An institution of general history from the beginning of the vvorld to the monarchy of Constantine the Great : composed in such method and manner as never yet was extant / by William Howel ...

SECT. V. From the War with Mithridates, and first Civil War, to the combina∣nation of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar, termed by Varro Tricipitina, which proved the ruin of the Po∣pular Government, for the space for 28 years.

1. MIthridates was King of Pontus (a Countrey of Asia, so called because it lieth upon the Euxine Sea) thought by some to have been descend∣ed from one of the seven Persians, who conspired against the Magi that had usurped after the death of Cambyses. He was sirnamed Eupator and Diony∣sus, being a man of a vast mind and ambitious spirit. Succeeding his fa∣ther, who was a friend of the people of Rome, at thirteen years of age, within two years he made away his mother, who was left partner with him in the Kingdom, and after her his brother also, and in his youth he subdued the Kings about Phasis beyond Caucasus. Thirty years after his coming to the Kingdom, he thought of no lesse than the Empire of Asia, the Romans, as he fancied, being now sufficiently imployed in the Cimbrian and Italian Wars. He began with Paphlagonia, parting it betwixt himself and Nico∣medes King of Bithynia, and being checked for this by the Romans, and com∣manded to desist, he pretended it was his fathers inheritance, and to amend the matter he seized on Galatia too. Then casting his eye upon Cappadocia, he caused to be murthered Ariarathes King thereof, and his sisters husband, and when she married to Nicomedes he drove out his forces, and pretended to seize upon it for the use of her son, whom then he murdered also, and be∣stowed it on one of his own sons. The Cappadocians refused to obey him, and called out of Asia Ariarathes one of their former King's sons; but him did Mithridates drive away, and he shortly after died. Nicomedes after∣wards procured one to counterfeit himself the brother of Ariarathes, and beg the Kingdom of the people of Rome; and he sent his wife thither to aver that she had three sons by Ariarathes. Mithridates hereupon sent one to the Senate to affirm, that he whom he had placed in Cappadocia was also the son of Ariarathes.

2. The Senate knowing well the aim of both, took from Mithridates

Cappadocia; and Paphlagonia from Nicomedes, who had got it into his hands, and left these two Kingdoms to their own liberty. But the Cappadocians protested that they could not live without a King, and being therefore allowed to chuse one from amongst themselves, made choice of one Ariobarzanes. Mithridates sorely repining to be thus overruled, procured Tigranes the King of Armenia and his son in Law to be an Enemy to the Romans, and perswa∣ded him to expel Ariobarzanes, whilst he did as much by young Nicomedes, who now had succeeded his dead Father. Both of these Princes fled to Rome for relief, which was decreed them, and Commissioners were appointed to re-establish them, whereof Manius Aquilius was chief. This being perfor∣med, they perswaded both the Kings to invade Mithridates. Nicomedes did it, though unwillingly, whilst Mithridates opposed him not, that he might have an advantage against him; onely he sent Pelopidas to the Com∣missioners to complain of him. They considering that Mithridates was a powerful Prince returned this answer, that they did neither like that he should molest Nicomedes, nor Nicomedes him; for the former was not convenient for the Roman Commonwealth. He nothing moved with this answer, re-invaded Cappadocia, sending Pelopidas back with a bold expostulation. They hereupon raised a considerable Army against him on their own heads, without any decree of Senate or People. Nicomedes ingaging first of all with him was put to flight, though Mithridates his main body never ingaged, and next after him Manius was discomfited. Then seized Mithridates upon Bithy∣nia, Phrygia, Mesia, Lycia, Pamphylia, and other Provinces, as far as Ionia. He took also Q. Oppius and Aquilius, the later whereof he killed by melted gold poured into his mouth, being ever wont to upbraid the Romans with avarice and corruption.

3. The Romans hereupon decreed a War against him, though they were now imployed in the Italian; and L. Cornelius Sylla and Q. Pompeius Ru∣fus being Consuls, it fell by lot unto the former. But whilst he was yet im∣ployed in finishing the Italian War about Nola, C. Marius, who had been six times Consul, either moved by a desire of profit or of glory, perswaded P. Sulpitius Tribune of the People to prefer a law for transferring the com∣mand against Mithridates to himself. He drew the People of Italy to his party, by promising them that had been of late made free of the City, equal privilege with the rest, which were distribured into 35 tribes; so that the thing was caried on by strong hand, and Pompey's son, the son in law of Syl∣la, was killed in the heat of contention. Sylla hearing of this, hasted to the City, easily perswading his Army to any thing, for that his Soldiers were unwilling that any other should go that Expedition, from which they pro∣mised themselves so great matters. To him his Collegue Pompey joyned, and though Marius and the Tribune made all opposition possible, with some difficulty they entred the City, and Marius with his complices betook them∣selves to their heels. Sylla suffered no harm to be done to the Citizens, but reversed what Sulpitius had done, regulated the Senate, and procured Ma∣rius, with Sulpitius, and ten others, to be declared Enemies to their Coun∣try, whom it might be lawful for any to kill, and unlawful to harbour; their goods also being set to sale.

4. Sulpitius was found and put to death. Marius hid himself in the fens of Minturnum, and being discovered, a Gall was sent to kill him, but could not do it, he was so dashed at his presence; so that being conveyed out of that place, he escaped into Africk. To him Cethegus and others, who had fled into Numidia, joyned themselves, expecting an opportunity to invade their own Country. Pompey the Consul, to secure Italy, was appointed to re∣ceive the Army of Cn. Pompey, who had done such good service in the Mar∣sian War; but the Soldiers unwilling to leave their old General, who also took it heavily, made away the Consul. For the year following L. Cornelius Cin∣na and C. Octavius were Consuls, whereof Cinna as some think corrupted, was altogether for the new Denisons, and recalled Marius with the rest of the Exiles; but he was driven away by his Collegue, and L. Merula was put

in his place. He then going about to the Italian Cities, by giving them fresh hopes of equal privilege, and pretending that he suffered these things for their sakes, got much money. Marius also coming over to him, they raised a con∣siderable Army, wherewith Cinna sate down before the City. Marius took Hostia by force, and Cinna being not able to do any thing at Rome, stormed Ariminum. The Consuls, for that they could not recall Sylla, sent for Me∣tellus then lying in Samnium, but he differing with them about some condi∣tions, had them granted by Marius, to whom then he joyned himself. In the mean while the City itself was near being betrayed to Marius by Appius Claudius a Tribune of the Army, who being intrusted with the Janiculum, thus requited him for former kindnesse.

5. Though he and Cinna brake in, they were repelled by Octavius, and C. Pompey the Proconsul, who shortly after was killed with a Thunder-bolt. Marius after this took in several Towns about Rome where provisions lay, and Cinna by promise of liberty, drew many slaves out of the City, which the Senate understanding, lest the People should make disturbance within, sent to him about an agreement. He refused to admit of any addresse made to him as a private man, so that they were forced to treat with him as Con∣sul, and desired he would swear to abstain from blood. This he flatly re∣fused to do; but promised, that wittingly and willingly he would not be the cause of any mans death; so he was received, and the Law abrogated for banishing Marius and his associates. Upon their entrance began plundering and slaughters in all places. Octavius, though having the oath both of Cinna and Marius, refusing to flye from his charge, was killed, and his head set upon the Rostra, to which was afterwards added that of Antonius (Grand-father to the Triumvir) an excellent Orator, who for a good space defended him∣self by his eloquence from the Soldiers, and several others. None were spa∣red, either for dignity, worth, or age. The dead bodies, being mangled and abused otherwise, were left to be torn in pieces by dogs and fowls, none da∣ring to bury them. All Sylla's friends were killed, his house defaced, and his goods put to sale, he being judged and declared an Enemy. Merula, though he never sought the Consulship, but had it put upon him, and Catulu, having their dayes set them to answer, destroyed themselves.

6. Cinna and Marius having thus satisfied their bloody minds, made them∣selves Consuls for the following year: But Marius died ere the moneths end, having born this Office now seven times; a man more profitable to his Coun∣try in the time of War than of Peace. To him succeeded Valerius Flaccus, whom Cinna sent into Asia, to supply the room of Sylla there. But he by this time had done the work, and was coming home to revenge the former in∣juries, having subdued Mithridates in lesse than three years, killed 160000 of his men, recovered Grecce, Macedonia, Ionia, Asia, and other Coun∣tries, which he had got into his hands, taken his Navy from him, and forced him to be content with his own inheritance. These things are to be declared in order.

7. After Mithridates had taken Aquilius with the rest, and seized upon Asia and other Countries (whilst Sylla was at Rome, setling things there against Ma∣rius and his faction, as is before shewed) he sent his letters abroad into all the Cities of Asia, willing them at one day prefixed, to kill all Italians and Ro∣mans, with their wives and children, and cast them out unburied; then to seize on their estates, taking one part to themselves, and reserving the other for his use. This was accordingly done, and 80000 according to some; according to others 150000 perished in one day. Then went he into the Island Cous, where getting great treasure into his hands, there laid up by one of the Cleopatraes, he departed to Rhodes, and all manner of waies at∣tempted to take the City, though without successe; such was the constancy and fidelity of the Rhodians towards the Romans, amongst other confede∣rates which universally revolted. Then sent he Archelaus his General into Greece, leaving Pelopidas in Lycia to carry on the War there, he himself pro∣viding Forces, and punishing such as he found inclinable towards the Romans.

