An institution of general history from the beginning of the vvorld to the monarchy of Constantine the Great : composed in such method and manner as never yet was extant / by William Howel ...

SECT. IV. The most antient Kingdom and Common-wealth of Athens.

1. THe founding of the Athenian Kingdom is ascribed to(a) Cecrops, who first reigned in Attica (then Acte) in the dayes of Triopas King of Argos, 373 years before the destruction of Troy, 780 before the first Olympiad, A. M. 2449. The(b) Aegyptians said he was their Country∣man, and brought hither a Colonie of the Saitae, who inhabited upon one of mouths of Nile. He was feigned to be double-natured, consisting both of a Serpentine and Humane shape, because coming into Greece, he shook off barbarism and turned civil. Besides this Colonie, he gathered the people of these parts into twelve Towns, whereas before that they lived dispersedly according to the most antient custom of Greece, and called them Athenae, af∣ter the name of Minerva in the Greek Language. The storie is(c) told, that when the name came to be given, on a sodain an Olive-tree, and a Foun∣tain of water appeared, whereat Cecrops moved with wonder, sent to enquire of the Oracle what they should mean. It was answered, that the Olive signified Minerva, the water Neptune, and that they might name that City from which of these two they pleased. Hereupon, all the men and women were gathered together to make the choice: the men were for Neptune, but the women being the greater number, carried the name for Minerva, Nep∣tune angry hereat, drowned their territories, whom to pacify, they punished the women several wayes. They decreed, that thenceforth they should not have a voice in any publick matter; that no child should bear the mother's

name, and that they should not be called Athenaeae, but Atticae, Some wo∣men known by the name of Minerva there have been, though impure spirits, ambitious to blind men with superstition and idolatry, might well act in this matter, as Augustine telleth us, under the name of Neptune.

2. Cicero mentioneth five several women that have had the name of Minerva. The first was the mother of Apollo by Vulcan. The second born of the River Nile, and worshipped by the Saitae. The third daughter to Ju∣piter Coelius. The fourth begotten by Jupiter on Ce••iphe, daughter to the Ocean, called Coria by the Arcadians; which invented the Chariot drawn by four horses. The fifth was the daughter of Pallas, said to have killed her Father, because he attempted to violate her virginity Of these the second must be she that was thus honoured by Cecrops, having founded the City Sais, near to Delta, being by the Aegyptians called N••uth. To her he had for∣merly erected a Statue in Aegypt, and he, as they say, first gave the name of Zeus to him whom the Latins called Jupiter. As there were several Mi∣nervaes, so also more(e) than one City known by the name of Athenae. From this in Attica, the Citizens were by the Romans called Athenienses; but another there was in Euboea, built by Cecrops the Son of Erechtheus, the Inhabitants of which went by the name of Athenae••: and a City in Na••∣bone, a Province of Gaule, near to Marseils, called Atheneopolis, and the Citizens Atheneopolitae. There was also in Laconia a Town called by the name of Athenae.

3. In the dayes of(f) Cecrops, Deucalion the Son of Prometheus reigned in Thessalie, whose history being remarkable, must be briefly touched. Lape∣tus had three Sons, Atlas, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. For(g) the first, One telleth us there were three that bore the name of Atlas. One a Moor, and the greatest of all; another an Italian, Father to Electra; the third, an Arcadian, Father of Maia, the Mother of Mercury; all which the antients confound according to their custom. The first(h) lived near to Mount Atlas; to which for his great skil in Astrology, is attributed the bearing up of the Heavens; and he is also counted the Father of Electra. Prometheus found out the instrument to strike fire, and thereupon is said to have stolen fire from the Gods. Deucalion his Son married Pyrrha the daughter of his Uncle Epimetheus, and in his time(i) happened that great deluge in part of Greece, which is known by the addition of his name; that Country called most anti∣ently and truly Hellas, his seat near to the Mountain Parnassus being chiefly afflicted with it, on which Hill he is thought to have saved many men by boats, and thence the Fable to have risen of his repeopling the Earth. But (that we may note it altogether) there are three particular Floods which we read to have hapned to this Country of Geece. The first, under Ogyges (called the Ogygean deluge) concerning whom, we shall speak in the History of Thebes. This fell 248 years before either of the other, and overwhelmed Attica especially so, that as Pererius will have it, it remained waste 200 years after. The next was this of Deucalion, which happened 737 years before the first Olympiad: and the(k) third fell 86 after it, in the dayes of Dardanus and Cadmus.

4. Deucalion of Pyrrha his wife begat Hellen and Amphyction. Hellen gave the name of Hellenes to his Subjects before called Graeci, and of Hellas to the Country formerly named Pelasgia, from the Pelasgi (who there inhabi∣ted) as Haemonia from Haemon, the son of Pelasgus, and Pyrrhaea from Pyrhar. He had three sons, Xuthus, Aeolus, and Dorus. To Aeolus he left his King∣dom, and sent the other two abroad to seek out seats elsewhere. Aeolus grew so famous, that the name of Jupiter and Neptune came to be given him. Dorus inhabited the Country Histiaeotis, about the Mountains Ossa and Olym∣pus. Xuthus after his Father's death was banished Thessalie by his other Brothers, for stealing away a great part of his Fathers treasure, and came to Athens, where he married the daughter of Erechtheus, on which he begat Achaeus and Ion. Achaeus getting aid from Athens and Aegialus, went into Thessalie, and recovered his Grand-Father's Kingdom; but afterwards

killing a man by chance, he fled into Laconia, where his posterity continued till expelled by the Heraclidae and Dorienses, as we shewed in the History of Tisamenus. Ion being exceeding famous at Athens had a numerous progeny, which, for that Attica was now grown too full, was sent out as a Colony into Peloponnesus, whence they were thrust out by their brethren the Achae∣ans, after they had denied them harbour (as is formerly said) and returned to Athens, from which Citie they were afterwards led out into Asia, by the sons of Codrus. But these things hapned in after times.

5. In Cecrops his time(l) one maketh the Council, or Senate of Areopa∣gus to have had its Original, though no clear light can we discover concern∣ing the true beginning of it.(m) Some write that it began under Solon, but(n) another of a more antient date signifieth that it was a Court of Judica∣ture before.(o) One deriveth the word from Mars (in Greek Ares) making him to have been first tried there for killing Halirrhodius, the son of Nep∣tune, who offered violence to his daughter Alcippe. Others would fetch a reason from the erecting of his Spear there, or from this, that the Court of Areopagus took Cognisance of slaughters, which are usually committed with Swords, or other Weapons of Mars. Lastly, some think it thence to have been named, for that the Amazons, when they fought against Theseus, made Mars his Hill their Fortresse, and there offered sacrifice to him. Cecrops died after he had reigned 50 years, and because Erysicthon his son died be∣fore him, Cranaus the most powerfull man then at Athens succeeded him in the Kingdom. He, after he had reigned some seven years, was thrust out by Amphyction, the son of Deucalion, and his son-in-law, the founder as some have thought of the National Council of the Amphyctiones, of which we have already spoken. He is reported to have given entertainment to Dionysus, or Bacchus, who at this time, as they say, came into Attica, and when he had reigned ten years, was also expelled by Erichthonius.

