An institution of general history from the beginning of the vvorld to the monarchy of Constantine the Great : composed in such method and manner as never yet was extant / by William Howel ...

SECT. IV. From the death of Artaxerxes Mnemon, and the beginning of Ochus, to the death of Darius Codomannus, containing the space of 32 years.

1. OChus succeeded his father,* 1.1 after whom he was also named Artax∣erxes, and whose name the Persians put upon his Successors for a me∣morial of his mild and prosperous Government. Some think him by the Per∣sians to have been called Ochosueros,* 1.2 or Achosueros; and that he is to be taken for that Achesuerus, or Ahasuerus the husband of Esther, mentioned in Scripture, who by the seventy, and Josephus after them, is named Ar∣taxerxes. Some have thought Cambyses to have been the man,* 1.3 but he reigned onely seven years, whereas above twelve are given to Ahasuerus. Neither could Darius the son of Hystaspes be he, if the Jews with others rightly accounted the book of Esther to have been the last in order of all the Canonical Scripture of the Old Testament, and for that Vashti his wife is thought to be Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus, it cannot be, because he never

put away A••ossa, on whom he begat Xerxes. And although some plead hard for Xerxes, because his wife is called by Herodotus, Amestris, which they take in the Persian tongue to be onely Ham-Esther; yet 'tis apparent out of the same Author, that she was the daughter of Otanes a Persian Satrapa, by Religion an Heathen, and of a most cruel disposition. Besides, Ahasue∣rus in the seventh year of his reign was at Sushan; but Xerxes in the seventh of his reign was absent in the War with Greece, and though the Greeks cor∣rupted forein names, and might call Xer••es him, whom the Persians named Actachsasta, or Artachas-ta, yet not one in his own language called Achosch∣verosch.* 1.4 Neither is it probable that Longimanus could be the man, who is both in sacred, and prophane story called Artach-sasta and Artaxerxes; but no where Achasuerus. The same may be said of Nothus, who both by Ne∣hemiah and Greek writers is called Darius, and of Artaxerxes Mnemon, con∣cerning whose wife Statira, such things are written as can neither agree with Vashti nor Esther. Now if that of Esther be the last Canonical book; and Nehemiah lived to the time of Darius Nothus, then is it probable, that Esther lived in the reign of his son, or Grand-son, and cannot so conveniently be as∣signed for a wife to any as to Ochus.

2. Ochus knowing of how great Autho••ity his fathers name was to his subjects, and how contemptible he should be after his death was known,* 1.5 pro∣cured of the Eunuchs, Chamberlains and Colonels to conceal it for ten moneths, and in the mean time sending about the Royal Seal commanded in his fathers name, to proclaim Ochus King. When all owned, and obeyed him as King, he then confessed his fathers death, and commanded a general mourning, according to the custom of Persia, and presently took away all Competition, filled(a) 1.6 the Court with the bloud of his kindred, and relations, no regard being had, either to Sex or Age. Amongst the rest he put to death his(b) 1.7 sister Ocha, being also his mother-in-law, with cruel torments, and his Uncle with his two sons and Nephews, he caused to be set in an empty place, and killed with Darts, who seemeth well to have been father to Sisigambis (mother to Darius the last Persian King) whose 80 brethren together with their father Curtius reporteth to have been murdered by Ochus.

3. From Ochus revolted Artabazus,* 1.8 against whom were sent some of the Persian Satrapaes with 70000 men, and yet by the help of Chares the Athenian he overthrew them, and rewarded Chares with a great summe of money,* 1.9 which he laid out in the paying of his Souldiers. Ochus knowing of this, expostulated seriously with the Athenians about it, who hearing that he intended with 300 ships to assist their Enemies (with whom they were now ingaged in the social War) presently clap't up a peace with them. Ar∣tabazus being forsaken of the Athenians, betook himself to the Thebans, who ordered Pammenes with 500 men to passe over into Asia to assist him; by whose help Artabazus again overthrew the King's forces sent against him in two great and bloudy battels, which got no small credit to Pammenes, and his Boeotians. Yet a few years after,* 1.10 when the Thebans were ingaged in the Phocian War, and reduced to extremity for want of money, they sent to Artaxerxes Ochus, and obtained of him 300 Talents, which he did as it seemeth to put an obligation upon them to assist him in the War, which he renewed against the Egyptians.

4. Although Egypt had long before this revolted from the Persian Em∣pire, yet Ochus not at all affecting War kept himself quiet; for, having sent some Armies thither, by the treachery, or ignorance of their Captains, they miscarried, so that having several times badly sped, though despised on that account by the Egyptians, yet being a lover of his ease and quiet he sub∣mitted to the disgrace. But now at this time (about the eleventh year of his reign) the Phoenicians and Cyprians taking heart, and rebelling also, he re∣solved to chastise them all with Arms, and that in his own person; and ma∣king great provision of all things for the War, raised 300000 foot, 30000 horse,* 1.11 and 300 Gallies, besides Vessels of burthen. The first Tempest of the War fell upon Phoenicia, which revolted upon this occasion. A famous Citie

there was therein named Tripolis, consisting, according to it's name,* 1.12 of three Cities distant a furlong from each other, and inhabited by Tyrians, Sidonians, and Arcadians, in which the assembly General of the Phoenicians met and re∣solved of their most important affairs. Herein the Persian Satrapaes and Ambassadors, behaving themselves very uncivilly, and abusing the Sidonians, they thereupon resolved to rebel, and perswading the other Phoenicians to side with them for the obtaining of their liberty, sent to Nectanebus King of Aegypt to desire him to receive them into confederacy against Ochus. Then to begin their hostility they cut down the Paradise wherein the Kings of Persia, when they came that way, used to divert themselves; burnt the hay which the Satrapaes had gathered for use in War, and punished such Offi∣cers as by whom they had been abused.

5. Ochus having notice of this, longed to be revenged of all the Phoeni∣cians, but especially on them of Sidon; and gathering his Forces together at Babylon, set out thence against them. In the mean time whilst he was on his way, the President of Syria and Mazaeus Governour of Cilicia, with joynt Forces set upon the Phoenicians; but Tennes King of Sidon, having received out of Aegypt a supply of 4000 Graecians, over which Mentor the Rhodian was General, with them and his Citizens together, fell upon the Satrapaes, worsted, and expelled them out of Phoenicia. Whilst things were thus car∣ried there; another War arose to the Persians out of Cyprus, wherein were nine Cities of good account, having the lesser Towns in their subjection, and each of them a King; but all Subjects to the Persian, all which now, imita∣ting the Phoenicians, revolted. Ochus receiving tidings hereof, wrote to Adrieus Prince of Caria (who being newly come to the Government, was by the tenure of his Principality a friend and associate in war to the Persian Empire) to provide Forces both for Sea and Land against them, who accor∣dingly with great expedition making ready 40 Gallies and 8000 Mercenaries, sent them into Cyprus, under the conduct of Phocion, the Athenian, and Evagoras, who heretofore had held the Island as King. These two landing their men, laid close siege to Salamine both by Land and Sea, and the Island having been quiet of late, and for that reason abounding with riches, great numbers flocked out of desire of plunder from Syria and Cilicia, insomuch that the number of the besiegers was doubled. Hereupon all the other Cities sub∣mitted themselves; onely Protagoras held out still, and Evagoras thought by force to re-invest himself of that Kingdom, devolved upon him from his An∣cestors: But at length Protagoras also submitting, obtained Salamine still; and Evagoras contented himself with a larger Dominion given him in Asia, which ill governing, he fled again into Cyprus, and there taken was put to death.

* 1.136. The King was on his march towards Phoenicia, when Mentor the Rhodian understanding what strength he had, and how unable the Rebels were to make tesistance, sent one to him privately, offering to betray Sidon into his hands, and to do him especial service in the conquest of Aegypt, be∣ing very well skilled in that Country and the River. Ochus not onely pro∣mised him indemnity, but a large reward, if he would perform what he pro∣mised, and placing his greatest felicity in the recovery of Aegypt, sent to the chiefest of the Graecian States, to desire aid. The Athenians and Lace∣daemonians signified their desire to retain amity and a good correspondence with him, but at present could yield him no assistance; but the Thebans sent him 1000 men, the Argives 3000, and the Greeks in Asia willing to shew their readinesse, furnished him with 6000. Before their arrival the King was got into Phoenicia, and sate down not far from Sidon, which the Inhabitants had by this time strongly manned within, and fortified with a threefold large ditch, and high walls, besides a Fleet of 100 Gallies. For they exceeded by far all their neighbours in riches.

7. But Tennes their King had associated himself with Mentor to betray the City, whom leaving therein with command of a part thereof for the bet∣ter carrying on of the treachery, he himself with 500 Soldiers went out, pre∣tending

to go to the publick convention of the Phoenicians, having with him 100 of the prime Citizens as his Counselors. These he brought straight to Ochus,* 1.14 who put them all to death as authors of the rebellion, and after them 500 more, who came as Suppliants with Olives in their hands, after he had understood from Tennes that the City should be surrendred to him without any conditions, thereby to strike a terror into the other Towns. After this, Tennes easily prevailed with the mercenary Aegyptians to let him and the King into the Town, which being done, and Ochus having it in his power, judging him now to be of no use to him, he commanded him also to be slain. The Sidonians before the King approached had burnt all their ships, lest any private person should convey himself away during the Siege.* 1.15 Now seeing themselves betrayed, and their City full of the Enemy which swarmed on every side, they set fire on their houses, and therein burnt themselves with their wives and children, so that (accounting slaves) above 40000 are thought to have perished in the flames. The King sold the rubbish thereof for many talents, much gold and silver being found, because it had flourished with great riches. By this Tragedy of Sidon the other Cities being terrified, yiel∣ded themselves unto the Persian.

8. The(a) 1.16 Auxiliaries out of Greece being come to Ochus after the taking of Sidon, he set forward with his whole Army towards Aegypt,(b) 1.17 taking Jericho a City of Judaea (as its probable) in his way, and drawing many Jews along with him in his Expedition. Coming(c) 1.18 to the Lake Sirbonis, he lost part of his Army in the Whirl-pits and Bogs, through ignorance of the place, and a length arrrived at Pelusium the first frontier-town, which was held with a Garrison of 1000 men. Now the King divided the Graecian Forces into three bodies, and over each constituted a Captain of their own Nation, and joyned a Persian with him: the other Forces he kept in his own Command, being greatly intent about the main businesse. On the other side Nectane∣bus was not a whit discouraged,* 1.19 having in pay 20000 Graecians, and as many Africans, besides 60000 of his own Aegyptians, and an innumerable Com∣papany of boats for the River. But by his conceitednesse and want of skil he miscarried, having formerly prospered whilst he used the conduct of the Graecian Captains, but now his Fortune changing upon his sole managing the War, for which he thought himself sufficiently able. After then he had for∣tified his Garrisons, with 30000 Aegyptians, 5000 Greeks, and half of the Africans, he seized upon such places, as were most advantagious for passage into the Country.

9. Things standing thus betwixt them, Nicostratus the Captain of the Ar∣gives getting some Aegyptians for Guides, passed with the Fleet through a ditch, and in a place something remote and out of sight landed his men, and pitched his tents; which being known by the Garrison, a party issued out, and fell upon them; but the Graecians, after a sharp contest, slew their Cap∣tain, and of them about 5000 nem. Nectanebus upon report made of this defeat was greatly discouraged, fearing all the rest of the Persian Army might be easily transported, and suspecting lest the Enemy should bend his utmost strength against Memphis the Metropolis, was especially concerned for it, and with that party which accompanied him returned thither. In the mean time Lacrates the Theban, General and principal of all the Graecian Cap∣tains drained the Chanel by cutting a ditch, and passing over his Soldiers raised a battery against Pelusium, by which the walls being much broken the defendants raised still Pallisadoes in the place, and the Graecians within stout∣ly defending the Fort, a great contest hapned for several dayes. But as soon as they heard of the Kings departure, they desired a Parley, and Lacrates in∣terposing an Oath, that upon yielding of the place, they should depart with such things as they brought out of Greece, they presently yielded. Then Ar∣taxerxes sent Bagoas an Eunuch of great authority with him, with a party of Barbarians to take possession of Pelusium, who meeting the Graecians took from them many things contrary to the agreement. This they received in great disdain, and called to their gods as witnesses of the Oath, which to

keep Lacrates fell upon the Barbarians, put them to flight with the losse of some, and defended his Country-men, for which being accused by Bagoas, the King defended what he had done, and punished the Authors of the violence.

10. Pelusium being taken, the other Towns were easily reduced by this stratagem of Mentor the Rhodian, the third Captain of the Graecians. These places being held by Garrisons consisting of two sorts of Nations, Graecians and Aegyptians, he caused this rumour to be spread abroad, that Artaxerxes had resolved to deal mildly with all those who should deliver up any Towns, but such as should withstand him, he would prosecute with as great severity as the Sidonias; and he gave in chrrge to the Sentinels to let as many Citi∣zens go out as would. By this means this report was presenly spread all over Aegypt, and thereupon mutinies followed betwixt the Strangers and Natives in every Garrison, each endeavouring first to betray their trust, and gain cre∣dit of the Conquerours by their speedy treachery. Accordingly when Men∣tor and Bagoas laid siege to Bubastis, the Aegyptians secretly sent to the lat∣ter to yield to him the Town upon security of a free dismission. The Graeci∣ans suspecting the matter, persued the Messenger, and getting from him the whole truth, in a great great rage fell upon the Aegyptians, whereof some they slew, others they wounded, and drove the rest into a corner of the Town. They signified this to Bagoas, and desired him with all speed to come and take possession of the Town, and in the mean time a messenger was sent to Men∣tor from the Graecians, who advised them as soon as Bagoas should enter the Town to fall upon the Barbarians. As soon therefore as part of his Soldiers with him was entred, they shut the gates, and killing all the Soldiers, took Bagoas himself prisoner.