8. Archelaus first recovered Delos, which from the Athenians had revol∣ted to the Romans, then joyned he to himself the Achaians, Lacaedemoni∣ads, and Boeotians. After this he was fought by Brittius, who had put to flight Metrophanes sent also into Greece from the King; but having fresh supplies, Brittius withdrew himself to the Piraeus, or Haven of Athens, which shortly after Archelaus took in with his Fleet. Now Sylla arrived in Greece with five Legions and some Companies of Horse, and having furnish∣ed himself with money and provisions in Aetolia and Thessaly, marched into Attica against Archelaus, almost whole Boeotia, with Thebes the chief City, revolting to him in his passage. He besieged Archelaus in the Piraeus a very strong place, as fenced with a wall almost 40 cubits high, consisting of square stones, and built by Pericles during the first motions of the Peloponnesian War. Having also besieged Athens it self, he spent the whole Summer in the siege, and at length took it, the Inhabitants being unable to make any more resi∣stance through famine, which so far prevailed, as they made meat of sodden lether, and fed upon the bodies of dead men. The Piraeus was also shortly after taken, and the walls thereof demolished, with the Arcenal, and all the ra∣rities therein were destroyed. Then Sylla followed Archelaus through Boeotia, and fought with him near Cheronea, in a place so straight, that no way being open for flight, he slew so many, that of 120000 not many more than 10000 remained, this being an Army sent over by the King out of his new Provinces.

9. Mithridates put divers Princes of his newly conquered Provinces to death, for fear they should kill or betray him, by which cruelty he lost all Gallograecia. Ephesus also, and other towns revolted from him, whereof such as he recovered he used cruelly, and afterwards fearing a general defecti∣on, to purchase favour he set the Greek Cities at liberty. Some that conspired his death were discovered, and upon suspition were 1600 men made away. Then sent he another supply to Archelaus of 80000 men, which with the other 10000 remaining of the former Army, were routed by Sylla near Or∣chomenes, and about 15000 being slain, the rest betaking themselves to their Camp were also killed or taken, a vast slaughter having been made. Arche∣laus having lost his son Diogenes hid himself in a fen, and thence fled to Chalcis once more. After this Sylla chastized the Boeotians for their fickle∣nesse (for they would stand to neither party long) and took up his Winter quarters in Thessaly, providing himself of shipping, because he heard no∣thing of Lucullus, whom he had sent into Aegypt to procure a Navy. Now at this time was Flaccus, who had succeeded Marius, sent into Asia by Cinna to succeed Sylla. Him Fimbria his Quaestor killed in a quarrel about lodg∣ing, being hated by his Soldiers, and he headed his Army, with which he se∣veral times fought, and that prosperously, against Mithridates his son, and drove the King himself into Pergamus, and thence to Pitane, where he took ship and fled to Mitylene, and might have been taken if Lucullus would. Then did Fimbria haraze Cappadocia, and burnt Ilium the daughter of Troy, for that the Inhabitants had given up themselves to Sylla, and not to him; so that though a Roman and so akin to them, he is said to have used them worse than did Agamemnon himself. This hapned to Ilium in the later end of the 173 Olympiad, about 1050 years after the first taking it by the Greeks.

10. Mithridates receiving intelligence of the blow he had received at Orchomenus, wrote to Archelaus, to procure his peace on as good terms as he could. To a Peace Sylla was not now averse, being in great want of mony, and receiving no recruits from the City, where he was declared an Enemy, and desiring above all things to carry back a good Army into Italy to revenge himself. He offered Peace therefore on these conditions: That he should deliver up all his Navy, all fugitives and Captives, restore the Inha∣bitants of Chios, and others whom he had caried into Pontus, remove his garrisons from all places whither he had brought them since the breach of the Peace, pay all the charges of the War, and be content with his Father's Kingdom. All these conditions were agreed to save parting with Paphlago∣nia, but the Ambassadors saying they could have had better terms of Fimbria,

drove Sylla into a great displeasure, with a comparison so odious to him. Shortly after Mithridates himself met him, and found him so resolute, as he gladly accepted all the terms. So ended the first War with Mithridates, be∣ing concluded by Sylla three years after his coming into Greece.

11. Sylla required of Fimbria the Army to be deliverd up to him, as held by no authority; but was answered, as having as little himself. Yet the Army denied to fight against that of Sylla, and forsook Fimbria, who thereupon sent a Slave to murder Sylla, which was discovered. He beg∣ged pardon, and it was granted him, so he would take ship and depart out of Asia; but he said, he had a better way, and going to Pergamus there destroyed himself. Sylla gave him to be buried, saying, he would not imitate the barbarism of Marius and Cinna towards his friends at Rome, whom they deprived both of life and burial; yet he kept in this mind but a while after his arival there, whither he now hasted, having fined Asia grie∣vously for it's revolt, and setled affaires according to present occasions. He took Athens in his way, whence he caried with him the Library of Apelli∣con the Teian (in which were most of the Books of Aristotle and Theophra∣stus, then not vulgarly known) bought by him of the posterity of N••leus, to whom Theophrastus had given it. He wrote to the Senate, to which he re∣counted all the great services he had done, and then how he had been rewarded by the party of Marius, telling them plainly, he would come and revenge both himself and the Publick, by punishing the authors of the injuries, not medling with any other, either old or new Citizens. The Senate hereat af∣frighted sent to treat with him, offering their indeavour for his satisfaction, if he would presently make knovvn his mind. Cinna they ordered to stop his leavies; but he onely returned them a plausible ansvver, and proceeded, de∣signing himself and his Collegue Carbo Consuls again for the follovving year, that there might be no need of going to Rome to a nevv creation. He passed over some of his forces into Dalmatia, there to fight Sylla; but the hinder∣most vvere driven back by a tempest, and they refused absolutely to fight a∣gainst their Country-men; so that those, vvho as yet had not passed the Sea, refused to go aboard. Hereupon he going to speak vvith them, an Officer vvho made vvay before him struck one of them, vvho struck him again, for vvhich offence he commanding him to be laid hold on, a tumult arose, vvhere∣in he himself vvas ran through, and so perished in his fourth Consulship, and the 670 year of the City, a man vvorthier to have died by command of the Conquereur than the fury of the Soldiers. Carbo then continued Consul alone all the remaining part of the year.

12. Cinna and Carbo had by a Lavv abrogated Sylla's command, and pro∣cured War to be decreed against him, before the Senate was affrighted into the offer of a mediation. He answered, that he would never be reconciled to such wicked persons, as they desired he should; but if the People of Rome would give them indemnity he should not oppose it; yet he thought those that would come to him might be mose safe, seeing he had at his devotion such an Army. Hereby declaring sufficiently what his intentions were, he also de∣manded restitution of his estate, his antient dignity and honours; but the messengers coming to Brundusium, and there hearing of Cinna's death, and the disturbance of the Commonwealth, returned back to him. Then crossed he the Sea to Brundusium with a Fleet of 1600 ships, and 60000 men. Be∣ing landed, Metellus Pius, who had absented himself from Rome for fear of Marius and Cinna, came to him, as also Pompey, afterwards sirnamed the Great, who though his father was no friend to Sylla, yet coming now to him with some forces, became afterwards his greatest favourite. Besides these came Cethegus, who having joyned with Cinna now begged pardon. C. Nor∣banus and L. Scipio the Consuls, with Carbo, made all preparation for resi∣stance. The first tryal at arms was at Canusium, where Norbanus lost 6000 men, and fled to Capua. Scipio through the treachery of his Army, came with his son into the power of Sylla, who dismissed them both. After this Sulla sent to Norbanus to treat of Peace; but (perhaps) being not thought serious, had no answer returned back.

13. He then passed on in Italy, making havock of all things, as Carbo did, who getting into Rome, procured Metellus and the rest that joyned with Syl∣la to be declared Enemies to the State. Both parties sent up and down the Italian Cities, labouring both by fair means and fowl to procure forces; and so all this Summer was spent, wherein the Capitol was burnt none knoweth how. For the following year Papirius Carbo the third time, and Marius, son (but adoptive as most probable) to the old one, were Consuls; the later being but 27 years old. In the Spring was Carinas the Lieutenant of Carbo overthrown by Metellus, and Marius himself by Sylla, and beaten into Prae∣neste, where being close besieged, and despairing of his own safety, he wrote to Brutus, then Praetor at Rome, that he should under some pretext call to∣gether the Senate, and kill those his Enemies: P. Antisthius, another Carbo, L. Domitius, and Mucius Scaevola the High-Priest, which was with cruelty enough performed. Metellus by his time having overthrown another Ar∣my of Carbo's, Pompey defeated Marcius another of that party, Sulla mar∣ched to Rome, which he easily entred, many of the opposite faction being fled. Their goods he set to sale, and willing the people to be of good chear, for that he was necessitated thus to act, he left a sufficient Garrison, and departed to Clusium, where he and his Officers several times overthrew Carbo's Ar∣mies. Carbo sent to Praeneste to relieve Marius his Collegue eight Legions, which Pompey meeting in a straight place slew many of them, and most of those that escaped departed to their own homes. After this, Carbo and Nor∣banus in a fight with Metellus had 10000 of their men slain, and 6000 yield∣ed, whereupon many fell off to Sylla's party, as also all Gall within the Alps. Norbanus fled to Rhodes, where fearing to be given up he killed himself; Carbo into Africk, though he had 30000 men at Clusium and other forces, which were then broken in pieces by Pompey. Carinas, with other Commanders attempted to break through, by the help of the Samnites, and relieve Marius; but this being with no effect, they made then for Rome it self.

14. A bloody battel was fought at the Gates, where many thousands were slain on both sides. Yet Sulla had the better. Carinas and Marcius were taken, and their heads sent to Praeneste to be shewed to the Inhabitants, at which sight understanding how things had passed, they yielded up the Town to Lucullus, and Marius killed himself, whose head was set up in the plead∣ing place at Rome. All his faction in Praeneste were put to death, and all the Natives with the Samnites; the Romans onely with the Women and Children were spared, who lost all they had, the Town (the richest at that time of all others) being plundred. Norba a little after was taken, and burnt to the ground by a fire which the Inhabitants kindled over their own heads, some one way, and some another destroying themselves. So came Ita∣ly into the power of Sylla, who in the improvement of his victory shewed what fury and revenge backed with power are able to do.