6. The father of Erichthonius was said to be Vulcan, and his mother the earth, because he was found in Vulcan's Temple upon the earth, with a Snake wound about his feet, whence also they feigned that he had feet like Snakes, and invented a Chariot wherein he might ride and hide them. He instituted Games to Apollo and Minerva, and having reigned 50 years, left his Kingdom to his son Pandion, who also, after 40. gave way to his son Erechtheus. He became a man of great account, and whereas the sub∣jects of Athens were before his time called Cecropidae, thenceforth they were named after the place it self. He made War upon the inhabitants of Eleasine, Ion the son of Xuthus, and his own Grand-son by his daughter be∣ing his chief Commander, wherein after he had slain Immaradus, the son of Eumolpus their General, he also lost his life, when he had reigned 50 years. He left three sons, Cecrops, Metion, and Pandorus, who falling into con∣tention about the succession, put it to the arbitration of Xuthus. He adjudged it to the eldest, but yet would they not rest satisfied, which made him leave Athens, and go into Aegialea where he died. This Cecrops the second, some think to have gathered the people into twelve Towns, for that li∣ving dispersedly abroad, the Carians by Sea, and the Boeotians (called Aeonae) by Land harrased the Countrey, as Strabo writeth. At the end of 40 years his son named Pandion succeeded him, who was expelled the Kingdom by the sons of Metion his Uncle, and fled to Pyla, the King of Megara his fa∣ther-in-law, who left him his Successor. Whil'st he here reigned he begat four sons, Aegens, Lycus, Pallas, and Nisus, who after his death went against the Metiontidae, and expelled them Athens, the Dominions whereof they di∣vided into four parts, according to their father's injunctions, Megara falling to Nisus, who reigned there a long time.

7. Though this division was made, yet was Aegeus Soveraign in effect, for fear of whom Lycus fled to Athens. Pallas the other brother had 50 sons, which growing up gave cause enough to Aegeus to be jealous of them, having him in contempt because he was childlesse. For though he married two wives, yet had he issue by neither of them, which made him go to Delphos to en∣quire

of the Oracle about posterity. The answer being obscure, in his return he was entertained by Pittheus, the son of Pelops, a man famous for learning at Traezene, who either understanding the Oracle, or otherwise induced, made his daughter Aethra to lye with him, after he had caused him to drink good store of Wine. At his departure he put a sword, and a knife under a great stone, bidding her, if she brought forth a Boy, as soon as he could remove the stone, and take those things from under it, to send him with them as tokens unto Athens, and he would own him for his son. She accordingly brought forth a son (called Theseus, from putting the marks under the stone) whom Pittheus brought up, and for that he proved exceeding prudent and coura∣gious, his mother at sixteen years of age brought him to the stone, acquainting him with his Original, and his fathers injunctions. He easily removing it, and taking away the tokens, prepared for his journey; but they were unwilling to let him go by Land, because all the wayes were full of Robbers, since Hercules (who went up and down destroying them) after his killing of Iphi∣tus had quitted these parts, and was gone into Lycia, where for some years he served Omphale the Queen. But Theseus burning with emulation upon hearing continually the praise of Hercules his Kins-man (for their mo∣thers vvere next Cousins) resolved to take that vvay to obtain some re∣nown in killing those Robbers, and effected his design upon several of them.

8. Being arrived at Athens, he vvas in danger to be poysoned by his fa∣ther, through the perswasion of Medea (who now vvas fled to him from Co∣rinth, and filled his jealous head vvith suspitions of this stranger) till think∣ing it vvisdom to make himself known, rather than let another do it, he shewed him the tokens, vvhich he presently acknowledged, & owning him for his son, made his subjects as such to take notice of him. But the sons of Pallas, who be∣fore had been seditious, now seeing all hopes of the Kingdom taken from them by him, and disdaining that Aegeus should first reign himself, being not of the bloud Royal, but adopted onely by Pandion (as Plutarch vvriteth) and then leave for his Successor a stranger, and a Bastard, they took Arms, and the better to accomplish their design, divided themselves into two parties, where∣of the one came openly vvith their father against Athens, and the other lay in ambush. Theseus having notice of the later sort, surprized, and cut them all off, vvhich so discouraged the other as they separated themselves and fled. Theseus after this, to employ himself, and gain the favour of the people, went, and took the Marathonian Bull, fetch't out of Crete by Hercules, and brought him quick into the Citie, after he had infested the Countrey very much. Then sailed he to Crete, vvhere, as the fable goeth, he slew the Minotaure, a Monster kept by Minos, King of that Island.

9. Minos,(q) Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon were the Children of Jupi∣ter by Europa, and all adopted by Asterius (the Grand-son of Hellen, by his son Teutamus) King of that Island, who married their mother, and was childlesse. Minos was the Law-giver of the Cretians; this honour being ascribed to him by the most Authentick of ancient(r) Authors. Yet(s) Ephe∣rus in his book of Europaean Commonwealths, vvrote that he was but an imi∣tator of one Rhadamanthus (of the same name with his brother, who by others is also said to have been imployed by Minos in this work, but more ancient) who first cultivated the Island by Laws, Cities, and Common∣wealths, feigning that he had from Jupiter all the Ordinances which he pub∣lished. In(t) imitation of him, Minos having continued in the Law of Ju∣piter nine years, produced Laws in writing, and ascribed them to the same Author as Homer also hinteth; vvhich(u) vvord of Homer, though Strabo taketh to signifie a continuance for ten years, yet Plato, and from him(x) Va∣lerius Maximus interpret it not of nine years continuance, but every ninth year vvherein as it seemeth he amended his Laws. Although Minos vvas a King, yet he directed (according to Ephorus) the vvhole model of his Laws to the freedom of his subjects. This liberty he thought to be preserved best by Concord, vvhich vvould be most established by the prevention of avarice

and luxury, the great causes of disagreement. He would therefore have them all live soberly and frugally, to vvhich purpose he ordained that Boys should live together in companies, called Ageloe, vvhen they vvere grown up, and men, in others, called Syssitia, from eating together, (vvhich they also named Andr••a from their m••nhood) that taking their meat all in publick, the poor might live in equal condition vvith the rich.

