An institution of general history from the beginning of the vvorld to the monarchy of Constantine the Great : composed in such method and manner as never yet was extant / by William Howel ...

SECT. I. Of such things as hapned from the beginning thereof until the Expedi∣tion of Xerxes.

1. IN the time of Cyrus the Great, and afterwards, lived Polycrates the famous Tyrant of Samus, who from a small beginning arrived at such extraordinary power, as no petty Prince of the Greekish Nation was ever accounted equal to him for worldly felicity.

2. The word Tyrannus (which we English Tyrant) Suidas thinketh to have been derived from the Tyrrheni, a people of Italy, because they were cruel and given to robbery. Others thought it was derived of the City Tyre, by means of it's riches and glory. Most anciently the word was of no ill signification, but was used in a good sense, there being no discrimination betwixt King and it, as Servius observeth. For, though Homer (who never mentioneth Tyre) either knew it not, or would not use it, yet the Poets who follow him, call those Kings that lived before the Trojan times by the appellation of Ty∣ranni. Afterwards through the dissolute and cruel demeanour of some Prin∣ces, and the antipathie of the Greeks towards Monarchy (after they had ge∣nerally erected Oligarchical or Democratical Governments) it came to be ta∣ken in a bad sense. Herein it is especially given to those, who, being once private persons, enslaved their Citizens by invading, without any just title, the supreme power; as to Polycrates, Pisistratus, Dionysius, and Agatho∣cles. It's also applied to the Children who succeeded their Fathers in the usur∣pation. And it is also given sometimes to those who governed by the desire and consent of the People, as Gelon of Syracuse, betokening, as to this particular, a petty Prince or Regulus. For it is seldom or never in antient Authors, when it is taken in an ill sense, found applied to any but the usurp∣ing Lords of Cities (not any notable Kingdom) and such Cities as had before been governed in the way of a Commonwealth. And what is said of those Governours called Tyranni, must be extended to their Government, in the

Greek language called Tyrannis, which we english Tyranny, though not in any ill sense, wherein the Athenians used it not when they would have Solon to take the Tyrannis or Government upon him, though the word was harsh. This is hinted to take off any thoughts of the ignorant, as if the word reflected upon Monarchy, the best of Governments when all shall bee considered.

3. Samus is an Island in the Mediterranean Sea, lying over against Ionia, not far severed from it, containing in circuite scarce 100 miles, so called from the heighth of it by the Antients in their Language. On the West it looks towars the Island Icaria, but on the East the continent of Asia, be∣ing near to Ephesus, and the promontory of Mycale, from which it is distant but five miles. The most antient Inhabitants were Carians differing much from the Greeks both in language and manners. But when the sons of Codrus led out Colonies from Attica, Androclus one of them here setled one, by which the City of the same name with the Island was built; having a very large and commodious Haven. It was presently much beautified with fre∣quency of Inhabitants, riches, and multitudes of buildings, and being very famous for the Temple of Juno, which was especially worshipped in this place, it was reckoned amongst the twelve Ionian Cities, being partaker of the great Council of Panionium, and counted not inferiour to Miletus, Ephesus, or Chius, the most eminent amongst them. From Herodotus it should appear to have at first been governed by Kings, the Inhabitants as he saith, in the reign of Amphicrates, making War upon Aegina which was hurtful to both sides: and this was the cause that in the Age following the Aeginetans did as much by the Samian exiles which had retired into Crete. But in what Age Amphicrates lived he doth not mention; yet this is apparent from his words, that the Samians because Islanders remained untouched by the King of Lydia and Persia, when the other Ionian Cities in the continent were forced by them into subjection.

4. But when Cyrus flourished in Asia, and Pisistrates at Athens, Poly∣crates the Son of Aeaces one of their own Citizens offered violence to their liberty. When first he seized on the Soveraignty, he made his two Brothers Pantagnotus and Syloson partners with him, but afterwards he slew the one, and ejected the yonger, and so having all the power in his own hands, he con∣tracted amity with Amasis, who at that time reigned in Aegypt. In a short time his affairs so prospered, that he became famous through Ionia and all Greece, for wheresoever he made War he prospered, with his 100 Biremes or Gallies with two ranks of Oars on a side, and 1000 Archers, invading all his neighbours without any difference, for that he held it for a rule, that he gratified his friend more by restoring what he had taken from him, than if he had taken nothing away. He subdued many Islands and many Towns in the continent. The Lesbians coming to help their friends of Miletus with all their force, he overthrew, and took so many, as served him to draw a ditch round about the walls of Samus. His affairs being thus prosperous, were not unknown to Amasis, but being every day more prosperous than other, at length Amasis suspected that his friend and allie for this prosperous Fortune would have some disastrous end, and therefore he wrote to him, and desired him that to make some certain change therein, he would pick out that which was most dear to him, and in the losse whereof he would be most troubled, and make that away, so that he should never more enjoy it. He accordingly took ship and cast into the Sea his signet, which was an Emrald set in a gold ring; but it so hapned, that a Fisher taking a very large fish, presented it to him as onely worthy of it, and in the belly of it his Servants, when they cut it up, found the signet. Amasis hearing this, took such assurance that an unfortunate end must follow such prodigious successe, that lest hee should bee troubled with the miscariage of a friend and allie, hee renounced his friendship.

5. When Cambyses was raising his forces for his Expedition into Aegypt, Polycrates sent to him underhand, to desire him to send for some supplies,

who doing so, he picked out such as he thought were most prone to rebellion, and with them manned out two Triremes, desiring of him that he would not send them back. Yet they after the War withdrew themselves from Camby∣ses, and vvent to Lacedaemon to desire aid of that State against the Tyrant, vvhich vvas granted them, either for that the Lacedaemonians vvere engaged to the Samians (as these pretended) because they had received supplies from them in the Messenian War, or as the Spartans alleged, not out of any kindnesse, but malice to the Samians, because they had in the Age foregoing intercepted certain presents sent by them to Croesus, and to them from Ama∣sis. The Corinthians vvere also dravvn in, having a particular quarrel of their ovvn; the occasion vvas also given at the same time, the Samians having taken from the Corinthians certain Boyes vvhich they vvere carrying from Pe∣riander their Tyrant to Alyattes King of Sardis to be made Eunuchs.