15. Having sent Pompey into Africk against Carbo, and given him a charge thence to passe into Sicily against others of that party, he called the people together, and told them that he would put them into a better con∣dition if they would obey his commands, but he was resolved to prosecute his Enemies with all sorts of calamities. So he did in a larger measure than any before him. He put to death 8000 together in the Villa publica, a large house in the Campus Martius made for the reception of the Ambassa∣dors of Enemies; and liberty was given to his Soldiers to kill all they met, till Furfidius putting him in mind that he ought to leave some to reign over; he then first of any man published Tables of proscription, wherein were proscribed first of all 80 Senators, and 1600 Equites, to which he after∣wards added more, promising two Talents to those that should discover them, and threatned such as by whom they were harboured or concealed. Of those outlawed persons some were slain in their houses, others kil∣led in the streets, and others prostrate at his feet; those that fled their goods were seized on. Marius a man of Consular dignity, and brother to

Sylla's great Enemy, had at the Sepulcher of Catulus his eyes first pul∣led out of his head, and then his hands and legs cut off at several times, that he might die by degrees. But not onely against private persons, but Cities also did he rage, whereof some, after the Inhabitants were sold, he caused to be demolished. Many were turned out of their possessions which were given to his Creatures. Pompey drove Carbo into Sicily, and thence in∣to Corcira, where being taken and brought to him, after he had inveighed against him in an assembly, he caused his head to be cut off, and sent it to Sylla.

16. Both the Consuls being now destroyed, Sylla withdrew himself out of the Citie, and willed the Senate to create an Inter-rex, which they wil∣lingly did, hoping they should have a new election of Consuls, and named Valerius Flaccus. He then wrote to him to ask the people, that seeing the necessity of affairs required so great an Officer, a Dictator might be crea∣ted, and that not for any limited time, but till all evils should be redressed; and now he spared not to mention himself. This the people was forced to yield to, as being in his power, and so this Office which for the space of 120 years (ever since the years after Hannibals quitting of Italy) had been inter∣mitted, was conferred on him without any limitation of time. A gilded Sta∣tue on hors-back was erected to his memory near the Rostra, with this in∣scription, To L. Cornelius Sylla the happy General: for he would be called Foelix, and sometime Aphroditus or beautifull. This hapned in the third year of the 174 Olympiad, the 672 year of the Citie, 80 before the birth of Christ.

17. That a shew of the Commonwealth might remain, he permitted Con∣suls to be made, which were M. Tullius Decula, and Cn. Cornelius Dola∣bella; yet did he plainly reign alone, having 24 Axes carried before, as the Kings in old time, with a great Guard continually at his heels, abroga∣ting old Laws, and enacting new at his pleasure. He regulated the Consulship, ordering that none should be capable of it without passing first through other Offices. He overthrew the Tribuneship, by making those that bore it incapable of any other trust. To the Senate he added 300 out of the Equites, to the people 10000 out of the slaves of the proscribed, making them free, and cal∣ling them after himself Cornelii; and to 23 Legions he assigned much Land in Italy to oblige them to him. For the following year he gave way to have Consuls also, but joyned himself witst Q. Caecilius Metellus, which course the Emperours afterwards imitated. The year after, when the people to please him designed him Consul again, he waved it, and created Servilius Isauricus and Appius Claudius Pulcher; and then, to the astonishment of all men, laid down his Dictatorship, and though he had done such and so many horrid things, yet offered to give an account of his acti∣ons.

18. None accused him except one young man, whose reviling language made him say, that this for the time to come would keep any one from lay∣ing down such Supream power; which Caesar indeed seemeth to have been awar of. Not long after he went into the Countrey, where minding no∣thing but his pleasure, he not long after died at Puteoli of the Lowsie disease, his body being putrified, and all turned into Lice, as Plutarch writeth. And this was the end of L. Cornelius Sylla, a man born of the noble family of the Cornelii (which of late had been Eclypsed through the lazinesse of his Ance∣stors) being the sixth in descent from Cornelius Rufinus, one of the most emi∣nent Captains in the War with Pyrrhus. As his life was pernitious to his Countrey; so his death also brought trouble to it, the two Consuls and their factions falling out about the honour which was to be given to him at his fu∣neral. Catulus prevailed against Lepidus, and he was carried in great State through the Citie, and first of any of his family was burned, being fearfull, as Cicero thought, lest he himself should be dealt with as he had used Marius, whose bones he had caused to be digged up and thrown away. After the fu∣neral, the Consuls fell into a greater dissention. Lepidus would restore the

grounds given away by Sylla, and abolish his Laws. The Senate was fearfull of another War, and caused them both to swear that they would not decide the controversie by the sword; but Lepidus was resolved not to return out of his Province, till the new Creation vvas over, and vvhen he should be out of his Office begin a War, as then discharged from his Oath. Hereupon the Senate sent for him, and vvhen he came he vvould have brought his forces into the Citie, but being opposed by Catulus and Pompey, a fight insued, vvherein he had the worst, and then fled into Sardinia, vvhere he died the same year vvith Sylla.

19. The Civil dissentions died not with him; for, though Pompey had sup∣pressed Carbo in Sicily, M. Brutus in Gall, Cn. Domitius and Hierba King of Numidia in Africk, who were preparing for War, (and for this trium∣phed, being neither Consul nor Praetor, and scarcely 26 years of age;) yet a more dangerous War was now depending, raised in Spain by Q. Sertorius. This man being one of Cinna's faction, joyned with Carbo against Sylla, and having taken Suessa, thence passed into Spain, which fell to him by lot as Prae••or. Thence he drove out such as were for Sylla, and joyning the Celti∣berians to himself, stifly resisted Metellus who was sent against him, whereby obtaining a great name, he chose 300 of his friends, whom he called a Se∣nate, in opposition, and despite to that at Rome. And now being made stron∣ger by part of Lepidus his Army, which Perpenna had led thither, he designed no lesse than the invasion of Italy. The Senate afraid of this, sent Pompey against him, a young man, but of great esteem, who passing the Alps in imi∣tation of Annibal, but another way, at first received some losse, & in the Spring following had no successe, (though Perpenna and Herculeus were several times beaten by Metellus) but was reduced into great straights, and wrote to Rome for a supply. Lucullus Consul for the following year procured it to be sent him, lest the War that was renewed with Mithridates should be com∣mitted to him if he came back into Italy, which he affirmed else he would. Being now supplied with men and money, he, and his assistants, fell upon the places subject to Sertorius; yet did they this year no great matters. But many of Sertorius his Army came over to them, being aggrieved that he made the Celtiberians his Guard, as distrusting themselves, and upon suspition of the alienation of their minds, being cruelly used by him.

20. The year following Pompey and Metellus being more bold, made excursions into several places, and with more successe; yet no considerable battel was there fought. Indeed it needed not. For, Sertorius now grown lazie, spent his time with women, and falling into an humour of cruelty had put many to death, whereby he wrought his destruction from his own party. Perpenna fearing it might fall to his lot to be made away amongst the rest, resolved to prevent it, and so inviting him to a feast, murdred him after he had besotted him and his attendants with Wine. This was the end of this great Captain, who for some ten years had stoutly resisted such as had been sent against him, being rather Superiour to them all, and admired by the Spaniards as another Hannibal. Perpenna with much ado was owned as his Successor, and not long after was overthrown, and taken in battel by Pom∣pey. He offered, if his life might be spared, to disclose certain things of con∣sequence in private unto Pompey; but he to his great commendation, com∣manded him to be killed, lest accusing any man he should bring the State into further trouble. So ended this War in the 681 year of the Citie. M. Terentius Varro that vast Scholar (being the most learned of any, either Greeks or Romans) and Caius Cassius Varus being Consuls. Appius Clau∣dius in Thrace, and after him Scribonius Curio fought prosperously against the Scordisci and Dardanians at this time: so did Servillius against the Pirates of Cilicia expelling them the Seas, and taking several of their Towns; as also Cosconius against the Dalmatians. But these were inconsiderable matters in comparison of that War which now was renewed with Mithridates.

21. Sylla, upon this daparture for Italy, had left Murena behind him in Asia, to settle such things as were not yet composed, with the two Legions

that belonged to Fimbria. Murena being ambitious of a Triumph, had catched at all occasions to renew the War, and had one presented to him af∣ter this manner. Mithridates waging War with them of Colchos and Bos∣phorus, who had revolted from him; the former desired and obtained his son for their King. This proved the destruction of the young man, for his father thinking it to have been procured by his seeking, put him to death, having sent for and bound him with iron chains, though he had done him especial ser∣vice against Fimbria. Against the Bosphorians he made then great preparati∣ons, insomuch that every one thought he designed another Warre against the Romans. Archelaus was now at this time out of favour, for that he was thought to have granted too much unto Sylla in the Treaty of Peace, and there∣fore fled to Murena, and stirred him up to invade Mithridates, who neither had restored the intire possession of Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes. Murena did so, sligh••ing the mention of Peace, which was objected to him. Mi∣thridates sent to Rome, to complain to Sylla, and expecting the return of his Ambassadors, stirred not, though the other passing over the River Halys fired 300 of his Villages. Afterwards came Callidius from Rome, who though he shewed no Decree of the Senate, yet said, it was the pleasure of the Fathers, that all acts of hostility should be forborn, and afterwards he talk∣ed with Murena alone. Yet did not Murena forbear, so that the King judging that War indeed was intended, resolved to look to himself, and pas∣sing over the River overthrew Murena in battel, who fled into Phrygia. This Victory brought many over to the King's party, and hereupon he drove all Murena's Garrisons out of Cappadocia. Sylla now Dictator, was not well pleased he should be thus disturbed, and therefore sent A. Gabinius to com∣mand Murena in good earnest to forbear, and reconcile the King to Ario∣barzanes. Mithridates gave him his son of four years of age for an Hostage, and received part of Cappadocia. So things were setled again, and the second War, as Appian saith, ended in the third year. But some seven years after another was begun.

