The compleat body of the art military in three books : I. The postures of the pike and musket ..., II. Twelve exercises ..., III. The drawing up and exercising of regiments after the manner of private companies ... : also, the duties of all souldiers and officers ... / by Richard Elton ... ; to which is added a supplement comprehending these particulars, I. the duties and qualifications of all officers belonging to an army .., formerly written by Capt. Tho. Rudd ...

THE COMPLEAT BODY OF The Art Military. The Third BOOK.

CHAP. I. Concerning the drawing up of Regiments, with their several Numbers, Fronts, Manner and Ways.

HE that shall be desirous to be truly knowing in this point of Military Discipline, in the drawing up of Regiments, whether they be of lesser or greater Bodies, as in some 6, others 7, 8, 10, or 12 Com∣panies, they must be drawn up into Battalia, either in one, two, or three Squadrons (or grand Divisions) of Pikes flanked with Muskettiers, having always in the Reer a sufficient number of Muskettiers for the guard of the Bagage, Cannon, or to be Convoys for to convey Ammunition and Victual to the rest of their fellows; who are to be drawn forth (by the discretion of the Major) from each particular Company, according to their several strengths, as in greater Companies more Files then in those which be lesser, ordering them timely relief, whereby the several duties amongst the Souldiers throughout the Regiment by an equal way may take their turns. Now for as much as the true stating of the Dignities of every particular Officer, in the opinions of many, differ very much, and our former Military Authors have been very sparing in their pains in setting down their due places of honour; I shall, for satisfaction of those which desire to be rightly informed, collect out of the many forms practised abroad and at home, one good way to perfect it.

But here, by the way, I must crave pardon from the courteous Reader, by rea∣son I foresee certain Objections like rubs or blocks lying in my way, to digress a little from my intended purpose, to give answers unto each of them: which are,

First, That I seem to slighten the pains of former Authors.

Secondly, That it will be a means to occasion much idleness in the Souldiers.

Thirdly, That it is too great a knowledge to be laid open to their view.

To the first I answer, That the reason, as I conceive, why they have been so sparing of their pains in this kind, was not for want of Abilities or knowledge amongst any of them, whose works for the most part I highly honour and esteem, but rather believe that they left it forth for the curious search of such who are called unto Field-Officers places, knowing well, that before they are capable of that preferment, they must be good proficients in this part of Military Exercise.

2. Although many that know but a little, may be puft up with high conceits of themselves, conceiving what the Author hath done, 'twere easie for any man to perform the same; yet to them of riper Judgements, the more variety in this kind is presented to their view, the more painful they are in the curious practise

thereof, thinking every moment lost which is not spent in the searching after, and informing of their Judgements in this point of Military Discipline.

3. If it had not been for the worthy pains and labours of our Ancestors publish∣ed to the view of the world, this our age might have been ignorant both in this, and all other Sciences; for from them we borrowed our first light, God putting it in their hearts to publish their several gifts to after-Generations, which though at this day much refined, yet for our first grounds and principles we are behold∣ing unto them. Therefore, give me leave, according as God hath inabled me, not to conceal or keep back any thing which may concern the good and welfare of my Countrey; for, I conceive there is none worthy to receive benefit from those that have gone before him, if he conceals that good to such as shall come after him. And if I happen to lie under the hard censure of some for my pains, it makes no matter, so the major part receive benefit thereby; for as I gathered somewhat of others, so my desire is, that others may do the like by me.

The opinions of Souldiers in the drawing up of Regiments are very various both in their Forms and Figures, according to the custom of their Countreys, commands of their Generals, or Officers in chief, which nevertheless may prove very good and serviceable when need shall require. I shall therefore for the satis∣faction of the ingenious Souldier set before them the best Collections drawn from them all, such as may be most useful for to fight against the enemy, according to the situation of the place, the number of men, and aptness of ground to contain them, which in the next place comes to be handled.

CHAP. II. The manner of drawing up a Regiment consisting of six Companies, containing in it a Colonel, a Lieutenant-Colonel, a Major, and three Captains, every one having 108 men in a Company, and the three Field-Officers 144. which makes compleatly up 756 men, whereof two thirds are Muskettiers, and one third of Pikes, the Files being six deep.

THe general place of Rendezvous being appointed out unto the Major, it is his care to take a timely view thereof, that there be ground and room sufficient enough for the drawing them up. And having received Orders from his Colonel, Major General, or other superiour Officers for the Regiments marching thither, he may appoint the Companies to march either of these two ways, either by suc∣cession or dignity. If by succession, first the Colonels Company moves away; next the Lieutenant Colonels in the Reer of him; then the Majors, and so conse∣quently all the rest from the eldest to the youngest, who brings up the Reer of all. If by Dignity, first the Colonels Company; and in the Reer of him, the youngest Captain; and after him the eldest; then the Majors; then the second Captain; the Lieutenant Colonel bringing up the Reer of all. But it concerns the Major before their marching to give notice to the Lieutenant Colonel and the eldest Captain to countermarch their Ranks of their two particular Compa∣nies, as soon as they come into the place of the general Rendezvous before he shall draw them up, to preserve the honour of the right File-leaders, and Brin∣gers up of both Arms. He is likewise to be there beforehand, attending their marching in, and after the Colonels Company have made Alt, to draw up each particular Company on the left of him, all in one even range, commanding them to close Ranks forward to Order, and Files into the midst unto the same distance. He is likewise to inform himself of the Captains, Lieutenants, and Serjeants, how many Files of Pikes and Muskettiers they have in each particular Company, and accordingly he is to enter it down in his Paper-Book, and to make use there∣of as followeth.

He is to require one single File apiece of Muskettiers to be drawn off from the three smallest Companies, and two Files apiece from the greater, which makes nine Files, and contains 54 men, which are to be led away by an able Serjeant into the Reer, for to be a guard to the Bagage, or other occasions. From thence he may proceed, commanding all the Muskettiers to stand, and the Pikes to advance their Arms, and move forward ten or twelve paces; and then to stand, and close

their Files outward to Order; three of their Colours moving with their Pikes to the right hand; the other three moving away to the left. After he may com∣mand Muskettiers to close their Files outward to Order, and they will stand in four Divisions, two of Pikes, and in the Reer of them, two of Muskettiers, as un∣derneath is set forth; the Captains being all upon the head of the Pikes, with their Ensigns, and the Lieutenants in the Reer; the Serjeants attending upon the Flanks of each division.

[illustration] formation

This being done, command each division of Muskettiers and Pikes to face out∣ward, and to move to such convenient distance, that being faced to the Front, there may be room sufficient upon the subdividing of each division of Musket∣tiers for their moving up, and flanking each body of Pikes. After which the Ma∣jor may assign unto every Captain and Lieutenant his due place of honour, as they stand all abrest; and that they may also naturally fall into their proper places upon the march, which shall be set forth in the next Figure standing in two grand Divisions, the one in the Reer of the other, which may happen some∣times for want of ground; but provided they have ground enough, they ought to stand in one even range, as in folio 5. The Major, after they are thus drawn up in one even range, will finde three Files of Muskettiers more in the second grand Division, and two of the Pikes, then is in the first; therefore he must take from thence one File of each Company, and add them to nine Files in the Reer, which maketh them twelve, and then he will have ballanced the divisions equal, taking off one File of Pikes, and placing it amonst the eldest Captains Pikes.

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CHAP. III. The Reasons follow for the placing of the Captains, their Colours, and their Lieutenants, after the manner before set down.

WHat hath formerly been declared concerning a Rank or File, six abrest, or six deep, may be satisfactory in some kind unto this point, which takes his rule from hence. For all private Companies, smaller Bodies, or single Files, must, or ought to be as neer as they can conformable to greater Bodies, as to Re∣giments, and consequently they to Brigades. Therefore take notice that this rule ought ever to be observed in the drawing of Regiments, that the right Flank, as neer as may be, ought to be suitable with the left, both in strength, number, and dignity; and likewise to be so when they are drawn forth upon a long march, the Front equal with the Reer. Now, suppose these two grand divisi∣ons stood even abrest; we will begin to examine the first worth, which is the Colo∣nels; and the fourth worth, which is the eldest Captains, and placed upon the right and left of the first grand division, with the second and third worth, who are the Lieutenant-Colonel and Major, drawn up upon the right and left of the second grand division; and you shall finde they are every way equivalent in number, worth and dignity, with that of the first.

In the next place, there are no more to place, but the fifth and sixth worth, who are the second and third Captains: and therefore since it is the first place of ho∣nour among the Captains in a Regiment, to lead the first Body or Stand of Pikes; it must then consequently follow, that the second place of honour must be to lead the second grand division of Pikes; and therefore the fifth worth is brought into and placed between the second and third, that he may stand there to lead the second Body of Pikes; wherein the Lieutenant-Colonel, the Major, and his own Colours are placed: so that there remains no more but the sixth worth, or youngest Captain to place, who is to be drawn up between the Colonel and eldest Captain. Now if we shall further proceed to ballance it more cleerly, consider them by dividing them by two's in their places; as first, we will begin with the Colonel, the first worth, who hath joyned to him the youngest Captain, which is the sixth worth, and they two make the number (7); then compare the Lieutenant-Colonel, who is the second worth, unto the second Captain joyn'd with him, which is the fifth worth, and they make alike the same number; after that compare the Major and elder Captain, who are drawn up into the midst of the Regiment, whose places carry the third and fourth worth, and their number is suitable with the rest. And thus much may be spoken in general: now I shall come more particularly to give further satisfaction, both for them, and for all the rest; and therefore I will give reasons for the placing of the Officers of the first grand division; and cleering that, the second will quickly be laid open to the view.

CHAP. IV. More particular Reasons for the placing of the Captains and Lieutenants of the first grand Division.

