An institution of general history from the beginning of the vvorld to the monarchy of Constantine the Great : composed in such method and manner as never yet was extant / by William Howel ...

SECT. IV. From the destruction of Carthage to the War with Mithridates King of Pontus, which afforded the occasion to the first Civil War, the space of 58 years.

1. THis year was fatal, not onely to the greatest City of Africk, but of Greece also; Corinth that famous Mart-town being levelled with the ground.* 1.1 The occasion was given by the Achaeans themselves,* 1.2 who violated the Roman Ambassadors (though whether by word or deed is uncertain) who were sent to dissolve their Communality, and leave the Cities to their own peculiar Laws, which because of this union and fellowship had been too formi∣dable. They had also in conjunction with the Boeotians and those of Chalcis, made War against the Lacedaemonians the friends and allies of Rome, be∣cause they would not be subject to them. Upon these grounds the Senate de∣creed the War, which Metellus as yet in Macedonia first undertook; who drawing down his Army through Thessaly into Boeotia, there overthrew Cri∣tolaus, then took Thebes, with Megara, and coming to the Isthmus was there treating of Peace, when L. Mummius the Consul came into this his Province. He overthrew Diaeus the Achaean General, after which he en∣tred Corinth and razed it, because there the Ambassadors had been abused. The men were slain, and the women and children sold,* 1.3 with all such slaves as the Achaeans had manumitted for the Wars. As Scipio, who destroyed Car∣thage (as his Grand-father before him for conquering it) had the sirname of Africanus, and Metellus for his reducing Macedonia, that of Macedo∣nicus; so this year Mummius for this successe obtained the Sirname of Achaicus,* 1.4 and according to the custom, having others joyned with him, re∣duced those parts and all Greece with Epirus into the form of a Province, cal∣led afterwards Achaia, not Greece, because the Greeks were subdued when the Achaeans had the chief command, as Pausanias writeth.

2. Now was it 74 years since the Romans, in the second year of the se∣cond Punick War, entred Spain in an hostile manner, and since that time, especially since the departure of Scipio Africanus the elder, many had the risings and struglings of that People been, of all others most impatient of the yoak. Now was Viriaetus up in arms, who of a shepherd became a robber, and of a robber a General over such-like as himself,* 1.5 and made the Romans work sufficient for the space of 14 years, in which time he defeated many Armies. Q. Fabius Maximus Semilianus (or rather Aemilianus, being brother to Scipio Aemilius, and adopted by Fabius Maximus) after some successe was yet by him brought to such straights,* 1.6 as glad he was to ask Peace upon equal terms, which Caepio the Consul of the following year refusing to stand to, received orders from the Senate accordingly to prosecute the War. Caepio attempted at unawares to destroy him;* 1.7 but he escaped, and sending Ambassadors to treat of Peace, Caepio so wrought on them, that returning they murdered him, to their own shame, and the Consul's small credit, in his bed.

3. But, a more dangerous War than this threatned from Numantia a town of no great bignesse, yet peopled with most valiant, though but few, Inhabitants.

Before Viriatus his death they had foiled Q. Pompeius the Consul several times, and forced him to condescend to a dishonourable Peace,* 1.8 which though he de∣nied, was sufficiently proved, and by favour onely he escaped that punish∣ment which fell on Mancinus, who being constrained to accept of the same terms, was delivered up to the Enemy; but (as the Samnites formerly did by another after the defeat at Caudinum) they refused to receive him. After this Brutus defeated many thousands of the Lusitanians, and overthrew the Gallaecians; but Lepidus the Proconsul set upon the Vaccaei an harmlesse Peo∣ple of the hithermost Spain, or Hispania Terraconensis (for in the 559 year of the City,* 1.9 Spain was divided into Citerior or Terraconensis, and Ulterior or Betiea, and Lusitania, two Praetors being yearly sent thither, the num∣ber of which Officers was therefore upon this occasion increased to six) by whom he was utterly defeated.* 1.10 These things so affrighted the Roman Soldier, that he almost quaked at the sight of a Spaniard, and at Rome men were sei∣zed with great fear and shame. Therefore Scipio Aemilianus Africanus must be created Consul the second time, as the onely refuge and hope of his Country.

4. At the first he restored discipline, the want of which had spoiled all, but then coming to engage, found the courage of the Enemy such, that he resolved to fight no more, but lay close siege to Numantia, and govern him∣self according to the comportment of affairs. At length the besiged greatly straightned offered to yield upon reasonable conditions,* 1.11 or fight if they might have battel given them, which being denied, having drunk strong drink on purpose, they assailed the besiegers so fiercely, that the Romans had run, but that Scipio was the General. At last they fired the City over their own heads, and scarcely one of them remained to be led in triumph. This famous City was seated in the hithermost Spain, in the head of Gallaecia, and the confines of the Coltiberians. It had with 4000 men, for the space of fourteen years, saith Florus, or twenty according to Strabo, born the brunt of 40000 Ro∣mans, and many times put them to shameful flight with great slaughter. Sci∣pio destroyed it, after he had for a year and three moneths continued the siege, fourteen years after he had so dealt with Carthage, in the 621 of the City, A. M. 3871, P. Mutius Scaevola and L. Calpurnius Piso Fruges (both learn∣ed men) being Consuls. At this time a servile War was raised in Sicily by one Ennus a Syrian of Apamea,* 1.12 the slave of Antigenes of Enna.* 1.13 It was followed by Calpurnius Piso the Consul, and finished by P. Rupilius Nepos his Successor. Twenty thousand slaves were by him slain in battel: Ennus being cast in prison died (it's said, of the lowsie disease) at Mor∣gantia.

5. Ever since the beginning of the Tarentine War to this time, for the space of almost 150 years was there much modesty, abstinence, selfdenial, valour and virtue amongst the Romans in general, of which yet especially the Fabii, Fabritii, Marcelli, Curii, Metelli, the Scipio's and Aemilii have left examples admirable to be commended to all posterity, such were their cautious and politick yet just and noble carriage both at home and abroad. But now the Asian Expeditions and Triumphs having brought in excesse and riot, and the ruine of Carthage having taken away fear, idlenesse with security by degrees stole in upon them, and the infirmity of the Government (after that fear, which hitherto had preserved it safe, was removed) again effectually shewed it self. For though after this time many a People was subdued and brought under, and much glory gotten abroad, yet was it stained by emulations, jealousies, and contentions at home, and even by shedding the blood of one another in an open though civil feud, which first came to passe while the for∣mer things were performed in Spain by Scipio.

6. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus son to one of the same name (who had been twice Consul and once Censor) by Cornelia an excellent woman,* 1.14 daughter of Africanus the elder,* 1.15 being Quaestor to Mancinus the Consul in Spain, had an hand in the dishonourable Peace made by him, for which be∣ing reflected on by the Senate, or or at least thinking himself so to be, acted

now by shame and fear, in distast of the Nobility, as it's said, he cast in his head how to become gracious and popular with the commons. Procuring himself to be chosen Tribune, he preferred a Law, forbidding any man to possesse above 500 acres of the publick grounds, and ordering the overplus to be divided to the poor. For,* 1.16 such grounds as the People of Rome took from their Enemies, they were wont, if tilled, to divide to their own Citi∣zens; if not arable, they then let them out to farm by the Censors to Ita∣lians, or the ordinary sort of Romans, on condition, that if they plowed them, they should pay the tenth part of the Corn, and the fifth of other fruits: and if they bred up Cattel, they were charged with a certain rent. But it came to passe, that by incredible impudence and licentiousnesse of the rich, the Husband-men were outed of their antient possessions, which by purchas∣ing and other wayes they got wholly into their hands, so that the Publick was defrauded of it's revenue, and the poor of their livelyhoods. For restrain∣ing the avarice of the rich, the Lex Licinia and Sempronia were enacted. Gracchus increased the former by adding that, lest the Law should be wrested, half should be given to the children, and the rest divided to such poor as had nothing. And if any went about to inlarge their portion by purchase, Tri∣umviri or three men should be yearly appointed to judge what ground was publick, and what private.

7. This netled the Nobility exceedingly, who by virtue of this Law were to part with their inheritances; and one of his Collegues, Octavius by name,* 1.17 opposed it, for which he so handled him, as glad he was to quit his place, in∣to which Gracchus chose Q. Mummius one of his own facton. This severity being without president, much alienated even the minds of the multitude from Gracchus, who also perceiving there was not ground enough to quiet them all (the expectation of whom he had now raised) he offered a Law for distributing the money which Attalus King of Pergamus had left,* 1.18 together with his Kingdom, to the People of Rome. The Senate being assembled to consult what was to be done, and all being of opinion that P. Mutius Scaevo∣la the Consul should defend the Commonwealth by arms, he refused to do any thing by force. Hereupon Scipio Nasica taking up his gown under his left arm, held up his right hand, and bade every one that loved the State to follow him. Up he went into the Capitol,* 1.19 being accompanied with most of the Senate, many Equites, and some Commoners, where Gracchus was speaking to the People, and endeavoring to be chosen Tribune for the follow∣ing year. They fell upon him and his hearers, whereof they killed 300, and amongst them himself with a piece of a seat as he ran down from the Capitol. Thus he fell by the means of his own kinsman,* 1.20 being a most excellently accom∣plished man, though too violent in a matter honest enough.* 1.21 And this was the first blood which in a seditious way the Romans first drew from one ano∣ther, observed by Cicero to have been at the same time that the other Scipio destroyed Numantia.

8. At this time were there some risings at Athens, and in Delos,* 1.22 being as sparks of that fire formerly kindled by Ennus in Sicily, which with some trou∣ble were extinguished; neither was Italy altogether free from them. But a more noble War insued about the Kingdom of Asia. For,* 1.23 Attalas King of Pergamus or Asia (for so he is called, because of a good part of Asia given to Eumenes his father) by his last will left the People of Rome his heir: But after his death Aristonicus his base brother seized on the Kingdom as his in∣heritance.* 1.24 First was Licinius Crassus the Consul sent against him,* 1.25 but was overthrown, and being taken struck one of the Soldiers on the eye, on pur∣pose to provoke him to kill him, which he did. He having thus miscaried (though he was assisted in his enterprise by several Kings,) his Successor M. Perpenna, hasting into Asia set upon Aristonicus at unawares, when he was not yet recovered of the security contracted by his Victory, and over∣throwing him in battel besieged him in Stratonice, where he forced him by famine to yield, and shortly after the Consul died at Pergamus. The re∣mainder of the War was finished by M. Aquilius the next year's Consul,* 1.26

who poisoned Fountains for taking in some Cities, and having together with those joyned with him (according to the custom) setled the Province with suf∣ficient oppression of the people, he led Aristonicus in Triumph, though taken by another man's labour; who by order of the Senate was strangled in prison, in the 625 year of the Citie,* 1.27 the said M. Aquilius Nepos, and C. Sempronius Tuditanus being Consuls.

9.* 1.28 The civil dissentions died not with Gracchus (who perished four years before) his Law for division of the grounds being still in force, and the peo∣ple being sensible of the equity thereof, as they accounted it; for that the rich had got all into their hands,* 1.29 and those that underwent all the toyl in Conquering the Land, were ready to starve, being also exhausted by the Wars, and almost none but slaves left in Italy for ordering of the grounds. Gracchus had a younger brother called Caius, whom together with Fulvius Flaccus, and Papirius Carbo, he had made Triumviri for division of the grounds.* 1.30 He with his Collegues undertook the patronage of the Law, and prosecuting his Enterprize with all earnestnesse, such trouble arose about the division, in accounting and removing, that the Italians finding themselves agrieved betook themselves to Scipio Africanus. He refused not to under∣take their patronage, yet in the Senate spake nothing against the Law; onely thought fit that the executive power thereof should be taken from the Trium∣viri, and given to some others. The Senate most willingly did this, and con∣ferred it on Sempronius Tuditanus the Consul, who finding the work trouble∣som, went his way under pretence of the War in Illyricum. There being now none to flie to in this case, the people conceived great indignation against Scipio, as ingratefull, and favouring the Italians more than themselves, from which his Enemies took occasion to raise further jealousies. Indeed hearing of Gracchus his death at Numantia by repeating a verse in* 1.31 Homer he liked well of what was done to him, and being at his return asked concerning his death, he approved of it before all the people, which being offended at him for it, he rebuked the multitude with contumelious language. But at night going to his Chamber, he meditated of something he intended to speak to the people the day following, and in the morning was found dead in his bed, it's uncertain by what means.* 1.32 Cornelia the Mother of the Gracchi was suspected to have joyned with her daughter his wife (who being not over-handsome, neither loved him much not was over much loved) in practizing some∣thing upon him. No inquisition was made after his death, and he was bu∣ried privately, though so great a man, and one that had been the pillar of the Commonwealth.