22. Presently after the last conclusion, he sent to Rome to have the con∣ditions of the League recorded, but the thing was neglected. Ariobarzanes sent also to complain, that he kept the greater part of Cappadocia from him, whereupon Sylla commanded him to quit it, which accordingly he did. Af∣terward he sent again to desire that the League might be recorded; but Sylla being now dead, the matter was not as much as reported to the Senate. Hereupon he underhand procured Tigranes King of Armenia his son in Law to invade Cappadocia, whence he led away 300000 persons, and there built a City, to be the Metropolis of the Kingdom, which from himself he named Tigranocerta, i. e. the City of Tigranes. L. Magius, and L. Fannius, who had fled to him from Fimbria's Army, perswaded him to send into Spain, and joyn in League with Sertorius, which he did, and had granted to him Bithy∣nia and Cappadocia, receiving from him as a Captain M. Varius (or Marius) one of his Officers. Being now without hope of pardon, he made all pre∣parations possible, and got together an Army out of divers Countries, consist∣ing of 140000 Foot, and 16000 Horse, wherewith the following Spring he invaded Bithynia, which Country, Nicomedes being dead without issue, had a little before given by testament to the People of Rome, which thing inra∣ged him. Cotta the Governour, a man of little courage, fled to Chalcedon, and he got it all into his hands.

23. In the 680 year of the City, L. Lioinius Lucullus and M. Aurelius Cotta being Consuls, the former of them was sent against Mithridates with one Legion out of the City, to which were joyned those two that belonged to Fimbria, and two more, so that in all he had an Army of 30000 Foot, and 1600 Horse. He found the King before Cyzicus a City of Propontis, and presently besieged the besieger. Hee drove him to such straights by the help of L. Manius (who now again revolted) that though having a great desire to the place, he laboured much to take it, yet through extreme famin he was forced first to send away the Horse, and sick Footmen, into Bithynia,

whereof 15000 were intercepted, and then to flye himself with the rest that could escape the great slaughter made of them in their flight. During this double siege, Eumachus one of Mithridates his Captains made incursions into Phrygia, subdued the Pisidae, and Isauri, and endeavoured to do the same by Cilicia, till he was repelled by Detotarus one of the Tetrarchs of Gallo graecia. But Lucullus improved his successe on land by several Victo∣ries at sea, wherein he took divers of Mithridates his Commanders, and ha∣sted into Bithynia to overtake him. He, flying with all speed for fear of this, suffered most grievous shipwrack, and had been cast away, but that he was received into a Pirate's Vessel, to which he was glad to commit himself in so great danger, and at length, after many difficulties, got into his own King∣dom, whither now Lucullus pursued him, having in his way taken in Bi∣thynia and Paphlagonia. He made all possible preparations for resistance, sending for aid to Tigranes his son in Law, and to his own son reigning in Bosphorus; and hee sent Diocles with great gifts to the Scythians; but he ran away to Lucullus. In the space of a year hee got together 40000 Foot, and 4000 Horse, with which force he once or twice repelled the Romans, and struck some terror into them. But Lucullus sending out some Horse for provisions, he also sent a party to interrupt them, which fight∣ing in a disadvantagious place was worsted. Being now destitute of Horse, he thought of removing from Cabira, where he had wintred; and communi∣cated his intention to his friends. They not expecting the sign began to pack up, and send their baggage out of the Camp before day, which the Army taking notice of, thought much they should flye without any warning given, and in great fear and disorder breaking out of the trenches ran away. The King went about to hinder them, but none taking notice of him, he was born down in the crowd, and being got on horseback betook himself also to flight, and might have been taken, but that the Romans were too busie in plundering the Camp, though warned by their General to forbear.

24. Mithridates first fled to Comana, and thence into Armenia to Tigra∣nes, who admitted him not to his presence, but caused him to be entertained like a King, though in fenny and unwholesome places. All Pontus, except a few places, yielded to Lucullus, to whom also Machares King of Bosphorus sent a crown of gold, and purchased the title of his friend and allie. Afer this Lucullus pursued Mithridates into Armenia, intending to fall on Tigranes King thereof, if he gave him occasion by defending his Enemy. Tigranes at this time was a very potent Prince, having conquered several Nations. He wrestred Asia from the Parthians, transported many thousands of Greeks out of Cilicia and Cappadocia, into a City built by him near Euphrates, and cal∣led Tigranocerta; be obtained Syria and Palestine, displacing the Kings thereof, as was acknowledged by Lucullus. This made him intollerably proud, so that when he rode, he would have four of those Kings he had sub∣dued to run beside him like Lackies, and stand before him with their hands folded in token of subjection, when he sate on his throne. Lucullus sent to him Appius Claudius his wive's brother, to demand Mithridates; but he was then busied in Phoenicia, in reducing some places, which the Messenger made an opportunity in his absence, secretly to withdraw from him many, whom his intollerable pride had rendred impatient. At his return he gave a negative answer, and therefore Lucullus with two Legions and scarcely 3000 Horse, passed over Euphrates, being not acknowleged a General, because he had not given him the title of King of Kings.

25. Tigranes had no good intelligence of his coming, for he hanged him that first brought the news, as a disturber of the Peace; but when he percei∣ved it was so indeed, he sent Mithrobarzanes with 2000 Horse to interrupt his passage, left Mancaeus to guard Tigranocerta, and went himself up and down levying forces. Whilst he was bringing 250000 Foot, and 50000 Horse, the former was beaten back, and the later could not defend the City. Mithridates advised him not to hazard all in a battel, but rather starve the Romans, as they had done him at Cyzicus, but he slighted the motion, and

jeered at the smallnesse of their number, saying, that if they were Ambassa∣dors they were very many, and if Soldiers, very few. But Lucullus pitch∣ing upon an hill, sent his Horse to provoke and draw out the Enemy, that he might break his ranks, and then setting upon the cariage beasts, caused them to drive the Foot amongst the Horse, whereby a great confusion was made, and great execution continued all the day. Tigranocerta was taken by the means of certain Greeks, who being out of jealousie disarmed by Mancaeus, took clubs, and setting upon him and his men, got the better, and received the Ro∣mans within the walls. After this, another great Army was raised, and com∣mitted to the conduct of Mithridates. They then endeavoured to incompasse Lucullus, but were crossed in their expectation, and both parties continued without any great matter performed, till want of victuals forced them to de∣part. Then went Tigranes further into his Kingdom, and Mithridates march∣ed away into his own, being pursued by Lucullus.

26. Mithridates overthrew Fabius, who had been left in Pontus by Lu∣cullus, and after him Triarius, who being sent with a new supply, out of a desire of glory ventured to fight ere the General came. He lost in one in∣gagement 24 Tribunes, and 150 Centurions (which numbers were seldom heard of in an overthrow of the Roman Armies) and 7000 in all were slain near the Mountain Scotius, about three miles distant from Zela a City of Pontus. Lucullus having heard of the Kings intention to set upon Triarius, procured the Soldiers of Fimbria to march, who through the procurement of P. Clodius mutined against him, as formerly against Flaccus by the means of Fimbria. But Mithridates taking away all the necessaries he could carry, and destroying the rest, departed into Armenia the lesse. Lucullus would gladly have followed him, and might have put an end to the War, but that now by the procurement of A. Gabinius the Tribune, Manius Acilius Glabrio that years Consul, was appointed his successor, and an order made for dis∣banding of Fimbria's Soldiers. This being known, Lucullus was slighted by his Army so much, that hardly could his men be drawn to stay, though they marched no further against Mithridates; so that the King began to recruit himself, and Tigranes wasted Cappadocia. Shortly after, Glabrio arrived in his Province, and sent about to give notice, that the Senate was displeased with Lucullus for prolonging the War, disbanded his Army, and would con∣fiscate the estates of such as should disobey it's order. Hereupon all the Ar∣my forsook him, except some few poor men, who had no cause to regard the threatnings; and Lucullus being outed of his command, Mithridates re∣covered almost his whole Kingdom, and did much hurt to Cappadocia; Gla∣brio not as much as coming to the Army; but loitering in Bithynia. This hap∣ned in the eighth year after Lucullus had undertaken the War; the 687 of the City, C. Calpurnius Piso and the said M. Acilius Glabrio being Consuls. The year following the War was committed to Cneius Pompey (afterward sirnamed the Great) by the means of C. Manilius the Tribune, who having offended the Senate by a Law, which gave the same right of suffrages to Li∣berti or Freemen (once slaves) as to their Patrons, or such as manumitted them, procured this Law also to passe to curry favour with him, who now had a very great name and power, having scarcely finished the Piratick Warre, which for his famous and speedy Expedition, must be described, after we have first spoken something of the War with Spartacus, that was managed whilst Lucullus was busie in Pontus.

27. Spartacus a Thracian born, was a Fencer in the house of Lentulus at Capua, where perswading about 70 of his condition, rather to fight for their own liberty than the pleasure of spectators, they broke the house and fled to Vesuvius the hill in Campania, where receiving to them all fugitives, they fell down upon the parts adjacent, and robbed them. By making equal di∣vision of the booty, he got together a great power of men, over whom he set as Captains two Fencers that were Galls by birth, called Oenomaus and Crixus. Clodius the Praetor, who was sent against them from the City, they routed and put to flight, as also P. Varinus, whose Lictors and Horse they

took. Spartacus now having got together 70000 men, and making great preparations, began to be formidable to the Romans, who therefore sent a∣gainst him L. Gellius Poplicola, and Cn. Cornelius Lentulus the Consuls with two Legions. Crixus was at the Hill Garganus defeated and slain. Spar∣tacus making for Gall, was beset before and behind by the Consuls; but one after the other he overthrew, and putting them both to flight, killed 300 pri∣soners to appease the Ghost of Crixus. Marching then towards the Alps he was opposed by Cassius the Praetor, whom he also overthrew, and who hard∣ly escaped from the ingagement.