11. Bagoas(a) 1.20 seeing his onely hope to be in Mentor, earnestly besought him to be the means of his deliverance, promising him to do nothing for the future without his approbation, who procuring his release, and having the Town delivered up into his own hands, as he got the credit of the enterprise, so ingaged he Bagoas to him, who entred by Oath into friendship and en∣dearednesse, which he also kept to the last, and by which union they both became afterwards the most powerful of all the King's Officers. After the surrender of Bubastis, the other Cities made their peace, but Nectanebus lying at Memphis, and seeing what progresse the Enemy made in his conquest, would not endanger his personal safety for a Kingdom,* 1.21 but packing up all his treasures got him away into Aethiopia. Then became Artaxerxes Master of all Aegypt, and demolishing the walls of the greater Towns, spoyled the Temples, and got much treasure. He carried away the Writings of the Priests, which afterwards Bagoas restored to them for a great sum of money, he(b) 1.22 derided Apis and all their gods, and for that the Aegyptians had for his dulnesse(c) 1.23 called him an Asse, he sacrifized Apis being taken by violence, to an Asse, making his flesh also be dressed up for meat. Then rewarded he the Graecians with great munificence, according to their particular merits, and making Phoerendates Satrapa of Aegypt, he returned laden with glory and spoyl unto Babylon, taking(d) 1.24 in his way a great number of Jews captive, of whom some he placed at Babylon, and others in Hyrcania upon the Cas∣pian Sea.

12. Ochus rewarded Mentor the Rhodian with 100 talents of silver, and much costly housholdstuff, and making him governour of the Coasts of Asia, gave him full power to make war upon his Rebels. He used his power mode∣rately towards Artabazus and Memnon, who formerly had revolted, and now were fled to Philip King of Macedonia: those he reconciled to the King, and sent for them both with their Families; for Artabazus had by the Sister of Mentor and Memnon eleven Sons and ten Daughters, by which number Mentor being much affected, not onely procured him his pardon, but pre∣ferred by degrees all the youths to honourable command in the Army.* 1.25 After this promise of pardon he allured Hermias the Eunuch Governour of Atarnus into his hands, whom casting into prison, he took his Ring and therewith signed

letters, wherein was commanded in his name, that such as had command of any Castles or Towns should deliver them up into the hands of the bearers, which was accordingly done, and then sent he Hermias up to the King, who caused him to be hanged, Aristotle the Philosopher and Xenocrates the Chal∣cedonian, (whom he had sent for to him) made their escape out of such pla∣ces as the Persians had got into their hands. Afterwards Mentor either by force or policy, reduced all such Captains as had revolted.

13. Philip the son of Amyntas at this time reigning in Macedonia,* 1.26 grew very potent, and besieged Perinthus, a Town in Thrace, situate upon the Pro∣pontis, with 30000 men, and very strong provision for War; so that he straight∣ly pressed the inhabitants, giving them no rest through his continual attempts. This Artaxerxes Ochus taking notice of,* 1.27 and being very jealous of his sud∣den growth, commanded the Satrapaes of the Maritime Coasts of Asia to relieve the Perinthians as effectually as might be, which they so performed as he missed of his design; and this afterwards was objected as a sufficient cause, amongst others, for the invasion of Asia.

14. In the reign of Ochus, as some think, hapned those things which are* 1.28 said to have been done in Judaea, during the reign of Artaxerxes, and to have given an occasion of imposing a Tribute upon that Countrey. After the death of Eliashib the Priest, his son John succeeded him in his Office accord∣ing to his birth-right,* 1.29 who had a brother named Joshua. This Joshua being in great favour with Bagoses, the Kings General, had a promise from him that he should have the Priesthood, by which he was so heartned as to strive with John in the Temple, and so far provoked him as he slew him there. Bagoses hearing this, endeavoured to enter the Temple, and when he was forbidden asked if they counted him more impure than the Carkess that lay within, and entring by force, took thence occasion to punish the Jews seven years for the death of Joshua. For two Lambs being dayly offered in the constant sacri∣fices, he imposed upon every one a Tribute of fifty drachms, which amounted to the yearly rate of sixty Attick Talents. But if these things hapned in the time of this Artaxerxes, and he be taken for Ahasuerus, then must this murther have been committed towards the beginning of his reign, and this Tribute of seven years been exacted before Mordecai the Jew came in fa∣vour, which was after the fall of Haman, in the twelfth year of Aha∣suerus.

15. During the reign of Ochus, in his ninth year,* 1.30 died Mausolus the petty King of Caria, more famous after his death than whilest living, to whom his wife Artemisia succeeding, because he left no Children, burned with such affection towards him,* 1.31 that reducing his bones and ashes into pouder she drunk it, desiring to become a quick and breathing monument of her hus∣band. She proposed great rewards to such Orators as would speak elo∣quently in his commendation,* 1.32 in which did several notable men of that time. For the preservation of his memory she raised such a monument as deserved to be reckoned amongst the seven wonders of the World, and in the work whereof the most exquisite artificers that then could be found were em∣ployed. Scopas on the East part, Bryaxes on the North,* 1.33 Timotheus on the South, and Leochares on the West, who notwithstanding Artemisia died of melancholy before the work was compleated, yet proceeded to the finish∣ing of it, intending it as a monument, not onely of Mausolus (upon which account the* 1.34 Romans called their most exquisite pieces of Architecture Mau∣solea) but also of the excellency of their Art; to transmit their own names as well as his posterity.

16. Bagoas had risen to that power with Ochus, that he ruled all things at his pleasure, the King doing nothing without his consent.* 1.35 Yet either misdoubting of his security through the cruel disposition of the King, or wil∣ling to have a greater power, owing Ochus also some displeasure for killing the Egyptian God Apis (he belonging to that Countrey) poysoned him by the means of a Physician, after he had reigned 23 years. Being dead, he cast him to the Cats to be devoured, another being buried in the Royal Sepulchre,

in his stead,* 1.36 and that he might expresse his cruel disposition, of his Thigh-bones he caused sword hilts to be made. In his stead he made King his youngest son Arses, killing all his other sons, that the new King being desti∣tute of kindred & friends, might yield the more obedience to himself. In re∣ality he now reigned, usurping all, except the meer Title; but Arses begin∣ning to look to himself, when he had ground to suspect that he intended to call him to an account for his wickednesse, he made him away also with all his Children in the third year after he had set him up.

* 1.3717. All the Children of Arses perishing with him, and the Royal family thereby being desolate, Bagoas made choice of one(a) 1.38 Codomannus his friend, and placed him in the Throne, whom some Authors would have not at all to be descended of the Royal line, being a Carrier of Letters, but o∣thers make him the son of Arsames (brother to Ochus) by Sisygambis his si∣ster, according to the custom of the Persian marriages. Whilest a private man in the Cadusian War he shewed himself valiant, killing an Enemy, who challenged any one of Ochus his Army to a single Combat, and thereby for the present procuring great rewards, honour, and the Government of Arme∣nia, after Arses his death came to be remembred by the people,* 1.39 which made choice also of him for their King, and that nothing of Royal Majesty might be wanting to him gave him the name of Darius. Not long after his preferment Bagoas repented him of what he had done, and being much versed in King killing, provided a potion to send him after Ochus and Arses, which he ha∣ving notice of, called him to him, and in a pleasant humour offered it to himself to drink, and thereto compelled him, satisfying the people suffi∣ciently in that he thus requited him,* 1.40 who sought the same way to entrap him.

By this Darius was sent into Samaria, as a Satrapa, Sanballet,* 1.41 a Cuthaean by birth, and so of the same Original the Samaritans themselves were. He thinking it good policy to procure Amity with the Jews, his Neighbours, mar∣ried his daughter Nicaso to Manasses the brother of Jaddus the High-Priest.

18. Darius with the Empire of Persia was necessitated to espouse a quar∣rel with the greatest Monarch then known in the World except himself, and with such a people in combination with him,* 1.42 as easily excelled all others in Military skill and valour. The quarrels which hapned betwixt the Persians and Graecians had been many, and as many bickerings and contests in the field had ensued thereupon, wherein as the Greeks both at home and abroad had constantly had successe agreeable to their dexterity, so each foil of the Per∣sians gave as great a stroak to their credit, insomuch as they were sleighted by the other, especially after the retreat of those that assisted Cyrus, who in de∣spight of all Artaxerxes could do, marched through the midst of his Terri∣tories as Conquerours, and having seen the great riches of those Countreys through which they passed, carried home a longing desire after them, and an indignation that such things should be enjoyed by those who seemed not in capacity to defend them.

19. The disadvantage of the Persians was the rising of the Kingdom of Macedonia, to that high pitch of greatnesse to which it had been of late ad∣vanced by the abilities of Philip the present King, who though he might have pretended a cause where none was, yet was there some occasion of offence given him, though but counted a necessary allay to his rising fortune so terri∣ble to the Persian Empire:* 1.43 For when with great preparations he had besieged Periathus a Citie of Thrace, Ochus gave order to his Lieutenants to assist the besieged, which was so powerfully done, as his design miscarried. Yet he having brought all Greece to his beck, and established his interest sufficiently in Europe, resolved upon Asia, and assembling the estates at Corinth, pro∣cured himself to be declared General of all Greece for the Persian War; for which he made mighty preparations, imposing a certain number of Souldiers upon every Citie. The next Spring he sent over as before him into Asia three Captains, Parmenio, Amyntas, and Attalus, under pretence of freeing the

Greek Cities there, which hapned the same year that Arses died, and he lived himself not long after, being stabbed by one Pausanias, as he was solemnizing the nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra, with Alexander King of Epirus. Hereupon Darius, who before studied how to turn the War into Macedonia, thought himself secure, despising the youth of Alexander his son and Successor, who exceeded not the age of 20 years.

20. But Alexander being a young man of a great and restlesse spirit, and of wisdom & valour far above his age, overcame all difficulties, both in Greece and Asia, which his Enemies had raised (getting himself to be chosen in a little time General of the one, as his father had been, and in the other sup∣pressing betimes the sedition of the Army of Attalus, by taking of him out of the way) and most vehemently burnt with a desire of the Conquest of the Persian Empire; from an endeavour after which he might by no means be diverted. Having either by fair, or foul means setled his matters in Europe,* 1.44 he passed over into Asia two years after his fathers death, and landed at Troas with a Fleet of sixty long ships. He first cast a spear out upon the shore, and leaped out in a frisking manner, as taking possession of the Continent. Then presently he made a visit to the Tombs of Achilles and Ajax, to whom he made a parentation, and mustered the Army he had brought over with him. Concerning the number of Forces, those that were there present themselves have not agreed in their relation, but according to the greatest probability, there were of foot 13000 Macedonians,* 1.45 of the Associates 7000. and 5000 Mercenaries, besides of Odrysae, Triballi, and Illyrians 5000. and 1000 Ar∣chers, with such as fought with Darts. Of horse there were 1800 Macedo∣nians, 1800 Thessalonians, and of other Graecians 600. besides a Guard of 900 Thracians and Paeonians.* 1.46

21. Darius after he had heard how Alexander was declared General of Greece, and was much spoken of for his valour, shook off his former security and buckled himself to preparation for resistance. He got together a consi∣derable Navy, and raised great Forces, for command of which he made choice of most expert Captains, and amongst the rest of Memnon the Rhodian, a man very excellent in Military matters, whom he sent into Phrygia with a band of 5000 Mercenaries to reduce Cyzicus to his obedience. He passed over the Hill Ida, and on a sudden set upon the Citie, and had well-nigh ta∣ken it; but the Defendants making strong resistance, he plundred the Terri∣tories adjacent, and then retreated with much booty. In the mean while Parmenio, one of the three Captains sent into Asia by Philip, and who stood close to the interest of Alexander, took by storm Strynium, a Town of Phry∣gia, and sold the inhabitants. From thence he went to Pitanes to attempt the same upon it, but Memnon coming upon him struck such a terrour into his men that he was forced to raise his siege. After this, Callas with a band of Macedonians and Mercenaries ingaged with the Persians in a battel at Troas, but being overmatched in numbers, he was worsted, and betook himself to Rhaeteum. These things fell out before the passage of Alexander into Asia.

22. After(a) 1.47 Alexander was landed, the Persian Captains met to con∣sult about carrying on the War, whom Memnon advised by no means to ha∣zard a battel with him; but to lay waste the Countrey before him, thereby to hinder his march any farther for want of necessaries, and then to passe all their Forces over into Macedonia, and so to transfer the seat of the War into Eu∣rope. This wholesom Counsel was rejected as below the Persian courage, and a resolution taken to ingage, so that gathering their forces together they mar∣ched into Phrygia towards the Hellespont, and pitched their Tents upon the River Granicus (which runneth through the plains of Adrastea) intending it as a defence to them.(b) 1.48 Alexander in his way thither passed by Lampsacus, the inhabitants of which either having already revolted to the Persian, or else suspected of such an intent he resolved utterly to destroy. As he was thus minded Anaximenes an Historian of that place, well known formerly to his father, and also to him, presented himself to him, to whom he swore in so ma∣ny

words, that he would not grant what he was about to ask, which the other readily apprehending, desired of him that he would destroy Lampsacus, so that with his sharpnesse of wit be••ng circumvented, he was constrained to spare it against his will.