10. After the abdication of regal power, the chief Magistracy was exer∣cised by ten Cosmi, in power, though not in number, like to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Spartan Epho∣ri, being chosen out of the lowest sort of people as those; ye•• not out of the whole body but particular families, which custom Aristotle accounteth worse than the other of Lacedaemon. Those Cosmi at home Governed the Common∣wealth; in War commanded the Army with absolute Authority. There was also a Senate, chosen out of those who in this Office had well demeaned themselves, being for life, and not liable to be called to account. There was an Order of Hors-men, who were bound to keep Horses for the service of the State, whereas they at Lacedaemon had no such tie upon them. In the Concio, or great Assembly, all Members of the Commonwealth had equal Votes, but its power was not great, confirming onely what was propounded by the Senate and Cosmi. They had publick slaves, called Periaeci, from their inhabiting up and down the Countrey, who tilled the grounds, and paid in a constant Revenue. All, when ripe of age, were commanded to marry for the propagation of legitimate issue: Yet they did not lead their wives to their houses when newly married, but let them stay till they were fit to govern a family. The Boys took their meat altogether on the ground, serving them∣selves, and the elder sort. They were cloathed meanly, and alike, both Win∣ter and Summer; they used bickerings with one another, both with single hand and Weapon on certain dayes, and had those who exercised them also in shooting, and a vvarlike kind of leaping invented by Cures; moreover in certain Rithms, called properly Rythmi Cretici. The Cretians had several commendable Laws as that which severely restrained drunkennesse, another commended by Plato, that required an account how publick Corn was distri∣buted and spent. The younger sort were utterly forbidden to make any in∣quiry into the equiry of the Laws, and if the elder were unsatisfied, without their knowledge , they were to have recourse to the Magistrates, and their own equals. But that the Laws might be ingraven in their memories, the boyes vvere vvont vvhen they vvere taught to read, to get some of them by heart, being put into Verse, together vvith some Musical Notes.

11. Lycurgus the Spartan Law-giver made this model the pattern of his new Commonwealth, having travelled into the Island, vvhere he had con∣verse vvith Thales, a man ennobled for his Lavvs, and Lyrick Poems; for vve must not suppose Minos the sole Author of the Cretiam customs. As the Cre∣tians had their Cosmi, so the Spartans their Ephori, though most probable it is that these vvere brought in after the death of Lycurgus. As they a Se∣nate, so these also endovved vvith the like immunities. The Concio, or As∣sembly of the people in Crete, resolved nothing but vvhat vvas propounded by the Cosmi and Senate, vvhich vvas follovved by the first constitution of Lycurgus the Senate propounding at Sparta. The Periaeci, and Heloti fitly agreed, though the Cretians received lesse dammage from the former, be∣cause being in an Island there vvere no Neighbours to hold correspondence vvith the slaves. The Syssitia of the Lacedaemonians vvere fetched, as Aristo∣tle proveth, from Crete; and their Phiditia taken from the Andria of that place, as also their education of Children vvas agreeable to the Cretian. Plato commendeth much the Commonvvealth of Crete, and the Legislator for his vvisdom and prudence, though he abominateth the immodest love of boyes, and rejecteth his reason for it, vvhich yet Lycurgus so approved, as to put it in his model. Aristotle condemneth it, as also amongst some other things, the Election of the Cosmi, and their too great advantage they had of raising seditions in the State, vvhen they came to be punished. But Polybius affirmeth the two Commonwealths of Crete and Sparta to have vastly differ∣ed,

not fearing to blame Ephorus, Xenophon, Calisthenes, and Plato, for saying they were very like; because with the Cretians it was usual to in∣grosse Land and Money, whence they were avaricious, contentious, sediti∣on, and what not? moreover they had annual Magistrates, whereas the other had two Kings for life. They were, he saith, fraudulent and crafty in their private demeanour, and most unjust in their publick Councils. Though some publick abuses taxed by Polyb••us, might have crept in in antient times; yet it appeareth from the testimony of that Verse of Epimenides a Cretian, which St. Paul citeth and confirmeth, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that the disposition even of the old Cretians (for Epimenides is found contemporary with Solon) was very naught.

12. Minos succeeding his Step-father, begat Lycastes, and left him his Successor, who on Ida the daughter of Corybas begat Minos the secohd, fa∣thered also on Jupiter. He had issue by P••pphae (daughter to Sol and Crete) Deucalion, Astrea, Androgeos, Ariadne, and other children. An∣drogeos going to the solemn Feast of the Panathenaea, instituted by Theseus at Athens, excelled all men in the exercises then performed, whereby he be∣came farmiliarly acquainted with the Sons of Pallas. This when Aegeus perceived, fearing they might by his means receive some aid and assistance, he procured him to be made away, at which Minos sore aggrieved, came to Athens to demand satisfaction, but obtaining none, is said to have procured from Jupiter a Famine to fall upon all Greece, and especially Attica, which could not be abated, till he received satisfaction. A(b) yearly Tribute then be imposed on the Athenians, of seven Boys and as many Girls, which being unwillingly willing to submit to, they were sore displeased when they came to part with their children, and repining at Aegeus as the author of their cala∣mity, at the third time of sending, Theseus offered himself to go amongst the rest. The Fable is, that they were to be devoured of the Minotaure, a Monster, whose upper parts were like to those of a Man, but resembled a Bull in the other. Some thought there might be such a Monster indeed, but most account it fabulous, and it is interpreted to be meant of one Taurus, the Captain of Minos, who might have custody of these children, whom Aristotle will not have killed, but made slaves, till their death. Theseus promising to kill this Minotaure, Aegeus with much adoe yielded he should go, and com∣manded the Master of the ship, that, whereas for the sadnesse of the occasion they used black sails, if his Son came back alive, he should change them for white ones, as soon as they came within kenning of Attica.

13. Theseus coming into Crete by the help of Ariadne the daughter of Minos, (which fell in love with him) got into the labyrinth where the Mino∣taure was kept (and which was made by Daedalus, who having killed his Si∣sters son at A••hens, fled into this Island) and slew him. It is thought, that when he landed, he offered the Combat to whomsoever would accept of it, and that this Taurus, who bore himself high upon his valour, and was hated by all for his ill manners, was forced by Minos to accept of it. Theseus ha∣ving killed him, was so admired by the King, that he gave him back the children and remitted the Tribute. Ariadne fell in love with him, whom some say, he carried away with him, but others, that he left her behind, and she hanged her self; several things, one contrary to another being reported of her. Peace now being made, and Theseus returning homewards, they were so transported with joy, that they forgot to set up the white sailes; where∣upon Aegeus dispairing of his sons safety, threw himself headlong from a Rock and perished. From this Aegeus some would fetch the name of the Aegean Sea. But others, think it was so called from Aegae, the Island near Euboea; others from Aegae a town of Euboea; some from Aega a pro∣montory of Aeolis, and others from the Rock Aege, lying betwixt Tenedus and Chius; Again some from Aegeus, the name of Neptune in Pherecydes; and others from Aegeon, the same with Briareus, and others from a Goat, because by it's turbulency it leapeth like that creature. Festus who deriveth the name also from Aegeus, mentioneth other two Originals as probable,

viz. the many Islands, which to one looking at them a far off, appear as Goats, in the Greek language called Aegae; and the perishing of Aege the Queen of the Amazons in it. Concerning Aegeus, Suidas telleth a long story out of Nicocrates, which is refuted by the Scholiast of Apollonius, who con∣cerning this, is to be consulted, together with Strabo and Pliny.