10. The Possessors of the grounds still made delayes in the division, and some thought that they to whom they were to be divided should in way of recompense be made free of the Citie, which however pleasing to others, was highly displeasing to the Senate. While men muttered much of these things, C. Gracchus procured the Tribuneship, and then bearing a grudge to the Senate effectually shewed it.* 1.33 He preferred a Law for dividing of the publick Corn to every man monethly, and getting his Office continued to him for another year, that he might gratifie the Equites, brought down the Office of judging corrupt Officers from the Senators unto them. Romulus, as we said, instituted three Centuries of Equites or Hors-men, whereof one from himself was named Ramnensis, another from Fitus Tatius, Tatiensis; and the third from Lucanio (or Lucus) Luceris. Under Romulus, and the Kings, they were also called Celeres, Flexumines and Trossuli. Afterwards, Tarquinius Priscus added 300 more, and so there continued to be 600 E∣quites.* 1.34 But though they were in the Commonwealth from the beginning, yet had they no peculiar order, authority, or rank, till this Law of Gracchus, by which it was enacted, that these judgements should be peculiar to them. Their reputation thence forward increased with various successe about the Publi∣cans till Cicero's time, who boasting himself of this order, procured it such honour, that from his Consulship it came to be as a peculiar order in the State (before being included in the Plebeian, though it had a distinction by way

of service) being added to the Senatorian and Plebeian; out of which re∣spect it was written after them both. Thus in several times were there se∣veral Ranks and distinctions; the first distinction was betwixt Patricians and Plebeians; then Plebeians wresting from the other a Communion in the greatest Offices and places, though Patricians might still be distinguished in reference to Families, yet all Dignities being common to the rest with them, such Plebeians as could rise to be Senators, constituted with the other the Se∣natorian rank (which included the Patritian, though the Patritian not it) thence∣forth distinct from the Plebeian which still contained the Equites. Then, as was said, the Equites by the means of Gracchus and Cicero brake out from amongst the Plebeians into a rank of their own.

11. By this Law (saith Florus) Gracchus so divided the people of Rome, that he made it double headed (bicipitem, which expression Varro also used, as appeareth from Nonius) and the Equites having the lives, and fortunes of Senators and Nobles in their hands, by seizing on the Revenue, with autho∣rity pilled the Commonwealth. He took the best time that could be de∣vised for the making of the Law, because the Senators having had hitherto the power of judging, were become odious of late, in that for money they had acquitted Aurelius Cotta, Salinator, and M. Aquilius, persons Capi∣tally guilty of corruption. Its said, he boasted, that by this Law he had cut the finews of the Senatorian rank.* 1.35 And so he did; for by the authority of judicature they passed sentence upon Roman Citizens, Italians and Senators, noting them with ignominy, banishing, or putting them to death at pleasure; till such time as their power was abated, as will he seen. For in the Comitia, or Assemblies, they conspired with the Tribunes, and obtaining thereby what they pleased, had all things in their power, and flourished with riches, where∣as nothing remained to Senators, but a vain shew of Dignity. The Senators prevailed with Servilius Caepio when Consul, to make themselves partakers of the power of judging, by a Law which he got preferred; yet still had the Equites the better, for 300 Senators onely were added to them, who were in number 600. By the Laws of Livius Drusus, Sylla and Cotta their power was abated, Drusus making it but equal in judgement with that of Senators. Sylla transferred it wholely to the Senators, and Aurelius Cotta communi∣cated the power of judging to three sorts; viz. Senators, Equites, and the Tribuni Aerarii. But the Equites alone were wont to farm the customes of the Censors for five years, and thence from their farming the Publick Revenue had the name of Publicans.* 1.36 These were the principal of the Equestrian order, the Ornament of the Citie, and the strength of the State, who made so many Companies as there were Provinces subject to the payment of Toll, Tribute, Custom, or Impost.

12. But, C. Gracchus, further than this, to gratifie the Commons, repaired the high-wayes throughout Italy, sent forth Colonies, bade the Italians sue for their freedom, and gave power of suffrages to other Friends and Allies, contrary to the custom;* 1.37 whom the Senate forbad to come near the Citie, at such time as they knew his Laws would be offered, and to please the people, they gave way to the sending out of twelve Colonies. Gracchus thus frustrated, departed into Africk with Flaccus his Collegue, intending to plant a Colony where Carthage stood; but was disappointed therein also, Wolves, it's said, removing the bounds of the intended Citie by night, as they were laid by day, whereupon the Sooth-sayers pronounced the design unlawfull. Ha∣ving been twice Tribune, he stood for it the third time, and had many voices; but his Collegues offended by his vehement carriage, got Minucius Rufus chosen into his place, who rescinded many of his Laws. Gracchus inraged hereat, when the Assembly was met, went up to the Capitol, accompanied with Flaccus and his friends privily Armed. There Attilius the Crier of Opimius the Consul taking him by the hand, and desiring him to spare his own Countrey, was slain. He then went about to excuse the fact to the peo∣ple, but could not be heard, and so together with Flaccus, and his other Con∣federates got them home, the Consul keeping strict watch all night in the

Citie. After this they were cited by the Senate to come and give an ac∣count of their actions, but they betook themselves to the Aventine Mount, where fortifying themselves, they offered in vain liberty to all slaves that would come in to them. But the Consul sending a party against them,* 1.38 Grac∣chus fled into a grove beyond Tiber, and procured his slave to kill him, who instantly after he had cut off his head, run himself through with the bloody sword.* 1.39 Flaccus flying to a friends house was betrayed and slain: and of their party, through the severe inquisition of the Consul, were put to death 3000 persons, 11 years after the death of the elder Gracchus. In the Consulship of this Opimius was there such a temper of the air called Coctura, that wine be∣ing congealed through the heat of the Sun into a consistency of honey, kept good for near 200 years, and from him had the name of Vinum Opimianum, being still preserved in Plinius(a) 1.40 his time, though(b) 1.41 Paterculus denieth there was any in his, which was long before.