23. Alexander having with great trouble and danger passed the River Granicus, then(a) 1.49 ingaged with the Persians in a great and bloody battel, wherein much valour was shewn on both sides.* 1.50 Spithrobates, a Persian Sa∣trapa of Ionia, and Son in Law to Darius, a man of a great courage, with a strong body of Horse fell upon the Macedonians, whom no one being able to sustain, Alexander himself grapled with him, a fierce combat ensued, he wounding the King, who yet at length slew him. But Rosaces his brother coming in upon Alexander, gave him such a blow on the head as broke his hel∣met and lightly wounded him, and a second had killed him outright but that Clitus, Sirnamed Niger, a Macedonian, putting spurs to his Horse, in good time cut off the hand of the Barbarian. A great conflict then ensued betwixt the prin∣cipal Persians and Macedonians, and many of the former lost their lives upon the place; amongst which of most special note were Atyxes and Pharna••es, brother to the wife of Darius, and Mithrobarzanes Captain of the Cappado∣cians. These being slain, those that opposed Alexander began to flye, and afterwards all the rest; of the 100000 foot which the Persians brought into the field about 10000 being slain•• and of the 20000 Horse, 2000. Of Alex∣ander his Army one(b) 1.51 reports nine Foot-men, and 120 Horse-men to have fallen, but(c) 1.52 another onely 34 in all, amongst which were nine Foot-men. The King by confession of all deserved most commendation for his valour, and next to him the Thessalian Horse-men.(d) 1.53 Arsites the Persian fled into Phrygia, and there killed himself, because through his advice, he seemed to have been author of this overthrow.

24. After he had refreshed his Army, Alexander marched through Lydia,* 1.54 having Sardis delivered up to him, and came to Ephesus, where he dissolved the Oligarchical form of Government, and set up a Democratical one in its room, commanding the same to be done in all Greek Cities, which he order∣ed to be left to their own Laws. The Persians which had escaped at Granicus were come to Miletus with Memnon the Rhodian, against which City he went and besieged it both by Land and Sea, and by his Engines making great breaches in the walls, the Inhabitants yielded themselves to his mercy, to whom he gave both life and freedom, but such Barbarians as he took he either slew or scattered them up and down in the quality of slaves. A little after he dissolved his Fleet, consisting of 160 Ships or more, onely reserving a certain number for the conveying of Engines and other instruments for a siege, amongst which were twenty Auxiliary Vessels belonging to Athens.

25. Memnon, after the taking of Miletus, with the most considerable Persian Officers, and a multitude of Mercenaries, betook themselves to Hali∣carnassus, the greatest and most elegant City in Caria, which he took upon him to defend for the King, to whom he sent as Hostages his Wife and Chil∣dren, and thereupon command was given to all the Maritime parts of Asia, to obey him as their Captain General in the War.* 1.55 Alexander in the mean time sent his Engines thither by water, together with provision for his Army, and marched himself by Land thitherwards with his whole Force, setting at li∣berty in his way all the Greek Cities, which he left to their own Laws, and freed from Tribute, professing that he undertook this Expedition for the free∣dom of the Greeks. In his way he was met by Ada the Queen of Caria, who after the death of her Husband Idrieus, was deposed by her Brother Pex∣odarus. She delivered up Alinda, the strongest City in the Country wherein she dwelt, into his hands, and imploring his help for the recovery of the Kingdom, adopted him for her son. He despised it not, and left her the Government of Caria, over which he declared her Queen, by which cour∣tesie the Cities being overcome, sent him Crowns of gold, and delivered up themselves into his power.

26. Orontobates a Persian, Son in Law to Pexodarus, after his death

kept possession of Halicarnassus,* 1.56 with whom Memnon the Rhodian and other Persians, after the taking of Miletus, joyned themselves. Alexander now besieged it, and with all his might endeavoured the taking of it by assault; but such was the pertinaciousnesse of the defendants, that they held him out, and making a sallie had given him a defeat, if the old Soldiers buckling their Arms to them had not come in in good time,* 1.57 and repulsed them with great slaughter; after which the Soldiers forsook the City, and so he took it, and levelled it with the ground. The Castle he fortified with a wall, and a no∣table ditch, in which for the defence of Caria he left 3000 forein Foot, and 200 Horse, under the command of Ptolomy; and restored to his adoptive Mother Ada, the Principality of the Country. From thence he proceeded towards Lycia and Pamphylia, that reducing the Sea-Coasts into his power, he might render the Enemies Navy unserviceable to him, which he in a good measure performed, and came in the midst of Winter into Mylias a Region of Phrygia, where he entred into League with the Ambassadors sent to him from Phaselis, and the lower Lycia, who surrendred all the Cities into his hands. Afterwards he went into Phaselis, where he stormed a Castle built by the Pisidians, to infest the Country.

27. Whilst(a) 1.58 he here remained, he understood of a plot against his life, by Alexander Aeropus, called also Luncestes (from Lyncus a Town of Epi∣rus, as it's probable) who was promised by Darius the Kingdom of Mace∣donia,* 1.59 and 1000 talents of Gold besides, if he could any way procure his death. His Mother had by letters advised him to take heed of him, and the thing being confessed by Asisines a Persian, whom Darius under a shew of a Message to the Governour of Phrygia, had sent to deal with him in this mat∣ter, he committed him to custody, not thinking it safe to put him to death, lest thereupon some trouble should follow, in Macedonia. From Phaselus he marched to Perga on the shore of the Pamphylian Sea, concerning which many ancient Historians reported, that it by an extraordinary providence gave way to him, and herein Josephus hath rather been too credulous, whereas(b) 1.60 at a low water the place used to be dry, and gave way to passengers; only Alex∣ander hapning to come thither in Winter-season, and trusting all to the goodnesse of his Fortune, would march through before the water was fallen off, so that his men waded all the day in water up to the navel.(c) 1.61 Subduing all in his passage, at length he came to the Lake of Ascania in Phrygia, and thence in five Encampings to Celaenae, the Castle of which being held by the Satrapa of Phrygia with 1000 Carians, and 100 mercenary Graecians, after 60 dayes truce (in which they had in vain expected relief from Darius) was yielded unto him.

28. In Celaenae he left a Garrison of 1500 Soldiers, and declaring Antigo∣nus Satrapa of Phrygia, went forward for Gordium, having wrote to Parme∣nio to meet him there with his Forces, who accordingly came;* 1.62 and there ar∣rived also a supplie of 1650 men out of Greece. This Gordium a City in Phrygia, had been the regal City of Midas the Son of Gordius King of this Country (concerning whom notable Stories are related) and herein was a Temple of Jupiter, wherein Alexander heard that there was a yoak belonging to Gordius, the bands of which whosoever could untie, the Oracles promised him the Empire of all Asia. When he had taken the Town he came into the Temple,* 1.63 and asked for the yoak, which being brought to him, when he could not find the ends of the thongs which were hid amongst the knots, lest his frustrate endeavour should be ominous, he cut them in pieces, with his sword, and thereby either eluded or fulfilled the Oracle.

29. Darius this while sent a great sum of money to Memnon,* 1.64 whom he had declared General of all his Forces, wherewith he raising many men all over where he came, and rigging a Navie of 300 ships, betook himself seriously to his work. He presently reduced Chins, and sailing to Lesbus easily took Antissa, Methymnus, Phyrrhus, and Eressus; but Lesbus and Mitylene more strongly fortified, with great losse of men. His name being blazed abroad by these actions,* 1.65 most of the Islands Cyclades sent their Ambassadors

about a Peace, and a rumour being spread that he intended to fall upon Euboea, a great fear seized upon the Inhabitants thereof, and many of the Graecians who envied the Fortune of Alexander, began to take courage, and conceive new hopes, amongst which were the Lacedaemonians, who alwaies had despi∣sed both his alliance and that with his Father. Thus prosperously succeeded Darius his affairs under the management of Memnon;* 1.66 but Providence having otherwise determined concerning his estate, Memnon died shortly after, and with him the King's successe was even extinct. He was in good hope that the War would have been translated out of Asia into Europe, by necessitating Alexander to return; but understanding of his death, he consulted with his Friends whether he should manage the War by his Lieutenants, or go himself in person, and give the Macedonians battel.

30. The Persians perswaded him to march in the head of the Army,* 1.67 which thereby would fight with more alacrity, but Charidemus (or Eudemus) an Athenian, a man much admired for valour and prudence (who by the com∣mand of Alexander being banished his Country, was come to the Persian Court) advised him not rashly to commit the fortune of his Empire to the hazard of his own life, but keeping the chief power in his own hands to send some expert Lieutenant to the War. He told him that 100000 men would be sufficient for this enterprize; a third part of them being Graecians, with which he doubted not to engage to perfect what already was well begun by Memnon. The King at first gave ear to what he said; but the Persians ob∣stinately opposed it, and so interpreted his words as if he affected the chief command, for that end, that he might betray the Empire to the Macedonians. Hereat he grew angry, and in his passion upbraided the Persians with cowar∣dise, which so far incensed the King, before this exasperated against him, that his anger overtopping his reason, he cast a belt about him after the Persian manner, and commanded him to be put to death, who foreseing his ruine, cried out as he was led away, that shortly he would repent it, and pay suffi∣ciently for so unjust proceedings. After the cooling of his passion he repen∣ted too late of his rashnesse, and considering the valour of the Lacedaemoni∣ans, bethought himself what man of worth he might find fit to succeed Mem∣non; but finding none to whom he might commit so great a trust, was ne∣cessitated to expose himself to danger for the preservation of his Kingdom. Then raised he Forces in all places, wich he commanded should meet at Ba∣bylon, where accordingly were found 400000 Foot, and above 100000 Horse, and with this number (taking his Mother, Wife, one Son of six years of age, and two Daughters marriageable along with him) hee marched towards Cilicia.

31. Alexander in the mean while placed Satrapaes over Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, which voluntarily yielded themselves,* 1.68 and hastned towards the Straights of Cilicia called Pylae, which being quitted by those that were there placed to maintain them, he easily passed, and came to Tarsus, which Ar∣sames the Persian also forsook, and wasting Cilicia to straighten the Macedo∣nian Army of provisions, fled amain to the King. Here he fell sick of a disease, which(b) 1.69 one wrote he got by too much toil,(c) 1.70 others assign no particular cause at all; but according to the general tradition,(d) 1.71 he contracted it by casting himself all hot and sweaty into the River Cydnus, whence such a cold seized upon his Nerves that he fell speechlesse, and so small hopes there were of recovery, that little probability was conceived of protracting the danger. Onely one Physician named Philip an Acarnanian, who used a speedy and desperate kind of course in his practice, undertook the cure. But by letters from Parmenio he was lately advised to beware of him, as being corrupted by Darius for a great sum of money to make him away. Yet he counting it safer to commit himself to the doubtful fidelity of the man than perish by a certain disease, put himself into his hands, and taking the potion, gave him the letters of Parmenio to read, fixing his eyes upon him as he drank, whom as he saw nothing troubled at the matter, he took more courage, and recovered the fourth day after.

32. Darius having notice of the sicknesse of Alexander hasted towards Euphrates, thinking to prevent him, and seize upon Cilicia.* 1.72 But he sending Parmen••o before to possesse himself of the Pylae, or Straights that part Cilicia and Syria, followed from Tarsus, and came to Anchiale built by Sardanapa∣lus; and thence to Solus, where he placed a Garrison, and fined the inhabi∣tants 200 Talents of silver for their affection to the Persians. Hence be marched against the Cilicians, inhabiting the Mountains, which having brought under, he returned, and understanding how Ptolomy and Asander his Lieu∣tenants had overthrown Orontobaces the Persian, who held the Castle of Halicarnassus, whereby the parts adjacent were reduced to obedi∣ence; upon this good news he sacrifized to Aesculapius, and restored the Democratical Government to the Solians. Then giving order to Philotas to lead about the horse to the River Pyramus, he marched with the foot by the Sea-Coasts, and came thither, whence he passed over to the Citie Ma••los, where he had notice that Darius lay at Sochus, a place distant two dayes march from the Straights. From Mallos he passed to the Citie Issus, which being forsaken by the Persians, Parmenio had seized on, and cleared the passage thither, where he consulted whether he had better passe forwards, or there expect his supplies out of Macedonia. Parmenio perswaded him that no place could be more convenient for him to fight in than that straight one about Issus, because both their Armies would then be equal in effect, such narrow places being uncapable to receive a multitude. After three dayes he passed the Straights and came to Myriander, where much rain falling held the Macedonians in their Tents.

33. Darius in the mean while by the perswasion of some Graecians about him, had made choice of the plains of Syria, most capable to receive his multitudes, and opportune for the horse to charge in; and for some time here he continued; but Alexander delaying his march, he was perswaded by his Courtiers that he dared not to adventure any further, or look him in the face, and because Winter approached he would lose no time, and therefore send∣ing away his money and stuff of most value, with such as were not fit for War, unto Damascus, he hasted into Cilicia, where he supposed Alexander to have possessed himself of the difficult passages, as not daring to try battel in open field. Supposing that he pretended sicknesse, and hid himself in the straights, he passed over the Mountain, and went to Issus, most imprudently passing by, and leaving him at his back. Taking this place, and therein such of the Ene∣my as being sick and weak were there left, he cut off their hands, and then searing their Arms sent them away to tell their King what they had seen; for he thought now the Enemy to have left Issus, and fled for fear of him, and for that reason hasted over the Hill Pinarus, thinking to fall upon him in the Rear. Alexander knowing for certain that he was passed by, took thence occasion to encourage his Souldiers, who now could not be overmatched by multitudes, and sending a party of horse to view the straights, returned thither by night, and repossessed himself of them. Then refreshing his men for the rest of the night, he set a strong watch upon the Rock, and in the morning went down into the path, and set his Army in order for a battel.