6. The Lacedaemonians coming with a great Fleet to Samus, besieged the City, but endeavouring the storming of it were repulsed with some losse, and having in vain spent forty dayes in the Siege (so valiantly was it defended by Polycrates) they then returned home into Peloponnesus. A story went, that Polycrates stamped some Lead, and covering it over with Gold, with it purchased the departure of the Lacedaemonians; but this was the first Expe∣dition which the Dores made against Asia. Afterwards at such time as Cam∣byses fell sick, that fell upon Polycrates which Amasis had forewarned him of. At this time one Oraetes a Persian was Governour of Sardis, Ionia, Lydia, and the Sea-coasts, in the place of Ha••pagus, who either for that he was upbraided that he got not Samus, so near to his Province, into the King's hand, or for that Polycrates slighted and gave no answer to a messenger which he sent to him (both which are reported) sought earnestly to work his destruction. Knowing he had an ambition to become Master of Ionia and the Islands, he sent to him to tell him that he heard how excellent things he cast in his head, but that he wanted money to accomplish them, wherefore he having now heard for certain that Cambyses determined to kill him, offered to him, that if he would receive him he should have half of the King's money which he had in his possession, whereby he might get the Soveraignty of all Greece. And if he doubted of his faithfulnesse, he desired him to send one of his most trusty servants to whom he would give satisfaction.

7. Polycrates with great joy received the message, being greedy after mo∣ney, and to make the thing sure, sent Maeandrius his Secretary over to Oraetes, who knowing him a cunning and circumspect man, filled several chests with stones, and covering them at the top with gold, thereby deceived him. Po∣lycrates was yet disswaded by all his friends from going over himself, for that the Oracles were against it, and his Daughter dreamed that she saw him up aloft in the air, where he was washed by Jupiter, and annointed by the Sun; but he was angry with her for her importunity, and notwithstanding all dis∣swasions went over to Oraetes, taking with him amongst others, Democedes the Son of Calliphon of Crotone in Italy, the most famous Physician then in his Country. He went over into Magnesia as far as the River Maeander, and then Oraetes laying hold of him, nailed him to a crosse. Of those that accompanied him, the Samians he dismissed, telling them that they must ac∣count it for a great favour so to be used by him, but all the Strangers and Slaves he took to himself, and reduced them into the State of servitude. This end had Polycrates, with whom none of the Syracusian Tyrants, or any other of Greece for magnificence were to be compared. Him succeeded one Mae∣andrius his Vicegerent or Procurator, of whom Herodotus telleth many sto∣ries, and who by the help of Otanes the Persian Satrapa, being removed, by the approbation of Darius the Son of Hystapes, Syloson the Brother of Poly∣crates succeeded, Samus paying very dearly for it, what by the War and the ensuing severity of Syloson. When Syloson died, Aeaces his Son succeeded him, by the favour of the Persians; but was not long after thrust from his Tyranny, when Aristagoras the Milesian drew all Ionia into rebellion against the Persians; which hapned about the eighteenth year of Darius.

8. In the second year of Darius, and the first of the 65^th Olympiad, the inhabitants of Platea in Boeotia, who never well accorded with their Neigh∣bours the Thebans, being now irritated with their continual injuries, that for the future they might free themselves from such grievances, sent, and of∣fered themselves to the Lacedaemonians (who then were of greatest Autho∣rity in Greece) as Allies and Dependents. But they perceiving themselves to be at too great a distance from them to give any succours when need re∣quired, advised them to have recourse to the Athenians as nearer to them, and of sufficient ability to relieve them. They accordingly did so, and con∣tracted a straight league of Alliance with Athens, which became a great eye-fore to the Thebans, and all their party a long time after.

9. In the third year of the 66 Olympiad, and the 8^th of the reign of Da∣rius, fell out great stirs at Athens, which never ceased till they produced a change in the Government. Pisistratus the famous Tyrant at his death left three sons, Hippias, Hipparchus, & Thessalus, and the principality (as it should seem from Heraclides) to them all; though Hippias, as the eldest, had Su∣pream Jurisdiction. He had hitherto for the space of thirty years enjoyed his fathers Kingdom, being loving and affectionate towards his brethren, and moderate towards his subjects: Hipparchus was accounted a wise man, and lover of learning, being something given to be amorous, and Thessalus bold, and head-strong. It hapned that Hipparchus fell in love with one Harmo∣dius, a young man of the Citie, and sorely sollicited him to unlawfull dal∣liance, who therewith acquainted one Aristogiton, a man of a middle rank amongst the Citizens, and who most passionately loved him. He fearing he should be deprived of this his dear one, consulted with himself how he might destroy, both Hipparchus and the Tyranny. Hipparchus still going on to sollicite Harmodius, but in vain, at length resolved to be revenged on him, and executed it on his sister, which being on a certain solemnity to carry up the basket that was to be dedicated to Minerva, he put her by as un∣worthy of the office; though some of late have thought that he ravished her.

10. Harmodius taking this in very evil part, and Aristogiton much worse, prepared all things necessary for their conspiracy; but expected the great feast called Panathenaea, on which day onely the Citizens might be in Armour without suspition, for discharging the solemnity. They provided not many men before hand, for the more close carrying of the businesse, and because they hoped all the rest would without any hesitation be ready to come in to them. When the day came, they and their party being ready with their Po∣niards, espied a man talking with Hippias; Whereupon they thought they were discovered, and therefore resolved to do that, wherein especially they were concerned, if they could, and so rushing in violently upon Hipparchus, they slew him in the place. Aristogiton defended himself for some time from the Guard; but the multitude flocking in, he was taken, after he had received many wounds, and his friend Harmodius slain outright. Hippias having no∣tice of what had passed, came cunningly upon the Citizens that were Armed for the solemnity, and by his Guard picking out such as had Daggers about them, or whom he suspected, thereby prevented at this time all further trouble.