14. Theseus succeeding his Father, set himself all manner of wayes to de∣serve well of his Subjects; Whereas before they were dispersed in twelve Towns or more, he gathered them into one City, as being more convenient for strength, concord, and dispatch of publick businesse. This being hard to effect, by reason that the people were unwilling to quit their present possessi∣ons for new hopes, he went from place to place, shewing them the con∣venience of the thing, and that he might effectually perswade, he promised them liberty, offering to lay down all power except that of the Generalship, and of keeping the Laws; in all other things to be like them, and the power to rest in the people. The multitude being allured by this promise, he made the chief City, called Cecropia, his regal seat, and built another about it for the people, which he divided into three ranks, of Nobility, Husbandmen, and Artificers, all under the same aequality of liberty and Law. But the former sort he appointed to be the fountain of Magistracy; yet so, as elective by the suffrages of the other two. He abolished the several Courts of Judi∣cature belonging to the twelve Towns, and constituted one general Pryta∣neum in the City. Thus did he devest himself of all royalty in a manner, and brought popular-government into the State.

15. As Hercules had instituted the Olympick Games in honour of Jupiter, so he ordained the Isthmian, and dedicated them to Neptune. He sailed with Hercules into the Euxine Sea (some say, by himself) against the Amazons, from amongst whom he got Antiope his wife, which gave occasion to that sort of women to come against Athens. They sore distressed it by a Seige, till peace was made by Antiope or Hippolyta, as others called her. Some have affirmed, that he was not partaker in any Exploit with any of the Heroes of his time, except in that he helped the Lapithae against the Centaurs. Others again contend, that hee sailed to Colchos with Jason, and assisted Meleager in killing the Boar; whence came the Proverb, Non sine Theseo: he also performed many brave things by himself, without the assistance of any, hence he came to be counted Alter Hercules. Having contracted near friend∣ship and alliance with Perithous the Son of Ixion, being now 50 years old, he joyned with him in stealing away Helena the daughter of Tyndareus from Sparta, and when they cast lots who should have her, she fell to him. He carried her to his Mother living at Aphidna, there to be kept till she were ripe for marriage: But having agreed that he who obtained her, should help the other to procure him a wife elsewhere, they both travelled into Epirus, to steal thence the daughter of Aidoneus King of the Molossians, whose wife was called Proserpina, and his Dog Cerberus, he himself by the Fable being named Pluto. When he understood their errand, that they came not to wooe but to steal, be laid hands on them both, and caused his Dog to devoure Perithous, kept Theseus in prison, till Hercules desired he should be set at liberty.

16. Whilst Theseus was absent, one Menestheus the son of Peleus (who was Grand-son to Erechtheus by his Son O••neus) incensed the people against him, and that upon the account of that change he had made in the State, which he would have them believe was intended to inslave them under pre∣tence of liberty: and at this time came down the Tyndaridae, Castor and Pol∣lux (some think by his procurement) against Athens in behalf of their Si∣ster. Finding that she was not there, and discovering the place of her re∣straint, they went to Aphidna, and taking it by force recovered her, and took Aethra the Mother of Theseus, which afterwards accompanied her as her servant to Troy, and at the taking of that Town was set at liberty by her Grand-son Demophon. By means of Menestheus, the Tyndaridae were recei∣ved into Athens, and great honour was done unto them, which thing contri∣buted

to his design. For when Theseus returned, the Citizens were so wrought upon, that in no wise would they be reconciled, and so was he for∣ced to banish himself into the Island Scyrus, having sent away his children privatly to Elpenor the son of Chalcedon into Euboea. One writeth, that sailing towards Crete to Deucalion the son of Minos (whose Sister Phaedra he had married after the death of Antiope) he was driven by tempest upon Scy∣rus, the Inhabitants whereof receiving him with great honour for reverence of his name, Lycomedes their King, out of jealousie, made him away, ha∣ving led him up to a Rock, as though to shew him the Country, and thence tumbled him down headlong.

17. Menestheus then began his reign at Athens, in the dayes of Atreus King of Argos and Mycenae, and some years after accompanied Agamem∣non and Menelaus to the siege of Troy, with 50 ships. During the War, we hear little or nothing of him, but after the City was taken, he honoured the Fu∣nerals of Ajax the son of Telamon with a Funeral Oration, which work belonged to the Athenians to perform for those that died in the Wars; but within a while he himself afforded matter for that office, dying in the Isle Melos at his return homewards. After his death Demophon the son of Theseus, (who to∣gether with his brother Achames, (both begotten on Phaedra) followed El∣phenor to Troy) went to Athens and obtained the Kingdom. As he retur∣ned, Phyllis daughter to Sithon and Queen of Thrace, fell in love with him, and wood him for marriage. He told her he would first go to settle his af∣fairs at Athens, and then come and marry her; but staying somewhat long, she had no patience to wait, and thinking she was slighted, hanged herself. He stole the Palladium or image of Pallas, from the Argives, who brought it from Troy, and in their return with Diomedes made encursions unwittingly into Attica, being driven by night upon Phalerus, and not knowing where they were. He reigned about 34 years, and then left his Kingdom to his son Oxyntes, who after twelve was succeeded by Aphidas his son, who reigned but one year. Then followed Thymoetes the fifteenth King, who being a Ba∣stard, is reported to have murdered Aphidas his brother, and after eight years lost the Kingdom, He was the last of the Erechthidae that reigned at Athens.

18. It hapned that the State of Athens had War with the Boeotians about Celoenae, a place seated in the confines of both Countries, and it pleased the parties that their Kings should decide the quarrel in their own persons. Thy∣moetes declined the combat, and for that was deposed. Melanthius a Messe∣nian, who was then driven from home by the Heraclidae accepted it, and overcame Xanthus the Boeotian King by a stratageme; for when they came to fight he cried out: Thou dost not justly Xanthus, but contrary to our agree∣ment, who accompanied with another person, comest to fight against me a single man, at which he wondering, and looking back to see who should fol∣low him, Melanthius ran him thorow with his Lance. He then reigned in the room of Thymoetes, and at his death left Codrus his son his Successor; who willingly offered himself to death for the safety of his Athenians. There were now distasts arisen betwixt the Heraclidae, who held Peloponnesus, and them, for that they harboured the Iones, and other fugitives out of that Coun∣try; and at length the Heraclidae intending to make War upon them, con∣sulted the Oracle beforehand concerning their successe, which answered, that they should have the better, if they kept off their hands from the Athenian King, and not otherwise. They gave order to their men to beware of hurt∣ing him; but he getting knowledge of the matter, disguised himself, and going into their Army, by blows provoked them to kill him. This being known, they raised their Siege, though some of them had already got into the City, on whom then the Athenians had mercy, and dismissed them without any harm. This happened 486 years after Cecrops, 114 after the destruction of Troy, 35 after the return of the Heraclidae, 293 before the first Olympiad, A. M. 2935.