* 1.7334. This being done, the Armies joyned ere long, and Alexander seeing where Darius was, made towards him, which when Oxyathres the brother of Darius saw, to prevent him, he placed a Company of most valiant hors-men before the Chariot, which cut off many of Alexander his men, who pressed forwards. But the Macedonians giving way to none in valour, with great violence broke in amongst them, and then a mighty slaughter followed, and a great heap of Carkases lay before Darius his Chariot. Many of the most noble Captains amongst the Persians fell, some of the Macedonians, and Alexander himself received a wound in his Thigh. Darius his Chariot horses being wounded with spears began to fling, & threatned the overturning of him, when fearing he should be taken alive he leaped out, and mounting an horse ready for him, he cast away his Royal apparel, and shifted for himself, after which his horse was put to the rout and ran away. The Infantry discouraged

herewith made no considerable opposition, the great multitudes being un∣serviceable in so straight and precipitous a place, and being put to the rout so hindred the flight, and trode one another down, that more damage ac∣crued hence than from the meer strength of the Enemy. Of the Persian horse Arrianus writeth 10000 to have been slain, and of the foot 90000. with whom others consent as to the number of the horse, but as to the foot there is little agreement, some accounting more, and others lesse: 40000 are repor∣ted to have been taken.

35. Of Alexander's men 504. Curtius saith were wounded; 32 foot-men were slain, and of hors-men 150. which some reckon lesse by 20. though another increaseth them to 300. Alexander following the Chace was forced to passe with his phalange over the Enemies dead bodies, and with 1000 horse did great execution, but was not able to reach Darius, who rode upon a Mare that had a Foal left at home, and therefore ran with more speed, he being accustomed to have some kept for such necessities. His Tents were easily taken, and therein his Mother, Wife, Son, and two daughters; but of mo∣ney not above 30000 Talents; the rest being sent before-hand to Damascus. The women hearing that Alexander was returned with the Robe of Darius, made great lamentation, which he understanding, sent Leonatus to them to put them out of fear as to his death; to promise them the maintenance of their former dignity, and a Visit from him to be made the next morning. As soon as it was light, he went to them with Hephaestion his greatest favou∣rite, both whom when the Mother of Darius saw, and knew not which was the King, she made reverence to Hephaestion, as seeming to her from the worth of his Clothes to be the greater person, which when she understood to have been amisse, was troubled at it, and asked his pardon; to which he an∣swered, smiling: Be not troubled Mother, for he also is Alexander.* 1.74 This bat∣tel of Issus was fought in the moneth Maemacterion, Nicostratus (or Nico∣crates) being Archon at Athens, in the fourth year of the 111 Olympiad, the fo••••th of the reign of Darius, and the fourth of Alexander. A. M. 3672.

36. Alexander, after this victory, marched for Syria, and sent Parmenio before him to Damascus to seize upon Darius his Treasure,* 1.75 which by Cophe∣nes the Keeper thereof was betrayed into his hands, and for that was re∣warded with death by one of his Complices, who sent his head to Darius. Of Coyn here was found 2600 Talents, besides 500 pound weight of Bullion, and a World of other riches. Of men and women 30000 were also taken, with 7000 beasts that carried burthens.* 1.76 Then was Parmenio sent to seize upon the Persian Fleet, and others to take in the Cities of Syria, which upon the report of the successe of the battel at Issus was easily done, the Gover∣nours of Darius yielding themselves with their Treasures. As Alexander travelled into Syria, many petty Kings met him adorned with their Diadems,* 1.77 whereof some he received into friendship, and others he deprived of their principalities, as they had deserved of him. When he came to the Citie Ma∣rathon, he received Letters from Darius, wherein he desired the ransom of his Wife, Mother, and Children, with some other conditions of peace; but such as rather became a Conquerour, than one that had now been thrice shamefully beaten,* 1.78 not vouchsafing, in his direction, to Alexander the Title of King. He disdained his offers, justified his War from the invasion of Greece by the former Persian Kings, and the treachery of Darius himself, who hired one to murder him, as Philip his father had formerly been by some set on by them. He promised him his relations without Ransom, if he would come himself as a Suppliant for them, and safe conduct, he both knowing, as he said, to overcome, and shew favour to the Conquered. And the next time he wrote he bad him remember that he did it not onely to a King, but to his own King also.

37. Alexander marched to Byblus,* 1.79 which yielded to him upon composi∣tion, and thence to Sidon, the inhabitants of which being so hardly used for∣merly by Ochus, in hatred of the Persians sending for him. The King of Si∣don was one Strato, who being the son of Gerostratus the King of Aradus the

Island Governed it in his absence (he joyning his ships, as the rest of the Phoenician Kings, to the fleet of Darius) & meeting Alexander as he came into Phoenicia, put a Golden Crown on his head, and gave up Aradus,* 1.80 and Mara∣thus, a great and wealthy Town, standing upon the Continent over against it, with Mariamne, and all that belonged unto them, into his hands. But now because he had done this rather for that the will of the people was such, than out of his own inclination, Alexander deprived him of his Kingdom, and permitted his beloved Hephaestion to bestow it upon any of his friends. He chose to confer it upon a Sidonian by whom he was entertained; but he re∣fused it, for that it was unlawfull for any but one of the Royal stock to pos∣sesse it. He wondring at the greatnesse of his spirit joyned with so much honesty, bid him choose any one of the Royal Race on whom to bestow it, who accordingly made choice of Abdalmon (or Abdalomnius) a poor Gar∣diner who wrought for his living, but of unblameable life, and descended of the Royal family. Alexander admitting of him, said, the habit of his body could not withstand the noblenesse of his stock, but desired to know with what patience he had endured such poverty, to whom he answered, That he wished he could as well bear a Kingdom, and that those his hands had satisfied his desire: whilest he had nothing, nothing was wanting to him. The King being much taken with his carriage, not onely gave him the hous-hold stuff of Strato, but most of the booty got from the Persians, subjected the Coun∣trey adjacent unto his power, and afterwards also the Citie of Tyre, ac∣cording to Diodorus.

38. Now was all Syria in the hands of the Macedonians,* 1.81 and whole Phoe∣nicia also except Tyre, which Citie was seated in an Island about half a mile distant from the Continent. As he marched thitherwards, the Tyrians sent him a Crown of Gold of great value, in a Congratulatory way,* 1.82 and a large quantity of provisions; which he received as from friends,* 1.83 and friendly signi∣fied to the Messengers his intention to go into their Citie, to pay some vows he had made to Hercules. They told him there was a Temple of Hercules without the Citie, in the place called Old Tyre, wherein his devotion would be most suitably performed, and so disswaded him from entrance, that he was inraged thereat, and threatned ruin to the Citie, telling them,* 1.84 that though they were confident in the strength of the place, and despised his Land-Army, yet in short time he would make them find they were in the Continent. And in confidence that their Town, not onely fenced with high and strong Walls, but also with the Sea, was impregnable, they resolved to stand out against him, being incouraged also by the Carthaginian Ambassadors, who after their yearly custom (in token of observance to their Mother City) were come to celebrate the sacred Anniversary, and promised them certain, and speedy sup∣ply by Sea, which for the most part at that time was commanded by their Fleets.

39. Alexander yet having not his Navy at hand, and foreseeing that a long siege would be a great hindrance to his designs, sent to them about an agreement; but contrary to the Law of Nations, they slew the Messengers, and threw them into the Sea, with which affront being much moved, he re∣solved to besiege them. Ere he could do this, such a quantity of earth or other matter was to be cast into the Sea, as to joyn the Island to the main land, which for the depth of the water, & the force of the Current, was a task almost insuperable; but there being great store of stones and rubbish at hand in Old* 1.85 Tyre,* 1.86 he caused it to be utterly demolished, and by the hands of many thou∣sands of his own men, and the people of the neighbouring places, set upon the work. The Tyrians (whose King Azelmicus being absent with Darius his Admiral, had left them to the Government of his son) hindred it all wayes possible, and when it was near concluded, a violent wind spoiled a great part of it, but to repair it he caused great Trees to be cut down in the Moun∣tains, which together with the boughs being cast in, and earth being heaped upon them, resisted the violence of the waves, and at length by the great num∣ber of hands, and incredible industry, the Island became but a Peninsula.

But for all this, the Tyrians having the command of the Sea, their City seem∣ed yet to be impregnable, whereupon Alexander had thoughts of gathering together a Fleet; but in the mean time came in the Kings of Aradus and Byblus, who had withdrawn themselves with their Fleet from Autophradates the Persian Admiral, and with them the Sidonian Gallies. Besides these Vessels belonging to Phoenicia (which were 80 in number) at the same time came ten from Rhodes, from Solos and Mallos three, and from Lycia ten, besides one great Gally from Macedonia. All these he pardoned, as having been necessitated to joyn with the Persians. And Azelmicus the King of Tyre now left Autophradates and came home; Arrianus writing that he was taken in the City.

40. From the Mountain Libanus was wood brought for the making of En∣gines, Towers, and Ships, in which work whilst Alexander his men were imployed, some of the wild Arabians fell upon them, slew thirty, and took scarcely so many. He upon notice hereof left the charge of the Siege to Perd••••∣cas, and Craterus, and speedily with a ready Band of men went into Arabia, where when they came to the mountainous parts of the Hill called Antiliba∣nus, they left their Horses and marched on foot. When it grew night, and the Enemy approached, though his men were before, yet would he not leave his School-master Lysimachus being weary and spent, but still drawing him on was parted from the Army, and forced with a few about him to passe the night in a dark and cold place. But seeing many fires to be kindled afar off by the Enemy, he being nimble of body ran to one of them, and killing two Ba∣barians that there sate, brought away a fire-stick burning to his Companions, who therewith kindled a great fire, and thereby struck such a terror into the Arabians, as all that night they passed in quietnesse. Then partly by force and partly by agreement he reduced the Country into obedience, and in eleven dayes time returned to Sidon, where he found arrived out of Peloponnesus 4000 Greekish Mercenaries, under the conduct of Alexander the Son of Polemocrates.

41. Having then got together a Navy of 190 or 200 ships, he set sail from Sidon and came to Tyre, the Inhabitants whereof refused to fight by Sea, but yet let down none of their courage, though 30 Messenges were come from Carthage to let them know, that that State being hindred by a domestick War, could not afford them any succour. They sent their wives and children thither to be out of the danger, being thereby the more willing to undergo any them∣selves, which they little regarded, making stout resistance, but at length the City was taken; one saith by treachery, another by a stratageme, but more by plain force; Alexander himself alone first going down from the wooden Tower he had reared, by a bridge laid upon the wall. The Inhabitants, though the Enemy had entred, called one upon another, and fortifying the narrow passages stood out still, till the number of 7000 (the most of those that fought) were slain.* 1.87 The Conquerour condemned the women and chil∣dren that were found unto bondage, the young men to the number of ••000 he caused to be hanged all along the shore, or crucified, as another telleth us, (which was accounted a servile kind of death) because the Tyrian slaves had formerly conspired against their Masters, and slain them all with their whole families, leaving no free people alive, except one Strato and his Son, to whom and his posterity they committed the Kingdom. Fifteen thousand the Sido∣nians saved upon the account of kindred (they reckoning both Tyre and Sidon to have been built by Agenor) from whom the City was again re-peopled, and to such as had fled to the Temple of Hercules, Alexander granted in∣demnity, amongst which the King and his family were, with some Cartha∣ginians which were come for the honour of Hercules to the Metropolis.* 1.88 This befel Tyre in the moneth Hecatombaon, when Annicetus (otherwise called Niceratus and Nicetas) was Archon at Athens, in the first year of the 112^th Olympiad, the fifth of Darius, and the fifth of Alexander, A. M. 3673.

42. During this Siege, the Officers of Darius whch escaped from the bat∣tel at Issus, with all those that followed them, and the youth of the Cappa∣docians,

and Paphlagonians, attempted to recover Lydia; but Antigonus who there commanded for Alexander overthrew them thrice in several pla∣ces. At the same time also Aristimenes, who was sent with some ships by Darius to recover the Coast of Asia, lying upon the Hellespont, was wholly defeated by a Fleet of Macedonians which Alexander had sent for out of Greece.

43. Whilst Alexander lay before Tyre, another Ambassage came to him from Darius, who now offered him 10000 talents as a ransom for his relati∣ons, and all Asia betwixt the Hellespont and the River Halys in Dower with his Daughter; which conditions that he might incline him to receive, he sets before him the difficulties of passing into the Eastern Countries, and laid the losse of the last battel to the straightnesse of the place:* 1.89 he sought to terrifie him by threatning to incompasse him in the plain Countries, and bad him con∣sider how impossible it was to passe the Rivers of Euphrates, Tigris, Araxes, and the rest, with things of the like nature. The proposals being brought be∣fore a select Committee of Alexander's friends, Parmenio who was now old, and full of riches and honour, said, that if he were Alexander, he would ac∣cept of them, to which the King answered, that so would he, if he were Parmenio. But he returned answer to Darius, that he offered him nothing but his own, and what victory and his own valour had possest him of; that he was to give conditions and not to receive any, and that having passed the Sea it self, he disdained to think of resistance in transporting his Army over Ri∣vers. As for his Daughter, he said he would marry her, though without his consent, and if he would taste of his humanity, he should come and refer himself to him. Darius having received this answer, prepared himself anew for the War.