IN this grand Division, there is the Colonel, the eldest Captain, and the youngest drawn up into the midst, and they having each of them Lieutenants; take no∣tice therefore of these reasons for their placing thus; That always upon such small Bodies as these, the first honour is ever placed upon the right, and the se∣cond upon the left; and that which remains, must of necessity be drawn up in∣to the midst; they standing all abrest. These three Companies being ordered into a right and left Flank, and one Stand of Pikes, or Van-guard, Reer-ward, or Main-battail, as they may be term'd, the reasons follow for the thus stand∣ing of the Officers, whether marching all even abrest, or upon a stand: it is the Colonels proper place to be on the head or midst of his grand division; which is his chiefest place of security, and where he ought to fight; for standing there, the other may more conveniently repair unto him for their orders, as occa∣sion shall require. Now the Colonel being a Field-Officer, is not absolutely tyed to any one place to fight, as the rest are, many occasions calling him from

thence; the eldest Captain therefore is appointed to take charge of the Body of Pikes, whether it be upon a March to lead them, or upon a Stand to fight them, he ought never to forsake them, but upon special command from his Colonel, or other Field-Officers. Now the reason why the first Body of Pikes is the most honourablest place to lead, is, as I conceive, because the Colonels Co∣lours are there flying; and besides, being the more ancienter Arms, far more ho∣nour it is to lead them; for most commonly the gallantest men of the Infantry desire rather to trail Pikes, then to carry Muskets. Moreover, it hath been a constant practise in most places, that the eldest Captain should have that place to lead on foot, although many times his Colonel being on horse-back, may be a little before him. Having spoken of these two, it remains to speak something of the youngest Captain, who is appointed either upon the Marching all abrest, or upon a Stand, to take charge of the Reer-ward, or left Flank of the first grand Divisi∣on to fight them; but upon the long March, it is more honourable for him to fall down in the Reer, and to bring up his own Lieutenant, coming up into his place; for it is greater honour (though many times not believed) to bring up a grand division, then to lead a Sub-division. In the next place, it may be supposed that the Captain-Lieutenants place is too honourable to lead the Van-guard. To which I answer, That the Colonel himself is confined thither; for upon the long March he draws off the Van-guard, and leads them himself, being attended on horse-back by the Martial and Quarter-master of his own Regiment. Now lead∣ing away the Muskettiers of his own particular Company, the Captain-Lieute∣nant being subservient unto him, marcheth a foot upon the head of the first Di∣vision of Muskettiers, and takes charge of them, as assisting to his Colonel, and fighting them, if he receives no command to the contrary, when they are all drawn up again even abrest, it concerning him especially to be there resident in the absence of his Colonel, for the better regulating of them. The eldest Cap∣tains Lieutenant is always placed in the Reer of the Pikes, either upon a Stand, or upon a March, it being very honourable unto him to bring up a grand Divisi∣on of Pikes. The third Captains Lieutenant is ordered to bring up the left Flank, except it be upon the long March, and then he is to exchange places with his own Captain. There is yet one place vacant, which is to bring up the right Flank; and the Captain-Lieutenants Bringer-up many times through courtesie is called a Lieutenant, therefore a Major may be so courteous as to assign him that place. And here I shall conclude with the reasons of the places of the Of∣ficers of the first grand Division.

CHAP. V. Reasons for the placing of the Officers of the second grand Division.

ALthough the Colonel is Commander in chief, yet his discretion is such, as to leave the ordering of places to his Major; and as he takes charge of the first grand Division, so he leaves the second to his Lieutenant-Colonel, who stands upon the head or midst of the same, being drawn up all even abrest; and many times leads the second grand Division, as the Colonel doth the first, as was the practise in the Regiments upon their March under the command of the Earl of Essex, General of the Parliaments Forces. To such as shall approve of this way (which may be very good) they shall not need to Counter-march the Ranks of the Lieutenant-Colonel, as is before expressed, before the drawing up of the Lieutenant-Colonels Company, but draw them up on the right of that Di∣vision, and to Counter-march the Ranks of the Majors, and draw his Company up on the left. But I shall leave that to the liberty of those that shall best fancie this kinde, and proceed to that which is of more use.

The second grand Division standing in an even range with the first, it will be convenient for the Lieutenant-Colonel to be upon the head thereof. As concern∣ing the Major, he being an Officer at will, hath no certain place assign'd unto him, by reason of his moving as occasion shall require to both Divisions, where∣by

he may give orders unto them all, minding the good order of the Regi∣ment throughout every part. But if he will take his place, to march in the pro∣perest place for him, if they march all abrest, will be in the Front, between the Colonel and Lieutenant-Colonel; but in the long march, in the midst of both grand Divisions, whereby he may have freer access unto them both, whose vigi∣lant eye in the well ordering of the Regiment is chiefly concern'd, observing all the passages, whether there be need of sub-dividing their Divisions; and if at any time they shall be divided, when there is ground sufficient enough, he must give order again for the drawing them all up even abrest, it being far more graceful to the Regiments marching. In the next place, the second Captain may claim it as his due, to lead the second Body of Pikes, as the eldest Captain challengeth the first; and the reason given for his place, may suffice for both. The eldest Lieutenant in this grand Division, which is the Lieutenant-Colonels Lieutenant, is assigned unto that place, where he is set down for to be an assistant there unto his Lieutenant-Colonel, for the well regulating of his men which march in the Reer, as the Captain-Lieutenant is to the Colonels men, who march in the Front; and his Lieutenant-Colonel bringing up the whole Regiment, is the se∣cond place of honour. Some may conceive the Majors Lieutenant hath too great a place of honour in leading the Van of the second grand Division. To which I answer, If the Lieutenant-Colonel marcheth not there himself, but shall bring up the Regiment; certainly it must be cleer, that it is the Majors due, for to march there himself at times convenient; and being so, there is good reason in his absence his Lieutenant should lead his men, or in his presence to be there as a helper unto him, for the well regulating of his men, as the other Lieutenants are to the other Field-Officers, who every one of them according to their several places may have several occasions to call them off; their Lieutenants therefore ought to be at hand, and to march with them in their places, whereby they may receive Orders from them, and know how to act in their absence concerning their own particular Souldiers. The second Captains Lieutenant is ordered to bring up the second Body of Pikes; which being a grand Division, it falls to him as due there, as the eldest Captains Lieutenant doth in the first, it being the greatest place of honour that can be given him in the Reer, next to the Lieutenant-Colonel. Having spoken thus much concerning every Field-Officer, the Captains and their Lieutenants, where their places are to march, with the reasons for the same, it will be expected to supply two places which are vacant in the Reer of the second grand division. To which I answer, Upon the long march the Lieute∣nant-Colonel himself moves down there, and brings up the Reer of the whole Regiment; and therefore it is left vacant for him. But then you will say, There wants an Officer to bring up the Reer of that Division wherein the Majors Lieu∣tenant is placed. To which I answer, That there is none remaining to do it, ex∣cept it be the Majors Lieutenant himself. For if the Major shall lead the second grand Division, then his Lieutenant may move down to bring up that particular Division for to supply the same; but in regard the Major (as hath been shewn be∣fore) hath many occasions to call him off, it concerns his Lieutenant to keep his place which was first assigned unto him, to avoid the trouble of moving up again in his Majors absence. Some are of opinion it would be convenient to place the Lieutenant-Colonels eldest Serjeant there; but in my judgement, it is very un∣handsome to see any Halberdeer, either to lead or bring up any Division march∣ing in a Regimental way; and rather then I should do it, I would let it go unsup∣plyed; but if he shall be there placed to bring up, his best way of marching is ei∣ther with Pallizado, or half-pike, and not with his Halberd.

CHAP. VI. The ordering of a Regiment to the long March, with the placing of the Officers, and the leading of Carriages.

THe Major giving to every Captain his proper place to march in, and what Divisions they are to lead, and what to bring up, in written notes under his hand, commands the Drum-Major to bea•• a March, and

so consequently all the rest to take it

[illustration] formation

from him. The Souldiers being warned thereby, begin to shoulder their Arms, and prepare to move; the Colonel on Horsback being attended on by his Mar∣tial and Quarter-master, draws off the first Division of Muskettiers, his Cap∣tain-Lieutenant being six foot behinde him; which Division is brought up by the Captain-Lieutenants Bringer-up. The eldest Captain follows next, leading the first Division of Pikes, and brought up by his own Lieutenant. The next Divi∣sion of Muskettiers is led by the third Captains Lieutenant, and the Reer of the first grand Division is brought up by the third Captain. There ought to be full 18 foot of ground betwixt each Di∣vision; he that brings up a Division, ought to be cleer six foot behinde the same; and he that leads, to be six foot before; so that there will be six foot proportion of ground betwixt them both, for the better distinguishing of their Divisions, the Leaders and Bring∣ers-up thereof. And where there is not room sufficient for the marching so ma∣ny abrest, as they are now ordered, they must subdivide, being careful to pre∣serve their Divisions, marching in grea∣ter depths, at their due distance of open order in rank, and order in file. For the Serjeants must not presume upon any sub-dividing to bring them down in the Reer of them that march before, and keep them intire in all their respective Divisions. And it must be their observa∣tion to attend upon the Flanks, even abrest with those Leaders of Files that were taken off; that when there is ground and room enough, they more readier know where to finde them, and to lead them up again as they were at first. Care likewise must be had upon any sub-dividing of the Pikes, that there be none of the Colours divided, who are in a Regimental way to march all three together, according to their first placing. These rules and observations concern both grand Divisions. Now the first be∣ing led away, as is before exprest, there ought to be sufficient ground betwixt each grand Division for the leading of the Carriages; and in the first place there is to be considered, that to most Regiments there is allowed two Waggons, for the Baggage and Ammunition, and two Field-pieces, or great Cannon, besides other Carriages which more concern the Victual for the Souldiers, as occasion shall require: now concerning the ordering, and securest placing of all these upon the March, will be in the midst of the Regiment, and to have those which are ordred for their Guard, to be Fire-locks, or to have Snap-hances, for the a∣voiding of the danger which might happen by the Cole of the Match; and being placed where any attempt of the Enemy shall fall on, either to Front, Reer, or

either Flank, the Cannon may thus be easily drawn forth to fire upon them; and all the wood of the Carriages, with their Guard, to be ordred in the Reer, where∣ever the assault should happen, for their better security and safety. The Major in the next place, if he please, may lead the second grand Division; to which purpose he draws off (with the assistance of his own Lieutenant) the first Divi∣sion of Muskettiers, his Lieutenant being six foot behinde him, and so much be∣fore the Muskettiers. The next that follows, is the second Body of Pikes, which is led by the second Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant. The last Division of Muskettiers is led by the Lieutenant-Colonels Lieutenant: and the Reer of the whole Regiment is brought up by the Lieutenant-Colonel. The Serjeants are to march upon the Flanks, attending their own men, that when they are to be reduced into Companies, they may know more readier where to finde them; and according to order they may draw them off to compleat up their Captains Companies. As for the Drums, the care thereof belongs to the Drum-Major to place, and to ease them timely by reliefs, to beat as many or as few as he shall think fit; to which purpose, he orders them to fall in betwixt the second and third Rank of Muskettiers and Pikes of each Division; but when they are all even abrest, the Drums are placed according as you see them marked. The Figure for the long-March in the next place followeth.

CHAP. VII. The first Exercise of a Regiment in the plainest and easiest way.

THe Major finding the commodiousness of the ground, may draw them up all even abrest again, and proceed to exercise them in a Regimental way, conferring before-hand with the Captains, Lieutenants, Ensigns, and Serjeants, what he intends to do. Whether he will exercise every Maniple, or Division (as is usual in a private Company) in all their plain Motions and Firings, which may be very proper, and easily done, or otherwise proceed to more variety in eve∣ry Division, to give them commands as one man, either to face, double, or other∣wise according to discretion. And having fully instructed them of all his intents and purposes, he must begin to consider of the best manner for the managing of the same. To which end, he shall do well to command the first grand Division to advance forward 12 paces clear of the second, and after face them to the Front, and they will stand in manner as in Folio 147. After he must consider how many Files of Muskettiers there are, and whether he can branch them forth into equal Divisions sutable to the Pikes; but finding them to stand but 18 of a side, he shall do well for time of his Exercise, to draw off eight Files of Musket∣tiers from the Reer, which were formerly appointed to guard the Ammunition, or Baggage, and add two to every Division of Muskettiers, which will make them 20 Files of each side of the Pikes, and then he may thus proceed.

Command. Files, to their open order, and Ranks to close forward to order in each grand Division: every five Files of Muskettiers of each Division close to the right to order: the first six files of Pikes in each grand Division close to the right to order, the rest of the Pikes close every five Files to the right, to the same di∣stance; then there will be in each grand Division four Divisions of Pikes, and eight of Muskettiers, in manner as set forth to your view in Folio 147.

