An institution of general history from the beginning of the vvorld to the monarchy of Constantine the Great : composed in such method and manner as never yet was extant / by William Howel ...

SECT. VII. From the absolutenesse of Julius Caesar, to the end of the second Triumvirate, and the absolutenesse of Octavius Caesar, or Caesar Octavianus, the space of 15 years.

1. CAESAR being now Consul the fifth time, with M. Antonius (whom he much favoured, and promoted, for that in his Tribuneship he so much stood for him) to shun(a) envy in the Citie, thought upon ma∣king War upon the Getae and Dacae, which had made inroads into Pontus and Thrace. About this time young Castor, the son of Castor (by(b) Strabo cal∣led Saocondarius) by the daughter of Deiotarus the King or Tetrarch of Ga∣latia (to whom Pompey gave Armenia the Lesse, which gift the Senate ha∣ving confirmed was taken away by Caesar, because he took part with Pompey) came to Rome to accuse his Grand-father. He was sent by his father and mo∣ther, together with Phidippus a Physician & Deiotarus his slave, who was cor∣rupted by their promises to feign an accusation against his Lord, that he would have killed Caesar vvhen he entertained him in his Tetrarchy. Deiotarus, fa∣ther, and son, vvho reigned together, had at that time four Ambassadors in the Citie, vvho offered their own bodies to Caesar for the safety of their Masters. But Cicero being mindfull of the friendship and familiarity he had had vvith the old man, made an Oration for him in Caesars house, vvherein he premi∣seth, that it vvas so unusual a thing for a King (a real King; for as for the Kings of Lacedaemon, vvho vvere called to account by the impudent Ephori, they vvere indeed no Kings, having nothing but the title, and therefore this can make nothing against this truth) to be questioned for his life, that before that time it vvas never heard of. Deiotarus being ac∣quitted by Caesar, put to death his daughter as she had deserved, together with her husband Castor Saocondarius that noble Chronographer, concern∣ing whom Gerard John Vossius is to be consulted, in his Treatise of Greek Historians.

2. Caesar in his last Consulship, to(a) gratifie Hyrcanus the High-Prtest and Ethnarcha of the Jews, as also the Nation, granted to him to enjoy, and Govern the Citie of Jerusalem as he pleased, which he might also fortifie with Walls. To the Jews he granted also a freedom from the charge of Por∣tage and Toll, with an abatement of the publick Revenue in the second year of letting it out to farm. In this second Julian year his Collegue

(b) M. Antonius procured by a Law that the Moneth Quintilis should in honour of his name be after it called July. He now restored(c) Carthage and Corinth (which two Cities had both in one year been destroyed) by Roman Colonies sent thither. Now(d) the people had a great desire to be revenged on the Parthian, for the losse of Crassus and his Army, and to him unani∣mously the War was decreed, and lest any stirs should be in his absence, he was permitted to name all Officers that should be in the Citie for three years. 'Tis thought he would gladly have had the title of King, though, the people being against it, he declined it. For, as he came into the Citie from the Hill Albanus where he had sacrifized, some saluted him by the name of King, which the people took ill, whereupon he said, he was not King but Caesar; and all holding their peace, he passed on sad and grieving. And when one of the multitude put upon a statue a Lawrel Crown, tied with a white Ribband (which was a royal Ensign) the Tribunes commanded it to be taken away, and the man carried to Prison: but Caesar being vexed, ei∣ther for that the motion of the Kingdom succeeded not, or, as he pretended, that the glory of refusing it was taken from him, grievously rated the Tri∣bunes, and put them out of their Office. At the solemnity of the Luper∣calia (which were celebrated on the fifteenth of February) as Caesar sate in the Rostra, Crowned, in a purple Gown, and in a gilded Chair, Antony his Collegue running naked, as the custom was, amongst the Luperci, came to him as a suppliant, and in the name of the People of Rome offered him a Diadem, which being twice set upon his head, Caesar took off, and laid in the Chair. He answered, that Jupiter alone was King of the Romans, and sending the Diadem into the Capitol unto Jupiter, commanded it to be registred, how in the name of the people the Kingdom had been offered him, and he would not take it. This gave suspition that the thing was done by agreement, and that he desired the title of King; but would be as it were compelled to accept of it.

3. A rumour was also at this time spred abroad, that the Quindecimviri had found in Sibyll's books, that the Parthians could onely be overcome by the Romans under conduct of a King; and that at the next sitting of the Senate, L. Cotta, one of the Quindecimviri, would move that Caesar might have the title. ••ome gave out, that he was indeed to be called Dictator, or Imperator, of the Romans, but plainly King of the other Nations subject to their Em∣pire. These things drew envy upon him, and the indignation of the great ones, even of such as he had (as to their particular) well deserved of. And that saying undid him, Sylla nescivit literas, non potuit dictare, utterly thereby cutting off all hope that he would give over the Dictatorship. Being sensible of the envy he had contracted, he desired to haste out of the Citie, but four dayes before the time appointed, he was slain in the Senate-house by a conspiracy of above 60 Senators and Equites. Though his death was portended several wayes, yet he neglected it. 'Tis said, that as he went down to the house that very morning, that the names of the Conspirators were put into his hands, but he folded them up amongst other papers and never read them. The chief of them were M. Brutus, C. Trebonius, C. Cassius, and of his own party Decimus Brutus. Coming into the Senate-house, which then was Pompey's Court, thinking of the Parthian expedition, as he sate in his Curule Chair, they fell upon him, and killed him with 23 wounds. So he who had fought fifty battels, and killed 1192000 men, in that Senate, which he himself for the most part had chosen, in the Court of Pompey, and before Pompey's Statue, so many of his Centurions looking on, fell by the hands of most Noble Ci∣tizens, many of whom he had to his utmost gratified, and so lay he, that not so much as a friend nor slave came near his body.

4. So great a man he was that Plutarch being judge, there was none of the greatest, and most admired Captains, to whom the Gallick War alone did not demonstrate him equal in commendations, both as a General, and as a Soldier. For, whether we consider the Pabis, Scipioes, Metelli, his Contemporaries, or those that went before him, as Sylla, Marius, and both