13. The death of Gracchus (whose head was not Sacrosanct, as Florus imagineth, being out of the Office of Tribune) for the present allayed the di∣stempers of the Commonwealth.* 1.42 For, presently after was a Law made,* 1.43 that any one might sell his Land, which the Elder Gracchus had forbidden, where∣by the poor, partly by purchase, & partly by constraint, were again dispossessed. Afterward the Law for division was fully abrogated by Sp. Borcus, and the grounds left to their antient Owners, with this condition, that a Tribute out of them should be payed to the people, and this divided man by man. But not long after another Tribune abrogated the Tribute it self, and so nothing was left remaining to the poor.

14. During these Domestick troubles the Sardinians rebelled, and were reduced by L. Aurelius,* 1.44 and the Fregellans were punished with the losse of their Citie by L. Opimius the Praetor. Upon Africk fell such a Pestilence, as for its Original,* 1.45 and effects, was strange and wonderfull.* 1.46 It arose from an infinite number of Locusts, which having overspread the ground, and destroyed not onely Corn and other fruits, but even Trees and dry things themselves, at length by a wind were driven into the Mediterranean Sea, and there putri∣fying corrupted the air. Hence ensued a most fearfull plague, both of men, Cattel, and Fowls. In Numidia, where Micipsa was now King, 800000 died; upon the Sea-Coasts about Carthage and Utica 200000; and in Utica it self 30000 Soldiers there lying in Garriison, 1500 being reported to have been carried out in one day through one Gate alone. Two years after, Q. Metellus the Consul subdued the Islands Baleares, and restrained pyracy there maintained, and at the same time was carried on the War, called Bellum Allobrogicum;* 1.47 which hence arose.* 1.48 The Salies in Gall beyond the Alps in∣vaded the Massilians, the friends of the people of Rome, and for this were chastized by Fulvius, and subdued by C. Sextius Calvinus. Teutomalus their King flying out of the battel, was received, and protected by the Allobroges, who also invaded the Aedui friends of Rome, and drew into Confederacy the Arverni. First, Cn. Domitius Aenobarbus overthrew them, and (by the use of Elephants especially) slew 20000. and took 3000 prisoners. After him Q. Fabius Maximus (Grandson of Paulus Aemilius, by his son adop∣ted into the Fabian family) defeated them, with the Arverni and Ruteni, in a bloody battel, wherein 120000 are reported to have been slain, and ta∣king Bituitus (or Betultus) King of the Arverni prisoner, obtained the sirname of Allobrogicus. These Allobroges inhabited about the Countreys now called Daulphine and Savoy: the Ruteni nearer to the Sea; the Ar∣verni more toward the North; the Aedui in Burgundy,* 1.49 and the Saloii or Salyes in Piemont. Now was Gallia Narbonensis reduced into a Pro∣vince.

15. But the Scordisci, a people of Gallish Original, inhabiting Thrace,* 1.50 de∣feated the Roman Army under Cato the Consul, yet were afterwards driven back into their own Countrey by Didius the Praetor,* 1.51 and the Consul Drusus; and after this gave occasion of a glorious Triumph to Minutius, of which ho∣nour Metellus also had partaken. These transactions of Thrace are of all

others most unknown; either because they are confounded with those of Illy∣ricum, Pannonia, Mysia, or Macedonia; or because what has been writ∣ten of that subject in particular, hath miscaried. Now we arrive at two Wars both together, and carying noyse sufficient with them through the va∣riety of events, and fulnesse of history: viz. that with Jugurtha, and the other with the Cimbri and Teutones. Now to know the Original of the for∣mer, it's necessary to fetch things a little higher.

16. Masanissa King of Numidia, that old and constant friend of the Ro∣mans, left three sons: Gulassa, Mastanabal, and Micipsa, of whom the last (his brothers being dead) obtained the Kingdom alone.* 1.52 He had two sons, Hiempsal and Adherbal, with whom he brought up Jugurtha his bro∣ther Mastanabal's son in the same condition, and receiving letters from Sci∣pio out of Spain, who gave him large commendations (and under whom he served with his Uncle's Auxiliary forces) he adopted him.* 1.53 When Micipsa was dead, Jugurtha murdered Hiempsal, and attempted to do as much for Adherbal, who fled to the Romans for succour. By this time avarice and injustice had so much possessed the City, that Jugurtha sensible of it, sent Ambassadors to Rome with full hands, who so wrought upon the Senate, that might overcame right, and it was decreed, that ten Commissioners should be sent to divide the Kingdom betwixt them. The Commissioners thinking they might lawfully imitate those that sent them, were bribed to bestow the richest and best Peopled part upon Jugurtha, who therewith not satisfied, after their departure, fell sodainly upon Adherbal, besieged him in Cirtha, and at length getting him into his hands made him away. For this, War was at length decreed against him by the Senate, and committed to the manage∣ment of L. Calpurnius Bestia the Consul, in the 643 year of the City,* 1.54 the second of the 167 Olympiad, the seventh of Ptolomy Lathurus, the 25 of Joh. Hyrcanus, P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, and the said Calpurnius being Consuls.

17. Calpurnius invaded Numidia with great fiercenesse, and took in some Towns, but was presently stopped in his career, being allured with the gol∣den balls of Jugurtha; so that a Treaty of Peace was set on foot. The Se∣nate was moved hereat, and at the power of M. Scaurus, who accompany∣ing the Consul as his friend and counsellor, was guilty of the same crime. The People was perswaded to send L. Cassius Longinus the Praetor to fetch Ju∣gurtha to Rome upon the publick faith, to discover his complices, whereof he had by gold procured many in the Senate it self.* 1.55 Cassius perswaded him to cast himself upon the Peoples mercy, and he came to the City in a mourn∣ing habit. But coming into the Assembly to do as he was commanded, Bae∣lus the Tribune bade him hold his Peace, being also bribed to put off the businesse, and delude the People. At this time there was one Massina the son of Gulussa his cousin german at Rome, who when he had murdered Ad∣herbal escaped out of Africk. Him Albinus the Consul, (who gladly would have had to do with Numidia) perswaded to beg the Kingdom of the Senate: but Jugurtha having some notice hereof, procured him to be killed, and conveyed away the murderer into Numidia. Hereupon within a few dayes he was commanded to be gone, and being out of the City, he looked back upon it, and uttered these words: O City that wouldest be sold if there was but a chapman for thee. This he said, as having himself experience of the corruption of it's Inhabitants; so horribly were they now degenerated from the fidelity and abstinence of the preceding age.

