of weapons; in which the Roman valour exercised it self unto the dominion of the world.

(a) The War with the Samnites was beyond the rest, of a long continuance, and very dreadful, (b) of which I have made men∣tion above; the which in this space of time was most sharply car∣ried on with some slaughter, in the mean time, and disgrace of the Romans; but with a great, and, which is the top of all, the last of the Samnites, who being at last subdued, in the year of the C.B. 482, made an end of War, in the 71 year, as we have already said; to wit, from the year of the City 411, unto 481. (c) In which space, the Caudinae furcae, or gallows made of the trunks of Trees, were made noble by the disgrace of the Romans, in the year of the City 433, the 4th after the death of Alexander the Great, when the Roman Army yielded to their enemies, and, with both Consuls, was cast under the yoke. But that disgrace, the year fol∣lowing, Papyrius repayed with a greater overthrow of the Sam∣nites, and like disgrace, a most valiant Commander in that Age: besides whom, many others also are reckoned up by Livy, (d) who might be equal to Alexander, if (as the report was) he had come into Italy. (e) Another Alexander King of Eripus, Uncle of of the Great, being sent for into Italy, by the Tarentines, when as

he had oftentimes fought valiantly against the Samnites, Bruttians, and Lucanes, a peace being made with the Romans in the year of the C. B. 422, was at length slain by the Lucanes at the River Acherunt, in the year of C. B. 428, the third of the 113 Olympiad, Alexander the Great surviving.

(b) With the Gaules also a fight is renewed one time after an∣other; whose divers in-breakings, I will briefly touch at, out 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Polybius, and the Roman Annals. The thirtieth year after that they conquered Rome, not far from the Colline, or little hill-gate, a great slaughter being made on both sides, they were scarce turn∣ed away. Servilius Anhala being chosen Dictator, was the cause of that Tumult, in the year of C. B. 394. In the 12th year after, which was of the City 405, they were again slain by Camillus; at which time Valerius Corvine overcame the provoking Gaul by the help of a Raven or Crow. After thirteen years, they make a Peace and League with the Romans, in which they remained 30 years. Therefore a little before the 45th year of C. B. the Gaules on this side the Alpes, with those beyond the Alpes, and Etrusci∣ans, destroyed the fields of the Romans. Thence those of this side the Alps being returned with a great prey, about this very prey do fight with swords among themselves. The 4th year after, they being joyned together with the Samnites and Etruscians, a battel being joyned, they flew the Roman Legion, of which L. Scipio-Propretor was chief. At which time another fight flaming, and the left-wing of the Army now giving back, P. Decius, Consul, avowed his head, and brought forth a victory by his own death, in the year of C. B. 459.

(a) Ten years after these things being slidden away, the Seno∣nian Gauls being again called forth by the Lucanes, Bruttians, Sam∣nites, and Etruscians, besieged Aretius; and L. Caecilius the Pretor being overcome, they slew thirteen thousand of the Romans. Which overthrow, the Consul Dolabella straightway revenged, and the Gauls being put to flight, their City Sena being taken, he brought thither a plantation. The Boians being much troubled at the mi∣sery of the Senones, and conspiring with the Etruscians, make fight at the Lake of Vadimo; in which all the Etruscians for the most part were slain, very few of the Boians escaped. That happened in the 471 year of the City. But the following year, the Boians being again by the Romans utterly overthrown, intreated peace, and a league, the third year before Pyrrhus came into Italy.

(b) Moreover, the Palaepolitans, where now is Neapolis, daring to bring War on the Romans, in the third year, which was of C.B. 428. were by Publilius the Proconsul subdued.

So, 12 people of the Etruscians being stirred up for the destructi∣on of the Roman name, in the year of C. B. 442, (c) were over∣come in the year 444 by Fabius the Consul, in a great battel, in the which were slain, or taken, to the number of 60 thousand of the enemies.

CHAP. XVIII Of Men excelling in Learning.

AT Athens, after the (d) death of Aristotle, who dyed in the third year of the 114 Olympiad, Theophrastus Eresius go∣verned the School of the Peripateticks; when as two years before, Diogenes the Cynick departed out of life, (e) to wit, in the same year, (wherein also Alexander the Great dyed) almost ninety years of age.

(f) Xenocrates, Master of Plato's sect, when he had been chief over it five and twenty years, to wit, from the second of the 110 Olympiad, and Lysimachus chief Ruler, dyeth in the third year of the 116 Olympiad. (a) Also Polemo the hearer of Xenocrates; Crates of Polemo; and Crantor of Sola, of him; likewise Arcesilaus the hearer of Crantor, was the author of a middle University, of Pitana, a Town of Aeolis, who was accounted famous in the 120 Olympiad.