28. Spartacus puffed up by such successe, now consulted of no lesse than setting upon Rome it self. At the Comitia for Praetors, when the Canditate appeared, M. Licinius Crassus, a person of great Nobility, and exceeding rich, undertook the Office, and was sent against Spartacus with six Legions. He ordered Mummins his Lieutenant with two Legions to attend the Ene∣mies motions, but not to fight, which doing, he was worsted, and many be∣ing taken, many also cast away their Arms and fled. Crassus to terrifie others, used great severity against such as forsook their Colours, decimating 500 who had first begun to fly; which antient kind of Discipline being of a long time difused, he hereby revived. Spartacus having by this time passed to the Sea, thought of going over into Sicily; but failing of his design upon some Ci∣cilian Rovers, he sate down in the Peninsula of Rhegium, where Crassus as it were besieged him, having drawn a line through the Isthmus from Sea to Sea, to cut off all Provisions. Spartacus in a tempestuous night made a shift to fill up the Ditch, and get over the third part of his Army, then ingaging with Crassus lost 12000 men. After this defeat he went toward the Petiline Mountains, and the Lieutenant and Quaestor of Crassus pursuing him, he faced about, and put them to flight, whereby his men being incouraged, refused not to give the Romans battel. Crassus now desired also to fight, because Pom∣pey, who was lately returned out of Spain was reported as coming to end this War. Pitching then one against another, Spartacus engaged with all his for∣ces, and made at Crassus through the midst of Weapons and Wounds, whom yet he missed, but killed two of his Centurions. At length such as stood near him running away, whilest he stood his ground manfully he was slain, and the rest were disordered and put to flight. Some that escaped from the battel, and made head again, Pompey suppressed, three years before he undertook the War against the Pirates.

29. The Pirates who had been a little repressed by Servilius Isauricus (as we said before) were now grown so numerous and powerfull, that there was no passing of the Seas, nor any dwelling upon the Coasts; for they not onely took and robbed ships on the Sea, but also whole Provinces on the Land; the chief place of their Rendezvous being Cilicia the Rough. Mi∣thridates first set them on work, which finding profitable they ceased not when he left off, but continued their Robberies; many thousands of seve∣ral Nations, as Syrians, Cypriots, Pamphylians, the Natives of Pontus, and almost all others of that part of the World joying together. For, seeing that the War continued, they thought it more wisdom to damnifie others, than lose their own Estates. Because they made choice of Cilicia, as most com∣modious in the Mountainy and Craggy places thereof to secure themselves, they all went under the name of Cilices. They had defeated several Roman Praetors. Murena did little good against them, and Servilius but a little repressed their violence; for so impudent were they now grown, that besides their incursions into Sicily and other places, which made the Inhabitants of the Coasts forsake their habitations, they landed in Italy near Brundus••um, whence they took away several women of quality; and more than that, two Armies with their Ensigns.

30. The People of Rome being very sensible of these disgracefull losses, a Law was preferred by A. Gabinius the Tribune, ('tis uncertain whether at the motion of Pompey, or from his own desire to ingratiate himself with him; for being none of the best men, he little valued the good of the Com∣monwealth)

that some one from amongst those of Consular Dignity should be Created General with full power for three years against the Pirates, to whom also should be granted large forces, and many Lieutenants for carry∣ing on the War. This Law little pleased the Fathers, who now began to be jealous of Pompey's power; but to him was the businesse committed, ha∣ving equal authority with Proconsuls any where within fifty miles distance from the Sea, and full power over all persons within that compasse, whether Kings or others, that they might assist him in the work. The Senate per∣mitted him to chuse out of their body fifteen Lieutenants, to whom he might commit several Provinces; to take up as much money out of the Treasury and from the Publicans as he pleased; to raise what force he would, and take 200 ships. But he obtained greater things of the people, and doubled his preparations, getting 500 ships, 120000 foot, and some 5000 horse. He had also out of the Senate about 25 Vicegerents, two Quaestors, and took up 6000 Attick Talents; so difficult a thing it seem'd to destroy so many Fleets as the Pirates had, in such a Sea, where there was so many places of retreat and refuge.

31. He distributed to his Lieutenants the Mediterranean Sea, including all the Bays, Havens, Promontories, Straights, Peninsulaes, and windings whatsoever, furnishing them with convenient shipping, forces, and authority; so that the Pirates being rouzed out of their lurking holes by some, might be received by the next, and chased by others, and none might need to sayl too far. He himself like a King of so many Kings sayled up and down, and visiting, giving directions, and overseeing, took care that not one Pirate escaped. By this course prosecuted with singular industry, in 40 dayes he scoured all the Seas about Africk, Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily; and the Pirates that escaped flocked into Cilicia, as the common receptacle. He coming to Rome about some necessary occasions, quickly after followed them with 60 Gallies; but though they prepared to give him battel at Sea, yet when they saw his Fleet at hand, submitted to mercy. Then in the space of 40 dayes he reduced Cilicia unto Roman obedience; for though he had pro∣vided Engines of all sorts to batter their Walls, it needed not, the greatnesse of his name, and preparation for the War had so terrified them, that one after another they all yielded themselves with the furniture for their trade. Such as remained of them being above 20000 he was unwilling to kill, and to let them return to their old habitations was not safe: therefore he removed them into another place at a good distance from the Sea, where he gave them houses and Land; and furnished their seats with new Inhabitants. Thus ha∣ving taken well nigh 400 ships, killed 10000 men, and taken 120 Forts, he finished this War in three moneths, using the Conquered with more cle∣mency than did Q. Metellus in Crete, which being the other nest of these Pirates, and glorying that it never underwent the yoak of any, he sub∣dued, and obtained with a Triumph the sirname of Creticus. Having suc∣ceeded Antonius (who died in the action, and had as large authority there as Pompey) he used the Pirates very roughly, and so much the more, be∣cause hearing of Pompey's mercy, they had by a Message given up themselves into his hands.

32. Whilest he was putting an end to this Piratick War, did Manilius prefer a Law as we said before, that all the Armies the Romans had any where, with the Government of all Asia, and the War against Mithridates and Tigranes, might be committed to him. The Nobility conceived great in∣dignation against this Law, as which did manifest injury to Lucullus, Glabrio, and Marcius; but especially out of an high jealousie of Pompey's greatnesse, to whom now even all the Roman Empire was subject, having these Provin∣ces laid to his former, with the same power of Peace and War, and making what friends and enemies he pleased, and chiefly for that he had Jurisdi∣ction over all Armies whatsoever, which things had never before been con∣ferred upon any single person. But the Commons with great alacrity im∣braced the Law; Cicero the Praetor pressing it exceedingly, who having formerly set himself to defend the Nobility, now had betaken himself

to the vulgar sort. And C. Julius Caesar (who of late had been Quae∣stor) is said to have favoured it, that he might have the people more in∣clined afterwards to commit extraordinary commands to himself.

33. It being now the 688 year of the Citie, the 64^th before the birth of Christ, the fourth of Aristobulus King of Judaea, M. Aemilius Lepidus, and L. Volcatius Tullus being Consuls, Pompey undertook the expedition. He first sent to Mithridates, offering him good terms; but he sleighted them, because he hoped to have Phraates the Parthian on his side; yet when he heard that he had first made a League with him, on the same conditions as were offered to Sylla and Lucullus, he himself then sent and asked peace. Pom∣pey commanded him to lay down Arms, and deliver up all Fugitives; vvho fearing they should be given up, and the other Soldiers mutining for being about to be deprived of their help, a great trouble insued, which he evaded, by saying that he onely sent to make an espial, and by swearing, that he never would be reconciled to the Romans, because of their insatiable avarice. Then marched Pompey into Galatia, where meeting with Lucullus, much ado there was betwixt them. Lucullus said the War was finished, and that the Com∣missioners sent from Rome were to decide the businesse, and when Pompey would not hear of this, he reviled him with an immoderate thirst after power; Pompey again objecting covetousnesse to him, so that the accusations could on neither side be denied. Lucullus gave out commands as yet in power, but Pompey by his Edicts forbade them, nulled all his Acts, and at length drew away most of his men. But at his return he was received with great honour by the Senate, carrying with him amongst his booty gotten in Pon∣tus, many books, wherewith he furnished his Library, which ever stood open to Greeks especially. He also first brought the Cherry-Tree out of of Pontus (from a Citie of which Region it was called Cerasus) into Italy.

34. Mithridates had now got together a considerable Army; but coming to ingage with Pompey was inferiour to him in all skirmishes. Pompey con∣sidering how the King had wasted all the Countrey on purpose to straighten him for Provisions, went into Armenia the lesse, subject to Mithridates, who fearing he might get that Countrey into his hands, followed him thi∣ther. First here Mithridates had hopes to starve him; but was disappoint∣ed with considerable losse, and was himself encompassed with a Trench 150 furlongs about. Hearing that Marcius was joyned to Pompey, who had Provisions at will, he fled away, having first killed all such as were sick, and uselesse, about him. But Pompey pursued, and prevented him from passing over Euphrates; then forced him to fight in the night, being surprized, and at unawares. The Moon being low, and on the backs of the Romans, so lengthened their shadows, that his Soldiers thinking them nearer than they were, shot most of their Arrows without doing any execution. He lost ma∣ny thousands; but he himself brake out with 800 horse, whereof but 300 stayed with him. Then wandring through the Woods with his horse in his hand, he light of some Mercenaries, and about 3000 foot, by which he was conveyed into a Castel where he had laid up much Treasure. Hence he sent to Tigranes, who refused to receive him, laying to his charge, that by his means Tigranes his son (by the daughter of Mithridates) had rebelled against him, and offering 100 Talents for his head. He fled therefore to Cholcos, which formerly he had subdued.