the Luculli, and even him whose glory for all warlike abilities reacheth to the skies, Pompey himself, the actions of Caesar excel all their exploits. For, sometimes he obtained greater glory, for the inconvenience of the places wherein he made War, sometimes for the greatnesse of the Countries which he subdued, sometimes for the multitude and strength of his Enemies over∣thrown, sometimes for the perfidiousnesse and barbarism of the Nations subdued, sometimes for clemency shewed to the conquered, or otherwhiles for his liberality towards his fellow-soldiers; but alwaies in respect of the number of battels, and of those that were slain. For having caried on the War in Gall not fully ten years, he took above 800 Cities, subdued 300 several sorts of People, and having ingaged at several times with three mil∣lions of men, killed the third part, and took the other alive. So great was the affection of his Soldiers to him, and their care to please him, that where∣as otherwise they were nothing better than others, yet being invincible for his credit, they would not refuse any danger. This disposition in them he first bred and then maintained by conferring honours and rewards upon them, wherein he spared nothing; then by undertaking all dangers with them, and refusing no labour. His boldnesse indeed and courage, considering that it proceeded from incredible desire of glory, they admired not so much; but his labour and toil which he indured above his strength did astonish them. For, he was of a thin habit of body, pale and tender, had a sickly head, and was subject to the falling sicknesse or Epilepsie, which first took him at Corduba. But he took not an occasion of lazinesse from his want of health, but by Expe∣ditions, most difficult journeys, slendernesse of diet, and by continuing a∣broad in the open air, sought to drive away his disease, and keep his body healthful. Most commonly he slept as he was caried in his chariot or litter, so that his sleep was not idle. On the day time he was caried about the Forts, Cities and Camps, with a boy sitting by him, who wrote down what he di∣ctated, and a Soldier with a sword standing at his back. He made so great journeys, that in his first Expedition from Rome, in eight incampings he came to the River Rhodanus. From his childhood he had learnt and practised ri∣ding, so that putting his hands behind him upon his back, he would sit an horse in his full speed, which was very much for one that had his disease. More∣over in that Expedition he exercised himself so, that riding, he would di∣ctate several letters to two Secretaries or more. He was a man ambitious of power, and unsatisfied with any thing on this side Soveraignty, but Victory pleased him, not revenge nor cruelty, in which respect Cicero, to note his ambition, and yet acknowledge his goodnesse of nature, compared him to Pisistratus.

5. The conspirators conscious of the greatnesse of the fact, fearing the worst, secured themselves in the Capitol, it being in the Senate strongly de∣bated how it should look upon the thing, and consequently upon them. But for Antonius the Consul (who also resolved when he should be able, to punish it, though now he betrayed no such intention) the fact had been ap∣proved of, as done upon an Usurper and a Tyrant, though they had not long before taken a solemn oath for his preservation, and decreed such vast honours to him. Antonius by putting them in mind, that if he were judged deserved∣ly slain, all his acts were to be nulled, and consequently the assignment of several Offices, which he had of late made to several of them, effected that no more was done than to decree an Amnestie or oblivion for all that was past, for which Cicero much laboured. The offices were confirmed with this reason entered, because it was requisite for the good of the Commonwealth, and the day following the Senate meeting again, decreed Provinces to the murder∣ers, viz. to M. Brutus Crete, Afnick to Cassius, to Thobonius Asia, to Cimber Bithynia, and Gall about Padus to Decimus Brutus. After this, Cae∣sar's testament was opened, wherein he made heirs three Nephews of his Sisters, C. Octavius of three parts in four of his estate (not of half onely, as it's found in Livy's Epitome) and L. Pinarius and Q. Pedius of the other fourth part. C. Octavius he adopted into his name and family, and most of

those that killed him he named amongst the Guardians of his son, if one should be born to him. As second heirs, if the former should not possesse the inheritance, he named Decimus Brutus and M. Autonius. He also in his will gave no small matter to the Romans, to be divided man by man, as Plu∣tarch writeth. This moved the People out of measure to indignation a∣gainst the Conspirators, Antonius the Consul vehemently stirring up the mul∣titude in his funeral Oration. They were driven to that rage, that after the burning of the Corps they were hardly disswaded from firing their houses, and they tore in pieces one Cinna whom they mistook for another of that name that was one of them.

6. Now the series of affaires bringeth us to Caesar Octavianus the adopted son of Julius. He was grand-son to his sister Julia, which woman was wife to M. Attilius Ba••bus, and by him had a daughter that was maried to C. Octa∣vius. He was born in the Consulship of Cicero, and lost his father (who governing Macedonia, died sodainly before he could stand for the Consulship) when but four years old. He accompanied this his great Uncle in the last Spanish War, who ever kept him close to him in their travail, and was now sent by him to Apollonia to study, intending to take him along with him in the Par∣thian War. There he heard of his death, and the inheritance left to him. His Mother and Father-in-Law Marcius Philippus, were unwilling he should take the name of Caesar, as subject to much envy; but after some pause he resolved to the contrary, and assuming the name of Caesar Octavianus, made use of the good affections of his Uncles friends in Greece, who accompany∣ing him to the City, he was met by a vast number of others from Rome. Here, after he had accepted of the adoption, and confirmed it by the authority of the Praetor as the custom was, he went to Antony, whom he expected to have his friend and assistant in prosecuting his Uncle's Enemies. But after some waiting, he entertained him with great contempt, and though he had got a great quantity of Caesar's money, yet he denied to let him have any, fearing he should grow into too much esteem. Caesar hereupon sold his own inheri∣tance to pay the legacy given to the People, which procured him much love, his Uncle's (or Father's, as now he must be called) old Soldiers flocked to him, whom he accepted of out of fear of Antony, who now became every day more odious, both to him, to People and Senate.

7. The Senate suspected Antony as intending to set up himself, and he in∣tended nothing more, for which cause he resolved to have some Province as∣signed him, wherein he might get power. To curry favour then he propoun∣ded to be considered Sextus Pompey, who yet remained of the sons of Pompey the Great (that beloved man) that in requital for his fathers estate confiscated, he might have an allowance out of the publick, and command of the Seas, with that Navy he formerly had. This being received with great applause was enacted; and so Pompey was called back into Sicily, where he after∣wards waged a great War against Caesar. Antony perswaded Dolobella his Collegue (a young man whom Caesar having ordained to be Consul after his de∣parture out of the City, when he was dead, took the Office, and inveighing against his benefactor, would have had the day of his death stiled the birth∣day of the City) though he loved him not, to ask Syria, not of the Senate, but the People, hoping that after him he should not be denied such a request. The difference increasing betwixt him and Caesar, he desired to have the six Legions which lay in Macedonia, and obtained them, deceiving the Senate by a false rumour, that the Getes hearing of Caesar's death, had invaded that Province. He baited them, by preferring a Law against any one's being Dicta∣tor. It was his design to bring these Legions over into Italy to awe and com∣mand all, and that he might effect this, he preferred by force a Law for chang∣ing of Provinces, and thereby procured to his brother C. Antonius Mace∣donia, which formerly had been assigned to M. Brutus, and to himself the nearer Gall (or Gallia Cisalpina) which before was given to Decimus Brutus.