Before the Major shall begin his Exercise, he shall do well to appoint unto each Division, the Captains and their Ensigns, (whose Colours in the mean time may be stuck in the ground, or given to any of the File-leaders of Pikes, to hold du∣ring the time of Exercise) to take charge of them, to order them according unto every word of command, and the Lieutenant and Serjeants to each Division of Muskettiers, that after silence is craved throughout the whole Regiment, the Major by stretching out his voice in every word of Command, the rest as his Eccho are immediately to give it out along the whole Front, and from thence unto the Reer, and every Officer to lead his men accordingly.

The Major having stated all things according to the former directions, may if he please, either face, double, counter-march, or wheel, to Front, Reer, or both Flanks in every particular Division; And may after fire them by way of Divisions

drawn off ten or twenty paces before the Front, firing them 7 or 8 times over, re∣lieving them by other supplies, marching up into their ground. And may after face the Reer-divisions about, and fire them to Front and Reer on the same ground they stand, there being sufficient intervalls for their wheeling off in the Reer of themselves. And after several firings in this kinde, the Pikes may charge on; but before they begin their firings, the Pikes must close into the midst to or∣der, and Muskettiers to close their Pikes to open order, and every Division to pre∣serve so much ground betwixt each other for their conveniencie, that after firing they may wheel off.

Now if you will fire, or skirmish the one with the other, then draw off the Reer, or second grand Division, and move them away, and draw them up in op∣position 100 foot distance of ground betwixt each Front, and let the Lieutenant-Colonels Company be drawn up upon the right, and the Majors upon the left of that grand Division, that it may carry some answerableness with that of the Colonels. The Muskettiers having six foot interval of ground betwixt each other before they begin to fire, they may continue their firings of this nature, as long as they please, and the Pikes may after charge on to such convenient distance, as that they come not within three Pikes length one of another, for avoiding doing hurt the one to the other, the Muskettiers still continuing their firing, and fal∣ling in the Reer of themselves; and when they come within distance, not to pre∣sent above knee-height, for the above-named reasons. Now the Souldiers being almost tired, and all their Powder spent, and retreating from each other, that side which falls out to be strongest, (as being the Colonels grand Division or par∣ty) may beat a parley, to invite the weaker to come in to mercy, offering them all fair Quarter, provided they timely and presently receive it, and that they will cheerfully and willingly go along with them, and never any more revolt, but be on their side, to fight with them upon all just occasions, as shall be required. After which, the Lieutenant-Colonel yeilding, they may wheel about, and march into the same ground from whence they were first drawn forth, and be re∣duced to the same order and condition as they were before they began to skir∣mish. And thus much shall suffice concerning the ordinary plain way of exercising of Regiments: but those that shall desire a little more curiosity, they may observe such Exercises as in the next place shall be set forth unto them.

CHAP. VIII. A second way of exercising Regiments of the same number of men.

THe first grand Division being in the Front, and clear of the second 12 paces, every five Files being 18 foot of ground a part from each other, and at their distance of order, both in Rank and File, in their own particular divisions, as was mention'd in Folio 146. comes in this place to be set forth to their view. And having past over some of the distances to bring them to this Station, in standing in 24 Maniples, or Divisions, the next thing that I shall shew for Exercise, shall be four several Figures of Battail, branched from thence, by proper words of Com∣mand, with their reducement.

[illustration] formation

Command. Divisions of Muskettiers face outward; Pikes and Muskettiers march all twelve paces and stand; to your Leader. The two middle Divisions of Pikes and Muskettiers in the Reer next the Flanks, face about; outmost Divisions of Pikes and Muskettiers in Front and Reer, face outward; march all four paces, and stand. Again, let the outmost Divisions of Pikes and Muskettiers face about to the right, then march all three paces; then stand, and face to their Leader, it produceth the first Figure.

[illustration] formation

Each of the former Divisions containing five Files apiece, excepting the out∣most Division of Pikes upon the right in Front and Reer, and they contain six Files in each of them.

Command. Divisions of Muskettiers face outward; Pikes face about to the right; march all, until the Pikes range even with the Reer; then face to their Leader, occasioneth the next.

[illustration] formation

Command. The four last Divisions of each Arms in the midst, face about; the six outmost Divisions of each Arms face outward; the two middle Divisions of Pikes in the Front face about: march all four paces, and stand; then face the six outmost divisions about to the right, and the four middle Divisions of Pikes about to the left; then march all four paces, and face to their Leader.

[illustration] formation

Command. The two next Divisions of Pikes in the midst from the Reer, face about; middle Divisions of Pikes move forward six foot before the Front and Reer; to your Leader.

[illustration] formation

Reducement. The twelve last Divisions face about; then set every Division march forward, until they range even abrest with the Front and Reer, and face to their Leader; then let the Reer-divisions move forward within eighteen foot of the Front-divisions, and they will be in two grand Divisions, the one in the Reer of the other, as at first when they began their facings.

Having past over part of the Distances and Facings, the next which in order falls to be handled is Doublings; and having by command gained eighteen foot distance betwixt every five Files, if in their former motions they should chance to lose it, you may then proceed to Doublings by way of Divisions, as shall be in the next place set down.

CHAP. IX. Doublings belonging to a Regiment.

Command. DIvisions, double to the right File-wise.

Direction. Every even Division from the Front face to the right, and march down clear until you stand straight with the next Interval; then face to the left, and move in, and double those Divisions on the right File-wise; to your Leader.

Command. Divisions double to the right Rankwise.

Direction. Every even Division from the Front face to the right, and march forward six paces; then face to the Front, and move forward, and double your Divisions to the right.

Command. Divisions double the Length of the Battail to the right and left out∣ward.

Direction. The 12 last Divisions face outward, and march clear of the standing part; face to your Leader; move up all even abrest, and double according to command.

Command. The 12 inmost Divisions double the six outmost to the right and left outward, advancing.

Direction. The 12 middle Divisions advance forward until you be six foot clear of the standing part; then face outward, and march until you stand straight be∣fore the six outmost; face to your Leader: and after face inward, and move forward, until they stand again unto eighteen foot distance from each other; to your Leader.

Command. Divisions, double the Depth of the Battail to the right.

Direction. Every even Division from the right, face about to the right, and move down eighteen foot clear of the Reer; face to the left, and move until you stand straight with those Divisions on the right which you are to double; to your Leader.

Command. The 12 last Divisions in the Reer, double the Front to the right.

Direction. The 12 last Divisions face to the right, and move six paces; then face to the left; march forward, and double the Front to the right, and they will be reduced.

CHAP. X. Four several Wheelings, with their Reducement.

Command. DIvisions wheel about to the right, and move down into the Reer.

Direction. Front-divisions wheel about to the right, and move down into the Reer; the rest march up into the same ground, wheeling to the right hand, and following successively; after face to your Leader.

Command. Divisions wheel about to the right to the left Flank.

Direction. Face to the right, and the outmost Divisions wheel about to the right, and march away unto the place of the left Flank, the rest moving up into the same ground, wheeling about to the right, and following accordingly; to your Leader.

Command. Divisions wheel about to the right from the Reer into the Front.

Direction. Face to the Reer, and let the first Divisions wheel about to the right, and move up into the Front, the rest marching forward into their ground, wheeling off, and following in like manner.

Command. Divisions wheel about to the right, to the right Flank.

Direction. Face all to the left, and let the outmost Divisions wheel about to the right, and move forward to the right Flank, the rest marching up into their ground, following after in the same kind, reduceth them.

CHAP. XI. Countermarches not fit to be used in the Exercising of Regiments.

IT might be expected after Doublings, that I should shew some kinds of Coun∣termarches amongst the Military Motions, in the exercise of a Regiment; but being of very little use or practise amongst Commanders in these times, especial∣ly in such great Bodies; and for my own part, I fancy them not, therefore have passed them over, and pitcht upon such wheelings, which by some are accounted Countermarches. Whose judgements my desire is better to inform by these seve∣ral reasons following, wherein, and in what kind they differ from them. As thus: by these wheelings, they keep their distance in Rank and File unto Order, and wheeling entire unto any hand down to the Reer, cannot be performed but by gaining in the Motion before the Front, and unto all places as they move, so much ground as is the Length of their particular Divisions; and in the execution there∣of, they still preserve the honour of the right and left-hand-file-leaders, and all others as are concerned in their particular Divisions, unto any accidental Front which they shall be brought unto. Now concerning Countermarches, they are to be performed either by single Files, Ranks, Half-files, or Half-ranks, and at their distance of Open Order, their words of Command having relation to all these particulars. Their Countermarching of Files to the Reer gaineth no ground before the Front in the Motion, but only the room of one particular File upon the right; it preserveth not the honour of the right and left-hand-file-leader at one time by any one word of Command

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unto any of their Motions to such accidental Fronts they shall make, but ever loseth it to some, and giveth it to others. And therefore it may appear cleerly unto any ingenious capacity, that the former Wheelings cannot be accounted, or given in their Motions in that kinde to the Souldiers for Counter-marches, but by such terms as in their place are set down. In the next place, I shall speak something of the great benefit or use that may be made of these sorts of Wheel∣ings: as first, a Commander may use them in the Motions of Doublings to Front, Reer, right-flank, or left, or double either the length or depth of the Battail unto all needful places, as occasion shall require; which I shall forbear to set down, but leave them to the discretion of the ingenious Souldiers practise, when time and opportunity shall serve him to make use of them. In the next place, they are very necessary to draw off any part, and to bring them unto such need∣ful places for Service, as are in eminent danger. Therefore passing over for pre∣sent what might be more spoken of in this kinde, I come in the next place to shew one Figure of Battail to fire upon; and then conclude my Exercise upon this Regiment, and go on unto the rest.

Command. Pikes, close Files to the right to Order; then let them in the Reer double their Front to the left intire: Muskettiers, advance forward until your Front-divisions exceed six foot the Front of Pikes; the two inmost Divisions of Muskettiers in the Front, move forward 20 paces, and close inward to open Or∣der; the two inmost Divisions of Muskettiers in the Reer, face about, and move down six paces, and close inward to open Order; to your Leader: Muskettiers upon the Flanks, close to the Body of Pikes to open Order: Middle-divisions of Muskettiers in the Reer by each Flank, face about; Middle-divisions of Musket∣tiers by each Flank, move forward six foot cleer of the standing part; face to your Leader, and it will set forth the Figure, as it stands in Folio 151.

CHAP. XII. Several Firings to be performed upon the former Figure, and how to be managed by the several Officers.