35. Pompey followed him to Cholcos, thinking he vvould not have stirred thence; but he passed into Scythia, vvhere partly by force, and partly by perswasion, he made the Princes thereof of his party, bestowing his daughters in marriage upon them. For he had now vast designs in his head, though outed of his Kingdom, even no lesse than of passing through Thrace, Macedonia, and Pannonia, and so over the Alps into Italy. Pompey departing from Chol∣cos, and escaping the ambushes laid for him by the Albanians and Iberians, marched into Armenia against Tigranes, vvho vvas resolved novv not to fight, for that having had three sons by Mithridates his daughter, tvvo of them up∣on provocation he had already killed, and he that remained rebelling also, vvas

now after an overthrow received from his Father, fled to Pompey. This son prevailed that his Ambassadors were not heard, who c••me to ask Peace. But Pompey marching against the City Artaxa, Tigranes yielded it up to him, and afterwards, without sending any beforehand, came into his Camp, and gi∣ving up himself with all he had into his hands, made him umpire betwixt him and his son, who would not so much as rise up to him, or give him any respect, though Pompey used him very civily. Pompey left him his inheritance of Ar∣menia, with a great part also of Mesopotamia (allowing the son to reign in Gordena and Sophena, and expect the rest after his father's death) but depri∣ved him of all the Provinces he had subdued, and fined him 6000 Talents of Silver for the charge he had put the People of Rome to in the War. So, he not onely quitted part of Cappadocia and Cilicia, but also all Syria and Phoenicia from Euphrates to the Sea, which he had got into his hands, with part of Cilicia, after he had ejected Antiochus Pius, as is said before in the reign of this unfortunate King. Tigranes the son was very refractory, un∣willing his father should have the treasure adjudged to him by Pompey, that he might be able to pay his fine. Being minded to make away his father, and for that cast into prison; where therein also he sollicited the Parthians against the Romans, he was reserved for a Triumph, and after that killed in prison. The old King payed more than his fine, and gave something to every Officer and Soldier, after which he was accounted a Friend and Allie of the People of Rome.

36. Pompey restored Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes, gave him also Sophene and Gordene, with Cabala a City of Cilicia, and others. After this with some adoe he forced the Albanians and Iberians to beg Peace, and then pas∣sing over the mountain Taurus, made War upon Antiochus Comaginus, and also Darius the Median, either for that he had helped Antiochus, or made War against Tigranes, or Aretas King of the Nabathaean Arabs. Then Phraates the Parthian affrighted at his great atchievements begged Peace, which he granted not, but sent Afranius into Gordiene, to drive out his forces, and restore it to Tigranes, who about it had warred with the Persian. Phra∣ates hereupon invaded Armenia, and Tigranes sent to Pompey for aid; who being unwilling to begin a War with Phraates without an order from Rome, sent three Commissioners to agree them. Antiochus son of Antiochus Pius, to whom Lucullus granted Syria his inheritance, thought first of betaking himself to the Parthian; yet upon second thoughts, resolved to cast himself upon the good nature of Pompey. But he having obtained it without a stroak, put him beside it, commanding him to content himself with Comagena, though he had never ill deserved of the People of Rome: for knowing he was not able to right himself, he excused the matter, saying, it was not fit that Syria, whence Tigranes had banished the posterity of Seleucus, should now rather fall to it being conquered, than to the Romans, who were Conque∣rours. He refused flatly to give Antiochus what before he could not keep (for he had layn in a corner of Cilicia fourteen years, all the time that Tigra∣nes enjoyed it) lest he should again render it lyable to the incursions of the Jews and Arabians. Therefore having overcome the Ituraeans and Arabians, he reduced Syria into the form of a Province.

37. Mithridates, in the mean time had sent to Pompey to ask Peace, of∣fering to pay tribute; but being willed to come to him, he flatly refused, and made great preparations to renew the War. After this Castor his Gover∣nour of Phanagoria a Port Town of Pontus revolted, and calling the People to their liberty, took the Castle held by Mithridates his sons, whereof four he sent to Roman Garrisons. Hereupon several places fell off, which made him put many persons to death, amongst whom were divers of his own friends, and one of his sons. Seing also that many revolted, and his new Army had no heart to the service, he sent to the Princes of Scythia to hasten their sup∣plies, sending his daughters to them with a convoy of 500 Horse; but these men killing the Eunuchs who had molested them about the King, caried away the women unto Pompey. Yet such a courage still he had, as to think of pas∣sing

through Scythia and ••stria, and joyning with the Galls of Europe to in∣vade Italy, hoping there to find many enemies of the Romans; though Pom∣pey coming out of S••ria had through ambition done what he condemned in Lucullus, having reduced his Kingdom into the form of a Province, whilst he was yet alive, and provided for new opposition. But his Army was startled at the news of his intentions, hating the tediousnesse of the journy, and having small hope to conquer those in Italy, whom at their own doors they could not withstand. Yet such was his authority, as for a while they were quiet, till his own son whom he had most loved, and destined his successor, became the pro∣curor of their defection and his death.

38. This was Pharnaces, who either out of apprehension that this attempt upon Italy would cut off all pardon from his family, or upon other grounds, conspired against him. The plot was discovered, and though his Complices were tortured and put to death, yet was he pardoned, and betook himself to the fugitive Romans, shewing them their danger in case Italy were invaded, and then to the Army, which with small trouble he drew to his party. Mi∣thridates coming to speak to them, his own guard forsook him, his horse as he fled was killed under him, and Pharnaces saluted King, having a piece of parchment put about his head in form of a diadem. Mithridates seeing this from a high room, sent divers to ask leave to depart, who not returning, he himself often desired it of his son, but in vain, who bidding him dye, he cried out, and prayed, that he might hear one day the same words from his own children. Then came he down to his wives, daughters, and concubines, to whom when he had given poyson, fearing he should be delivered up to the Romans, he took some himself; but having used much his body to antidotes (such as yet are named from him) it would not work, though he walked much for that purpose, whereupon he wounded himself, but this not dispatch∣ing him soon enough, he called one Bitaetus (or Bithocus) a Gall, who, the wall being broken, had got in, by whose hand partly, and partly by his own, he dispatched himself. A man, as one saith, neither, without good heed, to be omitted nor spoken of; in War most eager and fierce, and alwaies of no∣table valour. Sometimes in fortune, all times in courage of highest rank; in direction a good Captain, in execution a good Soldier, in hatred to the Romans another Hannibal; finally, the greatest King after Alexander in the judgment of Cicero. This end came he to, after the War had first commen∣ced just 20 years; for it began when Cn. Pompeius Strabo, and L. Porcius Cato, and ended now when M. Tullus Cicero the Orator, and C. Antonius Nepos were Consuls, in the 691 year of the City, the second of the 179 Olympiad, and the first of the reign of Hyrcanus, 61 years before the birth of Christ. A. M. 3942.

39. Pompey, when the first tidings of his death came to him, was near Jericho, marching towards Jerusalem against Aristobulus King of Judaea, who had displeased his elder brother Hyrcanus and usurped the Kingdom. Hyrcanus complained of his brother to Pompey at Damascus, who came thither to answer for himself. Pompey used them both kindly, telling them, that as soon as he had dispatched some affairs he would come into their Coun∣try, which after he had setled Syria, subdued the Arabians with the Iturae∣ans, and reduced Pontus into a Province, (all in a short time) he now per∣formed, being much incensed by Hyrcanus against the other. He sent to Aristobulus to come to him, and deliver up all his holds, which he did with much regret, and afterwards withdrew himself to Hierusalem, to prepare for War. Pompey suspecting some such matter, delayed not to follow him, who then came out to meet him; but though the City was entred without op∣position, his Soldiers fortified the Temple and stood out, which made him be delivered into custody. The Temple being very strong by it's situation, was after much labour taken in the third moneth, Faustus the son of Sylla having first mounted the walls. Twelve thousand Jews were slain, of the Romans very few. Pompey entred the Holy of Holies, but medled with nothing, restored Hyrcanus to the Priesthood and Government (yet with command

not to wear a diadem) and took Aristobulus along with him, making Judaea tributary to Rome, as is more largely related in it's proper place. After this, leaving Syria with two Legions to Scaur•••• his Quaestor, he fully subdued Cilicia, and thence returning into Pontus, setled things there, bestowing the Kingdom of Bosphor•••• upon Phar••••ces. At his return he wintred at Ephe∣sus, whence having subdued many Princes, and joyned others as Allies to the State of Rome, having taken 1000 Castles, 900 Cities, and restored 39; having planted Colonies in eight Cities and Countries, and ordered the po∣licy of such as through the continent of Asia belonged to the Romans; and having magnificently rewarded his Soldiers, he returned into Italy, and at Rome triumphed two dayes together very gloriously, leading amongst other captives Aristobulus King of Judaea, after he had spent five years in his Ea∣stern Expedition.

40. The same year wherein Mithridates died, and the Temple of Jeru∣salem was taken, hapned a most dangerous conspiracy at Rome, by the means of L. Sergius Catalina, a Patrician by degree, but one of a debaucht and in∣famous life. Some years before he had been accused of incest with Fabia a Vestal Nan; but by the means of Cacul••s was acquitted; suspected also to have murdered his son for the love of Aurelia, who would not marry one that had children. Having contracted by this loosenesse of life a vast debt, he grew desperate, and sought for power and command, that he might if pos∣sible obtain the soveraignty over all; but being also suspected hereof, he twice received a repulse in standing for the Consulship. The later time it was caried from him by Cicero, whom he would have killed in the Comitia, and railed at as a foreiner and upstart, because he was born but of an Equestrian family at Arpinum a Town in Pug••ia, a Province (now) of the Kingdom of Naples. Hereby driven into extream disdain and rage, he fell into that course wherein formerly he had been ingaged with Piso for the destruction of his Country, to whom also L. Aurelius Cotta and L. M••••lius Torquatus (being denied the Consulship which they had sought by indirect means two years before) joyned themselves, and anew plotted the destruction of the Consuls and Senate, the burning of the City, and overthrowing of the Commonwealth, with Lentu∣lus, C. Cethegus, and others. This Lentalus had been Consul seven years be∣fore, and now was Praetor (as also Cethegas) being driven on by a vain con∣fidence he had in the Books of Sibylla, which he would often say did portend that the soveraign power, should be in the hands of three Cornelii, viz. Sylla, Cinna, and himself.