8. The Senate would in no wise grant this, whereupon he betook himself

to the People. When he had brought over his Legions, part of them revol∣ted to Caesar, who now out of fear went up and down Italy, gathering Sol∣diers out of the Colonies his father had planted. With a considerable Army at length Antony marched into Gall, whence he commanded Brutus to be gone, who gave way to him then, but departed to Mu••••na, resolving there to stay and endure a siege, for that he had some considerable strength, and expected assistance. Here Antony straightly besieged him, which the Senate hearing of, by Cicero's working especially (who now began to speak and write his fourteen Orations, in imitation of those of Demosthenes, called Philipicks) declared him an Enemy to the State, which proved a means for the bringing in and preferring of Caesar Octavianus. For though the Se∣nate cared not at all for him, as being generally of Pompey's faction, yet they resolved to make use of him for his Armies sake, and therefore erected him a statue, made him a Senator, though but nineteen years old, decreed, that he should be considered towards preferment as ten years older, and gave him equal power with Hirtius and Pausa the Consuls, whom now they sent to relieve Brutus. They took Bononia; but Antony being bold, for that he had got the better in some skirmikes, went and met Pansa, whom he o∣verthrew, but returning carelesly into his Camp, was worsted by Hirtius. A littel after, a great battel was fought near Mutina, wherein Antony was quite defeated, and fled to Lepidus then Proconsul in the further Gall. Both the Consuls died of wounds; Hirtius in Antonie's Camp, and Pansa at Bononia. Brutus being at this time spared by Caesar, thought of departing with his ten Legions to M. Brutus and Cassius, now in Greece, but his Sol∣diers moved by the difficulty of the journy revolted, the six new raised Le∣gions to Caesar, and the four of old Soldiers to Antony. He then purposing with a small attendance to passe through Gall, was taken at Aquilea, and be∣traied by Capenus Sequanus Governour of the Countrey, who sent his head to Antony. Before this, Trebonius another of his Complices in Caesar's death, excluding Dolabella (whom the Senate had judged an Enemy) from Pergamus and Smyrna, was taken by him in the later place, and after grie∣vous torments, had his head cut off, which the Soldiers kicking about as a foot-ball, did so abuse, as no face was to be seen on it. Not long after the death of Decimus Brutus, Minutius Basilius another of the Conspiratours was slain by his slaves, whom he had gelded in a great rage.

9. Now the Senate having no need of young Caesar, slighted him ex∣ceedingly, decreeing the honour due to him unto Brutus, whom he had re∣lieved, giving him very bitter taunts, and denying him a Triumph. Being sensible hereof, and how most of them were of Compey's Faction, he be∣gan to tamper with Antony by Letters, as also with Lepidus, for a con∣junction, and sent 400 Soldiers into the City, in the name of the Army, to demand the Consulship for him. Hereat the Senat straining hard, one Cornelius a Centurion laying his hand on his Sword, said, This shall do it, if you will not. Then called he Antony and Lepidus into Italy, whereat the Senate much startled, and too late blaming their own rigidity, decreed him Consul, and whomsoever he would take to himself. So he invaded the Consulship, a moneth and five dayes before he was twenty years old, and took Q. Pedius for his Collegue. Then by a Law was fire and water for∣bidden to all that had an hand in the death of Caesar, and their goods were sold. The Senate was now so changed, either through good advice or fear, that in stead of slighting they advanced him above all example. They resol∣ved that after his Consulship he should take place of all Consuls, and though formerly they were displeased with his levying forces being a private man; now they desired him to add to his Army, and decreed to him the Legions of Decimus Brutus. The City was committed to his care, and power given him to act what he pleased, though without the prescript of the Laws, which he retained fifty six years till his death. Not long after came Aemi∣lius Lepidus and M. Antonius into Italy, whom he met about Bononia, and

after a three dayes conference entred into confederacy with them, which is fa∣mous by the name of the Triumvirate.

10. The terms of this Combination were, That Caesar for the remainder of the year should leave the Consulship to Ventidius, who formerly in the So∣cial War when a Boy was led in Triumph, and after that rubbed the heels of Mules for his living. That a new authority of three men should be erected to take away civil dissentions; which they three should execute for five years with Consular power (for, the Dictatorship was waved, because of a Law late∣ly preferred against it by Antony) with authority to dispose of all Offices for that Term. That Antony should have as a Province all Gall, except that of Narbon, which Lepidus was to have with Spain; and to Caesar was Africk, with Sardinia and Sicily assigned; other places beyond the Seas being left to another time. They agreed further, that their Enemies should be destroyed, wherein the case of Cicero moved the greatest controversie. For Antony would not meddle except he in the first place should be slain, Lepidus was content, but Caesar stood much against it, yet on the third day he assented an exchange being made; for he yielding up Cicero, Lepidus permitted his brother Paulus, and Antony L. Caesar his Uncle by the Mother's side to be proscribed. Lastly, it was agreed that Lepidus should be Consul the follow∣ing year, instead of Decimus Brutus, designed formerly by Julius Caesar. He guarding Rome and Italy, the other two were to make War upon Brutus and Cassius, who now (though at first without any decree of the Senate) had seized on Macedonia and Syria. Cassius in Laodicea besieged Dolabella, who be∣ing judged an Enemy by the Senate for the death of Trebonius, when the Citie vvas taken caused his Page to cut off his head, and so ended his life, being a man of no great solidity. He vvas son-in-law to Cicero: but after the divor∣cing of Tullia they fell into great enmity, vvhereupon the Orator proved a back friend to him in the Senate, reigning amongst the Fathers and the People with his Eloquence.

11. The first effect of the Triumvirate was a Proscription of some 300 persons of Equestrian and Senatorian ranks. Though the pretence was to re∣venge Caesar's death, yet many were murdered for their rich Estates, others out of malice, and some for their convenient Houses and Gardens. Amongst those of greatest note was Varro, who now living to see and feel a second Tricipitina, yet escaped with his life. Cicero the man most aimed at by An∣tony for opposing him so vehemently in the Senate, upon the Triumvirs their coming went to Sea; but the winds being contrary, and because he could not endure the shaking of the ship, he returned, saying, he would die in his Countrey often preserved by him. Being weary both of his flight and life, he came to a Village a little more than a mile distant from the Sea. Here his servants terrified by several prodigies, partly by perswasion, and partly by force put him again in his litter, and were carrying him back to the Sea, when hearing of those that came to seek for him, he caused the Litter to be set down, and quietly stretched out his neck to Popilius Laenas, whom for∣merly by his Oratory he had saved from condemnation. He ill favouredly enough cut off his head and hands, which he presented to Antony, and for so doing received a great reward. After the head had been sufficiently gazed on by him and his wife Fulvia (who set on her knees, pulled out the Tongue, and pricking it with Needles, otherwise shamefully shewed her spite) it was to the grief of all men set up in the pleading place, or Rostra. To such an end came this most famous man, the father of Roman eloquence. He was born at Arpinum, on the third of the Nones of January, in the 648 year of the Citie, C. Atilius Serranus, and Q. Servilius Capio being Con∣suls, the same wherein Pompey the Great was born, on the Calends of October. His father was of Equestrian rank, and issued, as some said, from Tullius Attius, a Noble King of the Volsci. He first deserved the Triumph of the Gown, and the Laurel of the Tongue. And as Caesar the Dictator wrote of him, he obtained a Laurel greater than all Triumphs (though he had one de∣creed to him for his good service in the field) by how much the more 'tis a

greater and more excellent thing to inlarge the bounds of Roman wit, than of Empire. He died on the seventh of December, when he had lived 63 years eleven moneths and five dayes. His brother Quintus and his sons were slain, but his own escaped; for that he had sent him beforehand unto Athens.