19. After Codrus his death, the people took away the title of King and

gave the name of Archon with a diminished power to his Successor, who might be called to an account for what he did, though he kept the principa∣lity during life. This was Medon the son of Codrus, whom the rest of his brothers despising, as weak, and lame, led out Colonies of the Ionians, and some others (Attica being now full) into Asia, and there founded the 12 fa∣mous Cities of the Ionians, viz. Ephesus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, Myus, Teos, Lebedus, Claromenae, Erythrae, Phocaea, Chius in the Island Chios, and Samus in an Isle of the same name over against Ephesus, which at first being subjected to several petty Princes, at length joyned in one body politick, and became very famous in after-ages. Twelve other Archons succeeded Medon, named from him Medontidae, and in this condition the state remained unal∣tered for 315 years, during which time there is little remarkable, either con∣cerning Princes, or Commonwealth; onely the time of Ariphron the 19^th. Archon fell in with that of Sardanapalus, and Alcmaeon the son of Aeschy∣lus was the last, who dying when he had scarce reigned two years, the peo∣ple took another occasion to alter the Government; for being weary of this perpetual power of their Princes, they confined it to the space of 10 years. This change being made about the beginning of the first Olympiad, Charops was the first that underwent it, in whose time Dionysius of Halycarnassus will have Rome built. Six others succeeded him in the power thus quali∣fied, whereof Hippomenes the fourth in order was the last of the posteri∣ty of Codrus, being deposed for his cruelty to his daughter, whom being defloured, he shut up with an Horse that had no meat given him, and so caused to be devoured quick. The last of all the six was Eryxias, who after he had Governed six years, either died, or being deposed for some Crime, opened the Door to a new and greater innovation, after 70 years continuance of the Decennal Government.

20. The people still burning with a desire of greater liberty, abolished quite the power of a single person, and instead of him made nine Archons, to be but annual, a new Election being to be made every year out of those who for birth, wealth, or favour were most considerable in the Citie. The first in order was properly called Archon, as principal of the College, and Eponymus, because he signed the Calendar, and all things that fell out in that year were said to be done, he being Archon. He had the care of their su∣perstition, to him it belonged to take Cognisance of differences arising about inheritances, as also betwixt Husband and Wife, Parents and their Chil∣dren, and Kinsfolks one amongst another: Moreover, he took care of Orphans, and assigned them Guardians. The second in order had the name of King, who taking care also of another part of their superstition, determined causes, both Civil and Criminal, or referred them to the greater Courts of Judica∣ture. The third was called Polemarchus, who besides the charge of some religious customs, had that of War committed to him (whence he had his name); was General of the Armies abroad, and at home the Judge of strangers. The other six were termed Thesmothetae, being keepers of the Laws, or Customs, Judges in several Cases, and had power to commit to prison all suspicious persons. These were their distinct Offices. Alto∣gether they had Authority to assemble the people, as the Kings, and o∣ther Archons in former times, and to resolve with them about publick bu∣sinesse.

21. Such were the improvements of that liberty, which Theseus bestowed on the people: But though they seemed great, yet were they not arrived at that heighth as to satisfie the heady multitude offended with the too great power of the Nobler and Richer sort; and which finding it self aggrieved with the many inconveniences that arose for want of Laws (the sentence of the Magistrate, or Judge being the onely Law) many grudges and discords thence arose, which so far prevailed, as that after 50 years, power was given to one Draco, a man honest and wise, but of austere severity, to make Laws. Many he framed, reformed the Court of the Ephetae, which he made to consist of 51 persons, not under 50 years of age, who were to judge of murders, and

such like Crimes. But so severe were his constitutions concerning manners (judging no lesse than death to the least offence) that as they were by Demas said to be written in bloud, so in processe of ti••e they grew intolerable, and little, or no relief had the poorer sort against the power of the great ones, with the usury of whom they were even exhausted: Hence grew great disturban∣ces in the Commonwealth, the Commons hated the Nobility, and the Nobi∣lity feared the Commons; nothing but desolation seemed to attend the State, some being earnest for a Popular Government, others for an O••igarchie, and others for a middle way. These tempered, and poised the other two par∣ties; but nothing at length seemed to avail, except all the whole power should be put into the hands of one, and a plain Tyranny erected as the onely sufficient remedy for these desperate distempars. The common sort were hot for an equal division of the publick grounds now in the hands of the rich, and fit to make themselves an head, and do it by force; but the most prudent sort taking notice of Solon, now very eminent, a man of unblameable life, and unbyassed by the interest of either party; him they besought, having suf∣ficient wisdom, to compose these differences of the distracted Common∣wealth; offering him the power and command of all.

22. A year or two before those great disturbances, hapned that which give a rise to the eminency of Solon, and as well out of respect to the Common∣wealth, as in relation to him, must be recited briefly. The Island Salamine lying not far from Athens, had of late time revolted to the Inhabitants of Megara, and for the recovery of it several attempts had been made with such bad successe, that a Law was preferred whereby it was ordained Capital for any man thenceforth to move about it. Solon considering the consequence hereof, counterfeited himself mad, and going into the place of publick meet∣ing, began, as the people came about him, to say a company of odd conceited Verses, whereby he so moved them, that they repealed the Law, and decreed another expedition against the Megarians, ordaining him their Captain therein. Solon sayling towards Colias, where the Athenian women were keeping the Feast of Ceres, sent one to the Megarians, who counterfeiting himself a fugitive should tell them, that now at this place they might easily surprize the women. This being done, he sends them away, and in their rooms and cloaths, left there a company of beardlesse young men, who being provided of Daggers, stabbed the Megarians when they came to seize on their prey, and so by this plot (which several Authors say was exe∣cuted by Pisistratus though devised by Solon) the Athenians again reco∣vered the Island. Solon proved it to belong to Athens, for that Philaeus the son of Eurysaces, and Grand-son to Ajax Telamonius, being made free of the Citie, gave it unto the Athenians; and because that such as were bu∣ried there, lay with their faces to the West, according to the Athenian custom, whereas the Megarians buried their dead in a carelesse manner, not regarding any such position.

23. Solon having got much credit by the successe of this enterprise, pro∣cured such to be called to an account, as had been guilty of the death of Cy∣lon. This man being famous for his victory at the Olympick Games affected the Tyranny of Athens, and endeavouring to seize on the Castel, failed there∣in, and fled for refuge to the image of Minerva, whence the Magistrates gi∣ving him hopes of life, took him and his companions, and notwithstanding put them to death. This now was accounted a great injury offered to the god∣desse, and such, as both the actors thereof, their posterity and Countrey were esteemed as contaminate, and lyable to heavy punishment. Solon perswaded them to submit to tryal, and 300 Judges were appointed out of the chiefest persons, who condemned them to banishment. Whil'st this was adoing the Megarians fell upon the Athenians, took Nisaea, and recovered Salamis: strange sights also appeared, whereat the Citie was afrighted, and their Pro∣phets told them that certain Crimes were committed, which must be expiated. For this cause Epimenides a famous Philosopher (whom some reckon amongst the number of the seven wise-men in the room of Periander) was sent for

out of Greece to cleanse the City; a plague having also faln upon it at this time, as Diogenes Laertius writeth in his life. Several Altars upon this occasion he caused to be made, as amongst the rest one(y) to Contumelie (or Reproach) and another to Impudence. At(z) this time also it is thought that the Altar was erected to the unknown God, they having received no benefit by making addresses to their known ones, but present ease as soon as this Altar and a Temple of the same dedication were made and used. One(a) saith this was the Inscription: To the gods of Asia, Europe, and Africk, to gods unknown and strange;(b) another that it ran after this manner: To the gods of Asia, Europe, and Africk, to the unknown and strange god, in the singular number. But these calamities increasing publick discontents, made the assistance of Solon the more desirable.