In the third year of the 109 Olympiad, Epicurus was brought forth to light; he dyed in the second year of the 127 Olympiad, being 92 years old. Zeno the founder of the sect of the Stoicks, before the Schollar of Crates, beautified that same Age; whom Eusebius sheweth to have dyed in the 129 Olympiad. Likewise Demetrius Phalereus the Schollar of Theophrastus, no lesse noble in the ability of governing the Common-Wealth, than of Philoso∣phy and Eloquence. He was chief Governour of Athens 10 years, as saith Diogenes Laertius. (b) But he began in the third year of the 115 Olympiad; in which year, Cassander conquered Athens. But in the second year of the 118 Olympiad, Demetrius Poliorcetes obtaining, he fled into Aegypt unto Ptolomy the son of Lagus, (c) who dying, and being by Ptolomey Philadelphus, ba∣nished, and pining with grief, he perished with the biting of an Aspe about the first year of the 124 Olympiad. (d) Timocha∣ris was famous in the knowledg of Astronomy about the 121 Olympiad.

But Demosthenes overcame the rest in the famousnesse of a name, (e) who in the third year from the death of Alexander, the same in which Aristotle yielded to Natures destiny in the Island Galau∣ria, whither he had betaken himself for fear of the Macedo∣nians.

Menander the Comical Poet is declared to have dyed, Philip being chief Governour; as it is in an old note or writing, see∣ing he was born in the third year of the 109 Olympiad, Sosigenes being chief Ruler: So he dyed, being fifty years of age.

(f) Timaeus a Sicilian Tauromenite in the time of Agathocles, wrote a History, by whom being driven out of Sicily, he vindica∣ted himself in a phrase of writing, the which he is said to have used the more intemperate against him. (g) But on the contra∣ry, Callias of Syracusa, because he had been moved by the same Tyrant, with great benefits in his History, shamefully flattered him.

But Alexander the Great reigning, (h) Berosus the Aegyptian; and under his Successours, Ptolem••is Lagidae, and Philadelpho (i) Manethon of the City of Diospolis, Historians, are remem∣bred.

The End of the Third Book.

Notes

• (a)

  Lib. 3. Init.
• Things done by Cambyses.
• (b)

  Herod. in the same place.
• Croesus freed from death.
• (b)

  Herod. in the same place.
• Magus entreth on the King∣dome.
• (c)

  Herod. 3. Valer. Max. 7. ch. 6. Just. 1.
• Herod. 4. Just. 1. Corn. Nep. in Milt.
• The Expedi∣tion of Darius against the Scythians.
• (b)

  Herod. 5.
• Histiaeus. Milesius.
• (a)

  Herod. 6.
• (b)

  Herod. 6. Cor. Nepos. Milt. Paus. Art. p. 31. Just. ch.
• (c)

  Plut. in Cam.
• (a)

  Herod. 7. in the begin.
• (b)

  b. 6. He∣rod. 5. & 6.
• (c)

  A discourse of desire of gain. In Collec. of Vales. p. 250.
• (a)

  b. of Polic.
• (b)

  Pausan. Att.
• (c)

  b. 34. ch. 4.
• (d)

  Herod. b. 6.
• The great er∣rour of Corn. Nep. concern∣ing Miltiad.
• Simonides. Phocylides.
• Anacreon.
• (a)

  Lib. 3. c. 3.
• (b)

  Scol. Aesch.
• Pythagoras Jambl. in vita Pyth. Diog. Diod. in Excerpt. Vales. p. 241.
• Abaris.
• (a)

  In Apol. c. 46.
• Diod. 12.
• (b)

  Tert. ad. Mort. c. 4.
• Lib. 1. in fine. Dion. lib. 4. Plut. in Popl. Jul. Per. 396••.
• Vid. 10. de doct. Temp. c. 21.
• (a)

  Liv. 2. Dion. 5. Plut. in Popl.
• (b)

  Liv. 2. Dion. 6.
• The first Di∣ctatour.
• (c)

  Liv. 2. Plut. Cor. The Voscian wa••.
• (d)

  Dion. l. 8. Liv. Plut.
• (e)

  Dion. 8. Liv. 2. The first A∣grarian Law.
• The Creation of Tribunes.
• (f)

  Herod. 7. & 8. Plutarch in Them. & Arist. Just. 2. Cor. Nep. in Them. Di∣od. 11.
• (g)

  In Paral.
• (h)

  Orat. 10. con. Graec.
• (i)

  Herod. 8. init.
• (k)

  Herod. l. 9. Diod. 11. Plut. Arist.
• Lib. 11.
• (l)