12. All places in the Citie were full of slaughters. The ordinary rate of one head brought to the Triumvirs, if by a free-man, was 100000 Sesterces; if by a slave, half so much, with the liberty of the Citie. This corrupted ma∣ny, so as forgetting both duty and natural affection, they betrayed those for whose preservation they ought to have laboured. Yet now m••ny rare, and admirable examples, of the love of wives to their husbands, and of slaves to their Masters, appeared; fewest of Children towards their Parents. Yet Op∣pius his Act seemeth to stand for many, who Aeneas like carried out his old and decrepit father, and conveyed him to the Sea, sometimes leading, and sometimes carrying him on his back, till they both escaped into Sicily, whence afterwards returning, the people out of a sense of his piety made him Aedilis, and for that he wanted money to set out the usual Games, the Artificers wil∣lingly wrought for him without wages, and the Spectators by a contribution made him rich. Of such proscribed persons as escaped, some fled to Brutus and Cassius, who received them kindly; but most unto Sextus Pompey now in Sicily, who sent out Vessels to hover upon the Coasts for them, and fur∣nished them when came over with necessaries. But the Triumvirs wanting great sums for carrying on the War against Cassius and Brutus, by reason that few vvould buy Confiscated Estates, condemned also, though not the persons, yet the goods of many rich vvomen, as vvell as men.

13. Cassius, after he had got Syria into his power, thought of making an expedition into Egypt against Cleopatra (who now was going with a great power to the aid of Caesar and his followers) but was recalled by Brutus; for that Antony and Caesar (who having attempted something against Ptolemy in Sicily, put it now off till another time) were coming against them with fourty Legions, whereof eight had already passed the Ionian Sea. Therefore lea∣ving Syria to his brother's son with one Legion, he sent some into Cappado∣cia; who killed Ariobarzanes as one that had conspired against him, and brought him a masse of money. Exacting money with much rigour he came into Asia, and meeting Brutus at Smyrna, they consulted about the Warre. Brutus moved that they should passe over into Macedonia, and there en∣counter their Enemies; but Cassius prevailed that the Rhodians and Lycians should first be reduced, who refused to Contribute any thing, and were powerfull at Sea. It seeming good not to leave any Enemy at their back, this was performed, and vast sums of money by that, and other means raised. The Xanthians standing out, as they had done in former times against Cyrus and Alexander, were scarce any of them left alive; and the Rhodians had little besides their lives left unto them.

14. After this, both the Armies met at Philippi, that Citie of Macedonia, to which, being built by Philip to restrain the Thracians, as we have formerly shewn, St. Paul wrote his Epistle. Here appeared on either side 19 Legions. Antony and Caesar brought into the field 13000 horse; but Brutus and Cas∣sius 20000. who coming thither first, incamped on an high and convenient ground near the Sea, whence they could have Provisions in abundance. The other party was exceedingly straightned for necessaries, having onely Macedonia and Thessaly open to it, for that Pompey cut off all entercourse from Africk, as Murcus and Aenobarbus from Italy, by their Navies. This made Antony desirous to fight above measure, which the Enemy knowing well enough, refused to ingage, till Antony making a way through a Fen to inter∣cept his Provisions, and a work being raised by Cassius against him, this pro∣cured a fight, wherein Cassius had the worst on his part, and his Camp was taken by Antony. On the other side Caesar's Wing was worsted, and his Camp also taken by Brutus. Cassius departing to an Hill not far off, expected the event of the fight on his partner's side, and because for the dust he could not discern what horse it was that made towards him, sent Titinius to dis∣cover.

He being received with joy by those that were bringing tidings of vi∣ctory, stayed so long, till Cassius, fearing the worst, and that the Messenger was intercepted, killed himself, or caused his Liberius, or Freedman, to cut off his head. Scarcely was it falln, when Titinius coming, followed him by his own hands, whom as he said, he had killed by loitering.

15. Brutus presently caused his Collegues body to be buried out of sight, lest the Army should be dejected; and then had no mind to fight, desiring rather to starve the Enemy, who now was in desperate condition by want of necessaries, till fearing a defection, for that some had revolted already, or till being forced by the earnestnesse of his Soldiers he led them out to bat∣tel. Both parties, though Countrey-men, were so greedy of ingaging, that they neglected to use any missive vveapons, and betook themselves to their Swords, fighting with great animosity, till at length Brutus his side was born down, and put to the rout. He escaped to an Hill, where remaining all night, when in the morning he saw no way of escaping (Antony having made him sure, lest he should renew the War) he set his swords point to his left pap, where the motion of the heart is felt, and forcing it into his breast, expired. This was the end of these two men, by the same vveapons as some write where∣with they killed Caesar, who had given them their lives, and received them into favour after the battel of Pharsalum. While they sought liberty by his death, by that very means they lost that which they accounted such, being in∣deed no other than a liberty for the common sort to run into extravagan∣cies, and for particular men to abuse their credulity, and by flattery to pro∣cure power, which they then would improve (even Pompey himself, as well as Sylla, Cinna, Marius and Caesar) further than their Commissions extended. With them perished the hopes of that called a Commonwealth, which thence∣forth never was more seen. As for the succeeding bickerings which the Triumviri had with young Pompey, they were but inconsiderable in compa∣rison of this War with Cassius and Brutus, who having under their power all the Roman Empire from Macedonia to the River Euphrates, with above 20 Legions, 20000 horse, 200 long ships, and infinite sums of money, so long as they remained, the Commonwealth seemed (though not at Rome) as yet to be surviving.

16. Caesar being indisposed (for he had not his health this expedition, and therefore was not in the first fight) returned into Italy. Antony went into Asia to gather up money for the paiment of largesses promised to the Soldiers. Here he squeezed out of the poor Inhabitants that little which was left them by Cassius and Brutus, the followers of whom he also restored as he met with them, except such as had an hand in Caesar's death. In Cilicia he met with Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, on whom he presently doated, having for∣merly had much affection for her when yet a Girle, at such time as he ac∣companied Gabinius into that Kingdom. Thither he now followed her, ha∣ving first sent a party of horse to plunder Palmyra, a Town situate near Eu∣phrates, and laid most heavy Tributes and Impositions upon the Provinces. After Caesar had recovered, according to their agreement at parting he set himself to divide Lands to the Army in Italy, which hereby was put into a great combustion, the number of Soldiers being so great, that multitudes of Inhabitants were turned out, and many Towns emptied to give place to those new comers, who committed many outrages, and had not purchased those Lands by any service to the State (as was complained) but by serving to in∣thrall it to the Dominion of three men. Fulvia the wife of Antony, and Lucius his brother now Consul, envied Caesar this popularity with the Sol∣diers, and contended earnestly that they ought to settle the Soldiers of Anto∣ny, which was granted. But herewith not contented, they resolved to prose∣cute him with War. She, for that she desired her husband might be recalled thereby from Cleopatra, concerning whom she had too much cause to be jea∣lous of him: and he out of desire to innovate, pretending an indeavour to sup∣presse the Triumvirate, and to reduce the antient form of Government, and trusting much to the strength of his brother.

17. Much ado was made to reconcile them, but to no purpose. The an∣tient Possessors of the grounds flocked to Lucius, and the new ones to Cae∣sar, to whom Salvidienus coming out of Gall with great strength, Lucius went to oppose him, but was diverted by Agrippa, and reduced to such straights betwixt them two, (though Ventidius and Asinius, two of Antonie's Captains were not far off) that glad he was to betake himself for security to Perusia a strong Town, where he was closely besieged by Caesar and his party. He stood out very couragiously, till forced by famine to yield to mercy; then coming out first, and casting himself into Caesar's hands, he interceded for his Soldiers, and desired all the blame might be upon himself: he was re∣ceived honourably, and his Soldiers were pardoned at the desire of their Ene∣mies. The Town was to be plundred, but by a mad-man, who set his own house on fire and therein perished, it was burnt down to the ground. About this time was the first Ecloge of Virgil written (who now was some 28 years old) during the division of those Lands, as clearly appeareth from it: the above mentioned L. Antonius and P. Servilius Isauricus being Consuls, in the 713^th year of the Citie, and the third of the Triumvirate.