11. Hitherto he and his brethren had not been distrustfull of their own safety, and therefore had used no great Guards about them; not rendring their power very burthensom to the people, but acting according to the rules of vertue and prudence. They exacted onely the 20th part of the publick revenue, exceedingly beautified the Citie, waged War, and left the Citizens to their former Laws; onely some one of them was alwayes Magistrate, and other men held of them yearly Offices, Pisistratus the son of Hippias, and Nephew to the founder of this Kingdom, as it appeareth from Thucydides, having sometimes had the power in his hands. But Hippias after this, fear∣ing himself, exercised his power very severely against the Athenians, putting many of them to death, and to establish himself by forein alliance he gave

his daughter in marriage to Hippoc••us, the son of Aeantides the Tyrant of Lampsacus, knowing them to be in great grace with Darius King of Persia. To find out the complices of these two young men, he tortured, amongst others, a woman named Leaena the Paramour of Aristogiton, but she was so con∣stant as to endure all, and biting off her tongue, spit it in the face of the Tor∣mentors, lest therewith she should discover any one; in memory of which the Athenians afterwards Consecrated in the Castle a Lionesse without a tongue, as also Erected Statues to the memory of Harmodius and Aristo∣giton, as the liberators of their Countrey. These Statues were taken away by Xerxes into Asia, and long after sent back by Alexander, or Antiochus, or Seleucus, as is severally delivered by Historians. They also Decreed that their names should never be given to any slaves.

12. Though these two did not actually procure the freedom of Athens, but perished in the attempt, yet it was attributed to them, because that in the 4^th year after, some imitating their example expelled Hippias, & effectually pro∣red it. At this time the Alcmaeonidae (or those of the family of Alcmaeon, who was great Grand-son to Nestor, and being cast out of Messenia by the Heraclidae, came and lived at Athens) being driven into exile by the Pisi∣stratidae (or Pisistratus his sons) having sometimes endeavoured in vain the recovery of their Countreys liberty, still lay in wait for a more convenient opportunity to accomplish it. Being full of money, they hired the Amphyctio∣nes to let them build a new Temple at Delphos, which was very magnificent, and corrupted the Pythia (or the woman that received and delivered the Oracles, standing in a Tripos, or three footed stool) as often as any of Sparta came thither, still to propose to them to set Athens at liberty. This being constantly done, the Lacedaemonians accounted it a piece of their religion to do it, and sent Anchimolius, a man of prime Rank amongst them, with an Army to expell the Pisistratidae, though their friends, and such as had de∣served no otherwise than well of them. They being aware of this, had con∣tracted friendship and alliance with the Thessalians, and now procured from them a supply of 1000 horse, which by a common decree they sent under the Command of Cixeas their King; which falling in upon the Camp of the Spar∣tans, slew amongst many others Anchimolius the General, and beat the other to their ships, in which they returned home.

13. Afterwards the Lacedaemonians sent another Army by Land, under the Conduct of Cleomenes the son of Anaxandridas, who invading the Athe∣nian Territories was encountred by the Thessalian horse, which he put to flight, and having killed above fourty of them, the rest shifted away, and be∣took themselves as they could into Thessaly. Cleomenes then coming up to the Citie besieged the Tyrants, being shut up within the Pelasgick-wall, but being unprovided for a siege, and they furnished sufficiently with provisions, after a few dayes he was about to depart homeward, had not one thing falln out. As the Children of the Pisistratidae were privatly to be conveyed out of the Countrey, they were intercepted, which overturned the affairs of their Parents, and forced them to Covenant with the Athenians, for their Ran∣som, within five dayes to depart out of Attica, which accordingly was done, Hippias going straight to Sigaens, & thence to Lampsacus, from which place he went to Darius, and in the 20th year after returned with his Army, and died (as some say) in the battel at Marathon. Sigeus was a Town situate upon the Hellespont, which Pisistratus took by force out of the hands of the Mityle∣naeans, and made Hegesistratus his base son, by a woman of Argos, Tyrant there. Hippias was offered from Amyntas the King of Macedonia, either Anthemus, or Iolcos, a Citie in Macedonia; but he refused both, and be∣took himself to Darius, whose Army he afterwards conducted into At∣tica.

14. The state of Athens great before, grew greater after this grand muta∣tion, in which two men contended for the chief Authority: Clisthenes one of the Alcmaeonidae (the Nephew by his Mother of Clysthenes, the Tyrant of Si∣cyon) and Isagoras the son of Tisander. Clysthenes being too weak for the

other's faction, that he might engratiate himself with the people, whereas they were before divided but into four Tribes, encreased them unto ten, and whereas formerly they were named from the four sons of Ion, viz. Teleon, Aegicor, Argadaeus, and Hopletes, now he changed these for other Heroes, which were, 1. Hippothoon the son of Neptune, 2. Antiochus of Her∣cules, 3. Ajax of Telamon, 4. Leon the Athenian, who according to the Oracle devoted his Daughters for the publick safety, 5. E••echtheus, who slew Immaradus the Son of Eumolpus, 6. Aegaeus, 7. Oeneus the base Son of Pandion, 8. Acamas the Son of Theseus, 9. Cecrops, and 10 Pandion.

15. Isagoras envying Clysthenes that respect, which hereby he obtained, procured Cleomenes the King of Spar••a (with whom he had contracted friend∣ship during the War with Hippias) to come once more against Athens. He sent a Messenger first, and presently procured him to be banished, and yet came thither with an Army, and besides many of the family of Alcmaeon formerly cast out with Clysthenes, now also expelled 700 families proper for War, under pretence of their being contaminated with them in the businesse of the death of Cylon. Then endeavoured he to dissolve the Senate, and com∣mit their power to those of Isagoras his faction; but both Senate and people resisting, Isagoras and he with their men seized on the Castle wherein they were besieged two dayes: On the third the Lacedaemonians with Isagoras had leave to depart, but the rest were cast into prison, and put to death. Then was Clysthenes with the 700 families recalled, who restored the De∣mocratical Government to the Citie, as it was founded by the Laws of Solon.

16. To Clysthenes is also ascribed the introducing of the Ostracism into the Athenian State, being generally granted to have been brought in a little after the banishment of the Pisistratidae. For, considering the calamities which had hapned in their time, the Athenians for the time to come would have all of equal power and authority. By the Ostracism therefore they for∣ced absence from the Citie for ten years upon the most powerfull amongst them for Glory, Nobility, or Eloquence, lest they should grow too great; without any ignominy, or disgrace; they being neither deprived of Goods, Lands, or any thing, save their presence at home for that time. The form of it was this. Each of the Citizens wrote the name of that man in an Oyster shell (whence it had the name of Ostracism) who seemed to him to be the most powerfull for the overturning of the Democracy, and then brought the shell in as a suffrage into the place designed, and so he that was found to have most written with his name, was for ten years ordered to leave the Citie. But two conditions were required that this judgement should stand in force: That no fewer then 6000 should be at the meeting, and the giving of suf∣frages; and that those that gave them should be no younger than sixty years old. The first that was banished by this Law, was (as Aelian tells us) Clysthenes the Author of it, though (according to another) Hipparchus, and Charmus Kinsman to Pisist••atus: In after time; Aristides, because of that great Title Just given to him, and Themistocles for his Military glory.