18. Albinus followed him with an Army, and at first seemed to be very ambitious of finishing the War, before the creation of new Consuls. But upon some account he prolonged it, and his brother, by virtue of some com∣pact, withdrew from Suthul, where the treasure of the Kingdom lay, when he was about to besiege it. The Centurions also were so corrupted, as Jugurtha was suffered to break into the Camp, whence beating out the Ar∣my, he either forced, or by former agreement, brought Albinus to submit unto most dishonourable terms. In this condition Metellus the following

Consul found affairs and the Army spoiled for want of discipline. But bring∣ing the Soldiers into good order,* 1.56 within the space of two years he overthrew Jugurtha several times, outed him of several Towns, and chased him fur∣ther than his own borders, which constrained him to submit and beg Peace; but the conditions thereof he brake, and the former hostility returned. Now was there one C. Marius, Legatus or Lieutenant to Metellus, who by his good demeanour won much upon the Soldiers, for being desirous of the Con∣sulship, he took all wayes to purchase their favour. He calumniated Metel∣lus privily to the Merchants at Utica, avowing that he was able with half of the Army, and that within a few dayes, to take Jugurtha. By these speeches he procured many complaints to be written to Rome against Metellus,* 1.57 and getting leave to go thither, obtained his desire, being created Consul, and had the management of the War committed to him, which now was even ended. Notwithstanding, the People was so grateful to Metellus, that at his return, being certified what he had done, they both granted him a Triumph, and bestowed on him the sirname of Numidicus.

19. This was the fourth Metellus, who from the Nation subdued obtained a sirname. The first was Q. Caecilius Metellus sirnamed Macedonicus, of whom we have formerly spoken. Much is said of this man's* 1.58 felicity, whereof this is chief, that when he died, he had, of four sons, seen three Consuls,* 1.59 and the fourth Praetor. Of these, the first was Q. Metellus sirna∣med Balearicus from his subduing the Baleares, who was Consul in the 631 year of the City: the second L. Metellus, who was Consul in the 635 year: the third M. Metellus, Consul in the 639 year, the same wherein his father died: and the fourth C. Metellus of Praetorian rank. But the third of this name who obtained a sirname was L. Coecilius Metellus, sirnamed first Diade∣matus, because having an ulcer in his forehead, he kept it bound a long time, and afterwards Dalmaticus, from the Dalmatians whom he subdued to get him a Triumph; this People having nothing offended. He was son to L. Cae∣cilius Metellus Calvus, who was Consul in the 612 year. Lastly, the fourth thus sirnamed was this Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, who was Consul together with M. Junius Silanus in the 645 year of the City.

20. Marius after some time took the City Capsa a place very rich and strong, and after this another called Mulucha. Jugurtha finding himself too weak, drew in to his assistance Bocchus King of Mauritiana his Father in Law, by the help of whose Horse he very much wearied the Roman Army. Coming to raise the siege at Cirta,* 1.60 before which Marius was sat down, what by the number of the Horse reported to be 60000, and what by heat and dust, the Romans were sorely distressed, and the fight continued dangerous and terrible to them for three dayes. Then a Tempest of rain fell, which spoiled their Enemies weapons, and relieved Marius his men almost killed with thirst; and the course of fortune changing, the two Kings were defeated and fled. In another battel Marius, as it's said, killed 90000, after which Bocchus began to repent of his enterprize, and sent to Rome to enter into a League, which he could not procure, but obtained pardon of his fault. Not long after, Marius took Jugurtha in an ambush, whither he had drawn him by specious pretences,* 1.61 and delivered him up to Sylla his Quaestor, who had brought over some forces gathered in Italy. Sylla having little or no skill in matters of War before, under him got that skill, which afterwards he used against his General. Jugurtha being led in triumph by Marius with his two sons, was after, by order of the Senate put to death, and so the Warre ended, after about seven years continuance. Numidia was not now made a Province, as some have thought; for we find other four Kings on which it was bestowed, viz. Hiempsal, Hiarbas, and Juba, concerning whom we may have occasion to speak hereafter. Now is to be described the War with the Cimbri.

21. The Cimbri inhabited the Chersonesus from them named Cimbrica, (now Holsatia) and were a vagabond People. With a sort of Germans called Tentones (from Tento or Tuisco the Patriarch, or reputed god of that

Nation) they brake into Illyricum in the 641 year of the City, and there put to flight Cn. Carbo the Consul, to whom that Province had fallen by lot. Some three years after, they made an irruption into Gall and Spain, but being re∣pelled, sent to Silanus the Consul,* 1.62 desiring some ground wherein to plant and settle themselves. This being denied by the Senate, they betook them∣selves from intreaties to force, and setting upon the Consul put him to flight, entertaining M. Scaurus sent against them into Gall in the same manner.* 1.63 Scaurus was succeeded by the Consul L. Cassius Longinus, who pursuing the Tigurins (now Switzers) to the Ocean, was circumvented by them, and slain, with L. Piso, a man of Consular dignity, his Lieutenant. After him Caepio the Consul made War upon the T••ctosages or T••losans, whose chief City Tolose (now in Gascoigne) he took, and therein a great treasure, which some said was taken out of the Temple at Delphos by the Galls. His command was continued to him for the following year, as Proconsul, in con∣junction with Manilius (or Mallius) his Successor. These two could not agree, but divided the Army, and parted the Province betwixt them. At length they were overthrown in a bloody battel by the Cimbri, to whom the Teutons, Tigurins, and Ambrones, another People of Gall joyned them∣selves: 80000 men were slain, and 40000 lackies and drudges, as also both the Camps taken. Caepio for this was cast into prison, where he died, these great defeats being charged upon his sacrilege, of which those Galls that were guilty, were still followed and consumed by one plague after ano∣ther. After this, the Cimbri made another Expedition into Spain; but be∣ing thence repelled by the Cel••berians, returned into Gall, whence, with the Teutons and Ambrones, they resolved to passe over the Alpes into Italy.