18. After the Perusian War (for so 'tis called) Caesar suspecting Anto∣nie's affection towards him; to strengthen himself seized on Spain and Gall, though his Provinces, taking occasion at the death of his Lieutenant, vvhereby being 40 Legions strong, he vvas able to graple vvith him if need should require. But having no shipping he was at a losse as to Sea mat∣ters, and therefore married Scribonia the sister of Libo, father-in-law to Sex∣tus Pompey, from whom he hoped by this alliance if need were to obtain peace. Antony this Spring moved from Alexandria, where he had lived all Winter very loosely with Cleopatra, as against the Parthians, who now under conduct of Labienus had over-run Syria as far as Tyre. Though this Town was set upon by them, and he pretended he would relieve it, yet he did not, alleging a necessity of going to the War against Pompey, who now hin∣dred all Provisions from coming to the Citie, and thereby caused a great dearth: & he again excused himself why he came no sooner to that against Pom∣pey, because he was retained by the Parthian War. Sayling then into Asia, he had news of the event of the Perusian War, and blamed much his wife and brother; whence passing into Greece he met with her, and his mother Julia, whom Pompey having taken now sent safe to him. Thence he sayled over the Ionian Sea, where Aenobarbus delivered up all his Fleet and forces to him; and so they came to Brundusium, where they were kept out by a Gar∣rison placed there by Caesar.

19. This made such a breach betwixt them, that Antony blocked up the Town, and procured Pompey from Sicily to invade Italy. Caesar came to Brundusium, where the old Soldiers being unwilling to fight against Antony, the Army laboured to reconcile the Triumvirs, which Cocceius friend to both at length effected with much labour; Pollio on Antonie's side, and Maecenas on Caesar's, as Delegates making up the breach. All offences were mutually to be forgiven, and for that Marcellus husband to Octavia Caesar's sister was now dead, and also Fulvia Antonie's wife for grief that he negle∣cted her, Antony married Octavia. Then was the Roman Empire divided betwixt them, the bounds of their Dominins being Codropolis a Town of Illy∣ricum, all from it Westward being to obey Caesar, and all Eastward Antony. Africk was left to Lepidus, who now was even no body, and having offended Caesar had been confined by him to that Province. The War against the Parthi∣ans was judged to Antony, and that against Pompey (who must needs now be suppressed) unto Caesar. Antony sent Ventidius into Asia to restrain the Par∣thians, who now had made an incursion as far as Ionia. But out of Sardinia did Menodorus Pompey's Admiral the second time eject Helenus Caesar's Captain, whereupon Caesar refused to hearken to Antony, when he moved him to be reconciled unto Pompey. Both the Triumvirs (or rather now the Duumvirs) being come to the Citie, were received with most lamentable complaints of poor people, ready to starve for want of Provisions, which Pom∣pey

hindred from coming, from the East by Sicily, from the West by Sardi∣dinia and Corsica, which he had in his power, and from Africk by his Navy also, which then was most powerful at Sea. Caesar could not be drawn to make Peace with him, notwithstanding the loud cries and prayers of the mul∣titude, which obstinacy drew him, and Antony (rescuing him) into such danger, as both of them were near stoning. At length being forced to it, and Pompey being perswaded, they met, but Pompey expecting to be admitted into the power and place of Lepidus, the Treaty came to nothing. Yet the pressure of the famine brought them together again, and amongst other things it was concluded, that Pompey retaining all the Islands he had already, and Peloponnesus over and above, as long as they should hold their power; and having liberty to be Consul, and to discharge the Office by any of his friends, he was to leave the Sea open, and pay to the People what corn was due out of Sicily. The proscribed persons, except such as were guilty of Caesar's death, had now all liberty to return. The day following, Consuls were designed for four years. Frst Antonius and Libo, than Caesar and Pompey, next Aeno∣barbus and Sosius, and lastly, Caesar and Antony, who then (it might be hoped) might restore the Government to the People. Then did Antony and Caesar return, and were most joyfully received. And this year being the 714 of the City, did they procure Herod the Great to be declared King of Ju∣daea, in the first year of the 184 Olympiad, Cn. Domitius Calvinus the second time, and C. Asinius Pollio being Consuls.

20. Antony departed towards the East again for the Parthian Warre, which hitherto Ventidius his Lieutenant had managed with good successe, ha∣ving got several victories, wherein Labienus, who brought them into Syria, and Pharnapates, (or Phraates, or Barzapharnes, being called by several names) the greatest of their Captains, with Pacorus son to Orodes the King, were slain. After this he repelled them in Media and Mesopotamia, and besieged Antiochus Comagenus in Samosata, whom he suffered, upon promise of 1000 talents, to send Ambassadors unto Antony, who now drew near, and for that the siege was likely long to continue, by reason of the desperat reso∣lution of the defendants, granted him Peace for 300 talents, accepted but of two Hostages, and those inconsiderable ones; and he gave him leave to put to death Alexander, who had formerly revolted to the Romans. This by(a) some he was thought to do for fear of the Army, which was angry at his ill usage of Ventidius; though others say, he honoured him according to his deserts, who though a man of an obscure extract, now first of all others tri∣umphed over the Parthians. Antony having setled the affairs of Syria, de∣parted to Athens, where he spent the winter with Octavia. But the(c) peace with Pompey continued but a short time. The cause of the breach (whate∣ver secretly was aimed at) was pretended to be, for that Antony being to quit Peloponnesus, would do it but upon this condition, that Pompey should give him satisfaction for such moneys as was due to him from the Inhabitants. But Pompey liked not of any such condition, and therefore rigged a new Fleet, and provided himself of forces, perhaps giving credit to Metrodorus, who would tell him, that the present state of affairs was no true Peace, but ra∣ther a cessation of arms. He then renewed his Piracy, which renewed the former grievances, and made the People cry out, that the matter was onely altered from three Tyrants to four. But Metrodorus revolted to Caesar, bringing in with him Corsica, Sardinia, and three Legions, and then Anto∣ny was called to Brundusium to consult about the War. Thither he came at the day appointed, but Caesar keeping not his word he staied not for him, either not liking the breach of the Peace, or for that he envied Caesar all that power he saw him have; for still they suspected and grudged each other. But Caesar being provided, set out to Sea, as to invade Sicily, and was beaten back by Pompey, though he took him at unawares, who heard nothing of the revolt of Metrodorus, till also of Caesars coming. Afterward his ships lying at Anchor, were extreamly battered, and most of the men were cast away.