44. Tyre being taken, Alexander invaded Judaea, resolving to bring all Palestine into subjection. At this time Jaddus was the High-Priest there,* 1.90 whose Brother Manasses married Nicaso the Daughter of Sanballat, who had been sent from Darius to govern Samaria, being both Sons to John, called in Nehemiah, Jonathan and Johanan, who was Son to Jehoiada. Manasses thus matching himself, the people was displeased at it, and thereupon Jaddus desired him to put away his wife; not only the People but the Law so requiring it. Hereupon he repaired to his Father in Law, and told him, that his wife was dear unto him; but he must either part with her or his Priest-hood, who answered, that he would so bring it about, that he should not onely be Priest, but an High-Priest also,* 1.91 being minded to build for him upon Mount Gerizim near to Samaria a Temple like to that of Jerusalem, which thing he would obtain to be confirmed by Darius. Many betook themselves to Manasses, being allured with the newnesse of the thing, and the liberality of Sanballat; but Alexander at that time passing the Hellespont, the consultation thereupon was disturbed. After Darius was beaten and retired back into Persia, San∣ballat revolted unto Alexander, and going over to him with 8000 men, though now very old, desired of him leave to build his new designed Temple, per∣swading him it would be for his interest, that thereby the Jews being divided amongst themselves, might be the lesse able to resist him. Alexander yield∣ing to his request, he returned, and falling with great industry upon the work, he died not long after.

45. This was at such time as Alexander lay before Tyre, during which Siege,* 1.92 he sent round about to demand an Oath of Allegiance, and assistance from the several Cities, and amongst the rest the messengers came to Jerusa∣lem. Jaddeus or Jaddus the High-Priest answered, That he had entred by Oath into society with Darius, and whilst he lived he might not by any means break his Faith; with which answer Alexander being moved, after the ta∣king of Tyre (not of Gaza as Josephus thinketh, for then he must have re∣turned backwards) hee invaded Judaea. The High-Priest and People then looked for nothing but ruine, but he imploring the assistance of God, was warned in a dream to go out and meet him, adorned with his Pontifical Vest∣ments, with the Levites and People, as in a solemn Procession. Alexan∣der

meeting this long train,* 1.93 lighted from his Horse, and adored the Priest, at which thing all the rest being amazed, Parmenio asked him the reason there∣of, to whom he answered, that he worshipped not the Priest, but the God whom he served, for that whilst he was yet in Greece, and consulted about his Expedition into Asia, such an one appeared to him, advised him to it, and promised him successe. Then going up to the City he ascended to the Temple, and sacrifized according to the directions of the Priest, who shewed him the Prophecy of Daniel, wherein was foretold, that a Graecian should obtain the Empire of the Persians. He accounting himself the man rejoyced thereat, and the next day offered to the People whatsoever they would ask of him, who requested they might live after their own Laws and Customs, that on every seventh year in which they sowed not, they might pay no tri∣bute, and that such of their Country-men as inhabited Babylon and Media, might also be left to their own Laws, all which he readily granted them. He offered them also, if they would follow him, the freedom of the exercise of their Religion, whereupon many gave their names to the Expedition; and then leading his Forces to the neighbouring Cities, he was friendly re∣ceived by them.

46. The Samaritans met him in the way, desiring him to visit their City Sicirna, (seated at the foot of the Hill Gerizim, and inhabited by the Runagates of the Jewish Nation) to honour their Temple with his presence, and to remit to them also the tribute of every seventh year, they sowing not therein; for that they were Hebrews, though not Jews, as descended of Jo∣seph and his two Sons Ephraim and Manasseh,* 1.94 all which he referred to his return. By this time his Officers had recovered several places that had revol∣ted, as Callus Paphlagonia, Antigonus Lycaonia, and Balacrus Miletus, after he had overthrown Idarnes the Captain of Darius. Cilicia he had com∣mitted to the care of Soscrates, the Country about Tyre to Philotas the son of Parmenio, who had delivered his charge of Cebestia to Andromachus, that he might follow the Expedition. All the Towns of Palestine he had got now into his hands, except Gaza, which Batis the Eunuch resolved to hold out against him.* 1.95 This was a City distant from the Sea about two miles and an half, of difficult accesse by reason of the depth of sand about it, the Sea near unto it being very muddy, being large, seated upon an high Rock, and compassed with a strong wall. Hither, having commanded Hephaestion to go before with the Fleet, he came, and sate down before it with all his Forces.

47. Having viewed the situation of the City,* 1.96 he resolved that light kind of earth to be fit for digging of mines, which he commanded presently to be at∣tempted, and seeing that no wooden turrets could be erected by the walls be∣cause of the loosenesse of the sand, he made a great heap of earth and stones to be laid, which equalled the height of the walls, on which he planted his Engines for batterie. By the advice of Aristander his Prophet, he contained himself for a time without the reach of the Arrows, but the Arabians whom Batis the Governour (called Baberneses by Josephus) had hired, issuing forth set fire to the Engines, and beat away the Macedonians from the Mount, he ran in with the Targetiers to the rescue, and kept his men from running, but he himself received a wound on his shoulder. Afterwards those Engines be∣ing come by water with which he had taken Tyre, he caused the whole City to be surrounded with mounts two furlongs broad, and 250 foot high, where∣by conflicting both with Engines above ground and below, at length after two moneths it was taken, the wall being broken by a Mine, at which breach the Macedonians entred. Alexander himself led in his men, and when his former wound was not yet quite cured, received a bruise on his thigh with a stone. The defendants stirred not from their places, but fighting to the last, were all slain to the number of 10000. The women and children the Con∣querour made Slaves, and furnishing the City with a new Colony ga∣thered out of the places adjacent, used it as a Garrison in the War.* 1.97

48. From Gaza he sent Amyntas the Son of Andremo with ten Gallies into Macedonia, to make a Leavie of the stoutest young men, and bring them

over, because the War though prosperous, wasted his old stock of Soldiers, and he could not so well trust foreiners as his own subjects. Then marched he strait for Egypt,* 1.98 and the seventh day after his removal from Gaza arrived at that place, afterwards called Alexanders-Camp, and came to Pelusium. Here met him great multitudes of Egyptians, who being weary of the inso∣lence and avarice of the Persians, expected his coming, and gladly received him. Placing a Garrison in Pelusium, and commanding that the ships should sayl up the River to Memphis, he having the Nile on his right hand, came, through the desart to Heliopolis, and thence crossing the River, unto Mem∣phis, which when he approached, Mazaces the Persian Governour met him, and delivered into his hands 800 Talents, with all the royal houshold-stuff. Here he sacrifized to all the Egyptian Gods, and celebrated Games, and then sayled down the River to the Sea; and when he came to Canopus sayled about the Lake Mareotis, betwixt which and the Egyptian-Sea, he chose out a place whereon to build a Citie, which he would have called after himself Alexandria.

49. In this place towards the Sea and Haven stood there once a Village named Rhacotis. When the figure of the new Citie was to be delineated,* 1.99 for want of Chalk, they marked out the ground with Meal, which presently was seized upon by an innumerable company of Fouls of all sorts,* 1.100 that from the Sea and Lake came flocking thither,* 1.101 and devoured it all. Hereat the King was discouraged, but his Prophets told him, that it signified the Citie should he exceeding populous and wealthy, and nourish all sorts of men. He himself designed in what place the Forum should be, and where the Temples that were to be Consecated to the Egyptian and Graecian Gods, and herein used the skill of that noble Architect Dinocrates (called also Stasicrates) who was imployed by the Ephesians, in restoring of their Temple formerly con∣sumed with fire. This (afterwards Famous) Citie was founded by Alexan∣der in the fifth year of his reign, and the first of 112^th Olympiad, the 417th of Nabonasar, from which year the moneth Thoth, as also the fifth of Darius, the supputation of the years of Alexander is begun by Ptolomy the Mathema∣tician, and a Native of this Citie, A.M.3673. 329 years before the Aera of Christ.

50. Leaving the care of his new designed Citie to fit Overseers, he took a journey toward the Oracle of Jupiter Hammon,* 1.102 situate in the vast sandy desarts of Libya, because he had heard that Perseus and Hercules had for∣merly gone thither; or to know his fortune,* 1.103 or that he might at least have occasion to boast of his knowledge of it. In the midst of the way he encoun∣tred Ambassadours sent to him from the Cyrenaeans,* 1.104 who brought a Crown with other great gifts, amongst which were 300 excellent horses trained up and taught for the War; which receiving in good part, he entred into con∣federacy with them. Two great dangers especially to be met with in this journey, viz. want of water in so dry a place,* 1.105 and of being overwhelmed by heaps of sand, which the South-wind threw upon 50000 of Cambyses his ar∣my, he escaped wonderfully by abundance of rain which is said to have falln, whereby the way was made more firm and passable;* 1.106 and two Crows are re∣ported to have been his Guides, and in the night-time when they could not be seen, by their croaking to have given notice which way they tended. When he arrived at the Temple, the Priest, either hired to it, or mistaking the Greek language as it is thought, saluted him by the name of Jupiter's son. Hereupon he took the name upon him, and to his Mother Olympias as well as others wrote with that Title. She facetiously checked him for slandering, and bringing her in danger with Juno, by making her an Whore to Jupiter. By the terrour hereof he hoped to do wonders with the Barbarians,* 1.107 & because Ham∣mon was painted with the upper parts like a Ram, and the nether like to a man, he also would appear to be horned, for which reason amongst the Ara∣bians he obtained the name of Dulcarnaijn. When he received an answer sa∣tisfactory, as he pretended, he returned into Egypt the same way he came, or, as another wrote, by a more direct one towards Memphis.

51. Being come to Memphis, he received many Embassies from Greece, whence also came a new supply of Forces, viz. 400 Greekish Mercenaries from Antipater, and 500 horse out of Thessaly.* 1.108 The neighbouring Cities he exhausted for the peopling of his new one, which he ordained should be the Metropolis of Egypt. Amongst other sorts of people the Jews also, whose fidelity he approved, were inrolled inhabitants, having equal privilege with Graecians, and obtaining the name not onely of Alexandrians, but of Macedonians also: and to the Souldiers of Sanballat the Cuthaean, who fol∣lowed him into Egypt, caused he Lands to be assigned Thebais, which Pro∣vince he committed to their defence. He greatly desired to see not onely the remoter parts of Egypt, but Aethiopia also: but the War depending yet with Darius, hindred him, and therefore disposing of Egypt, he removed in the Spring thence to Tyre in Phoenicia.* 1.109 Over Egypt he left Aeschylus the Rhodian, and Peucestes the Macedonian, with 4000 Souldiers; and the care of the River Nile he committed to Polemon with 30 Gallies. As for the Civil Goverment, he left it to Dolaspes the Egyptian, to rule according to the an∣tient Laws.

52. Ere his departure, he understood of the death of Andromachus the Governour of Syria, whom the Samaritans burnt alive. With all expedition then he removed to revenge his death, but being on his way, the murderers were delivered up to him, whom he punished according to their deserts, and placed Memnon in his room. Taking the Citie Samaria, he gave it to the Macedonians to inhabit, but the Countrey about it to the Jews,* 1.110 for their fi∣delity to him, with immunity from Tribute. Coming to Tyre,* 1.111 he celebrated Games, as he had done at Memphis, and sacrifized again to Hercules; and nominating several Governours over the places already Conquered, took his journey towards Euphrates.

53. Darius having understood of his design, to find him out whithersoever he should go, gave out orders for all his Forces to meet at Babylon,* 1.112 whereof some consisted of such Nations as rather seemed to fill up the names of men than to make resistance. This Army being almost greater by the half than that which perished at Issus, many wanted Arms, which were sought for with all diligence. Some have reckoned 1000000 foot, and 400000 horse, be∣des 200 Chariots, and 15 Indian Elephants; whereas Alexander his Forces amounted but to 40000 foot, and 7000 horse. In the moneth Hecatom∣baeon Alexander came to Thapsacus, where he found two bridges on the Ri∣ver Euphrates; but such as reached not quite over to the further side. Ma∣zaeus was sent thither to hinder his passage, with order also if he could not do this, to spoyl, and destroy all things in his way; but upon his approach he made haste away,* 1.113 and Alexander then making up the bridges, transported over all his Forces, and so proceeding through Mesopotamia, having Euphra∣tes and the Armenian Mountains on his left hand, made for Babylon, not the nearest way, but that which was more convenient for provision and mode∣ration of heat. As he went forwards, he was given to understand by some Scouts which he took, that the King had pitch't his Camp on the further side of the River Tigris,* 1.114 with intentions to hinder his passage, but coming thither, he neither found him, nor any opposition at all. This River was so swift (being upon that account by the Persians called the Arrow) that by the vio∣lent force of its stream it drave many weighty stones before it, and those that lay in the bottom were made so round, and well pollished by continual rol∣ling, that no man was able to fight on so slippery a footing, so that the Ma∣cedonian foot-men to wade the River, were forced to enterlace their Arms, thereby making one weighty body to resist the fury of the stream; so deep the Chanel was on the further side, that to keep their Bowes from being we••, as also their Arrows and Darts, they were inforced to lift them above their heads, so that Darius might here have easily resisted the Macedonians, and given a check to the fortune of the Conquerour, had not the fate of the dying Persian Empire besotted his mind, and deprived him of all common prudence.