24. He feared much to undertake so difficult a task as a setlement; and as for the Tyranny (so then it was termed) he refused it absolutely; though his friends perswaded him that by his moderation and good demeanour he might easily change this odious name into that of a Kingdom. But being elected Archon after Philombrotus, in the third year of the 46 Olympiad, some 93 years after the last change of Government, and in the dayes of Nebu∣chadnezar, King of Babylon, he set himself about the work of reformation, and first of all eased the people of the great burthen of their debts, whereby they redeemed their bodies and estates; which act was in Greek called Si∣sachthea. Some have thought that it was onely of the interest, but others of the principal too, alleging him to have forgiven 5 (some have said 15) ta∣lents that were owing to himself. However, he made them more able to sa∣tisfie their Creditors by raising the value of money, as of the Attick Mina from 75 drachms to 100. Then for the setling of the Commonwealth; in way thereto, and in the first place he abrogated all Draco's Laws, except that against murther, as too severe. The four Tribes of the people he left as they were ordered by Erechtheus, distinguished into Souldiers, Crafts-men, Hus∣band-men, and keepers of Goats; but for that here was no distinction made according to estates, and it concerned those that had most therein to take care of the Commonwealth, he also divided the people into four Ranks, or Classes, according to their substance, and out of the three first ordered all Magistrates to be chosen, the fourth and last having equal Votes in the great Council, or Assembly of the whole body of the State, in which lay the su∣pream power. The first was called Pentacosio Medimni, the second was the Ordo Equestris, the third called Zeugitae, and the fourth Thetae, Here∣by he gave a right to the common sort to elect, and call to account the Magi∣strates, to have an hand in making, and repealing Laws, and in the highest Court of Judicature, by which equal temper he suppressed all these factions that had lately risen. And yet, lest the multitude should be too much ele∣vated, besides the Court of Areopagus he instituted a Senate of 400. (100 to be chosen out of each Tribe) through which all things should passe into the great Assembly, wherein nothing was to be debated, but what was offered from this Council, elected a new every year.

25. The College of the nine Archons he left Elective as he found it; but ordained that they should not be admitted to take their Oath, till they had first in the Senate made proof of their descent, and the unblameablenesse of their life (especially of their duty to their Parents) and then been approved in the great Assembly, after which they were to take their Oath in the Kings Gate, to keep the Laws, and accept of no bribes; or if they should be there∣of detected, then to erect at Delphos a Statue of Gold of their own bignesse: and the same Oath they were again to take as they went up to the Castle, Crowned with Myrtle. Unto them severally he assigned their Offices; for the most part as they were before, onely more certain; and for a reward of their good service, if after much, and through examination they were found upright and faithfull, they were to be chosen unto the Senate of Areopagus, the Colledge of the Archous being hereby constituted the seminary of it. To this Council, consisting of most grave, experienced, and upright men, an in∣spection

was given into all concernments of State, a power of preserving the Laws and Customs, and also of reforming manners, in which particular they were so severe, that once they condemned a boy, for a custom of pulling out the eyes of Quails, as hereby betraying a bad disposition. They met or∣dinarily thrice a moneth on Mars his hill (whence the Council had it's name) but extraordinarily as occasion required, and then in the place called the King's Gallery. As for the Council of State consisting of 400, it had power also to determine great matters and controversies of it self, and if it saw it convenient, to report them to the people. If the assent of the people was had, then passed it's acts and constitutions into firm Laws; if not, they continued in force one year, and no longer. To this Council moreover it be∣longed, to provide for such as were grown poor, and were to be maintained by the publick; to call all indebted to the State to an account, and provide for the making of Gallies.

26. To the great Assembly of the people alone belonged the power of making and nulling Lawes, of Peace and War, sending Ambassadors, and giving the freedom of the City. When they were met together they took an Oath, with a bitter execration, to consult the best they could for the good of the Commonwealth. Those that were above fifty years of age spake first, and, after the businesse was throughly debated, they signified their pleasure by holding up their hands. Solon ordained that all the Laws should be reviewed once a year, being recited by the Thesmothetae. But when any were to be abrogated, or new ones made, the whole Assembly took not that matter of debate upon it self; but committed it to the care of the most grave and pru∣dent amongst them, chosen for that purpose, and called Nomothetae, amongst which none were admitted, but such as had dealt in the most important af∣faires. Before them five Orators (called Syndici) pleaded concerning any Law that was to be abolished, which should not be done without mature ad∣vice, lest thereby an occasion might be given to sedition and innovation; and what was concluded by these Nomothetae, the body of the people alwaies ap∣proved. The Assembly was had ordinarily thrice in 35 dayes, at the plea∣sure of the Council of State or 400; but extraordinarily upon occasion cal∣led together, either by the same authority, of the Strategi or Generals for War, and sometimes of the nine Archons.

27. For Courts of Judicature, besides the Areopagites formerly mention∣ed, there was that of the Ephetae, founded, as its thought, by Demophon the Son of Theseus, consisting at first of 50 Judges chosen out of Attica, and as many from Argos; but Draco excluding the Strangers, made the number onely 51 Citizens, and after him Solon tempering the rigor thereof, transfer∣red thence the more weighty matters to Areopagus, leaving the Judgment of casual homicide, and lying in weight for life, in some cases to it. The causes brought in thither were reported by the King or second Archon. There was another Court most large and common, consisting of 500, 1000, or sometimes 1500 persons, according to the occasion, chosen by lot out of all the Citizens of 30 years old, and upwards. They judged of many, and often, of the greatest causes; and this was called the Heliastick Council, becuase they sate in an open place where the Sun shone. A fourth Court there was of Arbitrators, consisting of 220 chosen out of the Tribes, and being aequilly divided according to the number of them, heard and determined their Causes. A fifth and least considerable there was yet, made up of thirty per∣sons at the first, afterwards increased to forty, going in circuit to the several sorts of people gathered by Theseus into one City, heard and judged lesser matters. As for the Officers belonging to the several Courts, the twelve men for imprisonment, and execution, with the Officers of the several tribes, they are scarce to be mentioned by this Work.