THe Regiment being drawn up into the former Figure, they may proceed to Firings upon it; first let the Forlorns fire five or six times over, being com∣manded by the eldest Captains Lieutenant, who is to be assisted by a couple of a∣ble Serjeants; after let him wheel them off to the right and left, and bring them down in the Reer of the Pikes. Then let the second Captains Lieutenant, being assisted by two Serjeants, lead up the reserves by the outside of the Pikes, at such time when the Forlorns begin to come off, for the better securing of them from danger upon their retreat; then let them move forward to their ground, and give fire in like manner, falling in the Reer of themselves, and after wheel them off to the right and left, and bring them down in the Reer of those Muskettiers that are behind the Pikes. Then let the Front and Reer-divisions of Muskettiers next the Flanks advance forward 12 paces; the Muskettiers upon the right to be led away by the Captain-Lieutenant, and those upon the left by the third Captain, being assisted by four Serjeants apiece; let them fire the first Divisions some six or eight times over, falling in the Reer of themselves; then wheel them off to the right and left into the ground of those Divisions that follow them; and facing again to their Front; then let the Reer-divisions advance forward into their places, and give fire in like manner to the former: which being ended, let those four divisions be led down into their first places. Then let the next eight Divisions by the Pikes advance forward, until they be cleer of the standing part; those four Divisions upon the right, are to be led away by the Majors Lieutenant, and the Captain-Lieutenants Bringer-up; and those four Divisions upon the left, by the Lieutenant-Colonels Lieutenant, and the third Captains Lieutenant, as∣sisted by 12 Serjeants; then let them fire some half a score times, the Front-di∣visions falling in the Reer of themselves; after wheeling off to the right and left into the ground of their Reer-divisions, they then moving up into their places, may fire after the same manner; and having ended, they may be led down all again into their first places.

Then Command the first Divisions of Muskettiers to face about to the right, and let them and the two last Divisions move forward, and range even abrest with those that stand before them, and after face all to the Front; then let the Muskettiers face outward, and move 12 paces, and after face again to the Front; then move up those divisions that were the Forlorn-hope, to the right and left into the Front, unto their first places; and those that were the Reserves up even abrest with the Reer, from whence they were taken, after let them fire in, and even Front altogether, some half a score times over, and fall in the Reer of themselves; then let the Colonels eldest and second Captains move forward the Pikes, and charge on if they please, the Colours falling in the second Rank, be∣ing furled up; and after let all order their Arms, and reduce them into Compa∣nies again.

Reducement. Left-half-ranks of Pikes, face about, and move down until you range even with the Reer-divisions of Muskettiers; face to your Leader: Right-half-ranks of Pikes, advance forward, and range even abrest with the Front-di∣visions of Muskettiers; Files, close to the left to Order of each grand Division; then they will stand in two grand Divisions as at first, the one in the Reer of the other: then draw up the second grand Division, provided there be room upon the left of the first. Then let a Serjeant of each particular Company draw off those thirteen Files, which before were taken off to ballance the Divisions into equal number, and were appointed for the guard of the Ammunition, or Bag∣gage, and bring them to joyn with their own Arms, where their Captains Com∣panies stands. Which being done, let every Captain draw off his own men, be∣ing assisted by his Lieutenants and Serjeants, and compleating them up into a Body as at first; his Pikes to be flanked with Muskettiers, they may after march away in single Companies after such manner, unto their several Quarters, as shall be appointed to them by the Major. And here I shall conclude concerning a Regiment of six Companies.

CHAP. XIII. The manner of drawing up a Regiment, consisting of seven Companies, conteining in the four Captains, twelve Files of Muskettiers, and six of Pikes, in each of their particular Companies, and in the three Field-Officers, sixteen Files apiece of Musket∣tiers, and eight of Pikes, which amounts to the number of 864 men.

IT hath been my observation in the City of London, and the Suburbs thereof, there being eighteen Regiments, nine of the Trained Bands, and nine of the Auxiliaries, that their Regiments in some have but six Companies; others, and that for the most part seven; and again in some, and but a few to have eight Companies. I shall therefore for the better satisfaction of such as remain un∣skill'd herein, go through them all, partly to shew the practise of this our City in their several drawings up, with the reasons to confirm the same. And having passed over as much as is convenient, to satisfie any ingenious Souldier concern∣ing the drawing up of six Companies in a Regimental-way, with the confirmati∣on and reasons of every particular Officer, as he there stands, it may in many things give full light to this that follows of seven Companies. Yet nevertheless, for more fuller satisfaction herein, I shall shew the true manner hereof, that I may not be wanting to any Souldiers benefit that he shall receive thereby. Where note, for better Order herein, that I have pitcht upon a particular num∣ber of men, although it may many times fall out so, that the Captains Compa∣nies, and the Field-Officers cannot be so full as I have here set down. Or again, it may chance to fall out (as in our Trained Bands of London) that they be a great deal fuller, as sometimes they are; for I have led a particular Company my self upon a general day, being drawn into the Filed consisting of above 300 men. Yet nevertheless, whether the Companies be great or small, observe this ge∣neral Rule; make two grand Divisions, and ballance their number equal in both Arms, and make no more Sub-divisions then what you have Captains to lead, and Lieutenants to bring up; and let the Serjeants march by the Flanks, and

not presume either to lead, or bring up any divisions, being conceived by most to be very improper. And again, if you fight the Regiment, let your Muskettiers as neer as you can be equal alike in their Sub-divisions, as they may most conve∣niently fall out, whether four, five, or six abrest, it makes no great matter, al∣ways leaving in time of fight, between such numbers of Files, six foot of ground interval, for to wheel off their Ranks after they have fired.

Now, suppose the whole Regiment were marching to their general place of Randezvous; the Major being there beforehand, attending the Companies com∣ing in, he Orders to the Colonels Company the most convenient place for their drawing up; and next to him, the fourth Captains Company upon the left; and next to him, the third Captain; and after him, the eldest or first Captain, which makes the first grand Division. In the next place, he orders the Lieutenant-Co∣lonels Company to be on the left of the whole Regiment, standing in even Front with the Colonel; upon the right of him, the second Captain is placed, and after him the Majors own Company, which make up the second grand Division.

Having thus far proceeded, let the Major command the Pikes and Colours to advance forward ten paces, before the Front of Muskettiers; then let him close the Pikes of the first four Companies to the right to Order, and the Pikes of the last to the left to Order, and the like of the Muskettiers in the Reer to those hands, to the same distance; then they will stand in four Divisions; two of Pikes in the Front, and two of Muskettiers in the Reer. In the next place, let him count how many Files of Pikes there are in each Division, and he will finde in the Colonels Divisions 26 Files, and in the Lieutenant-Colonels but twenty two. To make these even, he must take off one File apiece from the youngest Captains, and bring them into the midst of the Lieutenant-Colonels Division; and then he will make them equal, there being in each grand Division 24 Files of Pikes. The Pikes being made thus equal, let him move down into the Reer, and examine the Muskettiers; where upon the right he will finde 52 Files, and upon the left but 44; to make these even in number, he must take off one File apiece from the four Companies of the first grand Division, and lead them away up into the midst of the second; and then there will be in each grand Division of Muskettiers 48 Files apiece. In the next place, let him face them to the right and left outward, and move them to such convenient distance, as he may after divide his Muskettiers into four Divisions to move up, and flank the Pikes.

This being performed, he ought appoint unto every Captain and Lieutenant his place where to lead, and where to bring up, and what men upon all occasions they are to fight. To which purpose, there being in the first grand Division four Captains, there must be four places to lead, and four to bring up; and therefore having their four Colours upon the long March, that Body of Pikes may be divi∣ded into two Divisions, and to march with two Colours in the first Division of Pikes, which are to be led by the eldest Captain, and brought up by the Captain-Lieutenants Bringer-up. The second Division of Pikes is to be led by the fourth Captain, and to be brought up by the eldest Captain-Lieutenant. The Reer-guard of Muskettiers in this grand Division, is to be led by the third Captain, and to be brought up by his Lieutenant; who upon the long March, his Captain if he pleaseth, may exchange places, being more honour to him to be there to bring up, then to lead that Division, as hath been formerly exprest. As concern∣ing the Captain-Lieutenant, his place is to be fixed according as in the Figure to lead the first Division of Muskettiers, and to be brought up by the fourth Captains Lieutenant: but at such time when they are drawn up all abrest, they are to take their places as at first fixed, both in their leading and bringing-up, as shall be set forth in the following Figure, with all their several places appointed there∣unto. As concerning all the rest, they are placed in manner as was shewed in my discourse of a Regiment consisting of six Companies.

But here it may be objected, that in the first grand Division I have placed the Colonel, eldest Captain, third and fourth, and by casting up their number of dignity, we finde it to amount unto 18; and in the second grand Division,

the Lieutenant-Colonel, Major and second Captain, whose number amounts but to ten. Here we finde (say they) a great deal of difference and alteration, your intentions principally tending to make them equal in dignity; for certainly, where the greater number is, there is the lesser dignity; and therefore a wrong unto that part where ever it so falls out.

To which I answer, Where there is no just exceptions to be made to the contra∣ry, the former Rule ought ever to be preserved in the keeping an equal ballance of the number of dignity; but herein it doth not: For the Colonel ought always to have placed in his Division the eldest Captain, who is to lead his Colours, and the first Body of Pikes, which is the first place of honour among the Captains: And in the second place, the Majors Company is always drawn up upon the out∣most part, on the right of the Lieutenant-Colonels grand Division, to carry an equal proportion of number, they being the second and third worth unto that of the first or fourth, as is in the Colonels. In the next place, the second Cap∣tains turn comes to be regarded, who by the same Rule, as the eldest Captain layes claim to carry the first honour, by leading the first Body of Pikes, and the Colonels Colours; so the second Captain cannot expect any other, but to be placed to lead the second Body of Pikes, & the Lieutenant-Colonels Colours. Now there being an odd Captain, he must be either placed upon the right or left; he is therefore thought in discretion to be rather placed with the Colonel in his Division, that his Colours may there flie, marching four together, being far more honourable and graceful then that of three, as in the Lieutenant-Colonels; and therefore where there is an honour in that kinde which cannot be divided, it is very fit and requisite to place and fix it with him that is the Commander in chief. As for number of men, both Divisions are equal alike; and therefore, I conceive, what hath been spoken may take off all objections of this nature.

And now according to my promise, I shall set forth the manner of the standing of seven Companies in a Regimental way, with all the several places of honour appointed forth unto them, either marching, or standing all even abrest: If they be upon the long march, they are to observe that manner set down in six Com∣panies, onely to minde that alteration before expressed: the Figure of their draw∣ing up, and the Officers stated in their proper places, follows in Folio 156.

From which Figure I shall draw up another, placing the Souldiers in Battalia, which may be useful for them to fight-upon.

Command. Pikes in both Divisions, face inward, inmost Divisions of Musket∣tiers face outward, march, and interchange ground with other; face to your Leader. The four inmost Files of Muskettiers next the Pikes, face about, and march six foot cleer from the Pikes, and stand; then close their Files to the right and left to Order, in their own particular divisions; then face inward, and march all together, until they stand six foot cleer of each other; face to your Leader. The next five Files of Muskettiers in each side of Pikes, advance 18 foot before the Front; then close their Files into the midst to Order, and Ranks forward to Order; Pikes, close your Ranks forward to Order, and Files into the midst to Order: every five Files of Muskettiers close inward to Order, and Ranks forward to Order; then face to the Pikes, and march forward, being betwixt every five Files of Muskettiers six foot of ground distance each from other, and the same distance from the Bo∣dy, of Pikes; face all to your Leader. The 12 outmost Files of Pikes and Mus∣kettiers, advance forward six foot cleer of the standing part; then move forward the three outmost divisions of Muskettiers 12 paces; then face them inward, and move them until they stand streight before the five remaining divisions; face all to your Leader. The middle-division of Muskettiers of those three taken off before from each Flank, move forward six foot cleer of the standing part; the three middlemost divisions of the five remaining upon each Flank, move up until you stand six foot short of the divisions which are before you; the two outmost divisions of the last three that moved, face outward, and march six foot cleer of the former divisions between them: The two remaining divisions by the outside

of Pikes move inward, until you stand streight in the Reer with the two Front-divisions, facing all to their Leader, they will stand as is set forth unto your view in Folio 156.