17. But Cleomenes the Lacedaemonian King perceiving himself damnified both by word and deed from the Athenians, raised forces throughout Pelo∣ponnesus, intending (though dissembling the matter) to be revenged upon them, and set up Isagoras as Tyrant over them. He invaded one part, and procured the Boeotians on one side, and the inhabitants of Chalcis on the other, to fall in upon other places. The Athenians thus distressed on all sides, yet first went against the Peloponnesians lying in Eleusine, and when the Armies were about to joyn, the Corinthians, first bethinking themselves of the injustice of their cause, withdrew themselves; and so did Demaratus the son of Ariston King of Sparta, and the Collegue of Cleomenes, having never dissented from him formerly. Then the rest of the associates seeing that the Kings agreed not betwixt themselves, and the Corinthians were gone, drew

off also in like manner: The Athenians then to be revenged, fell upon the Boeotians, of whom killing many, they took prisoners 700, and then pas∣sing over into Euboea the same day, chastized the Inhabitants of Chalcis in like manner. Thus, four times the Dores out of Peloponnesus came into Attica; twice in a hostile manner, and twice to the help of the Athenians. First when they brought a Colony into Megare, which was in the time of Codrus, the second and third times to expel the Pisistratidae, and now the fourth, when Cleomenes with the Peloponnesians invaded Eleusine.

18. The Thebans and the rest of the Boeotians, seeing themselves too weak for the Athenians, desired help of the Inhabitants of Aegina, an Island situated in that part of the Sea, which severed Attica from Argolis, being five miles distant from the former, some eight in circuit, and the Country of Aeacus, (whence the Aeacidae) having a City of it's own name. The Aeginetans bearing an old grudge to those of Athens, and puffed up with a conceit of tweir wealth, easily imbraced their society, and when the Athenians were busie with the other, passed over in their long ships into Attica, and wasted the Coasts thereof. The Lacedaemonians at this time understanding how they had been deluded by the Alcmeonidae their corrupting the women that gave out the Oracles, and thereby their losse both of their old friends, and all thanks also as to the Athenians; hearing further by the Oracles which Cleo∣menes had brought out of the Citadel of Athens, that that State should much distresse them, and especially seeing how weak it was under Tyrants, but now how it increased in strength after the recovery of it's liberty, called back Hippias, resolving to restore him. He was ready at their call, but then it hapned that Sosicles the Corinthian Ambassador and others of their confede∣rates utterly disallowed of this practice, and therefore seeing there was no hope of recovering his former condition, he returned into Asia, and there laboured with all his might to possesse Artaphernes the Satrapa of Lydia against the Athenians, that they might be conquered by Darius his Brother. They sent to Artaphernes, to desire him not to give credence to their exiles; but, as when two or three years before, when they sent to enter into society with the Persians, he told them they must give Earth and Water, as symbols of subjection (which the Ambassadors doing, were much blamed at their re∣turn) so now he told them, if they would be safe, they must receive Hippias. They refused the Condition, and chose rather to be professed Enemies to the Persian, and thence presently after joyned with Aristagoras, who with∣drew the Ionians from their obedience, which provoked Darius afterwards to invade them, procured the Expedition of Xerxes, and the quarrel of that Empire with Greece. But these things concerning Athens and Hippias, hapned in the first year of the 69^th Olympiad, the 18^th of the reign of Darius, A. M. 3501.

19. After the Ionian War was over, and the Graecians in Asia were forced once more to undergo the yoke, Darius in the 27^th year of his reign, and the third after his victory, sent into Greece to demand Earth and Water as tokens of subjection. The Athenians and Lacedaemonians threw the Messen∣gers into a well, and bad them thence fetch Earth and Water to carry to their Master, but the Inhabitants of Aegina and other Islanders, for fear of the Persians, promised obedience. The Athenians presently took offence thereat, as judging that the Aeginetans did it out of a grudge to them, that they might fight under the conduct of the Persians against Athens, and therefore they sent to Sparta to complain of them as Traitors to Greece. Cleomenes was sent from that State, and came to Aegina, with an intention to apprehend the prin∣cipal authors of the revolt; but one Crius there openly opposed him, threat∣ning him, in case he laid violent hands on any, for that he knew he did it with∣out any publick decree of the Lacedaemonians, who else would have sent the other King with him. This he said at the instance of Demaratus the other King of Sparta, who disagreeing with Cleomenes ever since the invasion of Attica, now also grievously accused him in his absence. Hereupon Cleome∣nes returned home, cast out Demaratus, upon pretence of his illegiti∣mation

from his Office, and put Leutychides his kinsman in his place.

20. The Father of Demaratus was Ariston, of the posterity of Procles, a man as worthy as any of his Ancestors; who having no children by two wives (for which cause he divorced them) to satisfie the desires of the people (which greatly desired some issue male from him) married a third, which already was the wife of his friend Agetus, covenanting with him for her, (she being the most beautiful woman next after Helena) which by the Laws of Lycurgus he might do. Being married, it hapned just after seven moneths, when he was according to the custome sitting amongst the Ephori, his hous∣hold servant came and signified to him that he had a Son born, with the sud∣dainnesse of which thing being disturbed, he rashly swore that it was not his, coming so much within the Time. The Ephori then neglected it, and he af∣terwards repenting of his rashnesse, brought up the Child as his own, and because he was so desired by the publick wishes of the People, gave him the name of Demaratus. After his death Demaratus succeeded, a man of great worth, and who obtained a crown in the Olympick Games, which never hap∣ned before to the Kings of Sparta. But that speech of his Father was now obje∣cted against him, by his Colleague and Emulator Cleomenes the Son of Anax∣andridas, who accused now also for their retreating formerly out of Attica, which occasioned all the difference betwixt them; and all this was aggra∣vated by Leutychides, who sought for his place, and had a private quar∣rel with him about a wife, of which he had hindred him by taking her to himself.