21. Caesar fortified the Coasts of Italy, for fear lest Pompey should make an invasion, which he, not knowing how to improve a Victory, was never wont to attempt. Then wanting all manner of provisions for the Warre, he sent Maecenas to Antony, who refusing not to joyn with him, this cheared him, together with a Victory got by Agrippa in Aquitaine; many Cities, and private persons also promising aid. Antony came to Tarentum with 300 ships, but whether there was something else betwixt them, or for that he was now furnished, he slighted his help, Caesar excused himself that he met him not, which the other took in ill part, yet sent for him again. For having laid out much upon the Fleet, he intended to exchange it for some Italian Legions, to be used in the Parthian Warr, it being difficult for him to raise men in Italy, which was subject to Caesar, though by their last agreement both were left free there to make their Levies. Octavia coming over to her brother, agreed them, who then made the exchange, and because the time of the Triumvirate set by the Senate was almost out, prorogued their power for five years longer, without any consideration had of the suffrages of the People. So Antony departed into Syria, Caesar deferring his Expedition into Sicily untill the fol∣lowing year.

22. He determined to invade Sicily from three several quarters: Lepidus, who now joyned with him, was to invade it from Africk, Taurus from Ta∣rentum, and he himself from Puteoli. Pompey resolved to oppose him so ma∣ny several wayes, but at this time it needed not; for Caesar's Navy was the second time wracked by a Tempest, which so puffed up Pompey, that he sti∣led himself Neptune's son. But Caesar gave not over the enterprize; for the same Summer having recruited his forces, and mended his ships, he put forth to sea, and then, though on Lepidus his part were lost two Legions, over∣threw Pompey's Fleet, but was again worsted, and yet landed 21 Legions, and 2000 Horse, besides 5000 lightly armed. No great or memorable battel was there on Land; but Pompey sent to his Enemy, to know if he would fight by Sea, fearing his Land-Forces. He accepted of his offer, and then finally defeated him, having sunk 28 of his Vessels. The rest were either ta∣ken or broken, seventeen onely escaped, and at the sight of this overthrow his Land-forces yielded to Caesar, so that with his seventeen Vessels he fled to Antony, from whom he expected protection, having restored formerly his mother safe to him, when in such a condition. Messana still stood out, but the Garrison at length yielded to Lepidus, who granted to the Soldiers, to draw them to his party, the plunder of the Town equal with his own. Having now by the addition of those Forces 22 Legions, and a strong body of Horse under his command, he pleased himself with thoughts of getting all Sicily into his hands, to which he pretended a right, as first invaded by him; and he sought to hinder Caesar all he could from the possession of it.

23. Caesar expostulated with him for his ingratitude; but to no purpose. Then found he means to draw away all his Army from him, which now was something averse to Civil Warrs, and satisfied of the greater worth of Caesar, being moreover incensed against their General, for making Pompey's Soldiers partakers with them in the plunder of Messana. Yet though his Soldiers would have killed him did he save them alive, but outed him of all power, and banished him; so that thus fell one head of this Tricipitina. Pompey not being persued by Caesar, craved protection from Antony; yet sent to the Parthian, in case he should not be received by him. Then thought he of seiz∣ing upon Syria, and the parts adjacent, upon a rumour of Antony's being o∣verthrown; whereupon he was pursued by his party, and at last taken and kil∣led at Midaius a Town of Phrygia, as Dio writeth, but as Florus and Ap∣pian at Miletus, in the fourtieth year of his age, fourteen years after the death of his Father. Caesar at his return restrained roberies in the City, setting watches therein, and administred things in the antient way by annual Magi∣strates. He burnt all letters written in time of War, promising he would restore the Commonwealth as soon as Antony should return, who, he knew, would also lay down the Magistracy, all Civil Warrs being ended. He was

therefore received with luckie acclamations, and had a Perpetual Tribuneship bestowed on him, as invited by this honour to lay down his other power. Con∣cerning this he wrote privately to Antony, who, whilst Caesar was thus im∣ployed about Pompey, had called Cleopatra into Syria, and there given her Phoenicia, Caelesyria, Cyprus, a great part of Cilicia, with part of Arabia Nabathaea, and so much of Judaea as brought Balsamum. Then sending her home, he marched into Armenia, where yet he could do nothing (for desire of her) like himself; but ever thought of returning to her, which shortly after he did; but was much troubled in his passage by the Parthians, to whom his Army had revolted, but that they killed such as first passed over to them.

24. The year following, and that wherein Pompey was slain, he was soli∣cited by the King of Media in conjunction with him to make Warre upon the Parthian; but was hindred by stirs which hapned betwixt Cleopatra and Octavia his wife, who now returning to him out of Italy, met with letters at Athens to stop her there, he pretending necessary avocations by Warre. Caesar then would have had her come to his house, but she would go to her husbands, where she educated both his children and her own, as became her. Then did Antony return into Armenia, where he caught the King by a wile, and brought him in triumph into Aegypt. Now would he be called Father Bacchus, as Cleopatra Isis, who now was stiled by him Queen of Aegypt, Cyprus, Africa, and Caelesyria, Caesario whom she had by Julius Caesar be∣ing her partner in these Principalities. But his own sons by her, Alexander and Ptolomy, he named Kings of Kings; betwixt whom he did not onely part what Provinces he himself had, but also Armenia, Parthia, and Me∣dia, and to Cleopatra their daughter assigned Cyrene. These things, together with the disgrace of his sister provoked Caesar, who made report of them to the Senate and People. Hereby he incensed men's minds against Antony, who shortly after went into Media, and entered into league with the King thereof. Caesar at the same time fought against several People of Illyrioum, and the next year both provided for the Civil War betwixt themselves.

25. Antony in way of recrimination to Caesar, objected his putting Le∣pidus besides the Triumvirate, and taking his Soldiers as those of Pompey to himself, which ought to have been equally free for both; and he challeng∣ed his part of the Soldiers raised in Italy. For, Caesar besides what we for∣merly mentioned, accused him of taking Aegypt as his Province, killing Pompey, abusing Artavasdes the Armenian King, to the great infamy of the Roman State; but above all upbraided him with Cleopatra, and what he had assigned to their children, as also for that he owned Caesario as begotten by Caesar, though to the Senate he had acknowledged him for his own son. Anto∣ny, bewitched by Cleopatra so far as not to be able to rule himself, wrote to the Senate to have those things confirmed, which he had setled upon her and her children. The two Consuls Cn. Domitius and C. Sosius being much for him, were forced to leave the City, and get over to him, who now also ha∣ving raised great forces, sent to Rome, to drive Octavia out of his house and if taking his opportunity he had this Summer invaded Italy, he might in all probability have put an end to the quarrel. For, Caesar was not yet provided, wanting money exceedingly, which he now exacted throughout Italy. But this delay herein helped him, that men's minds were more and more bent a∣gainst Antony, especially after Caesar had published his Testament, where∣in he disposed as formerly, to his and Cleopatra's children, and ordained, that though he should dye at Rome, his body should be sent to her at Alexandria: it was also reported, that he meant, if his matters prospered, to give her Rome, and transfer the seat of the Empire into Aegypt. Hereupon the Warre was decreed against her, and he was devested of his Triumvirate, but not declared an Enemy, for fear of those with him. For then must they necessarily have been included in the same capacity, and so driven upon de∣sperate Councils: to them therefore rewards were promised, if they would forsake him; and hereby was he thought rendred more inexcusable, in that

being unhurt he should make War for an Egyptian woman against his Coun∣trey. Then did the one draw all the East, and the other the West to his party. Caesar had ready 250 ships of War, 80000 foot, and 12000 horse. Antony had 500 such like ships, very big and stately, with 100000 foot, and also 12000 horse. The King of the Medes also sent him aid, which being not sent back, and Antony also recalling his forces he had left with him for the protection of that Countrey, the Parthian became Master of that Kingdom, and Armenia also was lost.