22. C. Marius having vanquished Jugurtha, was in his absence made Consul the second time, to manage the War against the Cimbri. Whilst they continued in Spain he waged War against their friends the Tolosans, whose King Copilus was taken by Sylla his Lieutenant. Being created Consul again the following year, he neglected to fight till their fury was abated. In his fourth Consulship they were ready in three bands to passe over the Alpes, which he considering, attended their motions. His Army was almost oppressed with thirst, the Teutons and Ambrones lying betwit it and the water, which made him desirous to ingage with them, and coming to fight, in two dayes he ut∣terly destroyed them,* 1.64 taking prisoner Theutobocchus their King. The Cim∣bri escaped him and got over into Italy, though it was Winter, and the Alpes were covered with Snow, being in vain opposed by Catulus,* 1.65 both at the Alpes and the River Athesis near Verona. To Catulus did Marias joyn him∣self now the fifth time Consul, for carying on the War, and being challenged to give battel slew 140000, and took 60000. Their wives resisted, fight∣ing from the Chariots, and when they saw all desperate, killed first their chil∣dren and then themselves. The third band of the Tigurines came to no∣thing; and so an end was put to this War, on the third of the moneth Sex∣tilis, as Plutarch writeth, after it had continued twelve years, in the 653 year of the City, C. Marius the fifth time,* 1.66 and M. Aquilius Nepos being Consuls, the former whereof was counted the preserver of his Country, and contented himself with one Triumph. And his Collegue put an end to the second Servile War in Sicily, which now had lasted almost four years.

23. These dangers abroad did not suppresse domestick troubles. There was one L. Apuleius Saturninus,* 1.67 who having been Quaestor at Ostia during a dearth, was put out of his place by the Senate, for which he conceited great displeasure against it,* 1.68 and to shew it, procured the Tribuneship. By his help especially Marius obtained the fourth Consulship. But after his year was out, Metellus Numidicus being Censor would have removed him from the Senate, but he was hindred by his Colleague; and to revenge this he stood to be Tribune the second time. Now was Marius Consul the fifth time, and there being nine of the ten Tribunes chosen, and A. Nonius standing in com∣petition with him, by the assistance of Marius he murdred him, and got the

place. Now being again in power, he preferred a Law for dividing of such Lands as Marius had recovered in Gall, and compelled the Se∣nate to swear to it, which Metellus refusing to do, he set him a day to answer it before the people; but for fear of him and Marius, Metellus fled to S••yrna. Saturninus being Tribune the third time, and finding C. Mem∣mius to stand for the Consulship; he also made him away to prefer Glau∣cius the Praetor, a man most addicted to his own party. At these things the Senate being startled took up resolution, and Marius now the sixth time Con∣sul, seeing him in a falling condition, withdrew himself from his friendship. The Consul were, as in dangerous times, impowered by the Senate to see that the Commonwealth received no damage. Marius therefore with his Collegue L. Valerius Flaccus, set upon Saturninus in the publick meeting place, and drove him and his followers into the Capitol, where for want of water (Marius having cut the pipes) they were forced to yield. This they did upon his faith given for their safety; for Saturninus and Glaucius much re∣lied upon him, not sticking to give out that they were but the actors of his designs.* 1.69 Notwithstanding,* 1.70 they were killed in the Court-house by the Equites, which brake in amongst them; and Metellus, through the labour of his son especially, was recalled, with the general applause of the peo∣ple.

24. For the space of about 8 years after, there was not any open Sedition; yet great dissatisfaction amongst those of the Senatorian order. For,* 1.71 it lay un∣der great grievances by reason of the power of Judicature, which was by Grac∣chus his Law brought down to the Equites, by whom they were cruelly, and despightfully used, their lives, liberties, and estates being wholely in their power. The Commonwealth was even bought and sold, the Publicans, who farmed the customs, and publick revenues, being, as Equites, both Judges and parties. It hapned that thirty years after Gracchus his Law, M. Livius Drusus the Tribune cast in his mind how to restore the Fathers to their an∣tient power,* 1.72 and yet not offend the Equites. He preferred therefore a Law, that because the Senators were reduced to a small number, as many Equites should be added to them, and the power of Judicature committed to this bo∣dy. But herewith neither party was satisfied. Not the Senators, because they disdained that the other should be equal to them, and neither the Equites, for that they feared the power would at length be wholy removed from them. Caepio also one of Drusus his Collegues (not that Caepio, as some mistake, who having been formerly Consul had proposed such a Law, which took not, he himself being condemned, and dying in prison as was said) opposed him, and coming into the Senate, there accused some of the chief of unlawfull seek∣ing for Offices. Drusus to withstand his indeavours, by the favour of the people proposed again the Agrarian Law, and that the Allies and Con∣federates of Italy, now Possessors of the Lands, might not be ag∣grieved, he gave them hopes to make them free of the Citie. Great con∣course there was, and as great contention. Q. Marcius Philippus the Consul opposed the Law for division of Lands, and for that was soundly buffetted by a Traveller. Drusus in this particular disappointed, still bent his mind how to make good what he had offered to the Italians; but going home accompa∣nied with a great multitude, he was stabbed in the Court of his own house, its unknown by whom, the knife being left in his body, and died within a few hours.* 1.73 He was a man excellently accomplished, both with understanding and morals, whose good intentions had not the fortune to be rightly understood by the great ones, but to dissatisfie all parties.* 1.74 And still more unfortunate he was in that great and dangerous War, which by his means (though not inten∣tious) was kindled, and which being foreseen or feared, might perhaps have no small influence into his death.