41. The plot was discovered through Falvia a Courtisan, to whom Q. Curius one of the Conspirators (a man that for his debaucheries had by the Censors been removed out of the Senate) blabbed it out, while he boasted to her, that shortly he should be a very considerable man. She gave intelli∣gence to Cicero, who out of them two got the whole matter, how, and where they had met, and what designs they had in hand; particularly for his own destruction to be brought about by L. Vasgunteius a Senator, and C. Cornelius of Equestrian rank, under pretence of a kind visit. He appointed guards to the several parts of the City, and on the eighth of November (as the year then went) called the Senate together, whither came Cataline amongst the rest; but none of the Senators would come near him, so as that part of the bench whereon he sate, was wholly void. Cicero, whether feaing him, or angry to see him there, made his first Oration against him, wherein he com∣manded him to depart the City. He went away late in the night with 300 armed men, and Lictors carying Axes and Rods before him as a Magi∣strate, into Etruria, gathering Soldiers all along, intending to return and make prey of the City, which upon his departure he had given order to burn, as also to kill Cicero, which Lentulus and Cethegus took upon them to do, as soon as he should come to Faesulae. In the mean time the Ambassadors of the Allobroges, who were come to Town to accuse their Magistrates, were also drawn in, to stir up the Galls against the Commonwealth; but declar∣ing it to Fabius Sanga their Patron (it was the custome for each Nation

or State to have one in the Citie) it came to Tullie's ear, and so was pre∣vented.

42. The day after Cataline's departure, the Consul made his second Ora∣tion, wherein he Congratulates the People, and Commonwealth, concern∣ing his absence. The Senate judged Cataline an Enemy, and Manlius, with whom in Etruria he had joyned; they deprived Lentulus of his Office, by whom the Ambassadors had been drawn in, who confessed they had often heard from him what he idlely conjectured out of Sibylla's books. Cicero's third Oration declareth what was done in the Senate. The times being very dangerous, he propounded to the Fathers to consider what course was to be taken with Lentulus, Cethegus, Stalius, and Cassius, all whom he having secured, this bred a great disturbance; for the Slaves and Depen∣dents of the two former got together a great company of Artificers, and in∣deavoured to break in upon the back-side of the Praetor's house, and rescue their Lords. This being known, the Consul hasted out of the Senate-house, and appointed a vvatch to be set, then returning, asked the opinions of the Senators. Silanus designed Consul for the ensuing year, being first asked his opinion, according to the custom, was for putting them to death, and so were divers others, till Nero disswaded it, judging it better to secure them till Cataline were suppressed, and the thing better sifted out. Of this opi∣nion was C. Julius Caesar, something suspected to be privy to the design. He would have them dispersed in several Towns in Italy by the Consul's ap∣pointment, afterwards to be tried, and not put to death altogether unheard. This seemed very plausible, till Cato (great Grand-son to M. Porcius Cato the Censor) very earnestly pressed the contrary, falling foul upon Caesar as a suspicious person. Then the Consul made his fourth Oration, wherein he so disputeth of the two contrary opinions, as he evidently inclineth to seve∣rity, as fearing what the guilty party might do the night following out of ne∣cessity and desperation. Hereby the Senate was induced to put them to death as surprized in the fact, which Cicero saw done accordingly ere the house arose. After this Cataline was overtaken by C. Antonius, the other Consul, near the Alps, as he was going into Gall to perfect his Levies, and there fighting most valiantly was slain. His men also fought it out to the last, scarce∣ly one of them being taken. So was quasht this most dangerous conspi∣racy, by the vigilancy especially of Cicero the Consul, who wrote an Hi∣story thereof which is lost. Publick thanks for his great care and pains were given to him, and, at the instance of Cato, with divers accla∣mations of the People, he was first of all others stiled Father of his Coun∣trey.

43. Now began C. Julius Caesar to be very eminent, two years after these stirs being sent as Praetor into the further Spain. He was born in the 654 year of the Citie, C. Marius the sixth time, and L. Valerius Flaccus be∣ing Consuls, the same that the Sedition about Saturninus hapned, on the 12^th day of the moneth Quinctilis, afterward from him named July by An∣tonius his Law. His father was C. Julius Caesar, who never arose higher than the Praetorship, and died suddenly at Pisae, as his shooes were drawing on in the morning: his mother was Aurelia, the daughter of C. Cotta; and Julia the wife of Marius was his Aunt. In his youth having married Cinna's daughter (by which he had Julia) refusing to put her away, he was in great danger, being with much ado spared by Sylla, who as it were foretelling what trouble he would bring to the State, said, that in Caesar were many Marii. The foundation of his Military skill he laid in Asia, under M. Thermus the Praetor, by whom being sent into Bithynia to fetch away the Navy, he stayed with Nicomedes the King, to whom it was suspected that he prostituted himself. Afterwards in the taking of Mitylene he had deserved well, and served under Servilius Isauricus in Cilicia; but not long. For, hearing of Sylla's death, and hoping to make his fortune out of the dissentions raised by Lepidus, home he came; but not finding a convenient oppportunity, and ha∣ving to no purpose accused Dolobella, to shun the Envy thereby contra∣cted,

he went to Rhodes to hear Apollonius, whence sayling in Winter, he fell into the hands of the Pirates, and was forced to purchase his freedom with fifty Talents; to revenge which, he procured some ships, & took some of them, whom he nailed to Crosses, though without leave from the Praetor, who would have sold them. After this he gave a stop to Mithridates his Lieute∣nant, and saved divers Cities in Asia. He assisted Pompey the Consul, and others, in restoring the Tribuneship which Sylla had broken. Shortly after he was made Quaestor, and sent into further Spain, where going about to administer Justice, he came to Gades, and saw Alexanders image in the Temple of Hercules. It troubled him exceedingly, to consider that he himself had done no memorable thing at that age wherein Alexander had Conque∣red the World, and thereupon he earnestly desired to be recalled, that being in the Citie, he might catch at some opportunity for his own ad∣vancement.

44. Having got leave to return ere his time was out, he joyned pre∣sently with the Latine Colonies in demanding the freedom of the Citie, and had incited them to some desperate design, but that the Senate for fear of the worst, retained the Legions some time, which were raised for Cilicia. He was suspected to have been of the party of M. Crassus, of P. Sulla also, and Autronius (who having been designed Consuls, were found to have in∣directly sought for the Office, and so according to Law forfeited their places to the discoverers) in the beginning of the year to set upon the Senate, and kill whom they pleased. Crassus being made Dictator, he was to have been Master of the hors-men under him, and all things being ordered according to their pleasure, the Consulship was to have been restored to the other two. ••ome have affirmed (whom Suetonius citeth) that he also conspired with Cn. Piso, that the one in the Citie, and the other abroad, should rise, which was prevented by Piso's death. Being after this Aedilis, he so ma∣naged the businesse of publick buildings, and shews, that all was ascribed to him, and nothing to his Collegue; by which means, and others, he procured the favour of the People, and essayed by the Tribunes to get Egypt assigned to him, which, now having expelled the King, he thought would affoard him an opportunity of an extraordinary command. But he was crossed by the great ones, whom that he might vex, he restored the Trophies erected by Marius over the Cimbri, which Sulla had caused to be pulled down, and suborned those who accused Rabirius. By his means especially the Senate had suppressed Saturninus the seditious Tribune, and now being brought before Caesar as his Judge, he was so severe against him, that nothing so much helped the man in his appeal from him to the People.

45. After his repulse as to Egypt he stood for the High-Priesthood, and by large sums (such corruption were those times arrived at) bought so many voices as he carried it from two most powerfull men and his Seniors, having more suffrages out of their two Tribes, than they had out of all the rest be∣sides. Then being Praetor, he stood for the complices of Cataline so earnestly, as he drew to his party the brother of Cicero the Consul, and diverse others. After this he assisted Caecilius Metellus the Tribune in preferring turbulent Laws, till both of them by a decree of the Senate were displaced, and yet then would he sit, and execute his Office still, till forced to withdraw: then, out of policy he restrained the multitude which flocked to him, and offered to restore him by strong hand, of which the Senate taking notice, gave him thanks with great commendations, and re-invested him in his Office. After this, he fell into another danger, being accused by Vettius and Curius, as a partner of Cataline; yet, appealing to Cicero that he had discovered some things to him, he came off, and revenged himself upon his accusers. Then ob∣tained he by lot, as we said, the Government of Spain, and having contracted a vast debt, put off his Creditors for that time, by the interposition of sureties. Coming into his Province he spent not his time in administring Justice, but pierced farther into the Countrey, and subdued certain people before this untouched, seeking matter for a Triumph, which then to obtain he hasted to

Rome. But it being now the time for the Consular Comitia, he had an ex∣traordinary desire to that Office, and begged of the Senate, that he might stand for it by proxy, for that he could not himself be present, it being against the custom for any that was to Triumph to enter the Citie ere that day came; for which as yet he was not provided. This, though against the Laws, was not without president, but could not now be granted. Therefore he resolved ra∣ther to lose his Triumph than misse of the Consulship, and coming to Town, stood for it himself.

46. Great contests hapned about this Office, and he had not carried it, but that Pompey at this time stood in need of it. For, the great ones envying his fame, refused to confirm those conditions which he had granted to the Kings, Governours, and Cities of Asia. Lucullus his Predecessor in the War with Mithridates, who since his return had given up himself wholy to idlenesse and luxury (for he first brought into Rome the extravagancy of buildings and feasting) they stirred up, by his authority to promote their opposition, and he presently fell upon him, together with Metellus Creticus, who bore him malice also ever since the Piratick War. Lucullus bade him report his matters singly, and not as a Soveraign Lord expect they should all be confir∣med without any consideration: and whereas he had rescinded several of his acts, he desired of the Senate that this might be considered of, whether justly done or otherwise. Cato, Metellus Celer, the Consul, and Crassus, defended Lucullus, who boasted that the victory over Mithridates was his own; and he obtained that his decrees which Pompey had repealed might be in force, and those that Pompey made in reference to the Conquered Kings should be null: and he hindred, by the help of Cato, a Law which he would have pre∣ferred about dividing grounds to his Soldiers. Pompey being thus used in the Senate, betook himself to the Tribunes, one whereof (L. Flavius) that the Law for the grounds might more easily passe, would have given the suffrage to all Citizens, but Metellus the Consul so earnestly opposed it, that though the Tribune cast him in prison, yet would he not depart from his former sence, which pertinaciousnesse of him and others, when Pompey saw, he desisted, repenting too late that he had disbanded his Armies, and exposed himself thus to the malice of his Enemies.