  Diod. 11. Cor. Nep. Them. Plut. Them.
• (m)

  Thucid. l. 1. pag. 62. Corn. Nep.
• (n)

  Diod. 11. Corn. Nep. in Pausan.
• (o)

  Thucid. 1. Diod. 11. Cor. Nep. Plut. Parall.
• The flight of Themistocles.
• (p)

  Diod. 11. Plut. in Cim. Corn. Nep.
• (q)

  Paus. Cor. 59.
• Hiero.
• (r)

  Diod. 11.
• (s)

  Diod. 11. Just. 5.
• (t)

  Thucyd. 1.
• (u)

  Diod. 11.
• (x)

  Thucyd. 1. p. 72.
• (y)

  Diod. 11. Thucyd. 3. Plur. & Corn. Nep. in Ci∣mone.
• (z)

  Thucyd. Diod. 12.
• (a)

  Liv. 2. Dion. 9. Gellius 17. cap. 20.
• (b)

  Liv. l. 3. Dion. 10.
• (c)

  Dion. 10. & 11. Liv. 3.
• (d)

  Cicer. 2. de fine.
• (e)

  Liv. 4. Val. l. 5. c. 3.
• (f)

  Liv. 4.
• (g)

  Diog. Laert.
• (h)

  Apol. 46.
• (i)

  Diog. Laerr. Euseb.
• (k)

  Pind. vita.
• Sophocles. Eschylus.
• (l)

  Diod. 13.
• Thucyd. 2. Diod. 12. Plut. Peric.
• The death of Pericles.
• (b)

  Thucyd. 3. Diod. 12.
• (c)

  Thucyd. 3. Diod. 12.
• The Sicilians Conquest at Athens.
• (d)

  Thucyd. l. 8. Diod. 13.
• (e)

  Corn. Nep. & Plu. in Lysan. Diod. 13.
• The Athenian bondage.
• (f)

  Xeno. 2. Hellen. p. 270. Graec.
• (g)

  Thucyd. l. 3. p. 285.
• (h)

  Diod. 13.
• (i)

  Lib. 7. lnit.
• (k)

  Diod. 13. Zeno. 2. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (a)

  Xenoph. l. 2. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Diod. 13.14.
• (b)

  Xenoph. in libris 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Chion. ad Matridem.
• (c)

  Diod. 14. X••noph. 4. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Plut. in Ages. Cor. in Ages.
• The famous Comman ers of the Athe∣nians.
• (d)

  Xenoph. Hell. 5. Diod. 15. Plut. Pelop. Just. 6. Cor. Nep. in Pelop.
• The battle at Leuctra.
• (e)

  Xen. Hel. 6. Cor. Nep. in Epam. vide l. 10. de Doctr. Temp. c. 32.
• (f)

  Diod. 15. Xen. 7. Cor. Nep. in E∣pam. The death of Epimanondas.
• (g)

  Diod. 15. Plut. Ages. Cor. Nep. in Ages. Xe∣nop. in Encom. Ages.
• (h)

  Dyonisius (the father) the Tyrant. Diod. 15.
• (i)

  Diod. 15.
• (k)

  Cic. Tusc. 5.
• (l)

  Diod. ib. Corn. Nop. & Plut in Di∣one. Dionysius the younger. Dio.
• (m)

  Diod. 16. Plut. Corn. Nep. in Dion.
• Timoleon.
• Plut. & Corn. Nep. in Ti∣mol. Diod. 16.
• (a)

  Diod. 16.
• (b)

  Diod. 16. Pausan. Phoc. P. 318. Just. 3. Oros. 3. c. 12.
• Phocenfian War.
• (c)

  Philo de Provid. apud. Euseb. 8. de Praep. Evang. p. 231.
• (d)

  Paus. Phoc. p. 318.
• (e)

  Demo∣sthen. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (f)

  Vide l. 1. Doct. Temp. c. 83.
• (g)

  Diod. 16. Just. 8. Philip of Ma∣cedon.
• (h)

  Plut. Pyt.
• (i)

  Aelia. l. 8. Var. c. 15.
• (k)

  Diod. 16. Just. 8. & 9.
• (a)

  Liv. 4. & 5. Flor. l. 1. c. 12. Eutro. 1.
• (b)

  Liv. 5. Flor. l. 1. c. 13. Plut. Cam. Eutr. 1.
• The City is taken by the Galls.
• M. Man∣lius.
• (c)

  Liv. 16. Plut. Cam.
• (d)

  Liv. 6. Flor. 1. c. 26.
• (e)

  Liv. 7. The first Con∣sul of the People.
• (f)

  Liv. 7. Oros. 3. c. 5.
• M. Curtius.
• The Samnian War. Liv. l. 7. Flor. l. 1. c. 16. Eutr. 2.
• (d)