Notwithstanding the former directions of drawing forth the Figure, make this alteration; wheel off the first two divisions of Muskettiers before the Pikes, and place them six foot behind the Reer of those upon the Flanks, and before you re∣duce them, carry them into their first places.

In this Figure you have Forlorns, aptly standing to the Wings and main Bo∣dy of Pikes, with Reserves to them all, so that I shall not need to trouble my self for to describe what firings might be here performed upon the same, they ly∣ing so apparent to the view; the divisions being cleer each of other, any inge∣nious Commander may fire them according unto his own best discretion, con∣tinuing the same as long as he shall think fitting; and therefore passing it by, and leaving it to their own liberty, I come in the next place to reduce them again into private Companies.

Reducement. Pikes of the main Body, advance forward, and range even abrest with the Pikes before you; the two last divisions of Muskettiers in the Reer move up, and Flank the Pikes; the two divisions of Muskettiers before the Front, face about, and move down upon the right and left of the other two divisions of Muskettiers; to your Leader. The two last divisions of Muskettiers in the Reer of the Flanks, advance forward to the right and left, and range even abrest on the outside of those three divisions that stands before you: Single divisions of Muskettiers in the Front of each Wing, face about, and move down even abrest with the Reer of the next divisions. The eight divisions of Muskettiers upon each Wing, face about; the five first Divisions move down, and range even abrest with the Reer; the three last move to the right, and left outward, until you be cleer of the rest; face to the Reer, and move down in like manner, and Rank even with the rest; after face all to the Front, and they will all stand in one even Front. Next command the Pikes to face outward, and the five inmost divisions of Muskettiers in each Flank, face inward; then march and interchange ground each with other, and face to their Leader; they will stand again in two grand Divisions all even abrest in the Front. In the next place, let those six Files be taken off by the Serjeants of their own Companies from the two grand Divisi∣sions, and be brought into their first places. After the Major may give order to every Captain to draw off his men, and put them into Companies again, which is easily done; after the Regiment may be ordered to march home in single Com∣panies, either by succession or dignity, which he pleaseth. And here I shall con∣clude concerning a Regiment of several Companies.

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CHAP. XIV. The manner of drawing up and placing the Officers of a Regiment consisting of eight Companies, having in it a Colonel, a Lieutenant-Colonel, a Major, and five Captains: their number of men in each Company, being equal with the former Regiment, they amount unto 972 men.

IT concerns a Major (provided he have room enough) to draw up every Com∣pany even abrest, and to give unto every Captain his due place of honour; after which, he may proceed to order them in a regimental way. Wherefore, briefly thus; observe the manner of the Dignity of every Captain, how they ought to be placed, first the Colonels Company being drawn up in its convenient place; next to him upon the left stands the third Captain; and next to him the fourth; and the next that follows is the eldest: these four Captains being drawn up af∣ter this manner, makes the first grand Division; and therefore I shall endeavour to give Reasons for to confirm this, before I shall proceed upon the second, as be∣ing the right half-ranks, which ought to carry an equal proportion of Worth, Honour, and Dignity with that of the last. Where, first, take notice, that the Colonel being the most worthiest man, is placed upon the right, and is the first place of Honour; and the outmost upon the left is the eldest Captain, which is the fourth Worth, there being the Colonel, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Major above him: now consider that the first and fourth Worth makes the number five; be∣twixt these two is drawn up the third and fourth Captains, which are the sixth and seventh Worth, whose number carries 13; add them to that number above, and it makes 18. In the next place, since it is the judgement of most Souldiers, that there should be an equal proportion of Skill, Valour, and Worth, the Reer-half-files answerable to them of the Front: so likewise the same rule is to be ob∣served between the right and left half-ranks; That whether we consider the Front-divisions, or Reer, right or left half-ranks, they may be so ballanced in every kind of respect, with true proportion; so neer as the knowledge of the Souldiers, and number of men will give leave. To which purpose, I will proceed to draw up the second grand Division, and compare it to the first; The Lieute∣nant-Colonels Company being drawn up upon the left of the whole Regiment; upon his right, is the second Captain drawn up; and next to him the fifth Cap∣tain; after, the Major upon the right of the Lieutenant-Colonels Division. Now, if we consider, the Lieutenant-Colonel he is the second man of Honour, and therefore ought to be upon the outmost part of the Front on the left, when the Companies are marching all even abrest; but upon the Long-march he is to fall down into the Reer; the outmost upon the right of his Division is the Majors Company placed, and he is the third man of Honour. Now the third Worth and second will carry equal ballance of number with that of the first and fourth: and so have I set forth the four first places of Honour, which, I suppose, no know∣ing Souldier can deny. Betwixt the second and third Worth is drawn up the second Captain and fifth; the second Captain is the fifth Worth, and the fifth Captain is the eighth, which makes the number 13, and will carry an equal weight of number with those in the midst of the first and fourth Worth. Now having stated the several Worths of the second grand Division, being compared together, makes a like number of 18 unto that of the first Division. And to take off all Objections that might be made concerning the second Captain and fifth, why they should not rather be placed in the first Division, then in the second, be∣cause it hath been held by the opinion of some, it should be so, but never any substantial reason to be given for the same: Therefore, unto this I shall say, that they ought to be there where I have placed them, in respect of what I have for∣merly said, that as it is the first place of Honour amongst the Captains to lead the first Body of Pikes, where the Colonels Colours does flie, and to make them of the second Division equal in number with the first; the youngest Captain, which is the eighth Worth, is brought in, and joyned to the second Captain, who is the fifth, and therefore a File or a Rank ought to be set forth in Dignity after this manner, in respect

2585	4761
18	18

there is no truer stating the Dignity of a single File or Rank, then that which shall conform to greater Bodies, as that of Regiments. And thus much briefly shall suffice to be spoken concerning the second grand Division, for the placing the second and fifth Captains betwixt the Lieutenant-Colonel and the Majors, in re∣spect the second Captain stands very aptly there to receive his proper place, and the youngest Captain is brought in to ballance their Dignities unto that of the first.

In the next place, I shall shew how they ought to be drawn up in a Regimental way: being all even abrest as before, command Muskettiers to face about, and to march down 12 foot clear of the Reer, then face to the Front, after close Files outward to Order of each Arms, then subdivide each Division of Muskettiers, and move them up to flank each Body of Pikes. And having accounted and cast up the number of Files of each Arms in each grand Division, you will finde the Colonels Division to have in it 26 Files of Pikes, and 52 Files of Muskettiers; next the Lieutenant-Colonels Division being examined, you will finde that to have in it 28 Files of Pikes, and 56 Files of Muskettiers. Now to make these equal in number, there must be taken forth one File of Pikes, and two of Musket∣tiers from the second grand Division, and place one a piece in the midst of the first Division, in every one of their particular Divisions, and they will contain equal alike in each grand Division 27 Files of Pikes, and 54 Files of Muskettiers. In the next place, the Major may assign unto every Captain and Lieutenant where his place shall be to lead, and where to bring up; the Colonel being upon the head of his Division, and the Lieutenant-Colonel upon the head of the second grand Division, the Major in the Front betwixt them both, or where else he pleaseth, being an Officer always to act through the whole Regiment. And in the first place he appoints the Captain-Lieutenant to be on the head of the first Division of Muskettiers, and to be brought up with the fourth Captains Lieute∣nant; next he orders the eldest Captain to be on the head of the first Division of Pikes, and to be brought up by the Captain-Lieutenants Bringer-up; and the fourth Captain to be on the head of the second division of Pikes, and to be brought up by the eldest Captains Lieutenant; and the second division of Mus∣kettiers he appoints unto the third Captain, and to be brought up by his own Lieutenant; and upon the Long-march, let him and his Captain change places until such time they shall draw up again. After he orders his own Lieutenant to be on the head of the third division of Muskettiers; and the third division of Pikes he appoints to the fifth Captain, and to be brought up by his own Lieutenant; the fourth Division of Pikes is ordered to be the second Captains place, and brought up by his own Lieutenant; the Lieutenant-Colonels Lieu∣tenant is appointed to the fourth and last division of Muskettiers, the Lieutenant-Colonel upon the Long-march bringing up the whole Regi∣ment. It might be supposed the Captain-Lieutenant, Lieutenant-Colonels and Majors Lieutenants have too great places of Honour: but to answer them all, their Captains being Field-Officers, and upon several occasions moving off, their Lieutenants do officiate there in their rooms, and are but as assistants un∣to them; for likewise upon several occasions they come to those places them∣selves to lead, marching there before their Lieutenants. As concerning the placing of all the rest of the other Officers, they lie clearly, for as much as for∣merly hath been spoken in their proper places, without (as I conceive) the ex∣ceptions of any.

Secondly, u••on the Long-march the Colonel draws off the first Division of Muskettiers, and leads them, marching some 12 foot before his Captain-Lieute∣nant; and that division is brought up by the fourth Captains Lieutenant, the Colours marching two and two upon every division, whereof the first is drawn off and led by the first Captain, and brought up by the Captain-Lieutenants Brin∣ger-up; the next division of Pikes falling in the Reer of the first, and led by the fourth Captain, and brought upo the first Captains Lieutenant; the second di∣vision of Muskettiers is led by the: ••ird Captains Lieutenant, and brought up by

his own Captain; the fourth or first division of Muskettiers in the second grand Division is led by the Major, when he pleaseth, some 12 foot before his own Lieutenant; and the third Division of Pikes is led by the fifth Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant; the fourth and last division of Pikes is led by the second Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant; the fourth and last Division of Muskettiers is led by the Lieutenant-Colonels Lieutenant, the Reer of the whole Regiment being brought up by the Lieutenant-Colonel. Thus every Division is to march by succession, the one in the Reer of another, keeping eigh∣teen foot distance betwixt every Division, until they shall have room to march all even abrest, and then with very little alteration with the third Captain, chan∣ging places, with his own Lieutenant, they are all to take their places again, as at first.

Having now set forth the true Dignity of every Captains and Lieutenants place, what men they shall take charge on to fight, where to lead, and where to bring up; I shall spare the Figure in respect I shall shew (with very little alteration) the manner of drawing up and marching of divers Regiments that were under the command of the late Earl of Essex.