26. The following year Agrippa being sent before by Caesar, took di∣vers ships coming to Antony with Provisions, and molested him exceed∣ingly upon the Sea, wherewith Caesar incouraged passed from Brundusium into Epirus, to a Promontory whereof that lieth near the Bay of Ambracia sending his forces, he took in Corcyra; so did Agrippa the Island Leucas near to Actium, with Patrae and Corinth; Titius also and Taurus routed Antonies horse. Then several persons of note fell off from Antony. Sosius was beaten, and lost his life at Sea, and Antony himself was also worsted by a guard of Caesars. Being much troubled hereat, Canidius would have perswaded him to send away Cleopatra, and decide the quarrel either in Thrace or Ma∣cedonia, for that he was stronger in Land forces. But though his navy had been twice worsted, and he had lost many ships, yet she obtained of him to fight at Sea, providing withall all things as for a fight. For four dayes the Sea was so rough with winds that it hindred them from fighting; but on the fifth they joyned, and then Caesar's ships being light could easily tack about and invade Antonies, which were unwieldly, and of little use. Cleopatra wearied with long expectation, ere it could certainly be known how things would go, with her gilded deck, Purple sayls, and sixty light Egyptian Gallies fled away, which Antony seing, presently followed, forsa∣king his men, and running away, who ought to have animadverted upon such as did so. His Soldiers fought most valiantly, notwithstanding the basenesse of their General (who getting into Cleopatra's Gally, went, and sate by him∣self in a deep silence, holding his head with both his hands) till at the tenth hour they were partly perswaded, and partly constrained to submit, it being confessed that in this fight they behaved themselves like to, and executed the Office of, the best General, and their General played the part of a run-away Soldier. From this victory of Caesar at Actium a Promontory of Epirus, Several Authors date his Monarchy, which lasted from the second of Septem∣ber whereon the battel was fought, to the 19th of August, on which he died, 44 years wanting 13 dayes. Now was hee himself the third time, and M. Valerius Messala Consuls, in the 723th year of the Citie, the se∣cond of the 187 Olympiad, and the seventh of Herod King of Judaea, as Josephus gathereth, the 29th before the Aera of Christ, A. M. 3974.

27. His Land forces could scarcely believe his flight, having such an Army left to him intire, and for seven dayes were so constant to him, that though the thing was clearly known, they rejected Caesars messages, but being now over-taken by him, and forsaken of their Leader Canidius, who had posted away after Antony, they yielded, and were taken into Caesar's Army. Then did Caesar go to Athens, where he put to death Cassius Parmensis, one of those that slew his Uncle, and setling the affairs both of Greece and Asia, determined to vvinter in Samus; but was called into Italy by Agrippa to quiet his Soldiers who now mutinied. He sailed then to Brundusium, but the Senate meeting him there, he went no further, and having dispatched his businesse within thirty dayes returned into Asia. Antony for some time lived disconsolately by himself. Cleopatra conveyed ships over into the Red-Sea, intending there to seek her fortune, she had thought also of flying into Spain. They both sent to Caesar, she that her Children might have Egypt granted them, and he that he might be permitted to live privately at Athens. She sent him a Golden Crown and Scepter, with a royal seat, privily to curry favour, and he, though openly he threatned her, secretly promised her safety

and her Kingdom, if she would kill Antony, who was also advised by Herod of Judaea to do as much by her.

28. They sent again to him the first and second time, and he gave up to him Turullius a Senator, and one of the murderers of Julius Caesar. He put∣ting the man to death returned no answer, neither the second time, when he sent Antyllus his son to him with much Gold, which he received. But with her he still dealt, sending Thyrsus his Freed-man to her to make her believe that he was in love with her, hoping she might kill Antony, and preserve her Treasures, which she threatned to burn if she came into any danger. Now going down into Egypt he sent Cornelius Gallus before him, who seized on Paraetonium the Chief Citie on that part near Africk; and Pelusium the other strongest Town towards Syria did Cleopatra betray to him, secretly forbidding the Alexandrians to go out against him. Antony once fought prosperously against his horse, and the second time was beaten; then he sent him a challenge, which Caesar refused, saying, that if Antony so pleased there were 1000 wayes lying open for his destruction. Wherefore bethink∣ing himself that he could not die with more credit than in battel, he re∣solved to oppose Caesar both by Sea and Land; but Cleopatra procu∣red, that both his Navy, and horse revolted. Hereupon he returned into the Citie, crying out, that he was betrayed by her for whose sake he had taken up Arms. She being afraid of him departed to her Monument, and sent some to tell him she was dead, pretending fear of Caesar. Upon which mes∣sage, he resolving to follow her, wounded himself in the belly. The wound not quickly dispatching him, she sent for him up into her Monument, whi∣ther he was pulled up by her self, and two women, being willing to live now that she was alive, and hoping he might possibly recover. But he shortly after died, willing her as well as she could to provide for her self, and not grieve for him, but rather rejoyce, in that he had been the most fa∣mous of men, as also most powerfull, and now being a Roman was not through lazinesse overcome by a Roman. Such was the end of this man, who through desire of fame became the Author of sad Tragedies to his Countrey, who in the use of his power greatly abused it, and was not onely overcome by a Roman, but also by a Woman, and then so behaved himself, that he could not be excused from lazinesse, effeminatenesse, and luxury, all which things checked that goodnesse of disposition supposed once to be in him, and left Cleopatra little cause to rejoyce for any real glory that might accrue unto him.

20. Caesar endeavoured to get Cleopatra into his hands, that he might lead her in Triumph. He easily obtained Alexandria, the Inhabitants whereof he pardoned, but put to death Antyllus the son of Antony, and some others. He viewed the body of Alexander the Great, and out of honour to his me∣mory set on it a Golden Crown, and strewed it with flowers; but touch∣ing it he broke off a little piece of the Nose, and refused to see the bodies of the Ptolomies, though the Alexandrians much desired it, saying, he had a mind to see the King, and not dead men. Cleopatra dealt with her Phy∣sician to dispatch her, but being terrified by Caesar upon the account of her Children, she gave it over, and did all she could, but in vain, to work upon his affections when he came to see her. Then did she give him an Inven∣tory of her goods, and he promised her fair things, thinking thereby that he deceived her, though he himself was deceived. For she understanding that she was reserved for a Triumph, prevented it by a voluntary death, as is in the History of her Kingdom related. Caesar made Egypt a Tributary Province, and would have conferred the Government thereof upon Arius the Philosopher, who formerly had taught him, but he refusing the imployment, he gave it to Cornelius Gallus, a man of obscure birth. Caesario the son of Cleopatra by Julius Caesar, had by his mother been sent towards India with a great sum of money, but at Rhodes his Governour perswaded him to re∣turn, as now being to expect the Kingdom. Caesar consulting what to do

with him, Ariaeus, alluding to that prudent sentence of Homer, said, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. To have many Caesars is not good; and so he was sent after his mother. Whilest these things were doing at Alexan∣dria, was M. Tullius Cicero, son of the Orator, Consul at Rome (taken in by Caesar to blot out the ignominy of betraying his father) in the room of Lici∣nius Crassus, where he published Caesar his Collegue's Letters concerning the overthrow of Antony, and put them up over the pleading place, where his father's head had formerly been set. But this overthrow and death of Cleo∣patra hapned in the 14th year after the death of Julius Caesar, the third of the 187 Olympiad, the 724 of the Citie, 28 before the birth of Christ, A. M. 3975. 294 after the death of Alexander the Great, under whom as the Macedonian Empire began, so now in Cleopatra (and not till now) it was quite extinct; and here the Contemporaries with it receive their pe∣riod.