  Liv. 31.
• (e)

  Liv. 8. Flor. l. 1. c. 14 Oros. 3. c. 9.
• (a)

  Diog. in Plat. ex Apol. Plato.
• (b)

  Diog.
• (c)

  In Apol. c. 46.
• (d)

  Diog. Laert.
• (e)

  Vide l. 2. de doct. Temp. c. 6.
• (f)

  Diog.
• (g)

  Gellius, l. 15. c. 23.
• (a)

  Diod. Plut. in Alexand. Arria. Curt. Vide l. 10. de Doct. Temp. c. 32. & Paral. pag. 856.
• (b)

  2. de Nat. Deor.
• (c)

  Diog. Laert. in Arist.
• (d)

  Arianus init. l. 1.
• (e)

  Diod. 17. Aria. 1. Plut. Just. 11.
• (f)

  Aelia. 13. Var. c. 7.
• (g)

  Zoz. 1.
• (h)

  Curtius, l. 3.
• (i)

  Diod. Curt. 4. Arianus Plut. Just. Tyre taken.
• (k)

  Lib. 2.
• (l)

  Curt. l. 4.
• Joseph. l. 11. cap. 8.
• Diod. l. 5. Curt. 4. Plutarch. Alex. Just. 11.
• Plin. l. 2. c. 90.
• The last and utter break∣neck of the Persian Em∣pire and Darius.
• Diod. l. 18. Arrian. 7. Pltit. Alex. Just. 12. Curt. 10.
• (a)

  Diod. l. 18. De ip. apud Phot. cad. 82. Cūr. l. 10. Arrian. de re∣bus post, Alex. obitum gestis apud. Phot. Cod. 82.
• The Succes∣sours of Alex∣ander.
• The Lamian War.
• (b)

  Auct. Cir. & Plut. in De∣most.
• (c)

  Diod. Dex. Cor. Nep. ac Plut. in Eum.
• (d)

  Diod. 19.
• (e)

  Diod. 19.
• (f)

  Plut. Phoc. Cor. Nep.
• (g)

  Cor. Nep. & Plut. in Eum. Diod. 19.
• (h)

  Plut. in Demet.
• (i)

  Just. 16. The death of Cassander.
• (k)

  Plut. in Pyrrho. & De∣metrio.
• Demetrius his death.
• (l)

  Just. 17. Paus. Phoc. 335. Dexip. apud. Euseb. in Collec. Gr. p. 49.
• The four Do∣minions of the Greeks.
• (m)

  Dan. 7.6.
• (c)

  Diod. 20.
• The Ptolemeys Kings of Egypt.
• (a)

  Diod. l. 19.
• (b)

  Diod. l. 20. Just. 20. &c.
• (c)

  Diod. 20. & in Ecl. l. 21. Just. 23.
• (d)

  Excerp. Vales. p. 25.
• (e)

  Plut. in Pyrrho. Dio. dori Eclogae Justinus, l. 16 & seq.
• (f)

  Velleius, lib. 1.
• (c)

  Book 10. of Hist. of years, ch. 36. The breaking in of the Gaules into Thrace and Greece. Pausan. Phoc. p. 325. Just. b. 34. Dexip. in Coll. of Scal.
• (a)

  Polyb. 2. p. 128. & 155.
• Pausan. Phoc. fol. 335.
• Polyb. 4. p. 313.
• (a)

  Liv. 9. Eutrop. The War with the Samnites. b. ch. 12.
• (c)

  Liv. 9.
• (d)

  Liv. 9.
• (e)

  Liv. 9. Just. 12. Oros. 3. ch. 11.
• (b)

  Polyb. 2. p. 106. Liv. 7. Wars begun with the Gauls.
• (a)

  Polyb. p. 107. & 108. Eutr. Epit. Liv. 13.
• (b)

  Liv. 8.
• (c)

  Liv. 9. Flor. 1. c. 17. Oros. 3. ch. 21.
• (d)

  Diog. in Aristot.
• (e)

  The same Author in Diog. the Cyn.
• (f)

  Diog. in Xenocracr.
• (a)

  Idem.
• Diog. in Epi∣curus. Zeno the Stoick.
• (b)

  Diog. 18. Plut. in Phoc.
• (c)

  Diog. in Demetr.
• (d)

  Ptolem. 7. ch. 3.
• (e)

  Plut. in Demost.
• (f)

  Diod. in collect. of Va∣les. p. 258.
• (g)

  The same.
• (h)

  Tatian. with Eus. of Praep. in 289.
• (i)

  Joseph. Antiq. ch. 3. Theoph. to Autol. 3.