The first grand Division in respect of every Officer and place, is to be ordered as the former; only in the second, there will be this small alteration, the Lieu∣tenant-Colonels Company and the Majors are to enterchange places, the rest are to remain as they were, only with this alteration following; the Lieutenant-Colonels Lieutenant is to lead the first Division of Muskettiers, until such time that his Lieutenant Colonel shall come unto that place; and then he is to bring up that Division being near at hand, that if his Lieutenant-Colonel should upon some just occasions be called off, he may immediatly move up, and lead there in his absence. For upon the Long-march, as the Colonel leads the first grand Di∣vision, so it is conceived by some, (they marching in two grand Divisions some twenty paces distance from each other in manner of two regimental Marchings) that the Lieutenant-Colonel ought to lead the second. Next, let the First Divi∣sion of Pikes be led by the second Captain, and to be brought up by the fifth Captains Lieutenant; and the second Division of Pikes to be led by the fifth Captain, and brought up by the second Captains Lieutenant; the last Division of Muskettiers to be led by the Majors Lieutenant, and the Reer of the second grant Division being left for the Major to bring up, at such time as with conve∣niency he may be spared. Therefore, to march thus, it being a very good way, and with very little alteration to be made, I was unwilling to pass it by, leaving it to the discretion of every ingenious Souldier, to make use of which way he best pleaseth, or likes of, whilest I in the next place shall set forth the Figure, which follows in pag. 161; affording more variety in the same.

CHAP. XV. How to make the Figure of a Ring, with its use and service.

THe way to make this Figure in the most readiest manner, is to be performed after this kind; both the grand Divisions standing all abrest in even Front: First move forward all the Muskettiers some ten foot clear of the Pikes, after let them close Files both of Muskettiers and Pikes into the midst to Order; then they will stand in two Divisions, one of Muskettiers, and in the Reer of them, one of of Pikes: then open the Files outward to open Order of each Arms, and after let them double the Front to the left of both Arms by Bringers-up, and they will be but three deep of each Arms, having in the Fronts the best Souldiers; then command them to face all to the right, then wheel them about still to the right of both Arms, the Pikes wheeling all in the inside of the Muskettiers, un∣til you have brought them into two Rings; provided thus, that you close your Rings unto that place which was your first Front; then face them all to the centre, and after face them about to the right, and they will be then faced round, and stand suitable to the following Figure, pag. 163. And to have it in two Rings,

[illustration] formation

the one of Muskettiers, the other of Pikes, some ten foot short on the inside of them. And by reason it cannot be well otherwise, in respect there are as many Muskettiers again as there are Pikes, and the Officers following the Souldiers in their places formerly fixed in this Motion, will also naturally stand in manner and form as is set down in the Figure.

But, methinks, I hear some say, Of what use or service upon any occasion may this Ring be unto the Souldier? To whom I answer, that it is one of the most ser∣viceable Figures that can be made, to secure the Souldier from danger against the furious charge of Horse in Campania; the accomplishing, or making of it up, be∣ing easily and suddenly performed, the Muskettiers having Pallizadoes, may ad∣vance three or four paces, and stick them down in such manner, as they may keep the Horse from breaking in among them. And after, if they should be charged round, they may give fire over them against their enemies, and fall in the Reer of themselves; yet nevertheless, if the Horse should be undaunted, and attempt to come on again, they may resist them with a more desperate charge after this manner, bringing all hands to fight, and to pour out their shot, or to fire altoge∣ther after this kind. Command first the Pikes to move forward, until they be three foot behind the Muskettiers, then let every File rank to the right, which will make them to stand but one abrest in one single Ring behind the Muskettiers. Now that all hands may be brought to fight together, command the first Rank of Mus∣kettiers to kneel down, the second stoop, and the third stand upright; then let all close forward to close Order, and let the Pikes, as occasion shall require, charge betwixt the Muskettiers, who may fire altogether, and the Pikes may charge on whilest the Muskettiers make ready again. The Pallizadoes formerly stuck, keep∣ing off the Horse from breaking in upon them, they may fire after this manner, as often as they please. And so much may suffice to be spoken concerning the ser∣vice and use that may be made of it in time of fight; and now in the next place I come to reduce them into Companies again as at first.

Let the Pikes that ranked to the right, file three to the left as they were, and let the Bringers-up that doubled face about to the right, and march forth into their places. Then let the Major come to that place where he closed the Ring, and brake it off, wheeling them all along about to the left, until he hath brought them to stand in one even Front as at first; the same in like manner to be perfor∣med of the Pikes, and to stand in the Reer of the Muskettiers. Next, let the Mus∣kettiers and Pikes face outward, and move to such convenient distance, that af∣ter the Muskettiers may be subdivided again, and the Pikes move up, and double their Front inward entire in each grand Division. Which being brought into that form, each Captain may draw off his men, being so commanded by the Ma∣jor, and compleat up his Company again, and be after disposed of to farther du∣ty, or to march home to their Quarters according to command. And here I shall conclude this Regiment of eight Companies.

[illustration] formation

CHAP. XVIII. The manner of drawing up a Regiment consisting of ten Companies, having in it seven Captains, and three Field-Officers, being in each particular Company the former numbers, which in all amounts unto 1198 men.

THe Major having ground sufficient for the drawing up the Regiment, after the Colonels Company hath made Alt, next to him upon the left he draws up the youngest Captain, which is the tenth; and the next to him the third Cap∣tain, which is the sixth; after that the fourth Captain, which is the seventh; then the first Captain, which is the fourth: then the Majors, which is the third; next to him the fifth Captain, which is the eighth; and after that the second Captain, which is the fifth; then the sixth Captain, which is the ninth. All these being drawn up upon the left of the Colonels Company, the closier of all upon the left, is the Lieutenant-Colonels Company, whose figure carries the number 2. Place now all these numbers of Dignity according to the former Figures, and they will stand as followeth in a Rank.

2:9:5:8:3.	4:7:6:10:1.
27	28.

In the next place compare the Dignity of the right Half-ranks with the left, and they are ballanced as neer as can be possible to be equal, there being one odd, which of necessity must be cast upon the right Half-ranks, for the reasons for∣merly exprest, in placing the second Captain into the Lieutenant-Colonels Di∣vision. Then according to the former rule, draw forth the Pikes, and ingross them into two Bodies, and the like of the Muskettiers; after sub-divide the Musket∣tiers, and make them four divisions, and move them up to flank the Pikes, and then they will be in two compleat grand Divisions. In the next place, let the Major order forth unto the Captains and Lieutenants their several places to lead and to bring up, after this manner. There being two grand Divisions, ha∣ving in them five Captains, and five Lieutenants, it will be necessary to appoint our five several Charges in the first grand Division to lead, and five to bring up, after this manner. As first, divide the Van-guard into two Divisions, the first to be led by the Captain-Lieutenant, and brought up by his Bringer-up: the second Division of Muskettiers in the Van to be led by the third Cap∣tains Lieutenant, and to be brought up by the fourth Captains Lieutenant. The first division of Pikes is to have the three first Colours to fly upon the head of them, and to be led by the eldest Captain, and brought up by the seventh Cap∣tains Lieutenant: the next division of Pikes to be led by the fourth Captain, having his own and the eldest Captains Colours flying upon the head of them, and to be brought up by the seventh, or youngest Captain in the Regiment: the Reer-guard of Muskettiers of the first grand Division to be led by the third Cap∣tain, and brought up by the eldest Captains Lieutenant, who upon the Long-march these two are to inter-change places if the third Captain desire it, and ha∣ving such permission from the Major, being more honour to bring up, then to lead, as was said before in the former Regiments.

Next follows the placing of the Officers in the second grand Division: let the Van-guard of Muskettiers there be led by the Majors Lieutenant, or by himself when he pleaseth, and be brought up by the fifth Captains Lieutenant: next let the first Division of Pikes be led by the fifth Captain; having two Colours flying in the head of them, the Majors, and his own, and to be brought up by the sixth Captains Lieutenant: let the next Division of Pikes be led by the second Cap∣tain, having three Colours flying on the head of them, the Lieutenant-Colonels, his own, and the sixth Captains, and let that be brought up by the second Cap∣tains Lieutenant: let the last Division of Muskettiers be led by the sixth Cap∣tain, and brought up by the Lieutenant-Colonels Lieutenant; the Lieutenant-Colonel upon the Long-march bringing up the Reer of the Regiment, some 12 foot behind his own Lieutenant.

I shall in the next place shew the Reasons for the thus placing of the Officers, where first I shall endeavour to clear the first grand Division, which will occasion the second to be more easily resolved. Where briefly thus, as concerning the Co∣lonel, eldest Captain, third Captain, and Captain-Lieutenant, I shall pass them over, having formerly spoken sufficient to satisfie any Souldier therein. It fol∣lows therefore to speak of the fourth Captains place, which is the next man of Honour after the former, and therefore is placed to lead the second Division of Pikes, which is more honour to him to lead there, then to lead a sub-division of Muskettiers. In the Van-guard next to him in Honour in this Division, is the se∣venth Captain, who is appointed to bring up the first grand Body of Pikes, which likewise is more Honour unto him, then to lead or bring up any sub-division of Muskettiers; as before expressed. Having thus resolved of all the Captains, and Captain-Lieutenants place, next follows the reasons of the Lieutenants places; where first take notice that the eldest Captains Lieutenant is appointed to bring up the Reer-guard, which next the Pikes is the greatest place of honor in the reer, and a very honorable place unto him; or if he alters places with the third Cap∣tain upon the Long-march, yet nevertheless he hath the chiefest place of honour after the Capt. Lieut. amongst all the Lieutenants unto those places he is ordered unto. The third Captains Lieutenant is assigned to the next place, who leads the second Division of Muskettiers in the Van-guard, which is more honour to him then to bring up any such Division; after follows him the fourth Captains Lieu∣tenant, who brings up the Reer of the Van-guard, which is more honour to him, of the places remaining, to be there, then to bring up either the first Division of Muskettiers, or the first Division of Pikes. Lastly, the seventh Captains Lieutenant is placed to bring up the first Division of Pikes, which being the more honourable Arms, it adds more honour to him to be there to bring up, then the first Division of Muskettiers, which being the last place of honour, it is given to the Captain-Lieutenants Bringer-up to be there. And thus much shall suffice for the reasons of the places of the first grand Division.

Now for placing of the Officers of the second grand Division, I shall not need to speak any thing concerning the Lieutenant-Colonels Major, Second Captain, and the Majors Lieutenants place, in regard in the former Regiments I have endea∣voured to give the Souldier satisfaction therein. Therefore next to those in this grand Division follows to be spoken is the fifth Captain, who is the next man of honour, and therefore hath his due place appointed out to him to lead the first division of Pikes, where the Majors and his own Colours flie, which is more honour to him to lead there the Van of the Pikes, then the Reer-guard of Muskettiers. Next to him is the sixth Captain, which next the Pikes hath his due place of ho∣nour remaining to him to lead the Reer-guard. Having thus resolved the Cap∣tains places, I shall in the next endeavour to shew the Lieutenants, where first it falls to the Lieut. Colonels Lieutenant to be placed first, who is ordered to bring up the Reer, to be an assistant unto his Lieut. Colonel, who is a Field-Officer, and may have many occasions to fall off, and therefore he requires his Lieutenant to be present with his men there, as the Colonels doth his in the Front. And as much may be said of the Majors Lieutenant, but passing him by, I come next to the second Captains Lieutenant, who is appointed to bring up the Reer of the second Body of Pikes, which is the greatest place of honour that is in the Reer next to the Lieu. Colonels Lieutenant. After him follows the fifth Captains Lieutenant, who is placed to bring up the Reer of the Van-guard of this division, which is more honor then to bring up the Van of the Pikes, whose turn being the last place of honor, fals to him that is the youngest Lieutenant, which is the sixth Captains Lieutenant.:

And thus as briefly as I could I have run over all the reasons for the placing of the Officers in the Regiment drawn up after this manner, that I might not be wanting unto the desire of any such who are willing to be informed therein, be∣ing always ready to employ my self in as plain a way as I can for the benefit of all true loving Souldiers, who are concerned herein. And therefore, for their better satisfaction, let them cast their eye upon the Figure, as it is demonstrated between Folio 161 and 162, where they shall see every man placed according to my former Discourse.