21. Great contention hence arising the Spartans resolved to send to Del∣phos, and enquire of the Oracle whether Demaratus was the Son of Ariston, which being done, Cleomenes procured a friend he had at Delphos to corrupt Py••hia, so that being drawn by bribery she gave the answer against Demara∣tus. Hereby Cleomenes procured him to be removed from the Kingdom, and Leutychides his kinsman to succeed him; yet though thus handled, he ceased not to love his Country, and continuing at home, disdained not to bear in∣feriour Offices, till further affronted by Leutychides, who to insult over and deride him, at such a time as overseeing the exercises of the Boyes, he sent and demanded of him how he liked of that Office after the Kingdom. He answered, that he had tried both, but the other not, and that that question should be the original either of great mischief or happinesse to the Lacedae∣monians, and then getting him home with his head covered he sacrifized to Jupiter, and sending for his Mother conjured her to tell him the truth con∣cerning his Father. Being assured from her of his Legitimation, he went out of the City, under pretence of going to Delphos; but took the way to Elis, and thence to the Island Zacynihus, and so to Darius King of Persia, the Zacynthians having refused to give him up to his Country-men who pursued him. He was received with great honour by the Persians, who bestowed Lands upon him, to maintain him in a Princely equipage; and there his posterity is reported to have endured a long season.

22. Not long after Cleomenes received his just reward, his own hands be∣ing his executioners; for his treachery against Demaratus being come to light, and fearing to be called to an account for it, he first fled into Thessalie, and thence returning into Arcadia stirred up the Inhabitants against the Spartans, and attempted to swear them to be true to him whithersoever he should lead them. The Lacedaemonians hearing of this, and fearing what he might do to them, recalled and restored him to his former dignity; but when he was come home, having not had before this time a very setled head, he now fell into a Phrensie, as he met any one in the City, pushing their faces with his Scepter. His friends then bound him with wooden fetters, in which condition, partly by intreaties, and partly by threats, he got a Sword of his Keeper, wherewith beginning at the calf of his leg, he cut up his flesh upwards to the thighs, and, when he ripped up his belly, died, leaving no issue behind him, but a pattern of Justice to all Greece, which being amused at his end, most attributed it to the corruption of Pythia, and that injustice done to Demara∣tus;

the Athenians to his invasion of Eleusine, and his destroying the Temple of their gods; but the Argives concluded this judgement to have fallen upon him, because he had basely killed such of their Country-men as escaped from a battel fought with him, after he had got them out of the Temple of Argus, and had burnt the grove which he had taken. This passage betwixt the Lace∣daemonians and Argives, is to be described though in the same order Herodo∣tus hath done it, it having hapned long before the death of Cleomenes, and as Pausanias saith, in the beginning of his reign.

23. Consulting the Oracle at Delphos, it was answered, that he should take Argos, and hereupon he raised at Army and invaded the Territories of that State. The Argives in their own defence made hast to meet him, but he setting upon them as they were at dinner, put many of them to the Sword, and besieged the rest in the grove at Argus, whither they fled. Then learning their names from such fugitives as were with him, he called them man by man out of the Wood to redeem themselves (which at the Lacedaemonian rate was for two minae a man) and so 50 of them coming out of the grove (in which place they could no see beforehand what was done to their Companions) he put to the Sword. At length one of them climbing up on a tree discovered the matter, after which no man would come out; but then he set fire to the grove and burnt it and them together. After this, asking to whom of their gods the grove belonged to, it was answered to Argus, and so he found and acknowledged himself deceived by the Oracle. Returning to Sparta, he was accused as having been corrupted, for that he might have taken Argos if he would; but the major part were satisfied with his excuse and acquitted him. As for Argos it was rendred by this overthrow so desolate of men, that the Slaves governed all things, till such time as the sons of the slain grew up and recovered their Patrimony; after which the Slaves conquered Tyrinthes, and held it, till perswaded by Cleander a certain Wizard, they returned, and made War upon their Masters, which continued long, till such time as the Argives with difficulty remained Conquerours.

24. Cleomenes being dead, the Aeginetans sent and complained of Leu∣tychides for the injury he had done to them, in causing together with Cleome∣nes ten of their principal men to be kept as Hostages at Athens. He was given up to them, but fearing to carry a King of Sparta away prisoner, though for the present the State had given him up, they took him onely to Athens to procure them the liberty of their Hostages. But the Athenians put them off, as refusing to deliver them without the authority of two Kings, seeing both of them committed them to their custody, and the journy being to no purpose Leutychides was dismissed and so returned; but yet he also paid for the injury offered to Demaratus. For, Menander leading an Army into Thessa••ie, of which as of the War he had full and ample power, he was cor∣rupted with money, and betrayed the interest of his Country, after which be∣ing discovered, as he held the money in both his hands fitting in his tent, he was apprehended and carried to Sparta, where being called to account, he fled to Tegea, and there died in exile, his house being razed as a traytor to his Country.

25. But the Aeginetans, of old, Enemies to those of Athens, were now much more incensed against them for detaining their Hostages, and set them∣selves to studie a revenge. At that time there was at Sunium (the utmost promontory of Attica) a Gallie which (according to the custome observed every year since the time of Theseus) was then going to Delphos, abord of which were the principal men of Athens: on this they seized, and taking the men prisoners, bound them all. The Athenians hereat inraged, laboured with all might on the other hand to revenge this, and agreed with one Nico∣machus to have the City betraied to them; yet for that they could not get their Fleet together soon enough, they came a day too late, and missed of that enterprise. But through the counsel of Themistocles, having rigged a Fleet of 70 Gallies (20 of which the Corinthians sold them at an inconsi∣derable rate, because by the Law they could not give them) they set upon

the Aeginetans, and overthrew them in a Sea-fight. They betook themselves for aid to the Argives their old friends, but having offended them not long before, they received a publick denial, yet underhand a supply of 1000 Vo∣lunteers, most of whom fell in Aegina by the hands of the Athenians, against whom yet the Aeginetans afterwards, reinforcing their power at Sea, in an∣other battel became Victors. But what the issue of this War farther was, is not declared by Herodotus, who yet elsewhere affirmeth, that it give occasion to the safety of all Greece, by putting the Athenians upon the care of Sea matters, whereby when Xerxes came, they became the bulwark thereof. Probable it is, that this War which was begun before the battel of Marathon, was not composed till the time that Xerxes was about to invade Greece, when we read that all the Graecians (and these two States amongst the rest) resolved to lay aside all private quarrels amongst themselves, the Aeginetans being observed by another to have had the Dominion of the Sea 20 years, untill the passage of Xerxes, which thenceforth they were forced to yield to the Athenians.