54. Having (though with great danger) passed the River without any losse save of a little of the Baggage, he led on through Assyria, having on the right hand the River Tigris, and on the left the Gordian Mountains. On the fourth day after his passage Mazaeus sent a party of 1000 horse upon him, which was easily repelled by the Paeonian Captain Ariston, who slew their Captain, and bringing his head to Alexander, demanded a Cup of Gold as his fee, accord∣ing to the custom of their Countrey, to whom he replied, smiling, That an empty one was due, but he would give him one full of good liquor. Two dayes he here continued, giving orders for a march the next morning; but it hapned that in the first watch the Moon was Eclypsed, and seemed of a bloudy colour,* 1.115 whereat (as all other common people long time after) the Macedo∣nians, not knowing the cause, were marvelously affrighted. They appre∣hended it as a certain token or presage of their overthrow and destruction, and began to murmur, that for the ambition of one man that disdained to own Philip as his father, and would be called the son of Jupiter, they should all perish, being forced to make War, not onely against Worlds of Enemies, but against Rivers, Mountains, and the Heavens themselves. He knowing it to be dangerous to lead his Army to fight whilest it was possessed with matter of terrour, called the Egyptian Astrologers, to assure them that this Eclypse was rather a certain presage of good successe: and he made it out onely by this reason, that the Graecians were under the Aspect of the Sun, and the Persians of the Moon; and therefore the Moon failing and being thus darkned, the Persian glory was to be Eclypsed. Aristander the Sooth∣sayer affirmed the same, promised Alexander good successe, and affirmed a battel was to be fought in that same moneth, for the sacrifices portended victory. Hereby the Souldiers were setled, and their courage redoubled, ac∣cording to the great influence of superstition upon the common sort of people.

55. Thinking it wisdom to make use of the present disposition of their minds he marched thence, and proceeded, till he heard that Darius was not much above twenty miles distant from him, upon notice whereof he rested there his Army for four dayes. Here were interrupted Letters written by Da∣rius to the Graecians, to perswade them to kill, or betray him, which by the advice of Parmenio he suppressed,* 1.116 and removing thence it hapned chat Sta∣tira, the Wife and Sister of Darius, through the tediousnesse of the journey, and grief, fell into untimely travel, and died, at which disaster Alexander shed tears, and spared no cost in solemnizing her Funerals, grieving that he was thus deprived of so fair an occasion of shewing mercy. One of her Chamber∣lanes, by name Tir••os, an Eunuch, slipped away, and carried the news of her death unto Darius. He fell of beating his head, and deplored the fortune of the Persians, which not onely suffered the Queen to be taken Captive, but dying in that condition to want the Ornament of a Royal Funeral. Being sa∣tisfied that there was no want of any such Ceremonies, or of tears from his Enemy to bedew her Hearse, he fell into a jealous conceit that nothing but unchaste affections had drawn them from Alexander,* 1.117 and lamented his Wife's condition, who had been subjected to the lustfull power of the Conquerour. But being with much ado perswaded of his continency, with hands lifted up to Heaven, he prayed that he might be able to restore the fortune of the Per∣sians to his posterity as he found it, that so he might be able to requite Alex∣der for his noble carriage towards his relations: But if the fatal time was come, and it so seemed good to Nemesis, and the vicissitude of worldly things, that the Persian Empire should receive its period; that none but Alexander alone might sit in Throne of Cyrus.

56. He dispatched away to him then a new Embassy of ten of his princi∣pal friends, and offered him for his Mother, and two Daughters Ransom 30000 Talents, and in portion with his Daughter Statyra all Asia,* 1.118 be∣twixt the Hellespont and the River Euphrates. He answered, that sometimes he endeavoured to corrupt his friends, and otherwhiles his Soldiers to destroy him, and that therefore be was to be prosecuted not as a just and fair enemy, but

as a pernicious murderer: that what he had already gotten, though now offer∣ed to him, was the reward of War, by which the bounds of both their King∣doms should be limited, and that they should both abide by what the fortune of the next day should assign them. Darius had before this time come to Arbela a City belonging to Babylon, where leaving the greatest part of his baggage, he went to the River Lycus, over which laying a Bridge, he passed over his Army in eight dayes, and proceeding ten miles pitcht his Camp upon the River Bumelus, near to a Village called Gaugamela, which in the Per∣sian Language signified the house of a Camel;* 1.119 for that Darius the Son of Hy∣staspis gave this place to the maintenance of a certain Camel which had been tired in carrying his provisions through the Desarts of Scythia. This was a Champain Country round about, and such grounds as were high he caused to be levelled, to be convenient for the fighting of his Horse, and that he might have a free prospect round about him.

57. Understanding from his Ambassadors returning, that he must expect nothing but a battel, he sent Mazaeus to defend a passage which he never yet dared so much as to hazard, the rest of the Army he caused to march above a mile farther in battel-aray,* 1.120 and there to expect the Enemy. Alexander for∣tifying his Camp which he left with an ordinary guard, went forwards towards the Enemy, and in his march a pannick fear seized on his Army, by reason of the Lightning of the Heavens in the Summer season, which they took as pro∣ceeding from some attempt of Darius; with some pains he undeceived them, and thought good to fortifie himself in the same place that night. Yet in the night he departed thence about the second watch, as thinking to fall on the Enemy by break of the day. Upon his approach Mazaeus with his Horse for∣sook an Hill which he had seized on, and returned to Darius, which place Alexander by the advice of Parmenio chose himself, as safer than the Plain, and from which one might take a full view of the Persian Army. Before the Fight his friends came to him and complained of the Soldiers,* 1.121 because in their conferences they had agreed to take all the profit of the plunder to them∣selves, without bringing any thing to his treasurie; whereat he smiled, and said, they told him good news concerning the discourses of such as were re∣solved to overcome, and not to flie. Many then of the Soldiers resorted to him, and bad him be of good cheer, and not be afraid of the multitude of the Enemies, which would not endure their very shouting for the battel.

58. The two Armies lying in the view of each other,* 1.122 in the eleventh night after the Eclyps of the Moon, Darius kept all his men in arms, mustring his Forces by torch-light, which made all the Plain betwixt Niphates and the Gordyaean mountains to be of a flame. Alexander in the mean time whilst his Macedonians took their rest, was busie in his Sacrifice with Aristander. Parmenio and others would have had him fallen upon the Persians in the dead of the night, thereby to strike more terror into them; but he answered them, that he would not steal Victory; which Darius was afraid of, and there∣fore contained his men in Arms all the night, which not a little in••ured his affairs the day following. All the night Alexander passed without sleep, be∣ing careful for the main chance; but about the morning watch fell so fast asleep, that it being full day he could hardly be awaked, and to his friends demanding the cause thereof he replyed, that now he was eased by Darius of all his care, seeing he had gathered all his Forces into one place, and there∣fore in one day he hoped to put an end to his daily labours and danger. His whole force consisted of about 7000 Horse, and 40000 Foot, over which his chiefest Captains were Parmenio, with Philotas and Nicanor his Sons, whereof this commanded the Foot Regiment of the Argyraspides, or Sil∣ver-Shields; Coenus, who commanded the Elimiots; Perdiccas Captain of the Orestae and Lyncestae; Meleager; Polysperchon; Hephaestion Captain of his Life-guard; Menidas; Philip the Son of Balaccus; Craterus; Er••∣gyus the Mitylenaean; Philippus that had the Thessalian Troups, and Clytus the black who lead the Kings Regiment. He himself commanded the right wing, and in both caused the battel to bee made something bending-wise,

lest they should bee incompassed with the multitudes of the Per∣sians.

59. Darius having marshalled his men according to their several Nations, took the command of the wing opposit to Alexander, and lead on against him. After a sound to the charge on both sides, and a great shout, the Armies met, and in the first place the scythed Chariots being driven with great fury upon the Macedonians,* 1.123 struck them with great consternation, for that Mazaeus the General of the Horse following the Chariots close, made the charge the more terrible. But the Macedonian phalange, according to the King's order, beating their Targets with their Spears, made such a noise, that the Horses skared therewith bore backwards, and tetreated for the most part; and though some went still forwards, yet the Macedonians parting asunder, made a lane and let them passe through, yet with the losse of many whom the Scythes had caught. After the Arrows and Darts were spent, the Armies came to hand∣strokes, wherein the Horse was first ingaged. Darius in the left wing was stoutly defended by his followers, who fighting under his eye, laboured all they could with their multitudes to oppresse the Macedonians. And Ma∣zaeus in the left wing charging with great valour, at the first onset did great execution. Then sent he a Party of 2000 Caducians, and 1000 of the choi∣cest Scythian Horse, to fall upon the Enemies Camp, where a great tumult following, some of the captive women took their opportunity, and betook themselves to their friends, but Sisygambis Mother to Darius refused to stir, and kept her self quiet in the same place, not thinking it fit to trust her self to the doubtful fortune of an escape, or shew any ingrateful disre∣spect to Alexander: the Scythians plundred most of the baggage and departed.

60. In the mean while, part of the Horse that fought about Darius, with their multitudes pressed sore upon the Macedonians, and forced them back, whereby the second time the Victory seemed to incline towards the Persians. Alexander seeing how he was concernd to relieve his men, broke out with his own Regiment upon Darius himself, and with a Dart slew his Chariot-driver. The Courtiers hereupon crying out, those that were further off sup∣posed the King himself to have been slain, and therewithall betook them∣selves to their heels, which the next seeing fled also for company. The ranks also about Darius began to be broken,* 1.124 till at length all one side was ba∣red, and then he accounted it also time to fly, and therewithall such a dust was raised, Alexander with his Troops giving the chase, that it could not be discovered which way he fled, using great celerity therein, and for that pur∣pose mounted a Mare that had lately foaled, as he had done before at the bat∣tel at Issus. Whilst these things were thus carried in the left wing, Mazaeus in the right sore pressed upon his adversaries, which Parmenio with the Thessa∣lian Horse and other for a time sustained; but being put sore to it, he sent to Alexander for speedy relief. But he could not be found; so that he was forced to use his utmost skil in making the Thessalians endure the brunt; and at length put the Barbarians to flight, after they were disheartned with the report of their Princes fortune.

61. Darius with a few in his company came to the River Lycus, which having passed, when some advised him to break down the Bridge, lest the Enemy should make use thereof in the pursute, knowing that if he should do so, he must leave many thousands of his men as a prey to him, he answered, that he had rather afford way to the pursuers, than take it from those that fled. Here Alexander immediately pursued him, but not being able to reach him, he returned, and fought a more sharp encounter than ever with some Parthi∣ans, Indians, and many of the valiantest of the Persians, wherein though he had the better, yet he lost Sixty of his followers, and Hephaestion with Coenus and Mendas were wounded. Of the Barbarians(a) 1.125 one maketh above 90000 to have been slain, of the Macedonians 500, and many wounded.* 1.126 Another(b) 1.127 counteth of the former 300000 to have been slain, and a greater number taken, with all the Elephants, and such Chariots as were

not broken; Yet of Alexander's men but 100 at most, with 1000 horses, partly killed outright, and partly broken in the chase. A(c) 1.128 third reckon∣eth 40000 Persians, and lesse than 300 Macedonians to have been lost. This battel was fought at Gaugamela a Village situate upon the River Bum••∣lus, which being but an obscure place, the Macedonians to innoble their Victory, gave out that it was at Arbela, a Town of good note, some fifteen miles distant, beyond the River Lycus.* 1.129 Alexander obtained the Victory on the fifth day of the moneth Boëdromion, in the sixth year of his reign, as also the sixth of Darius; Aristophanes (not Aristophontes his Successor, as some mistook) bein Archon at Athens, in the second year of the 112^th Olympiad. A. M. 3674.

62. Darius fled from the River Lycus to Arbela, where he arrived about midnight, and then concluding that Alexander would ma••ch to Babylon and Susa, resolved to flie into the utmost borders of his Kingdom, there to renew the War; and accordingly withdrew himself into Media, beyond the Moun∣taines of Armenia. About midnight Alexander set forwards for Arbela, hoping to take him there with all his treasure; but arriving there the next day, he found not him, but met with much treasure, with his Bow and Target. Now seemed the Empire of the Persians to all men to be dissolved, and thereupon Alexander was declared King of Asia,* 1.130 and for joy thereof sacrifi∣zed with great magnificence to his Gods, and bestowed riches, houses, and Countries upon his friends. Foreseeing that the air thereabouts, by reason of the corruption of the dead bodies might be infectious, he removed with all speed from Arbela towards Babylon, being in his way met with Mazaeus the Governour, who gave it up into his hands, and Bagophanes the Keeper of the Castle and the King's treasures, lest he should be exceeded by Mazaeus, caused the way to be strowed with flowers and garlands; silver Altars heaped with Frankincense and other odours being placed on both sides.* 1.131 The Towns∣men came also to meet him; whom he commanded to follow his rear, and so entred the City and Palace in a Chariot, with his armed men about him. Thirty dayes he spent in* 1.132 looking over Darius his housholdstuff, all which time his Army glutted themselves with the contentments of the Town. Here the Chaldaeans shewed him the motions of the Stars, and the appointed vicissi∣tudes of times: and Calisthenes the Philosopher sent into Greece unto Ari∣stotle (whose cousin german his Mother was) the Coelestial observations of(a) 1.133 1903 years. He consulted these men about his affairs, and at their desire caused such Temples to be rebuilt, as Xerxes had out of anger destroyed, after his overthrow in Greece. And especial care was taken for that of Belus in the midst of the City, the ruines of which were so great, that the labour of(b) 1.134 10000 men for two moneths was required for the clearing of the ground. He commanded all his Soldiers to lay their hands to the work, amongst which the Jews onely refused to do it, who thereupon received great incommodity, till such time as they were discharged of this task by the King, as(c) 1.135 Hecataeus the Abderite wrote in his Book concerning the Jews, who also at that time li∣ved with Alexander.