47. At this time came C. Julius Caesar to Rome to stand for the Con∣sulship. Pompey joyned with him, upon condition that he procuring the Con∣sulship for him, he would confirm his acts. And whereas Pompey and M. Crassus had formerly been at odds ever since their joynt Consulship which they executed with great discord; Caesar now made them friends, and not onely so, but they all three conspired together, that nothing should be done in the Commonwealth which displeased any one of them; which con∣spiracy, say Writers, was pernicious to the Citie, the World, and at length to themselves. This conspiracy of these three principal persons, Varro (who wrote 490 books) described in one book, & called it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Tricipitina, or Three headed. Diodorus Siculus fetcheth the Original of Caesarean matters from this year, wherein he travelled into Egypt, when young Ptolomy Dionysus was King. With this conspiracy also Asinius Pollio begun his History of the Civil War. For the falling out of Caesar and Pompey, did not, as most have thought, procure the Civil Wars; but rather their Conjunction, which was designed to break in pieces the power of the Nobility, as Plutarch observeth in the life of Caesar. This was the 694^th year of the Citie, the first of the 180th Olympiad, Herodes being Archon at Athens, the 58^th year before the birth of Christ, A. M. 3945. Q. Caecilius Metellus, and L. Afranius being Consuls.

Notes

• Mithridates King of Pon∣tus.
• Justin lib. 37. Strabo lib. 10.
• Memnon apud Photium.
• His vast de∣signs and great at∣tempts.
• Strabo lib. 12. Justin lib. 38.
• The Senate interposeth.
• And restored the Kings he had cast out.
• But he again recovereth many Coun∣tries.
• A. M. 3917. Ol. 173. an. 1. V. C. 666. Seleucid. 225.
• Sylla hath the charge of the War decreed against him.
• Consule Appi∣anum de bello civili lib. 1. Patercul. l. 2. cap. 17, &c. Plutarch in Mario & Sylla. Livii Epitom. l. 77.
• Which Marius seeking un∣justly, is dri∣ven from the City and de∣clared an Enemy.
• Recalled by Cinna.
• Getteth into Rome and there cruelly rageth with Cinna his Col∣legue.
• Dieth.
• A. M. 3917.
• Mithridates causeth 80000 Italians and Romans or more in one day to be kil∣led.
• Valer. Max. l. 9. c. 2. Ext. exemp. 3. Plutarch in Sylla.
• Vide Appian. in Mithridati∣cis, & Plutarch in Sylla.
• Sylla arriving in Greece,
• Taketh Athens and the Piraeus and over∣throws Arche∣laus the Kings General once,
• Appian ut supra. Orosius lib. 6. cap. 2. Florus l. 3. c. 5.
• And again
• Forceth Mi∣thridates to beg Peace.
• A. M. 3921. Ol. 174. an. 1. V. C. 670. Seleucid. 229. L. Cor. Cinna 4. Cn. Papirio Car∣bone 2 Coss.
• Appian. Plutarch in Sylla.
• Fimbria's Ar∣my revolteth to him.
• He marcheth for Italy a∣gainst his Enemies there.
• Landeth at Brundusium,
• Defeateth Norbanus.
• A. M. 3922.
• A. M. 3923. Olymp. 174. ann. 3. V. C. 672.
• Entreth Rome.
• Getteth all Italy into his power.
• Lege Appian de bello civili l. 1. Plutarch. in Sylla. Patercul. l. 2. Valerium Max. lib. 9. c. 2. Exemp. 1. Florum lib. 3. c. 21. Orosium lib. 5. cap. 20, 21. Livii Epitom. l. 89.
• Publisheth Tables of pro∣scription.
• And rageth cruelly both against Per∣sons and Ci∣ties.
• He maketh himself Dicta∣tor in perpe∣tuum.
• A. M. 3925. Ol. 175. ann. 1. V.C. 674. Seleucid. 233.
• His actions while such.
• A. M. 3926. V. C. 675.
• He layeth down his power,
• And dieth.
• A. M. 3927. V. C. 676.
• A difference betwixt the Consuls about his burial, and confirmation of his acts.
• Livii Epitom. lib. 89.
• Sertorius ri∣seth in Spain.
• Appian. de bel∣lo civili lib. 1. Plutarch. in Pompeio & Sertorio. Florus lib. 3. cap. 22. Livii Epitom. lib. 90. Alii.
• Is murdered by Perpenna.
• A. M. 3932. Ol. 176. ann. 4. V.C. 681.
• Vir doctis∣simus undecun∣que Varro. Livii Epitom. l. 90, 91. Orosius lib. 5. cap. 23.
• The War with Mithri∣dates renewed.
• Upon what occasion.
• Consule Appia∣num in Mithri∣daticis.
• The King o∣verthroweth Murena,
• And the se∣cond Warre endeth.
• The Warre a∣gain breaketh out and why.
• Mithridates recovereth Bithynia.
• Appian ut su∣pra. Plut. in Lu∣cullo.
• Lucullus be∣siegeth him besieging Cyzicus.
• And forcing him to flye, persueth him into his King∣dom,
• A. M. 3932. V.C. 681.
• And into Ar∣menia.
• Where he o∣verthroweth in battel Ti∣granes the King, who protected him.
• A. M. 3936. Ol. 177. an. 4. V. C. 685. Q. Hortensio Nepote Q. Caecilio Me∣telio Coss.
• Dion Cassius. Hirtius de b••llo Alexandrino.
• Lucullus being in a fair way to finish the War, is inter∣rupted by the coming of Glabrio.
• Dio. l. 35.
• Plutarch in Lu∣cullo.
• The Warre commited af∣terwards to Pompey.
• Dio. lib. 36. Livii Epitom. l. 100. Plutarch in Pompeio.
• The war with Spartacus.
• Consule Appian de bello civili l. 1. Plut. in Crasso. Florum l. 3. c. 20. Eutrop. lib. 6. Orosium lib. 5. c. 24.
• He is defeated and slain by Crassus.
• The insolence of Pirates.
• Appian in Mi∣thridaticis.
• Dio lib. 36. Plutarch. in Pompeio.
• Provoketh the people of Rome.
• Which send∣eth Pompey against them.
• Florus lib. 3. cap. 6.
• His Method.
• Appian ut su∣prà. Plutarch. Dio. Cicero pro lege Manilia.
• A. M. 3938. Ol. 178. ann. 2. V. C. 687.
• With wonder∣full expediti∣on in three moneths he finisheth the War.
• The Lex Ma∣nilia.

  Whereby the War against Mithridates with vast power is com∣mitted to Pom∣pey.
• Dio lib. 36.
• A. M. 3939. V. C. 688.
• Idem ibid. Plutarch. in Pompeio & Lucul.
• He offereth the King terms to no purpose.
• Stirs betwixt Lucullus and him.
• Isidorus Orig. l. 6. c. 3.
• Plin. l. 15. cap. 25.
• Dio. Appian. & Plutarch. ut suprà.
• He defeateth Mithridates,
• Who flieth to Cholcos.
• And thence into Scythia.
• Tigranes sub∣mitteth to Pompey.
• Patercul. l. 2. c. 37.
• The conditi∣ons set him.
• Liv. Epitom. l. 101.
• His rebellious son put to death.
• A. M. 3940. V. C. 689.
• Appian ut supra, Dio l. 37, Plutarch ut prius.
• Pompey re∣duceth Syria into a Roman Frovince.
• Appian. Justin l. 40. A. M. 3942. Ol. 179. an. 2. V. C. 691. Seleucid. 250.
• Appian.
• Mithridates designing in his mind great things,
• Orosius l. 6. c. 5. Dio lib. 37. Florus l. 3. c. 5. alii.
• His son Phar∣naces draweth the Army from him.
• He killeth himself.
• A. M. 3942. Patercul. l. 2. c. 18.
• Joseph. Antiq. l. 15. c. 9. & l. 14. c. 5, &c. & de bello l. 10. c. 5. Livius lib. 102. Plutarch in Pompeio. Tacitus Histor. l. 5. c. 9. Florus l. 3. c. 5. Dio l. 37. p. 36. C.
• Pompey inva∣deth Judaea, where he set∣leth matters betwixt Hyrca∣nus and Aristo∣bulus the two brothers.
• A. M. 3444. V.C. 693.
• Lege Sallust. de Conjuratione Catalinae. Orosium l. 6. c. 3. & 6. Appian de bello civili lib. 2. Dionem l. 37. p. 42. E.
• The conspira∣cy of Cataline
• Velleium Pater∣cul. l. 2. c. 34, 35. Livii Epitom. lib. 103.
• Discovered by the means of Fulvia.
• Cicero maketh his first Ora∣tion against him.
• His second.
• Third.
• Fourth.
• Catalines com∣plices put to death,
• And he him∣self slain.
• C. Julius Caesar beginneth to be eminent.
• Lege Suttonium in Julio.
• His birth.
• The founda∣tion of his Military skill.
• Made Quae∣stor.
• Joyneth with factious per∣sons.
• Made Aedilis.
• Getteth by bribery the High Priest∣hood.
• Joyneth again with seditious men.
• Goeth Praetor into Spain.
• A. M. 3944. V. C. 693.
• Obtaineth the Consulship by the means of Pompey.
• Idem ibid. Plutarch in Pompeio, Caesare, & Lucullo Velleius Pa∣tercul. l. 2. c. 20. Appian de bello civili lib. 2. Dio lib. 37. pag. 55. A. Livii Epitom. lib. 103.
• Pompey and Crassus made friends, and they three make the conspiracy, called the Tricipitina.
• A. M. 3946. Ol. 180. ann. 2. V.C. 695. Hyrcani 5.