26. Whilest the Athenians were busie in the War against Aegina, Darius sent his Forces into Greece against them, and the Eretrians (inhabitants of the Island Euboea) which though they took the Citie of the later, and made them Captives, yet were they overthrown by the former in the battel at Ma∣rathon. After the fight 2000 Spartans came to Athens (being hindred hi∣therto by their superstition, which forbad them from a Law of Lycurgus not to stir out till the full Moon) whence they proceeded to Marathon to see the number of the slain, and then commending the valour of the Athenians returned home. Of these were slain in this fight Callimachus one of the Polemarchs, Cynaegirus commended by many Writers, who when the Persians fled, and betook themselves to their ships, held one of them with with his hands till they were cut off, and then with his teeth, till at length he was slain; and Hippias the late Tyrant (who now hoping to recover, after twenty years banishment, his old power, became the conducter of the Persian For∣ces) though neither Herodotus nor Thucydides make mention of his death, yet is reported by later Authors here to have been slain. Themistocles now a young man behaved himself gallantly in the battel; but the successe is a∣scribed to the valour, and conduct of Miltiades, to whom, when Aristides one of the Captains had assigned his day's Goverment, the rest when it came on their turns did the same, after that by the same help he had car∣ried it in the Councel for a battel. Yet did he not fight till his own day came, and then ingaging, overthrew the Enemy in that memorable battel.

27. His father was Cimon, who in the Tyranny of Pisistratus departed from Athens, and thrice obtained the Garland in the Olympick Games; yet being reconciled to Pisistratus afterwards returned, but after his death was slain by his faction. His eldest son, who was called after his Grand-father Stesagoras, was brought up with their half Uncle Miltiades in the Chersone∣sus, over which he was Prince. His other son was this Miltiades, so called after this his Uncle, which dying without Children, Stesagoras succeeded him, but not long after was killed by one that counterfeited himself a fu∣gitive, and died also without issue. Then did the Pisistratidae send Miltia∣des to succeed his brother in the Principality of the Chersonesus, and there he ruled when Darius undertook the expedition into Scythia, and he it was that gave the Ionians counsel to break the bridge, and leave him there wan∣dring with his Army. Being setled, he married Hegesipyla the daughter of Olorus King of Thrace; but the Scythians provoked by Darius, and making an excursion as far as the Chersonesus, he daring not to withstand them fled, and after their retreat was restored by the Thracians. After some years Da∣rius being angry with him, sent a Fleet of Phoenicians to subdue the Cherso∣neus; whereupon he fled with five Gallies from Cardia, and came to Athens; but as he fled the Phoenicians intercepted one of them, and therein his son Metiochus, who being presented to Darius, received from him house, lands, and

a Persian wife. Being returned home, he was accused for possessing the Ty∣ranny of the Chersonesus, but was acquitted, and having perswaded the A∣thenians to throw Darius his Messengers into the pit, was afterwards decla∣red by the people one of their Captains, and thence had occasion to obtain this famous victory at Marathon.

28. Miltiades flourishing in great glory, and grace with the people, ob∣tained of them 70 Gallies well manned, not making known his intention, but professing that he would much thereby benefit the State. He sayled to the Island Paros (one of the Cyclades in the Aegean-Sea, and famous for the best Marble) the inhabitants of which having assisted the Persians at Mara∣thon, he besieged, demanding 100 Talents of them. They would not hear of parting with money, but made provision for resistance, whereupon he har∣razed their Territories, and more closely besieged them, and attempted the Citie for twenty dayes, but leaping off from a Wall, he hurt his Thigh, and was forced to return home. There, when he was arrived, he was accused by Xanthippus (the son of Ariphron, and father to Pericles, his Emulator) of Treason, as having voluntarily miscarried in the Enterprise about Parus. He could not be present himself to answer, his Thigh now corrupting, which held him in his bed, but Stesagorus, or Tisagoras, his brother (according to Cor. Nepos) or rather, other of his friends did it for him, bidding the people remem∣ber the battel at Marathon, and the taking of Lemnus, which he, having ex∣pelled the Pelasgiaus, had subdued under the Athenian power. The people spared his life, but fined him fifty Talents, which sum this expedition had cost them. One tells us it was not out of any regard to his Crime so much, as ha∣ving lately been under the Tyranny of Pisistratus, they feared now the power of their own Citizens, and him especially, who having been much practised in Magistracy and power, and enclined naturally to a love of it, could scarce as they thought bear the condition of a private life; so that though being called a Tyrant, he obtained that power not by his own seeking, but was ever found to be just, moderate, and humble; yet having a great name for Military mat∣ters, and thereby great interest, they chose rather to condemn him though in∣nocent, than continually be in fear, though they might have thought on the Ostracism.

29. After this, Miltiades died in prison of the corruption of his Thigh, as most have delivered, his fine being yet upon the score; upon which account the Athenians would not suffer his body to be buried, till such time as his son Cimon offered himself to bonds in the room thereof. As his father before him, so he was unable to pay the fine, and by the Laws of Athens could not be released untill he had done it. He had then to wife his sister by the fa∣ther's side (as we are to take it) named Elpinice, it being lawfull for the Athenians to marry such. One Callias there was in the Citie, a rich man, though of a vulgar cast, who had gained much by the Mines; he being in love with her, offered Cimon, if he would part with her to him, to discharge the fine. Cimon sleighted the offer, but she avowed that she would not suffer any of Miltiades his Children to die in prison, and that to prevent such a thing, she would marry Callias, if he would perform his offer. Hereby Cimon was perswaded, married her to him, and the fine being discharged, was set at liberty, which he presently improved for his own advancement. These things fell out not long after the battel at Marathon.