28. For particular Laws. Solon knowing what a multitude of people in∣habited Athens, took such care for prevention of idlenesse, that he absolved any son from the duty of maintaining his Father, fallen into povery, that had not procured him to be instructed in some Trade: and the same liberty he

gave unto such as were born of Strumpets. He made a Law whereby he gave leave to the people to make Testaments, which they never could do be∣fore; all the estates of deceased persons going to the next Heir. He forbad women to have any portions, lest marriages should be made for gain; yet succeeded they in the inheritances of their Fathers, in default of issue Male. Some things about Marriages and Adultery he decreed, which have been no∣ted, and not unworthily, as absurd. He commanded the Court of Areopa∣gus, to take an account of all persons how they lived, and punish those that could render none. He forbad all native fruits, except that of the Olive, to be transported out of Attica. And nothing is more memorable than this, that he deprived of all honour, and rendred infamous those, that, in a time of faction and sedition in the City, joyned themseves to neither party, conclu∣ding, that such as were concerned for the good of the Commonwealth, would according to their best apprehensions, side with such as contended for it. His Laws he exposed to publick view, that none should pretend ignorance in them. He sware the People, Magistrates, and Senate, to observe them for an hundred years, and the Archons, if they brake them, to set up a Statue at Dephos, of their own bignesse. Then to conclude his Work, he reformed the Calender, much amisse at that time, and reduced the year into such a form as was agreeable to the motion of the Sun.

29. The work being over, there wanted not those who would both praise and discommend it. Some would be amending it by addition, others by Sub∣straction or change, so that plainly seeing what stir would be about it, he got leave to travel for ten years; in which time he went into Aegypt, where he conversed with Amesis, and into Lydia, where he had that notable confe∣rence with Croesus, before mentioned. But while he was abroad, the City anew brake into factions. There were the Pediaeans headed by Lycurgus, the Paralians by Megacles, and the Diacrians by Pisistratus, one who was de∣scended from Codrus the last King. To the later, a company of the poorer sort joyned themselves, such as were most inveterate against the rich, and al∣though they had not much to say against Solon's Laws, yet were they desirous of innovation, hoping to be gainers therein. Things were in this posture when Solon returned home, who being received with much honour, laboured by his authority to take off the ring-leaders of the several factions, and re∣concile them. Pisistratus seemed to give ear to him, being a man of deep dissimulation, and so much apter to deceive, in that no man appeared so great a friend to equality as he, and therfore a greater Enemy to the change of the present Government. But Solon quickly found him out; yet prosecuted him not with any open malice, but sought to draw him from his designs by fair means, often professing, that no man was more inclined to Virtue, or to make a good Common-wealth's-man, if the desire of rule and soveraignty were but taken from him.

30. For all this, Pisistratus proceeded, and by his seeming readinesse to patronize the poorer sort against the rich, invaded the Tyranny. He wounded himself and his Chariot-horses, and drove into the Forum, making shew of an escape from great danger, and desired of the people that he mignt have a guard assigned him to defend his person. He so far prevailed, as to have fifty persons allowed him, though Solon stepping to him, told him he did not well to act Ulysses in Homer, (who, as he counterfeited himself wounded to circumvent his Enemies, so did he the same, that he might cheat his fellow Citizens) and opposed the thing as much as possible. Having obtained the liberty of so many followers, he then took leave to increase their number, and thereby got the Castle into his hands, at which the City was much startled. Solon went into the Assemblie of the people, where upbraiding them with their former stupidity, he earnestly exhorted them yet now to pluck up that tyran∣ny by the roots, which before they might have so easily prevented, but not at all prevailing, such consternation had seized upon men's spirits, he got him to his house, and laying his weapons before his Court-gate, said, he had dis∣charged his duty towards his Country, and thenceforth kept himself quiet,

continuing in the City, though his friends moved him to flie for his life. But such a reverence bore Pisistratus not onely to his person, but also to his Laws, that he retained still the most of them in their former vigour. A few he made himself, as one for maintenance of maimed Soldiers (though some at∣tribute this also to Solon, and say, the occasion was given by one Thesippus) and another against idlenesse, whereby he caused the ground to be more dili∣gently tilled, and the City more quiet than usual. By these two he effectually provided for his own interest, obliging the Soldiers by the one, and by dis∣persing the people into the Country through the other (under praetence of pre∣venting idlenesse, and keeping up tillage) cutting off from them all occasion of plotting any thing prejudicial to him. For he knew well, that as Theseus his gathering them all up into one Town, conduced to the preservation of that liberty he meant to bestow on them, so this contrary way tended as much to the keeping up of his arbitrary power.

31. Being seized of the Soveraignty, he carried it exceeding well to People, Magistrates, and Laws, and much adorned the City, of which he held possession about three years. Then Megacles and Lycurgus, with their parties, so prevailed, as they banished both him and his tyranny, and being condemned, his goods were set to sale, of which none but Callias the Son of Phoenippus would adventure to buy any. But not long it was, before those that cast him out, became the means of his restitution; for falling out amongst themselves, Megacles, upon promise that he would marry his daughter, covenanted to bring it about, and effected it by a strange and ridi∣culous wile. There was a woman in the City named Phya, almost four cu∣bits tall, but otherwise of tolerable beauty: her being armed, curiously dres∣sed and seated in a Chariot, they drove into the City, sending some before to proclaim, that the Athenians were to receive Pisistratus, whom their god∣desse Minerva esteeming above all mortals, now in her own person reduced into her Castle. This being acted with wonderful confidence, the Citi∣zens were so far besotted, as to adore this woman for Minerva, and recei∣ved Pisistratus as brought by her; whereby he recovered the tyranny about five years after his expulsion.

32. He married the daughter of Megacles, according to agreement; but having several sons already in the floure of their age; and Megacles being supposed guilty of that hainous crime about the death of Cylon, not yet expi∣ated, lest he should put them beside their just expectations, and his family be attainted, he neglected to use her as his wife. She concealing this for some time, at length revealed it to her mother, who told it to Megacles. He took it in great disdain, and reconciled himself to his Enemies, consulting again how he might out him, which Pisistratus understanding, departed of his own accord out of Attica, and went to Eretria a City of Euboea in the third year of the 54^th Olympiad, about ten years after his restitution. Ten other years he continued in exile, at the end whereof, by the advice of his eldest Son Hippias, he laboured again for a recovery of his principalitie. Scraping together all the money he could make, he drew the Thebans and Argives in∣to confaederacy with him, and got Marathon a Town of Attica into his hands, whither flocked to him from Athens and the Country round about those of his Faction. He marched then against the City, and put such to flight as came out against him, but fearing they might rally again, he gave order to his Sons to ride after and bid them fear nothing, so they would but get them to their own homes, and be quiet. Thus recovered he the tyranny once more, which then he laboured to establish, not by the shedding of blood (from which he wholly abstained, and therefore hath the best report of any of his condition) but by seeking confaederates, making himself a considerable reve∣new, and taking the Sons of those his Enemies, that remained in the City, for Hostages, sending them into the Isle Naxus to be bept. Not long after his restitution he died (for his whole reign including the exile amounted but to 33 years) about the time that Croesus King of Lydia was overthrown by Cyrus, in the second year of the 57^th Olympiad, and the 3460^th year of the World.