Notes

• (a)

  Sueton in Julio. Appian belli ci∣vil. lib. 2.
• (b)

  Lib. 12. pag. 568. Suidas in voce 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Vide Gerard. Vossium de Hi∣storicis Graecis lib. 1. cap. ult.
• King Diotarus defended by Cicero.
• (a)

  Joseph. An∣tiquit. lib. 14. cap. 17.
• (b)

  Appian bell. civil lib. 2. Dio lib. 44. Censorin. de die Natali cap. 9.
• (c)

  Dio lib. 43. Strabo lib. 8. & 17.
• The moneth Quintilis cal∣led July.
• (d)

  Dio lib. 43. Appian belli civil. lib. 2. Plutarch. in Caesare. Sueton. in Julio. Livii Epitom. lib. 116.
• Caesar seeming to affect the title of King,
• A. M. 3961. V.C. 710.
• Is slain in the Senate-house.
• Plinius lib. 7. cap. 15.
• Cicero lib. 2. de Divinat.
• In Caesare.
• His character.
• Vide Appian. ut supra. Patercul. l. 2. c. 58. Dionem l. 44.
• An Amnestie voted by the Senate.
• Caesar's Testa∣ment.
• Sueton in Ju∣lio. Flor. l. 4. c. 4.
• Octavius his heir.
• Appian de bello civili l. 3. Sueton in Au∣gusto. Dio l. 45.
• Purchaseth the Love of the People.
• Appian. Livii Epitom. lib. 117. Dio l. 45.
• Antony pra∣ctizeth for his own advance∣ment.
• The hatred of him pro∣cureth young Caesar's prefer∣ment.
• Appian ut supra. Dio l. 46. Plutarch in Antonio. Cicero Philip. 5. Sueton in Octa∣vio.
• A. M. 3962. V. C. 712.
• Appian. Livius lib. 120. Cicero Philip. 11.
• Yet having no need of Caesar, the Se∣nate again slighted him,
• Appian ut su∣pra. Livius l 119. Sueton. in An∣gusto. Patercul. l. 2. c. 62. Livii Epitom. lib. 120.
• Vide Dionem lib. 46.
• Livii Epit. l. 120. Appian bell. civil. l. 4.
• Which pro∣cureth the Thumviraté.
• The Terms of the Combina∣tion.
• Concurrite omnes Augures, Aruspices, Portentum in∣usitatum con∣statum est recens, Nam mulos qui frecabat Consul factus est.
• Idem ibid. Dio lib. 46.
• These Verses were scattered up and down the Citie.
• Gellius lib. 5. cap. 4.
• The effects of it.
• Appian.
• Plutarch. in Ci∣cerone.
• Cicero slain.
• Paterculus l. 2. cap. 66. Plinius lib. 7. cap. 30.
• And many others.
• Idem.
• The Triumvirs condemn the estates of wo∣men to get money.
• Idem.
• Plutarch. in M. Bruto.
• And Cassius and Brutus take extrava∣gant courses for Treasure.
• Orosius lib. 6. cap. 18.
• The two par∣ties meet at Philippi.
• Appian belli civil. lib. 4. Plutarch. in Antonio. Florus l. 4. c. 7. Patercul. lib. 2. cap. 70. Livii Epitom. lib. 124.
• Cassius killeth himself out of misapprehen∣sion.
• Appian ut su∣prà. Dio lib. 47. Plutarch. in M. Bruto. Patercul. ut priùs. Livius lib. 124.
• And Brutus after a defeat.
• A. M. 3963. Ol. 185. ann. 3. V.C. 712. Hyrcani 22. Ante Christ. 40.
• Appian.
• Caesar return∣eth to Rome.
• Appian belli ci∣vil. lib. 5. Plutarch. in Antonio. Dio lib. 48.
• Antony follow∣eth Cleopatra into Egypt.
• A. M. 3964. V.C. 713.
• The Perusian War betwixt Caesar, and the brother and wife of Antony.
• Appian.
• A M. 3965. V. C. 714.
• Vide Servium in locum.
• Appian.
• Caesar provi∣deth for the worst.
• Antonies car∣riage in the East.
• Dio lib. 48.
• The Triumvirs fall out.
• Appian.
• Are reconciled and a new a∣greement is made.
• A great fa∣mine caused by Sextus Pompey.
• Procureth an agreement with him.
• Joseph. Antiq. lib. 14. c. 26.
• Dio lib. 49. Appian in Par∣thicis.
• Ventidius pros∣pereth against the Parthians.
• Florus l. 4. c. 9.
• (a)

  Dio ut prius.
• Plutarch in Antonio.
• (c)

  Appian de bello Civil. l. 4.
• The Peace with Pompey broken.
• A. M. 3967. V. C. 716. Herodis 2.
• Idem.
• Antony and Caesar make a new agree∣ment and pro∣rogue their power.
• Idem.
• Pompey over∣thrown by Caesar.
• A. M. 3969. V. C. 718.
• Appian ut supra. Plutarch in Antonio. Dio. l. 49.
• One head of the Tricipitina broken off.
• Pompey killed.
• Antony doat∣eth on Cleopa∣tra.
• Plutarch. Dio.
• His extrava∣gancies in Aegypt.
• Caesar and he fall out.
• Dio l. 50. Florus l. 4. c. 11.
• A. M. 3973. Ol. 187. an. 1. V. l. 722. Herodis 8.
• Vide Dionem ubi supra.
• Their prepa∣rations for war.
• Idem. Plutarch in Antonio.
• Antony wor∣sted.
• A. M. 3974. V. C. 723. Herodis 9. Ante Christ. 29.
• Overthrown at Actium in a Sea-fight.
• Patercul. l. 2. c. 85.
• Dio. Suetonius. Aurelius Vi∣ctor.
• Eutropius.
• Plutarch. in Antonio.
• Patercul. lib. 2. cap. 87. Dio lib. 51.
• His Land for∣ces yield to Caesar.
• Joseph An∣tiq. l. 15. c. 10.
• Dio lib. 5. Plutarch. in Antonio.
• Antony killeth himself.
• Dio ut suprà. Sueton. in Octavio. Plutarch. in Antonio. Orosius lib. 6. cap. 19. Patercul. lib. 2. cap. 87. Florus lib. 4. cap. 11. Livii Epit. lib. 133. Julian ad The∣mistium.
• So doth Cleo∣patra her self, and Egypt is made a Pro∣vince.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• A. M. 3975. Ol. 187. ann. 3. V.C. 724. Herodis 10. Ante Christum 28.