25. This War is called by divers names. Sometimes Bellum Sociale, be∣cause of the Associates of the People of Rome, who managed it: sometimes Bellum Marsicum, from the Marsi who began it, and otherwhiles Bellum Italicum, from Italy the seat of it, Corfinium a Citie of the Peligni, being

before all others chosen for the place of the conspiracy.* 1.75 The occasion of it was the disdain conceived by the Italians, because they were not admitted to the freedom of the Citie,* 1.76 which had been partly promised them 36 years be∣fore by Flaccus the Consul, who being earnest for it, was diverted into Gall by the Senate, and afterwards joyned himself in the Tribuneship with the younger Gracchus, to no purpose endeavouring with him the passing of it; with whom also as is formerly shewn he lost his life. Now again, their ex∣pectation was heightned by Drusus; but then was he murdered, and all the great ones banished who stood for them, by a Law which the Equites by force of Arms obtained, who hoped that having the power of Judicature in themselves, the profit would be great which would arise in ridding away their Enemies. They also thought they had reason enough to expect this privi∣lege from that Citie, which was maintained both in its subsistence and Empire by their valour, they ever sending out forces double in number to those of the Romans. Upon these grounds they resolved to procure by force what could not be by fair means obtained, sending Messages to and fro, and for the performance of what was agreed on, receiving Hostages from one another.

26. This being known late enough at Rome, so busied with its private seditious contests, Spies were sent out into the several quarters. One of them seeing a young man of Asculum carried into another Citie as an Ho∣stage, therewith acquainted Servilins the Proconsul, who going to Asculum and chiding the Citizens, was set upon and slain, together with all the Ro∣mans. After this, the Conspiracy being quite discovered, all broke out into open Rebellion: the Marsi, Peligni, Vestini, Marrucini, Ferentani, Hirpini, Picentes, Pompeiani, Venusini, Apulians, Lucanians, and the old Enemies of the Romans, the Samnites. They thought good first to send to Rome to com∣plain; but the Messengers could not be admitted without repentance for what was already done.* 1.77 Hereupon the War vvas committed to both the Consuls, L. Julius Caesar, and P. Rutilius Lupus, to vvhom vvere added Cn. Pompeius Strabo (father to Pompey the Great) C. Marius, vvho had been six times Consul, L. Sylla, Licinius Crassus, C. Perpenna, Q. Caepio, Q. Me∣tellus Pius (son to the Numidian) M. Marcellus, Val. Messala, and T. Di∣dius, vvho vvere all sent vvith Proconsular power. The forces on either side amounted to 100000 fighting men. Rutilius the Consul quickly lost his life, falling into an ambush laid for him by the Marsi, and many other blows did the Romans receive;* 1.78 so that they vvere forced to list such as once had been slaves. The bodies of the Consul, and those of several others being carried into the Citie, the sight of them so discouraged the people, that the Se∣nate made a decree, that thenceforth the slain should be buried vvhere they died, vvhich as a prudent example vvas followed by the Enemy.

27. None succeeded Rutilius all the year, for that Caesar could not come to a new Election, but his Army vvas committed to Marius his Lieutenant, and Q. Caepio. Caepio vvas killed not long after, being intrapped by Popedius one of the Italian Generals. Marius now alone commanding the forces, did good service, as did also Sylla. For the following year, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, and L. Porcius Cato vvere made Consuls. Now the Senate thought fit to make such Italians free of the Citie as had not revolted, vvhich thing established those, vvho something vvavered in their minds, and took off the courage of the other already ingaged: Yet they chose them not into any of the 35 Tribes, but placed them by themselves behind all; so that as in voting they could not hinder the rest, so seldom vvere they called to vote at all, vvhich afterwards considered, though not at present, vvrought some di∣sturbance. Cato the Consul did very good service, but thereof boasted so much, that he compared himself to Marius, for vvhich, as he vvas fighting a∣gainst the Marsi, he vvas killed in a croud by Marius his son. Pompey over∣threw the Picentes and Asculani. Having long besieged Asculum, he defeated the Enemy which sallied forth, killed 18000 of the Marsi, took 3000. and being got into Asculum, caused all the Officers and principal

men to be beaten vvith Rods, and then beheaded.* 1.79 Sylla his Successor in the Consulship overthrew the Samnites, and stormed two of their Camps, by vvhich successe elevated, he vvent, stood for, and carried that greatest Office.* 1.80 This War vvas ended by him after it had endured above two years,* 1.81 in the 666 year of the Citie, he the said L. Cornelius Sylla, and Q. Pompeius Rufus being Consuls.

28. What the Italians could not get with armed hand, was given them Conquered; at first to all, except the Lucanians and Samnites, and shortly after to them also, but ranked by themselves in the same manner as the for∣mer.* 1.82 Not long after this, which was a kind of Civil War, there were stirs in the Citie about Usury, which being rigorously exacted by the Creditors, Asel∣lio the Praetor, who withstood it, was murdered by them. Yet hitherto these Seditions in the Citie were managed but by private persons, or in a private manner, but now came it to that passe, that the heads of the factions got whole Armies to themselves, and carried on their interests in open War one against another, their own Countrey being as the prize and reward of the victory, such were the manners and behaviour of those who through the in∣firmity of the Government were not able to bear that greatnesse of fortune, which from the temperance and moderation of their fathers had descend∣ed upon them. But an occasion to the first Civil War was ministred by that with Mithridates, which began ere the Social or Italian ended.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Achaean war, and the destruction of Corinth.
• * 1.2

  Lege Velleium Patercul. l. 1. c. 12. Florum l. 2. c. 16. Livii Epitom. lib. 6. c. 51, 52. Pausan. in Achaicis, & de aere Corinthio Plinium l. 34.
• * 1.3