CHAP. XVII. The manner both of the drawing up, and the order of the Long-march of Colonel Rains∣borough his Regiment, bringing up the Reer of the Foot of the Army under the Com∣mand of the Lord General Fairfax, at their first marching through the City of Lon∣don, on the seventh of August, 1647.

THe first order of drawing up the Regiment at their first place of Rande∣vous, before they marched or joyn'd with the Army, was thus: The Colonels Company being upon the out-most part of the right of the Regiment; next to his left by succession was drawn up the second, sixth, fifth, and first Captain, which make up his Division, or the right Half-ranks in their first drawing up to be com∣pleat, and may in their Figure of Dignity standing in a rank be demonstrated as followeth, 4:8:9:5:1: This number of Worth being cast up, amounteth to 27. And thus much for the Colonels Division.

Now for the left Half-ranks, or Lieutenant-Colonels Division, (as many times it is so ordred and appointed) his own Company being drawn up upon the out∣most part on the left of the Regiment; and next to his right after each other is drawn up the third, seventh, fourth, and Majors Company; whose Figure of Dignity standing Rank-wise, may be thus described, 2:6:10:7:3: and their number of Dignity in all amounteth to 28. Where you may perceive a rule that the Discretion of the Major walketh by, in the drawing up of the Regiment, to ballance with as neer proportion as he can the Number, Worth, and Dignity of his right Half-ranks, or right Flank, sutable with that of the left. For it would be unreasonable that all the best men should be on the right, and that the left of the Regiment who are to oppose the Enemies right should have the weakest or meanest men of Worth: therefore without all question, that Body of men that shall be drawn up so as to make all parts of equal Worth, and Strength, as the right Flank with the left, the Front with the Reer, so that where-ever the Ene∣my shall fall on to charge any one of these parts, being all made equal in Strength, and Worth, it must needs prevent all murmuring complaints, and carry best approbation to all knowing Commanders. And thus much briefly may be spoken in the commendation of the ordring of his Regiment thus far.

The Captains now standing by their own Colours, on the head of the Pikes, and their Companies being drawn up all, and standing in an even Front, the Ma∣jor next commands the Muskettiers to stand, the Pikes and Colours to troop forth some ten or twelve paces cleer of the Muskettiers, and then they likewise to stand, and after to close their Files to the midst to order.

Next he commands the Muskettiers in their Files to close outward to order, commanding them afterward to move up, and flank the Pikes, after which he orders the Body into thirteen remarkable Divisions, four Divisions of Muskettiers upon each side of the Pikes, and the Pikes into five divisions, having their Colours fly by two and two, and to be led by the Ensign-bearers that do belong to each of them, excepting the first and middle divisions, for they have Leaders in chief, as the first and fifth Captain, and the third Captain, to bring up the Reer of the whole Body of Pikes. For more fuller illustration of the leading and bringing up of each division in the Regiment upon their Long-march, observe these follow∣ing directions.

1 The Regiment being upon their march, the first division upon the right is led by the Colonel, his Captain-Lieutenant marching in the Reer of him several paces, and that particular division is brought up by the Captains-Lieutenants Bringer-up.

2 The second division of Muskettiers is led by the second Captain-Lieutenant, and brought up by the first, or eldest Captains-Lieutenant.

3 The third division of Muskettiers is led by the sixth Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant.

4 The fourth division of Muskettiers is led by the fifth Captains Lieutenant, and brought up by the fourth Captain.

5 The first division of Pikes is led by the eldest Captain, having the Colonels, and second Captains Colours flying in the head of them.

[illustration] formation

[illustration] formation

This Regiment being thus drawn up, they stand in the length of their Front or Battalia, 150 abrest, and six in their depth, having two thirds of Muskettiers, and one of Pikes, their number amounting in all to 900 men; each particular Company consisting of fifteen Files, and containing in each of them 90 men a piece; but the Field-Officers Companies are many times larger.

6 The second division of Pikes is led by the fifth and sixth Captains Ensigns, having their own Colours flying upon the head of the same.

7 The third Division of Pikes is led by the fifth Captain, having the Majors and eldest Captains Colours flying upon the head of the same.

8 The fourth division of Pikes is led by the fourth and seventh Captains En∣signs, having their own Colours flying upon the head of the same.

9 The fifth and last Division of Pikes is led by the Lieutenant-Colonels, and third Captains Ensigns, having likewise their own Colours flying upon the head of the same; and the Reer of the Pikes is brought up by the third Captain.

10 The first division of Muskettiers on the left Flank is led by the second Cap∣tain, and brought up by the fourth Captains Lieutenant.

11 The second upon the left is led by the third Captains Lieutenant, and brought up by the Majors Lieutenant.

12 The third division is led by the seventh Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant.

13 The fourth or last division of Muskettiers is led by the Lieutenant-Colo∣nels Lieutenant, and the Reer of the Regiment is brought up by the Lieutenant-Colonel.

Notwithstanding I have thus laid down the manner of the Divisions, with the placing of the Officers, there are also from all these divisions both of the Pikes and Muskettiers, sub-divisions drawn off upon the Long-march betwixt every fifth or sixth File, as they can equally divide them with even proportions to march. And for the leading of such divisions, there are Serjeants cast in that pro∣perly belong unto them which do lead and bring them up; so that upon this ac∣compt they make in their Long-regimental-march some thirty divisions, by rea∣son, as I conceive, upon any Alt, or convenient place of drawing them all up e∣ven abrest, the Serjeants as well as the superiour-Officers may be helpful to bring up the File-leaders again as at the first into their proper places. And thus far I have endeavoured for the satisfaction of all ingenious Souldiers to set forth the manner of Colonel Rainsboroughs Regiment of their drawing up, disposing of Co∣lours, and placing of Officers, as was the Observation of my ever-honor'd Friend, and most exquisite knowing Souldier Thomas Walker, one of the Captains of the same Regiment, and a true lover of the Military-art, who frienly communicated to me the practise of their Regiment. Which although it differs from the draw∣ing up of all others in our Army (as I am inform'd, they varying in one kinde or other by their several ways) I question not, but this may be as good as any of the rest, which I leave to the judgment of the curious searchers into this Art, whilst I proceed to shew the Figures following.

CHAP. XVIII. A third way of drawing up a Regiment of Ten Companies, after the manner used amongst the Swedes.

THe Companies meeting altogether, whether it be in the Alarum place, other∣wise at their general Randezvous, where they have ground and room suffi∣cient enough for their drawing up: The Major appointing forth unto the Lieu∣tenant-Colonels Company a place most convenient to stand, he draws all the rest of the Companies upon the left of him after this manner. The seventh and the second Captain, then the Colonel, after him the sixth, fourth, and first Captain, then the Major, after him the fifth and third Captain, who closes up the left of the whole Regiment; the figures of their Dignity standing after this manner.

6:8:3:4:7:	9:1:5:10:2
28	27

Here you may perceive they follow a rule to Ballance their number of Digni∣ty as neer as they can, carrying their odd number on the left Half-rank, and not upon the right; for these reasons, as, I conceive, following. Their Regiments being so full of men, they draw them up for the most part into three Squadrons,

or grand divisions, giving unto the Lieutenant-Colonel the right Wing; the Major, the left; and the Colonel, the Main-battail. The Colonels grand Divi∣sion consists of the four middle Companies, where you are to take notice, being drawn off some ten paces cleer from the rest they stand after this manner by way of Figure, 4:7:9:1. The Lieutenant-Colonels Division after this manner, 5:10:2. and the Majors after this kinde, 6:8:3. Wherein I do observe in each grand Division this Rule, that by succession and degrees they put the best Souldiers upon the right, and the second according to course upon the left, and the rest between them. As first, the Colonel being the chiefest man of honour, is placed upon the right of his Squadron; next to his left is the sixth and fourth Captain, and the closing up of his grand Division is placed the first or eldest Captain. The Lieutenant-Colonel being the second man of honour, is likewise placed upon the right of his Squadron; and next to his left, the seventh Captain, his grand Division being closed up by the second Captain. In the next place, the Major, he being the third man of honour, is placed upon the right of his Squadron; and upon hisleft, the fifth Captain; and his grand Divi∣sion is closed up upon the left by the third Captain. So that you may observe in the closing up of every Division, that as every Field-Officer is upon the right of their Squadrons, so they take by degrees upon the outmost of their left to close their Divisions, the Captains according to their degrees by succession. As first, and more cleerly, the Colonel takes the eldest Captain to him on his left, who will aptly fall in to lead his Body of Pikes and Colours; the Lieutenant-Colonel takes the second Captain for to lead his Stand of Pikes and Colours; the third Captain being placed upon the left of the outmost part of the Majors Squadron, to lead likewise his Colours and Body of Pikes. And further, if you observe the number of worth and dignity, that the right Wing hath with the left, you will finde them to be equally ballanced, and to be seventeen alike in number. Now in respect there cannot be an equal Division of the Colours by threes, there is very good reason that the odd should be placed in the Colonels Squadron, who is Commander in chief, and to whom it properly belongs unto.

In the next place, I shall shew you how to draw them forth in a Regimental-way; the four middle Companies being advanced forward ten paces cleer form the three outmost Companies, may stand; then draw forth the Pikes of each Squa∣dron, until they be ten foot cleer of their Muskettiers; then close Pikes into the midst to Order in their Files in each Division, and they will be in three Bodies; after close the Muskettiers into the midst to Order, then sub-divide them in as equal a way as you can; and let them move up upon the right and left, and flank each Body of Pikes. Then let the Major examine the Files in the Colonels Di∣vision, how many they exceed in number the other two, and he will finde twelve Files of Muskettiers, and six Files of Pikes, more then in the rest. Now to make them equal alike in each Squadron, let him take off from each particular Com∣pany of the Colonels Squadron, one File of Pikes, and place two of those four in the midst of the Lieutenant-Colonels Squadron, and the remaining two in the midst of his own Squadron; which being done, each body of Pikes will have in it 22 Files. After let him take off from each Company two Files of Muskettiers, which will be eight Files, & let him place two Files in the midst of each Flank of Muskettiers, both in the Divisions of the Lieutenant-Colonels and his own; and then there will be in each particular Division of Muskettiers 21 Files. This be∣ing likewise a very good way to draw up a Regiment of so great a number of men, I was unwilling to pass it by, but to present it unto the view of all loving Souldiers, which will more fuller appear in the Figure following (Folio 167) in which Figure I shall shew the several places of the Captains, and their Lieu∣tenants, where they are to lead, and where to bring up.