30. Three years the Graecians had rest, as from without, so within them∣selves, till the coming of Xerxes; onely the War betwixt the Athenians and Aeginetans still depended, untill common danger drew them to a composure. As the Athenians had given most occasion to the invasion of Greece, so they bore the greatest burthen thereof, and by the means of Themistocles, one of their Citizens, procured the overthrow and flight of Xerxes, in that by his Stratagems the Peloponnesians were brought to fight, and not suffered to de∣part to their several homes, which would have brought certain destruction to them all. Assistant to Themistocles was another of his Countrey-men, named Aristides, who though banished by the Ostracism through his procurement,

for that as they disagreed in temper, so in their way of policy, and Gover∣ment (Themistocles being quick, bold, crafty, and easily changeable, accord∣ing to the juncture of affairs; but Aristides constant and grave, onely intent upon Justice, and who neither in jest nor earnest would give way to lying, scurrility, or deceit) yet now with others was recalled by his means for the safety of the Countrey, and voluntarily laid aside all private quarrels which came into competition with the publick safety. The sirname of Just which first got this man love, afterward procured him envy, Themistocles whispering this into the ears of the multitude, that whilest he took upon him to censure all things, he had prepared for himself a Throne, in the ruine of the Courts of Judicature, and defended with a sufficient Guard. The multitude puf∣fed up with their successe at Marathon, and designing great things in their heads, could ill bear any that excelled them in fame and glory, and therefore flocking into the Citie they banished him by the Ostracism, cloaking their envy at his glorie with a specious pretence of fear of Ty∣ranny.

31. When they were come together to give their suffrages, a Countrey∣man ignorant of Letters, is reported to have given a shell to Aristides (not knowing him, but to be of the common sort) and desired him to write there∣in for him the name of Aristides, at which he wondring, and asking him if ever he had received any injury at his hands, he said no, but that he was troubled to hear him all over go by the name of Just. Aristides hearing this, answered nothing, but wrote his own name, and gave it to the man, and when he departed out of the Citie, with hands lifted up to heaven prayed (contrary to what Achilles did when he found himself ill used by Agamemnon) that the estate of Athens might never happen to be such as to give them occasion to think of Aristides. But in the third year after, when Xerxes now marched through Thessaly and Boeotia towards Attica, the Athenians repealing their Decrees, recalled all that were banished, especially for fear of Aristides, lest joyning with the Enemy, he might by his Authority draw many of their Citizens to revolt. They were mistaken concerning the mans disposition, for before the Decree for his return was made, he had not been wanting to pro∣voke the Graecians as much as he could to defend their liberty; then joyned with Themistocles, though one most averse to him, and for the publick good advanced him to the highest degree of Dignity. He joyned in endeavours with him for procuring the Graecians to fight, and understanding that Psyt∣talia a little Island before Salamina was possessed of the Enemy, he pas∣sed over thither with a party of such as voluntarily followed him, and put all of them to the sword, except some of the chiefest, to whom he gave quar∣ter. He disposed Soldiers so throughout the Island, that on which quarter soever any of either party should light, he might seize upon them, and so pre∣serve his friends, and provide that none of the Enemy should escape: upon which account a Trophy was erected in Psyttalia. And when Themistocles to try him after the victory, said, that one brave act was done, viz. the overthrow of Xerxes, but that another remained, which was, by breaking the bridge to take Asia in Europe, he earnestly desired him to reject all such advice, and rather to consider how soon they might expell the Mede out of Greece, lest being shut in with such great Forces, and all opportunity of flight being taken away, he might by necessity be••egged on to revenge.

32. After the overthrow and flight of Xerxes, Themistocles having the greatest authority in the fleet, went therewith against such Islanders as had taken part with the Persians, demanding money of them. He urged them with two powerfull divinities Perswasion and Necessity, to which the Inhabi∣tants of Andros (one of the Cyclades) trusting in the strength of their For∣tifications, opposed two others as strong as the former, viz. Poverty and Im∣possibility, whereupon they were close besieged, but it being to no purpose, the Fleet returned to Salamine, Themistocles without the privity of the rest, going to other Islands, from whom by his threats he exacted much money. After they had at Salamine divided the spoil, and consecrated part thereof to

their gods, they went to the Isthmus, there to reward him who should be thought to have best in the War deserved of Greece. When the Captains se∣verally came to deliver their minds in writing at the Altar of Neptune, each one ascribed to himself the first place in merit, but to Themistocles assigned the second, which amounted to as much, as if by a silent confession they had acknowledged his merit to be principal. And though by the envy of the Captains his glory was depressed, yet was he accounted the most prudent man of all Greece, and being invited down to Lacedaemon, by the judgement of that severe State, as the praise of valour was given to their own Eurybiades, so that of prudence and dexterity unto him. They gave him a crown of Olives, and the best Chariot they had, as a reward, and what before was not done to any mortal man by them, at his departure, to do him honour, they sent 300 Horse to conduct him to the borders of their Dominions. After this, the Graecians overthrew Mardonius, whom Xerxes had left behind him, at the battel of Plataea, and the same day the Persian Fleet at Mycale a Promontory of Ionia, which they hereby restored to liberty, Xanthippus being Archon at Athens; in the second year of the 7••^th Olympiad, and the seventh of the Reign of Xerxes. During which passages abroad, little hapned at home but in relation to them; the summe of which elsewhere hath been related.

33. As for learned men which flourished during this period; some of the seven Wise Men of Greece lived in the time of Cyrus, and about the begin∣ning of the Persian Empire. These seven were, Pittacus of Mitylene, who was born about the 32^th Olympiad; Bas of Priene, Chilon of Lacedae∣mon, and Cleobulus of Lindus, all who flourished about the 47^th Olympiad, with Thales of Miletus, who being born about the first year of the 35^th Olympiad, foretold an Eclypse of the Sun, which hapned about the third year of the 48^th, in the reign of Alyattes, and Astyages, and about the beginning of the 58^th having helped Croesus over the River Hal••s, by drayning it with a ditch, then died. The sixth was Solon of Athens, who died the same year with Thales, and the seventh Periander of Corinth.