63. He committed the charge of the Castle of Babylon to Agathon of Pydna, with a Garrison of 700 Macedonians, and 300 Mercenaries, appointing Mazaeus the Satrapa of the Country. To Apollodorus of Am∣phipolis, and Menetes of Pella, he assigned the Government of the Militia of the Satrapies of Babylon, and the other Countries as far as Cilicia, lea∣ving them 2000 Foot, and 1000 talents of silver, to hire as many Solders as they could; and to Mithrinas who betrayed the Castle of Sardis unto him, he granted Armenia. Of the money which he found at Babylon, to every Macedonian Horse-man he gave seven Minae (each Attick Mina containing an 100 Drachmes, and about 3 l. 2 s. 6 d. Sterling) and to every stranger five; to every Macedonian Foot-man two, and to every stranger two moneths pay, for a reward. Then set he forwards from Babylon, and in his way met with a supply of 500 Horse, and 6000 Foot, sent out of Macedonia, with 600 Horse out of Thrace, and 3500 Foot; and out of Peloponnesus 4000 Foot,

and 380. (or according to Diodorus little lesse than 1000) horse. These were also accompanied with 50 of the Noblemen's sons of Macedonia, for the Guard to the Kings person.

64. Drawing near to Susa, he met with the son of the Satrapa thereof, sent unto him with a Messenger that brought Letters from Philoxenus, whom presently after the battel at Gaugamela he had sent thither. The Letters im∣ported that the Susians had yielded their Citie to him, and that all the King's Treasure was safe for him, which Abulites the Satrapa sent his son also to signifie, either for that he sought to obtain favour, or as some thought, be∣ing underhand ordered by Darius to do so; that Alexander being bu∣sied with such booty,* 1.136 he might have time to consult the better for his own affairs. On the twentieth day after his departure from Babylon he arrived at Susa, where he took possession of betwixt fourty and fifty thousand (as is to be gathered from all Authors) Talents of Silver, besides Gold and Rich Fur∣niture. Many things he there found, which Xerxes had brought out of Greece, and amongst the rest the brazen Statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton, which he sent back unto Athens. He left the Mother and Children of Darius at Susa, with Masters to teach them the Greek tongue, and then committing the Citie to the care of Archelaus, the Castle to Xenophilus, the Treasury to Callicrates, and the Satrapy of the Countrey of Susa to Abulites, in four encampings he came to the River Pasitigris, being resolved to invade Persia.

65. Near to the Countrey of Susa lieth that of the Uxians,* 1.137 running out into the Borders of Persia, and leaving a straight passage betwixt it self and the Susian Dominions. The inhabitants of the low-land Countrey became without much ado subject to Alexander; but the other with some slaughter of them he forced to submit;* 1.138 and whereas they demanded money of him which they used to receive from the Kings of Persia for their passage, he im∣posed a Tribute of 100 Horses, 500 Cattel, and 30000 Sheep yearly to be paid, they living like Shepheards, and using no money. After this he com∣mitted the baggage, with the Thessalian Horse, the Mercenaries and Associ∣ates, with the rest of the Army that used heavy Armour, to Parmenio, to lead that way into Persia, that was passable with Carriages, and he himself taking the Macedonian foot with the horse of the associates, and others, with all speed marched a nearer one through the hilly Countrey. Being arrived at the Pylae,* 1.139 or Straights of Persia, he found Ariobarzanes, a Persian Satrapa, seized thereof, by whom he was repelled also with some disgrace and losse, being forced to retreat four miles from the Straights; but at length being led by a Shepheard, another difficult way, he came upon his Enemies on a sudden, and put them to flight. But Ariobarzanes in the midst of near four∣ty horse, and 5000 foot, with great slaughters on both sides broke through the Army of the Macedonians, which on both sides had beset him, and made for Persepolis the chief Citie of that Countrey, but being shut out by those that kept it for the Conquerour, he turned again upon his E∣nemies, and with great valour renewing the battel, perished with all his followers.

66. Having private notice from Tiridates the Eunuch, Keeper of the Treasure at Persepolis, that they there had an intention to rifle it upon hear∣ing of his coming, he took the horse, and all the night marched thither∣wards.* 1.140 Being a quarter of a mile from the Town, about 800 Grecians met him in manner of suppliants, whom the former Persian Kings had reduced into bondage, and as a token of slavery cut off their Feet, Hands, Ears, or Noses, and having marked them with some Barbarian Letters, kept them as laughing stocks for derision. They besought Alexander, that as he had done by Greece, so he would also deliver them from the cruelty of their Enemies. He offered them to send them back, but they rather chose to re∣ceive some grounds to live on, than returning home to carry greater dis∣grace than comfort to their relations. To each of them then he gave 3000 Drachms, and 10 Garments, with Cattel, Sheep, and Corn, for the stocking of their grounds. The next day he called a meeting of his Officers, whom

he told how there was no Citie more inveterate against the Graecians than that, which had been the Seat of the Persian Kings, and that therefore by the destruction of it they were to make a Parentation to their Ancestors. The Town, all besides the Palace, he allowed the Souldiers to plunder, who made a great slaughter of Captives, and got unestimable riches in that place, which heretofore of all they had been most secure.* 1.141 Entring the Castle, he received the Treasure which there had been heaped up from the time of Cy∣rus the Great, containing a great quantity of Gold and Silver. Diodorus saith, he took thence 120 Talents, Gold being reckoned at the reckoning of silver, part of which he employed in the present service of the War, and the rest sent to Susa to be kept.

67. Leaving a Garrison in Persepolis, and a great part of the Army with the baggage there, with 1000 horse, and a party of foot, he made an invasion into Persia. Much rain fell, and grievous Tempests ensued, but he perse∣vered in his purpose, and also when they came to such places as were full of Snow and Ice, and though the inhabitants fled from their Cottages to the Mountains,* 1.142 and killed his stragglers, yet he brought them to submit, and laying waste the Territories of Persia, subdued also the Mardi, a war-like Nation, differing much from the customs of the other Persians; and on the 30th day returned to Persepolis. Then did he distribute gifts to his friends, making no spare of Treasure, and there he wintred four moneths, rather enervating than refreshing his Army with the delicacies of the place. For the celebration of his victories he offered magnificent sacrifices, and feasted his friends Princely; and to the feast admitted Courtisans. Amongst the rest was Thais the Athenian, the Mistresse of Ptolomy the son of Lagus. She gave out that the King would atchieve a most gallant Enterprize, if in a frollick he would with them set on fire the Palace, and thereby in one mo∣ment overthrow the glory of the Persians by the hands of women. This finding acceptance amongst the younger sort, now in the midst of their Cups, one amongst them desired that they might now revenge the injuries offered to the Temples of the Greeks with burning fire-brands, which was seconded by others; but yet they said, that so great an affair did onely belong to Alexander.* 1.143 He being moved hereat, was led out by Thais in a dance with the Minstrels, and she receiving a fire-brand from him, first set it to the Palace, after which all the rest followed, and so that structure was re∣duced into ashes. Thus was the fury of Xerxes against Athens revenged by a Woman, and Native of that Citie, in the same way, though ac∣companied with derision. But Alexander afterward repented too late, alle∣ging that he should more grievously have punished the Persians, by forcing them to behold him seated in the Palace, and Throne of Xerxes.

* 1.14468. From Persepolis he removed to Pasargadae, a Citie founded by Cyrus the Great, and the antient Seat of the Persian Kings, which being delivered up to him by Gobases the Governour, he therein found 6000 Ta∣lents. Here he saw the Sepulchre of Cyrus in a Garden, into which he com∣manded Aristobulus (who wrote the story) to enter,* 1.145 who there found a golden Bed, a Table, and Cups, with a golden Basket, and great store of Ap∣parel, and Robes adorned with Pearl. On this place Cyrus overthrew A∣styages the Mede in his last battel, and thereby obtaining the Soverainty of Asia, in memorial of it built this Citie, and a Palace, which being by Curtius named Persagadae, or Pasagada, signifieth the Army of the Persians.* 1.146 Then Alexander either by force, or fair means, became Master of all the other Ci∣ties of Persia, about the time of the rising of the seven Stars, from which the antients used to begin their Summer. He placed over this Countrey Phra∣saortes a Satrapa, and then, being minded to pursue Darius, set forwards for Media, where he heard he was;* 1.147 but being within three dayes journey of Echatane, there met him Bisthanes the son of Ochus, who reigned before Darius.* 1.148 He assured him that the King was gone thence five dayes before, ha∣ving taken with him 7000. or 8000 Talents, and being accompanied with an Army of 6000 foot, and 3000 horse.

69. Dariu•• staid at Ecbatane some time to receive such of his Soldiers as had escaped the battel; and for the furnishing of them with Arms. He raised forces in the Neighbouring Nations,* 1.149 and sent to the Satrapa of Bactria, and the higher Countreys, to retain them in obedience. And he determined, that if Alexander should stay about Babylon, or Susae, to continue in Media in expectation of some better change of fortune; but if he should pursue him, then to betake himself into Parthia, or as far as Bactria, and lay all the Countrey waste as far as he passed, to cut off the provisions of the pur∣suer. He sent therefore the women with all his Furniture and Carriages to the Caspian Straights, and staid himself, with such forces as he had raised, at Ecbatane, till such time as Alexander was within lesse then two hundred miles of him. Then thought he of Bactria;* 1.150 but fearing to be overtaken by Alex∣ander (against whose celerity no distance seemed to be sufficient) he changed his purpose, and though he fled, yet prepared he himself rather for a fight than flight. His Army consisted now (according to Curtius) of 30000 foot (where∣of 4000 were Graecians, Commanded by Patron, (a man for his constant fide∣lity to Darius, never enough to be commended) and 3300 Bactrian horse, un∣der the Command of Bessus the Satrapa of the Countrey.

70. Alexander being come to Ecbatane, sent back towards the Sea the Thessalian horse, and other associates, bestowing on them, besides their full pay, 2000 Talents. To Parmenio he gave in charge to bring all the Treasure out of Persia into Ecbatane to be committed to the trust of Harpalus, whom he left with a Garrison of 6000 Macedonians, besides some horse, and of the associates;* 1.151 and then afterwards he ordered him to march through the Countrey of the Cadusians into Hyrcania. Clitus he commanded to go with his own Regiment into Parthia whither he himself intended to come, but now with a select party with incredible speed pursued Darius, and in eleven Encampings came to Rhagae. Here seeing no hope ever to reach him, who before this had passed the Caspian Straights) he staid five dayes, and then marched for Parthia, and on the first day pitch't his Camp by the Straights, and on the next having entred them, news was brought to him con∣cerning the Captivity of Darius.

71. For Bessus the Satrapa of Bactria, and Nabarzanes a Colonel of horse, though his own servants, rebelled against him, and drawing their men to their party, caused him to be bound, with an intention if Alexander should overtake them,* 1.152 to curry favour with him by the delivery of such a prisoner into his hands; but if they should escape, then to kill him, seize upon his King∣dom, and renew the War. They seized on his money and stuff, and taking into their society Brazus, or Barzaentes, the Satrapa of the Arachoti and Drangi, lead him away Captive in a Chariot, bound in Golden Fetters, as beseemed so great a King, but yet, lest he should be known, they covered over the Chariot with base skins, and unknown men drove it, his keepers following aloof off, lest he should be discovered to any that asked of him. The Persians having none now to follow, joyned themselves to the Bactrians, and with the rest owned Bessus for their General. But Artabazus with his Sons and Soldiers, as also the Greeks (whose Captain was Patron) separated themselves from them, and taking another way towards the Mountains out of the high road, departed, and went into Parthiene.

72. Upon notice of this conspiracy Alexander concluded that more haste was to be used, and therefore taking along with him a party fit for such ex∣pedition, he left the rest of the Army to Craterus to come after with more leisure, and travelling all that night, and the next day till noon, gave his men a little time to rest, and then again setting forward, came the next morning to that place where Bagistenes the Babylonian (who brought him notice of the condition of Darius) had departed. Then again marching fast that night, and the day following, untill noon, he came unto the place where Bessus laid hands on Darius, as* 1.153 one telleth us; but, as* 1.154 another, where they that con∣ducted him had rested the day before. Here he met with Melon, Darius his interpreter, who being sick, and not able to follow, now counterfeited

himself a fugitive, and fully acquainted Alexander with the King's condi∣tion. He hereby vvas further quickened up to use all expedition, but his men spent vvith continual travel must needs have rest, and therefore he made 500 Horse-men to dismount, and the Officers of Foot, and others most valiant amongst them to take their Horses, being arrived as before, that so they might be both Horse and Foot-men as need should require.

73. Whilst he was thus busied, Orsillos and Mithracenes, two Persians who detested the Paricide of B••ssus, came back from him, and acquainted Alexander that he was 500 furlongs off, but that they could lead him a nearer way, whereby he might soon overtake him. With this conduct he beg••n his journy that night, and being come 300 furlongs encountred Brocubelus (or Antibelus) the Governour once of Syria under Darius, who told him that Bess••s was but 200 furlongs off, that as he thought he made for Hyrcania, and mar∣ched out of order as fearing no danger,* 1.155 and therefore might easily be surpri∣sed. He then continued his industry to overtake him, but he and his com∣plices had notice of his approaching, and coming to Darius, bad him mount on Horse-back, and withdraw himself by flight from the Enemy. He refu∣sing to do this, Salibarzanes and Barzaentes threw darts upon him, and lea∣ving him mortally wounded, wounded also the Horses that drew him, lest they should follow far, and killed two Slaves which accompanied him, having none now to follow him but a Dog which he had brought up.* 1.156 Having done this, the murderers with 600 fled with full speed, and that they might not venture altogether, Narbarzanes went towards Hyrcania, and B••ssus with a few Horse-men in his company kept on the way for Bactria. The rest of their men stragled, as they were led, either by hope or fear: 500 Horse-men imbodied themselves, not knowing, whether to flie, or to receive and fight the pursuing Enemies.