  A. M. 3859. Ol. 158. an. 3. V.C. 608. Seleucid. 167. Ptol. Physcon. 1.
• * 1.4

  Mummius thence sirna∣med Achaicus.
• * 1.5

  Viriatus up in Spain,
• * 1.6

  Vide Appianum in Ibericis. Florum l. 2. c. 18.
• * 1.7

  Is destroyed by Caepio.
• * 1.8

  Orosium l. 5. c. 7. Patercul. l. 2. c. 4.
• * 1.9

  Bad sucesse in Spain
• * 1.10

  Causeth Scipio Aemilianus to be created Consul the second time.
• * 1.11

  He besiegeth Numantia and taketh it.
• * 1.12

  A servile war in Sicily.
• * 1.13

  Excerpt. Died. Siculi. lib. 34. Orosius l. 5. c. 9
• * 1.14

  Orosius l. 5. c. 8, 9. Florus l. 3. c. 14.
• * 1.15

  Tiberius Grac∣chus raiseth a sedition about the Agrarian.
• * 1.16

  Joh. Stadius Com. in Flor. l. 3. c. 14.
• * 1.17

  Livii Epitom. l. 58. Velleius l. 2. c. 3.
• * 1.18

  Proposing another Law for dividing of money,
• * 1.19

  A. M. 3872. Ol. 161. an. 4. V. C. 621. Ptol. Physc. 14.
• * 1.20

  He and his complices are killed by the means of Sci∣pio Nasica his kinsman, which was the first blood drawn by the Romans from one another.
• * 1.21

  Offic. l. 1.
• * 1.22

  Livii Epitom. l. 59.
• * 1.23

  Orosius l. 5. c. 8, & 9.
• * 1.24

  Aristonicus contesting with the Ro∣mans for the Kingdom of Pergamus,
• * 1.25

  Velleius Pater∣cul. l. 2. c. 4. Florus l. 2. c. ult.
• * 1.26

  Is taken
• * 1.27

  And strang∣led.
• * 1.28

  Vide Appian. de bello civili lib. 2. Velleium lib. 2. cap. 6. Plutarch in Gracchis. Val. Maxim. lib. 6. cap. 2. Exemp. 3. Livii Epitom. lib. 59, 60. Orosium lib. 5. cap. 10. Florum lib. 3. cap. 15.
• * 1.29

  The civil dis∣sentions re∣newed.
• * 1.30

  Caius Graccbus, the brother of Tiberius, patro∣nizeth his Law.
• * 1.31

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Odyss. 1.
• * 1.32

  Scipio Africanus the younger dieth sudden∣ly.
• * 1.33

  Caius getting the Tribuneship preferreth Laws distast∣full to the Se∣nate.
• * 1.34

  The Order and Rank of Equites, or Knights, how, and when it came up.
• * 1.35

  How the Se∣nators lost in the transla∣tion of the judicial power to the Equites by Caius.
• * 1.36

  Publicans whence so cal∣led.
• * 1.37

  Caius attempt∣eth other se∣ditious acts
• * 1.38

  A. M. 3884. Ol. 164. ann. 4. V. C. 631. Ptol. Physc. 26.
• * 1.39

  Is destroyed with his par∣ty.
• (a) 1.40

  Plin. l. 14. c. 4. & 14.
• (b) 1.41

  Lib. 2. c. 7.
• * 1.42

  The distem∣pers of the State some∣thing allayed thereby.
• * 1.43

  Lege Appianum de bello civili lib. 1.
• * 1.44

  Livii Epitom. lib. 60.
• * 1.45

  An horrid Pe∣stilence in A∣frick.
• * 1.46

  Orosius lib. 5. cap. 11.
• * 1.47

  The Allobrick War.
• * 1.48

  Livii Epitom. lib. 60, 61. Florus lib. 3. cap. 2.
• * 1.49

  Caesar de bello Gallico lib. 1.
• * 1.50

  Livil Epitom. lib. 53, & 55, Florus lib. 3. cap. 4. Velleius lib. 2. cap. 8.
• * 1.51

  Affairs of Thrace very obscure.
• * 1.52

  The original of the War with Jugurtha.
• * 1.53

  Lege Sallust. de bello Jugur∣thino. Orosium l. 5. c. 15. Florum l. 3. c. 1. Livii Epitom. lib. 62, 64, 65, 66.
• * 1.54

  A. M. 3894. V. C. 643.
• * 1.55

  Fighting with silver wea∣pons he con∣quereth all opposition,
• * 1.56

  But is humb∣led by Metel∣lus.
• * 1.57

  Marius by un∣dermining Metellus get∣teth the Con∣sulship.
• * 1.58

  Consule Val. Max. l. 7. c. 1. exemp. 1. Patercul. l. 1. c. 11. Ciceron. de Fi∣nibus lib. 4.
• * 1.59

  Several of the Metelli ob∣tained sir∣names from Countries conquered.
• * 1.60

  Marius over∣throweth Ju∣gurtha and Bocchus.
• * 1.61

  Taketh Ju∣gurtha who is led in tri∣umph and put to death.
• * 1.62

  Lege Florum l. 3. c. 3. Livii Epitom. lib. 63, 65, 67, & 68. Orosium l. 5. c. 16. Paterc. l. 2. c. 12.
• * 1.63

  The occasion of the War with the Cim∣bri by the Greeks called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.64

  Which Marius dispatcheth.
• * 1.65

  A. M. 3904. Ol. 169. an. 4. V. C. 653.
• * 1.66

  In Mario.
• * 1.67

  Vide Appian. de bello civili. l. 1. Flor. l. 3. c. 16. Livii Epitom. l. 69. Orosium l. 5. c. 17. Velleium Pa∣terculum l. 2. c. 15.
• * 1.68

  The sedition of Saturninus.
• * 1.69

  He is slain with his com∣plices.
• * 1.70

  A. M. 3905. V. C. 654.
• * 1.71

  Lege Appian, de bello civili lib. 1. Livii Epitom. lib. 71. Paterculum l. 2. cap. 13, 14.
• * 1.72

  Drusus the Tribune la∣bouring to re∣concile the Fathers, and Equites, inlar∣geth the breach,
• * 1.73

  And is stab∣bed.
• * 1.74

  A. M. 3914. Ol. 172. ann. 2. V, C. 663.
• * 1.75

  Strabo lib. 5. Velleius lib. 2. cap. 15, 16, 17. Cicero pro Ar∣chia. Appian ut su∣pra.
• * 1.76

  The occasion of the social War.
• * 1.77

  Preparations for it.
• * 1.78

  The Romans receive many blows.
• * 1.79

  SECT. 5.
• * 1.80

  A. M. 3917. Ol. 173. ann. 1. V. C. 666.
• * 1.81

  Sylla endeth the War.
• * 1.82

  After which freedom of the Citie is given to the Con∣quered Ita∣lians, having been before this denied to them.