34. Besides these there was Xenophanes the Colophonian, who being born in the 40^th Olympiad, came into Sicilie when Hieron and Epicharmus flou∣rished, about the 70^th Olympiad, Epicharmus lived 97 years as Lucian writ∣eth, and invented the Comedy eight years before the beginning of the Per∣sian Empire. Phocylides flourished at the same time, to whom a Poem yet extant concerning Laws is ascribed, though Scaliger thinks it made by some Hellenistick Jew. Besides these, Anacreon the Teian Poet, who as Pliny writeth, was choaked with the stone of a raisin. Simonides a Poet of the Island Ceos, where he was born in the City Iulis. Having lived some time at Athens with Hipparchus the Son of Pisistratus, he went into Sicilie unto Hiero, by whom being asked what God was, he demanded a daies time to consider of it, and after that another; still professing that the more he studi∣ed the point, the more he was to seek in it. Some say he found out the Art of Memory, and that being very covetous, he first exposed the Muses to sale. In the second year of the 58^th Olympiad, and eight before the Persian Em∣pire, died Anaximander the natural Philosopher of Miletus. Anaximenes his Scholar flourished about that time. Theagenes of Rhegium the most an∣tient Chronographer. Democedes of Crotone a Physician, being taken Cap∣tive with Polycrates by Oetes the Persian, was carried as a slave to Darius, with whom he lived in great esteem, after he had cured his foot and the breast of his wife Atossa.

35. There flourished also in Darius his time, Cadmus of Miletus an Hi∣storiographer, there having been another of this name and place, according to Suidas, who in four Books wrote the History of Miletus and all Ionia: and Strabo nameth Cadmus, Phercydes and Hecataeus as those who first of all Greeks wrote Prose. Hecataeus flourished at this time, and gave light to Herodotus. Phrynichus the Athenian, a tragical Poet, who first caused a wo∣man to be personated, and invented the verse with four feet. Heraclitus

the Ephesian, a contemner of Heathenish Idols, who out of fear wrote his Book of Nature in such an obscure manner, that thence he got the name of Scotivus or Dark. Zeno of E••ea, or Velia, in Italy, Scholar to Parmeaides, who conspiring against Nearchus the Tyrant, endured torments to death, ra∣ther than he would discover his complices. Pythagoras the son of Mnesar∣chus the Samian, but born at Sidon in Phoenicia, about the 53 Olympiad. Being twelve years old he learnt of Thales and Phocylides, from the later tak∣ing the transmigration of Souls. Travelling into Aegypt and to Babylon, he drunk in the learning of both places. About the 68^th O••ympiad he went in∣to Italy, where he lived first at Crotone, and then at Metapontus. Here he taught and constituted the Italian School or Sect, as Thales had done the Io∣nick. Whereas others suffered themselves to be called Sophoi, he would be called out of modesty Philosophus. In the 67^th Olympiad he found out the nature and course of the Planet Venus. In the fourth year of the 70^th he died at Metapontus, where he was so admired, that his house was made a Tem∣ple, and that part of Italy called Magna Graecia. Amongst his Scholars was Milo the famous Wrestler; and women through him became famous for learn∣ing, their Epistles being yet extant.

Notes

• Polycrates.
• The word Ty∣rannus or Ty∣rant whence derived, and whom it sig∣nifieth.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Aeneiad. l. 7.
• SECT. 1.
• Vid. Strabonem l. 14.
• Samus called first Parthenia, and afterward Dryusa.
• Vid. Hera••li••.
• Lib. 3.
• Herodotus lib. 3. cap. 39.
• Polycrates his exploits.
• His felicity.
• Endeth mise∣rably.
• Maeandrius.
• Syloson.
• Aeaces.
• Eminius de re∣bus florentis Graeciae.
• A League be∣twixt the Pla∣taeans and A∣thenians.
• De Politia Athen. Aelian. Var. Hist. lib. 8. cap. 2.
• Thucydides lib. 6.
• Stirs at A∣thens.
• Hipparchus slain by Har∣modius and Aristogiton.
• The behavi∣our of the Pi∣sistratidae, in the Gover∣ment of A∣thens.
• Herodotus lib. 5. Capp. 62. &c.
• Herodotus ut priùs cap. 64. &c.
• The Pisistra∣tidae banished.
• Thucydides ut suprà.
• Herodotus cap. 66.
• Clysthenes changeth the names of the Tribes.
• Pausan. i•• At∣ticis.
• Civil Wars betwixt Isago∣ras and Cly∣sthenes.
• Clysthenes re∣storeth Solon's Laws.
• Aelian. Var. Hist. lib. 13. cap. 24. Diodorus lib. 11. Plutarch in vita Aristid. & Periclis.
• The Ostracism.
• Harpocration. in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Herodotus lib 5. cap. 4. &c.
• Cleomenes to no purpose inva∣deth the Athe∣nians.
• The Island Aegina.
• A. M. 3501. V.C. 250. Olymp. 69. an. 1. Darii 18.
• Herodotus Lib. 6. c. 48, &c.
• The Aegine∣tans by giving Earth and Water to Da∣rius, incense the Graecians against them.
• Stirs at Sparta betwixt Cleo∣menes and De∣maratus the Kings.
• Cap. 61, &c.
• The birth of Demaratus.
• Demaratus de∣posed, and Leutychides put in his place.
• Pausan. in. Laconicis.
• Cleomenes his ill end.
• In Laconicis.
• Leutychides punished for the injury of∣fered to Dema∣ratus.
• Herodotus Lib. 6. cap. 72.
• Idem cap. 87.
• War betwixt the Athenians and Aeginetans.
• Euseb. in Chronico.
• The battel of Marathon.
• Justin. lib. 2.
• Miltiades
• Plutarch. in Aristide.
• Herod. lib. 6.
• His Pedigree and Actions.
• Pausan. lib. 8.
• Herod. lib. 6. cap. 132. &c.
• His fruitlesse expedition to Paros.
• Corn. Nepos in vita Miltiadis.
• He dieth in prison.
• Valer. Max. lib. 5. cap. 3. ext. exempl. ult. Corn. Nepos in vita Cimonis. Plutarch. in Cimone.
• Vide Janum Rutgersium Var. Lect. lib. 1. cap. 9. & Boe∣cleri notas ad Cora. Nepotem.
• His son Cimon.
• Xerxes inva∣deth Greece.
• Vide Plutar∣chum in vita Aristidis.
• Themistocles and Aristides.
• Idem ibid.
• Iliad. ••.
• Herodotus lib. 8. cap. 111.
• The acts of Themistocles immediatly after the flight of Xerxes.
• Idem cap. 122. &c. & Plutarch. in Themistocle.
• His glorie.
• Learned Men.
• Consule Dioge∣nem Laertium.
• Lib. 7. cap. 7.
• SECT. 2.
• Diogenes. Jamblicus. Just a lib. 20. Plin. l. 2. c. 8.