But Alexander having notice of the fear and anxiety of the Enemy, sent Nicanor with part of the Horse on before, to restrain their flight, he with the rest following after, and when they were come up, so little courage ap∣peared in the Persians, that though they resisted, yet 3000 were presently slain, and the rest stragled about like sheep, Alexander giving command then to his Soldiers to abstain from slaughters. Now appeared an incredible thing, more prisoners than they that took them, whilst the conquered were so stu∣pified that they neither considered their own multitude, nor the small number of their Enemies. In the mean while the beasts that drew Darius having none to drive them, wandred out of the way for half a mile, and being wearied both by their wounds and heat, stood still in a certain Valley. Not far off was a certain Spring,* 1.157 to which Polystratus a Macedonian being directed, came almost spent with thirst, and whilst he was drinking water in his helmet, he espied the Horses fainting away, by reason of the darts sticking in their sides, and drawing near to consider of the matter, found Darius in the Chariot sore∣ly wounded, but yet breathing. He desired some water of him to drink, which though none of the best, yet he said was the best that ever he drunk•• He desired him to carry his thanks to Alexander for his great humanity and courtesie towards his relations. As for himself, he desired rather a seemly than noble burial, but bad him put Alexander in mind how dangerous it would be to all Princes to suffer his death to go unpunished. He wished him the Empire of the whole World,* 1.158 and gave his ••and to Polystratus as though to be presented to Alexander; after which wishing him a reward, for his kindnesse, from the gods, he expired.

This was the end of the Life, Reign, and Empire of Darius, a man who, if we look at warlike matters, was fit for nothing lesse, but in other things did nothing unbeseeming Royal Majesty. And neither could he; for as soon as he began to reign,* 1.159 was he vexed by the Macedonians. Whilst he lived, one crosse presently succeeded after another: neither could he enjoy any rest from the beginning of his reign. For within a while after, he received that over∣throw at the River Granicus; then lost he Aeolia, Ionia, and both the Phry∣giaes: the Lydians also and Carians (all but the Hallicarnassians) and not

long after Halicarnassus it self, and then all the Maritime Coast as far as Cilicia. After this he received a great overthrow at Issus, in which his Mo∣ther, Wife, and Children were taken: Phoenicia and Aegypt fell off from him. At Arbela (or Gaugamela) losing a mighty Army consisting of all sorts of people, he disgracefully was forced to flie, then driven from his King∣dom, wandring up and down, and wanting due accommodations, at last he was betrayed by his own servants, and at the same time both a King and Cap∣tive, was ignomniously bound in fetters, and perished by the treachery of those, from whom he should have expected safety, as Arrianus writeth. This hapned in the year that Aristophontes was Archon at Athens, in the month Hecatombaeon, vvhen he had lived about fifty years, in the seventh year of his reign, and the 203^d of this Empire, in the third year of the 112^th Olympiad, A. M. 3675, 328 years before the ordinary Aera of Christ.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Diodorus.
• * 1.2

  Ochus succeed∣eth.
• * 1.3

  Jacobus Cap∣pellus, alii.
• * 1.4

  Esther's hus∣band.
• * 1.5

  Polyaenus Stra∣tagem, lib. 7.
• (a) 1.6

  Justin. lib. 10.
• (b) 1.7

  Valerius Max. lib. 9. cap. 2. Ext. ex. 7. Lib. 10. cap. ••.
• * 1.8

  Diodorus ad Olymp. 106. ann. 1. & 4.
• * 1.9

  Artabazus re∣volteth from him.
• * 1.10

  Idem ad Olymp. 107. ann. 2.
• * 1.11

  He invadeth Phoenicia.
• * 1.12

  SECT. 4.
• * 1.13

  Mentor the Rhodian offer∣eth to betray Sidon to him.
• * 1.14

  Tennes King of Sidon joyn∣eth with him, and yet put to death by Ochus.
• * 1.15

  Sidon taken & burnt by the Inhabitants.
• (a) 1.16

  Diodorus •• Olymp. 107. ann. 3.
• (b) 1.17

  Solinus cap. 35. Aristus de 70. Interp.
• (c) 1.18

  Diodorus ibid.
• * 1.19

  Ochus invad∣eth Aegypt.
• (a) 1.20

  Diodorus ut supra.
• * 1.21

  Nectanebus fli∣eth out of Aegypt.
• (b) 1.22

  Sulp. Se∣verus Hist. Sacr. lib. 2.
• (c) 1.23

  Aelian. var. Hist. lib. 4. c. 8. Suid. in Ocho.
• (d) 1.24

  Orosius l. 3. cap. 7. quaere Diodorus ad Olymp. 107. ann. 4.
• * 1.25

  Idem ibid. Polyaenus lib 6. Strabo lib. 13.
• * 1.26

  Diodorus ad Olymp. 109. ann. 4.
• * 1.27

  Philip King of Macedonia op∣posed by O∣chus.
• * 1.28

  Josephus An∣tiquit. lib. 11. cap. 7.
• * 1.29

  Affairs of Ju∣daea in the time of Ochus.
• * 1.30

  Diodorus ad Olymp. 106. ann. 4.
• * 1.31

  Strabo lib. 14. Gellius lib. 10. cap. 18.
• * 1.32

  Mausolus his monument.
• * 1.33

  Plinius lib. 36. cap. 5.
• * 1.34

  Pausan. in Arcadicis.
• * 1.35

  Diodorus ad Olymp. 111. ann. 2. Aelian. Var. Hist. lib. 6. cap. 8.
• * 1.36

  Bagoas killeth Ochus, and set∣ting up Arses maketh him away within a while.
• * 1.37

  Darius Codo∣mannus.
• (a) 1.38

  Diodorus. Strabo lib. 15. & Plutarch. in Alexand. alibi, Diodorus, Ar∣rianus, Curtius.
• * 1.39

  Justin. lib. 10.
• * 1.40

  Curtius lib. 6. cap. 6.
• * 1.41

  Josephus Anti∣quit. lib. 11. cap. 7.
• * 1.42

  Together with his Kingdom espouseth a quarrel with the King of Macedonia.
• * 1.43

  Vide Arrianum lib. 1. pag. 41.
• * 1.44

  Diodorus ad Olymp. 111. ann. 3. Justin. lib. 11. Arrianus lib. 1.
• * 1.45

  Alexander of Macedonia in∣vadeth Asia.
• * 1.46

  Diodorus ad Olymp. 111. ann. 2.
• (a) 1.47

  Diodorus ad Olymp. 111. ann. 3.
• (b) 1.48

  Valer. Maximus l. 7. cap. 3. Exter Exemp. 4. Pausan. Eliac. lib. 2.
• (a) 1.49

  Diodorus ibid.
• * 1.50

  The battel of Granicus.
• (b) 1.51

  Justin ex Trogo.
• (c) 1.52

  Plutarch. ex Aristobulo.
• (d) 1.53

  Arrianus lib. 1.
• * 1.54

  Diodorus ut prius.
• * 1.55

  Alexander set∣eth at liberty all Greek Ci∣ties.
• * 1.56

  Diodorus & Arrianus ut supra.
• * 1.57

  He taketh & razeth Hali∣carnassus.
• (a) 1.58

  Arrianus lib. 1.
• * 1.59

  The treason of Alexander Lyncestes.
• (b) 1.60

  Strabo lib. 14.
• (c) 1.61

  Arrianus ibid.
• * 1.62

  Curtius lib. 3. Arrianus lib. 1. & 2. Plutarch in Alexand. Justin lib. 11. Curtius l. 3. c. 2.
• * 1.63

  He cutteth in two the Gor∣dian knot.
• * 1.64

  Diodorus ad Olymp. 111. ann. 4.
• * 1.65

  Arrianus l. 2.
• * 1.66

  Memnon Darius his General dieth.
• * 1.67

  Diodorus ibid. Curtius lib. 3.
• * 1.68

  Arrianus & Curtius ut supra.
• (b) 1.69

  Aristobulus.
• (c) 1.70

  Diodorus.
• (d) 1.71

  Justin l. 11. Curtius. Plutarch. Arrianus & Val. Maximus lib. 3. cap. 8. extern. exemp. ult.
• * 1.72

  Ameus Cur∣tius ibid.
• * 1.73

  The battel of Issus.
• * 1.74

  A. M. 3672. Olymp. 111. ann. 4. Darii 4. Alexand. 4.
• * 1.75

  Curtius lib. 3.
• * 1.76

  Darius his Lieutenants revolt to A∣lexander.
• * 1.77

  Justin. lib. 11. Curtius lib. 4.
• * 1.78

  His offers scorned by Alexander.
• * 1.79

  Arrianus lib. 2. Curtius lib. 4. Justin. lib. 11.
• * 1.80

  Diodorus ad Olymp. 111. an••. 4.
• * 1.81

  Curtius lib. 4.
• * 1.82

  Justin. lib. 11.
• * 1.83

  Diodorus ad Olymp. 112. ann. 1. Plutarch. in Alexandro.
• * 1.84

  Arrianus lib. 2.
• * 1.85

  Palaetyrus.
• * 1.86

  Alexander his great attempt for the Con∣quering of Tyre.
• * 1.87

  Tyre taken.
• * 1.88

  A. M. 3673. Ol. 112. an. 1. V.C. 422. Darii 5. Alexand. 5.
• * 1.89

  Darius sendeth new proposals to Alexander, which he re∣fuseth.
• * 1.90

  Euseb. in Chroni∣co. Plin. lib. 12. cap. 25. Josephus An∣tiquit. lib. 11. cap. 8.
• * 1.91

  A Temple built by San∣ballat on mount Geri∣zim.
• * 1.92

  Jaddus the High-Priest of the Jews refu∣sing to break his Faith, Alexander in∣vadeth Judaea.
• * 1.93

  But his wrath is appeased.
• * 1.94

  Curtius lib. 4.
• * 1.95

  He besiegeth Gaza.
• * 1.96

  Diodorus, Josephus, Curtius, Arrianus, ut prius.
• * 1.97

  Diodorus ad Olymp. 112. ana. 2. Curtius lib. 4.
• * 1.98

  He marcheth for Egypt.
• * 1.99

  Strabo lib. 17.
• * 1.100

  Plutarch. in Alexandro.
• * 1.101

  Foundeth A∣lexandria.
• * 1.102

  Iidem.
• * 1.103

  Arrianus lib. 3.
• * 1.104

  Diodorus ad Olymp. 112. ann. 2.
• * 1.105

  Justin. lib. 2.
• * 1.106

  Goeth to the Temple of Jupiter Ham∣mon.
• * 1.107

  Gellius lib. 13. cap. 4.
• * 1.108

  Arrianus. Cur∣tius. Justin. Josephus de bello lib. 2. Antiquit. lib. 11. cap. ••.
• * 1.109

  Curtius.
• * 1.110

  Eusebius.
• * 1.111

  Josephus con∣tra Apionem lib. 2.
• * 1.112

  Arrianus, Cur∣tius, &c.
• * 1.113

  Alexander pas∣seth Euphrates,
• * 1.114

  And Tigris.
• * 1.115

  An Eclypse of the Moon dis∣courageth his men.
• * 1.116

  Statira the wife of Darius dieth.
• * 1.117

  Vide Plut in vita Alexand.
• * 1.118

  Justin, Curtius, Diodorus ut suprà.
• * 1.119

  Strabo lib. 16.
• * 1.120

  A Pannnick fear seizeth on the Macedo∣nians.
• * 1.121

  Plutarch in Apophthegm.
• * 1.122

  Idem in Alexand. Curtius▪ Arrianus. Diodorus.
• * 1.123

  The battel of Gaugamela.
• * 1.124

  Darius flieth.
• (a) 1.125

  Diodorus.
• * 1.126

  The number 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• (b) 1.127

  Arrianus.
• (c) 1.128

  Curtius.
• * 1.129

  A. M. 3674. Olymp. 112. an. 4. V.C. 423. Darii 6. Alexand. 6.
• * 1.130

  Alexander de∣clared King of Asia.
• * 1.131

  Entereth Ba∣bylon.
• * 1.132

  Justin lib. 11. Curtius. Diodorus.
• (a) 1.133

  Porphy••ius apud Simplici∣um de Coelo. l. 2.
• (b) 1.134

  Strabo lib. 16. pag. 738.
• (c) 1.135

  Apud Joseph. contr. Apionem lib. 1.
• * 1.136

  Cometh to Susa.
• * 1.137

  Diodorus. Curtius. Plutarch.
• * 1.138

  Arrianus. Polyaenus Stratagem. lib. 4.
• * 1.139

  He is oppo∣sed at the Straights of Persia by Ar••obarzanes.
• * 1.140

  He cometh to Perseplis,
• * 1.141

  Which he causeth to be plundered.
• * 1.142

  He harrazeth the Countrey of Persia.
• * 1.143

  Burneth in a frolick the Palace of Persepolis.
• * 1.144

  Cometh to Pasargadae.
• * 1.145

  Strabo lib. 15. pag. 730.
• * 1.146

  Gad, turma. Stephanus.
• * 1.147

  Arrianus.
• * 1.148

  He cometh to Ecbatane.
• * 1.149

  What Darius did after the battel of Gau∣gamela.
• * 1.150

  Curtius lib. 5.
• * 1.151

  Alexander pursueth him.
• * 1.152

  Bessus and o∣thers bind Darius.
• * 1.153

  Curtius.
• * 1.154

  Arrianus.
• * 1.155

  And upon Alexander's approaching mortally wounded him.
• * 1.156

  Aelian. Hist. a••••. l. ••••. 25.
• * 1.157

  Darius disco∣vered by Po∣lystratus.
• * 1.158

  Dieth.
• * 1.159

  A view of his reign.