33. This onely could be reprehended in Pisistratus, that he had cast the yoak upon his Countrey. For such an one it was as had no great weight in it, more than what lay in the minds of the Athenians, not accustomed since the dayes of Theseus to stoop to Soveraignty. Though he commanded them to apply themselves to husbandry (contrary to what Theseus had done, who gathered them out of the Countrey into the City) that he might take them of from plotting against him, yet required he no other Tribute than the Tenths of their profit, which had wont to be payed to the former Kings. He killed no man, neither banished any; he made spoil of no mans fortune, or estate, injured none by any contumelious demeanour, abused neither the one Sex nor the other through any libidinous carriage. The Laws of Solon with the order of Magistrates he left as he found; and though he had most cause to be averse to him, yet detained he him in Town when he would have been gone, desiring his counsel and advice for the better Government of the Commonwealth, contenting himself onely in having a power greater than the Laws, in which respect Cicero was wont to call Julius Caesar, who trode in his steps, by the name of Pisistratus. He was as learned as any in his time, & deserved very well of learning, being the first that erected a publick Li∣brary. Whereas Homer's Verses before this were scattered abroad and con∣fused, he purchased with Gold whatsoever of his works he could come by, and setting on work the ablest Grammarians, put them into that order of Iliads and Odysses, in which they are now found; to which work Solon is said to have contributed his diligence. He had two sons, Hippias and Hipparchus, to whom he left the principality of Athens. They for many years reigned, as lovingly betwixt themselves, so with moderation towards their subjects, till the younger being slain by Harmodius and Aristogiton, upon occasion of some injury supposed to be offered by him to the sister of Harmodius, the other ex∣asperated hereat grew severe towards the Athenians, and for that was expel∣led by them four years after his brothers death, and his Tyranny was utterly subverted. But these things falling in with the reign of Darius, the son of Hystaspes, belong properly to another place.

Notes

• Cecrops.
• (a)

  Eusebius in Chron. ex Ca∣store. A. M. 2449.
• (b)

  Diodorus. l. 1. p. 17.
• (c)

  Augustin ex Varrone, de Civitat. Dei l. 18. c. 9.
• Several Mi∣nerva's,
• 3^o De natura Deorum.
• (e)

  Varro de Analogia. Vide Ludovic. Vi••em in Au∣gustin d•• Civi∣tat. Dei. lib. 18. cap. 9.
• And Athenae.
• Deucalion his story.
• (f)

  Euseb.
• (g)

  Servius ad 8. Aeneiad.
• (h)

  Diodorus l. 5.
• (i)

  August. de Civit. Dei, l. 18. c. 8. Orosius. l. 1.
• (k)

  Diod. l. 5. p. 223.
• His issue, which is espe∣cially to be noted, for a distinct know∣ledge of the several sorts of Greeks.
• Strabo. l. 8.
• Herod. l. 1. Pausan. in Achaicis.
• Strabo ut su∣prà.
• The Council of Areopagus.
• (l)

  Euseb.
• (m)

  Cicero of∣fic. l. 1. & Plutarch.
• (n)

  Aristot.
• (o)

  Pausan in Atticis.
• Suidas.
• Euseb.
• Cranaus.
• Pausan. ut su∣prà. A. M. 3507.
• Amphyction.
• Erichthonius.
• Apollodorus. l. 3.
• Pandion.
• Erechtheus.
• Pausan. in At∣ticis.
• Cecrops 2d.
• L. 9. p. 397. C.
• Pandion.
• Pausan. ut priùs.
• Aegeus.
• A. M. 2723.
• Plutarch in Theseo.
• Begetteth Theseus.
• Apollod. A.M. 2725.
• Plutarch.
• The acts of Theseus.
• Minos.
• (q)

  Diodorus l. 4. p. 183.
• (r)

  Plato in legibus. Aristot. Politic. l. 2. cap. 8.
• (s)

  Apud Strabon. lib. 10. p. 476.
• (t)

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (u)

  Odyss.
• (x)

  Lib. 1. c. 2. Exter. Exemp. 1.
• Apud Strab. ut priùs. pag. 480. B.
• The form of the Cretian Common∣wealth.
• Vide Aristot. quo prius & Strabon.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Strabo. lib. 10. pag. 482.
• Aristot. Politic. lib. 2. cap. 8.
• De Legibus lib. 8.
• Lib. 4. & 6.
• Proverb. cum Cretense Cretis∣sare, lib. 8.
• (b)

  Plutarch. ut suprà.
• He killeth the Minotaure.
• Philocharus apud Plutar∣chum ut suprà.
• The death of Aegeus.
• Theseus ga∣thereth the Athenians into one City.
• A. M. 2775.
• His exploits.
• Plutarch.
• Idem.
• His exile
• Diod. l. 4. p. 184. Pausanians in Atticis. A. M. 2802.
• And death.
• Menestheus.
• Philostratus in Heroicis.
• Demophon.
• Servius in Eclog. 5. Vir∣gil.
• Oxyntes. Aphidas. Thymoetes.
• Atheneus.
• Pausan. in Atticis.
• Frontinus Stra∣tagem. l. 2. c. 5. Exemp. 41.
• Melanthius.
• Codrus the last King.
• Justin lib. 2.
• Strabo lib. 9.
• A. M. 2935.
• The Archons for life.
• Pausan. in Messeniciis.
• Idem in Achai∣cis & Strabo l. 14.
• The twelve Cities of Ionia.
• Euseb.
• Archons for ten years.
• A. M. 3248.
• Suidas.
• Euseb.
• Annual Ar∣chons, nine in number.
• A.M. 3318.
• Lege Sigonium de Repub. Athen. & Ut∣tonem Emmium.
• Draco.
• A.M. 3381.
• Plutarch. in Solone.
• Solon.
• How he be∣came emi∣nent.
• Plutarch. & Diogenes Laer∣tius in vita Solo tis, Polyae∣nus Stratagem. l. 1.
• Frontinus Strat. l. 4. c. 7. Justin. 212. Aeneas Polior∣cet. l. 4.
• Herod. l. 5.
• (y)

  Cicero de Legibus lib. 2.
• (z)

  Isiodorus lib. 4. Epist. 69.
• (a)

  Hieron. in Comment. ad Titum.
• (b)

  Beza.
• Lege Plutarch in Solone. Aristot. lib. 2. Politic. Julius Pollux lib. 8. A.M. 3411.
• He reformeth the Common∣wealth.
• A Senate of 400.
• Vide Ubbonem Emmium in de∣script. Reip. Athen.
• Of Areopagus.
• The Assembly of the People.
• Courts of Judicature.
• Particular Laws.
• Plutarch in Solon.
• Solon travel∣leth.
• Idem ibid, & Herodotus l. 1.
• Plutarch ut suprà.
• A. M. 3425.
• Pistratus inva∣deth the ty∣ranny.
• Expelled.
• Herodot. l. 1. cap. 59.
• Val. Max. l. 1. c. 2. Ext. exemp. 2.
• Restored.
• Herodot. l. 1.
• Forced out again,
• And again re∣covereth the tyranny.
• A. M. 3460.
• SECT. 5.
• Plutarch & Diogenes Laer∣tius.
• Gellius l. 6. c. ult. Cicero 3. de Oratore. Aelian lib. 13. c. 14.