But before the former Figure be drawn up, it will be convenient for the Major to take off from every Company four Files of Muskettiers, (excepting the Co∣lonels) and move them down by 12 Files a piece, some ten foot cleer of the Reer of Pikes of each Division; then close them in their Files inward to Order, and

[illustration] formation

face them after to the Front, and they will stand there ready upon all occasions to be Reserves unto the Wings, or any other part of the Body, or to be Conveys to fetch in Victual, Ammunition, or any thing else that shall be wanting unto the Regiment. I shall not need to draw any other Figure of Battail from this, they standing in a very good form to fire upon, opening every five Files cleer from each other six foot, that the Muskettiers may have room enough to fall off, and to move down in the Reer of themselves, after such time their Ranks have fired. Neither shall I need to give any further reasons for the placing of the Of∣ficers, in respect it lyes cleer and easie to the view of every ingenious Souldier to apprehend. As for matter of marching, if they have ground sufficient, it will be very graceful to them for to preserve this Figure; but if they have not room, but must be constrain'd to draw off, and march in particular Divisions, it will be convenient to keep this decorum, if the Colonel thinks fit to change places eve∣ry day, after this manner: He that leads the Van-guard one day, falls off the next, and brings up the Reer-ward; and he that before led the Main-battail, comes to lead the Van; and he that led the Reerward, comes to be in the place of the Main-battail. And thus they change, and take their turns by course to lead the Van, the Battail, and the Reer-ward. They ought likewise in their March to have thirty foot of ground distance betwixt each grand Division; and when they have ground sufficient, they may draw up again into their first Figure. Now in respect I purpose to go on upon the next drawing up of a Regiment of twelve Companies, I shall break off to discourse any more of this. For the re∣ducing of them again into Companies, it will be easie, let the Serjeant of each particular Company fetch off those men of theirs which were drawn off for Re∣serves, and to make the Squadrons even in number, bring them to joyn with their own men; then let every Captain take off his Pikes and Muskettiers, and com∣pleat them up into one Body, they will be ready to receive Orders, and be in a condition for marching away, either to their Quarters, or other Duties, which they shall be appointed unto by their Major.

CHAP. IX. The way of drawing up a Regiment consisting of twelve Companies, the nine Captains having eighteen Files in each Company, and the three Field-Officers every one of them twenty four Files; whereof, there are two thirds of Muskettiers, and one of Pikes, in each particular Company, amounting in all to 1404 men.

THe Major having convenient place, he first orders where the Colonels Com∣pany is to stand, and after draws all the rest of the Companies upon the left of him, after this manner: The ninth, the fourth, the third, the sixth, and the first Captains; then the Major, next the seventh, the fifth, the second, and the eighth Captains, and the outmost of all upon the left, the Lieutenant-Colo∣nels Company, in manner of the dignity of a Rank, as they thus stand.

2:11:5:8:10:3:	4:9:6:7:12:1.
39.	39.

The dignity of places cannot be better stated, then in this of twelve Compa∣nies; as first, the Right-half-ranks is equal with the left in number of dignity. Again, divide them into three parts, and their number of dignity falls out to carry along with it an equal number of twenty six all even alike. Consider likewise, the stating of every Captain in the Regiment, and they are qualified e∣qual throughout, the best and the youngest Souldiers joyned together, as by ex∣amining them how they stand by two's, their number of worth and dignity throughout carries thirteen all equal alike. In the next place, draw forth all the Pikes, and ingross them into two Bodies; then divide the Muskettiers into

four parts, and move them up, and Flank those Stands of Pikes, and they will be in two grand Divisions; then, place the Officers after this manner; beginning first with the Colonels division, make two Divisions of Muskettiers in his Van, let the first be led by the Captain Lieutenant, and be brought up by his Bringer-up; let the next Division of Muskettiers be led by the fourth Captains Lieute∣nant, and brought up by the third Captains Lieutenant; let the Pikes be divided into three Divisions, the Colours flying two and two upon the head of them▪ let the first Division be led by the eldest Captain, and brought up by the ninth Cap∣tains Lieutenant; let the next Division be led by the sixth Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant; let the last Division be led by the fourth Captain, and the whole Body of Pikes be brought up by the ninth Captain. Then let the Reer-guard of the Colonels Division be led by such observations as is set forth in other Regiments, by the third Captain, and brought up by the first Cap∣tains Lieutenant.

Having placed the Officers in the first grand Division, he may proceed unto the next; let the first Division of Muskettiers be led by the Majors-Lieutenant, and brought up by the fifth Captains Lieutenant. Let the Pikes be divided into three parts, the Colours likewise flying, two and two upon the head of them; then let the first Division be led by the fifth Captain, and brought up by the eighth Captains Lieutenant; next let the second Division be led by the eighth Captain, and brought up by the seventh Captains Lieutenant. Lastly, let the third Division be led by the second Captain, and brought up by his own Lieute∣nant; let the last Division of Muskettiers be led by the seventh Captain, and brought up by the Lieutenant-Colonels Lieutenant: The Colonel is to be on the head of his Division, and the Lieutenant-Colonel upon the head of his, and the Major between them both in the Front. The Officers before they are thus placed, are to have their grand Divisions of both Arms equally ballanced for number of worth, observing still the former Rules in the execution of the same. It might be here expected I should shew reasons for the thus placing of the Of∣ficers, after this manner: but to satisfie such, if they please but to observe and take notice of the reasons given in the former Regiments, which will give satis∣faction unto this, carrying with it the same order and way. And likewise it might be expected, that I should here set forth a Figure for the thus drawing them up as before exprest, and placing of the several Officers. But since this Re∣giment falls out to be so full in number, I shall set it forth after the manner of drawing up a Brigade, according to the Swedish practise.

CHAP. XX. The manner of drawing up a Regiment according to the Swedish Brigade.

AFter that the Major hath plac'd the Lieutenant-Colonels Company in such a convenient place, that he may draw all the rest up on the left of him, he thus proceeds in bringing up the Companies; he first places to him the eighth Captain, then the fifth, after that the second, then the Colonels Company, next to him the ninth Captain, then the sixth Captain, and first Captain; after the Majors, then the seventh Captain, after the fourth Captain; then upon the out∣most part of the lest, is placed the third Captain, in manner and form as they thus stand.

6:7:10:3:4:9·	12:1:5:8:11:2.
39	39

Having thus far proceeded, he may command the four outmost Companies upon each Flank, to advance forward some ten paces cleer from the four middle Companies; then let them stand, and after let him draw forward the Pikes cleer from the Muskettiers, and close their Files outward to Order; then let the

Muskettiers be divided into four parts, their Files being closed to Order, let them move forward, and flank those two Bodies of Pikes. After in the same manner move forward the Pikes in the four middle Companies, until they be cleer of the Muskettiers, and close their Files into the midst to Order, and di∣vide their Muskettiers into two parts, and let them move forward, and flank the Body of Pikes; and then they will stand in their Squadrons or grand Divisions, their dignities standing after this manner in the Colonels division, thus, 4:9:12:1. In the Lieutenant-Colonels division, thus, 5:8:11:2. and in the the Majors, thus, 6:7:10:3. So that you may perceive this to be a very good way amongst the rest, each particular Squadron bearing the number of 26, and having unto every one of them their Dignities and worths equally divided, and stated alike. In the next place, the Major ought to inquire of the number of men they carry in each division of both Arms; where as first, he shall finde in the Colonels Squadron, to have in it 26 Files of Pikes, and 52 Files of Musket∣tiers; and examining all the rest, they will fall out to the same proportion of number. So that in each Division there contains, whether they be Pikes, or Mus∣kettiers, to have in every particular thereof 78 Files. In the next place, he shall do well to appoint forth unto them their several places to lead and bring up; and first, of the Colonels grand Division, he being on the head thereof, the Cap∣tain-Lieutenant leading the first division of Muskettiers in his Squadron, being brought up by his Bringer-up; the first two Colours, and his half Body of Pikes to be led by the eldest Captain, and brought up by the ninth Captains Lieute∣nant; the next two Colours, and half Body of Pikes to be led by the ninth Cap∣tain, and brought up by the eldest Captains Lieutenant; the last division of Mus∣kettiers in his Squadron, to be led by the sixth Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant. The first division of Muskettiers in the Lieutenant-colonels Squadron, is led by his own Lieutenant, and brought up by the eighth Captains Lieutenant; his first two Colours, and half Body of Pikes is led by the seventh Captain; and the next two Colours, and half Body of Pikes, is led by the eigthth Captain, and brought up by the second Captains Lieutenant; his last division of Muskettiers is led by the fifth Captain, and brought up by his own Lieutenant; himself standing as the Colonel doth upon the head of his Squadron. The first division of Muskettiers in the Majors Squadron (himself being upon the head) is led by his own Lieutenant, and brought up by the seventh Captains Lieute∣nant; his first two Colours, and half Body of Pikes is led by the third Captain; and the next two Colours, and half Body of Pikes, is led by the seventh Cap∣tain, and brought up by the third Captains Lieutenant; his last division of Mus∣kettiers is led by the fourth Captain, and brought up by his Lieutenant; as in the next place, in the Figure set forth in Folio 170, more fully appeareth.

They standing according to the former directions in three Bodies of Pikes flanked with the Muskettiers, before they come to the Figure set forth, you must command in each grand division the six inmost Files of Muskettiers next the Pikes to face about, and to march six paces cleer of the Reer, and then close inward to Order. Afterward open every four Files outward to open Order, of those 12 Files, and let the middle-division there face about, and move down six foot cleer of the Reer; and after face to their Leader. Then there will remain 20 Files of Muskettiers upon the Flanks of each Body of Pikes; after move for∣ward the eight middle Files of particular division of Muskettiers, some ten foot before the Front. Then command the left-half-ranks, or the four Files of Muskettiers upon the left of those divisions drawn forth, to face about, and to move down ten foot cleer of the Reer, and after face to the Front. Then let the 12 remaining Files of Muskettiers close to the Pikes to open Order; and let every four Files of those remaining 12 upon the Flanks, open outward six foot of ground betwixt each four Files, and move the Front and Reer-divisions of Muskettiers just against the midst of those three divisions of Muskettiers that are the Flankers to the Pikes, and they will stand in the Figure as it is placed in Folio 170.

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They standing now in a perfect Order of a Brigade, the number of men in this Regiment allowing it in a full manner, according to the small Brigades of the Swedes; I shall not need to point out of what service this Figure, or drawing up may be, in respect there is no ingenious Souldier, but may cleerly perceive they stand in a very good Order to fight against an Enemy; their Commanders being appointed forth to manage it accordingly. Therefore I shall leave it to the pra∣ctise of such who in time of need shall have occasion to make use of it; and in the next place shew the manner of reducing them again into Companies.

First move forward those 12 Files of Muskettiers in the Reer of each body of Pikes, six to the right, and six to the left, next to the outside of their own body of Pikes: After command the Reer-divisions of Muskettiers to advance forward upon the left of those Divisions of Muskettiers in the Front; then face them a∣bout, and move them down into the midst of those Muskettiers that were the Flankers. After let every Captain draw off his Pikes and Muskettiers, and in∣gross them into particular Companies, and they will then be ready to march a∣way to their several Quarters. And here I shall conclude concerning a Regiment of twelve Companies.

CHAP. XXI. The manner of drawing up a Brigade or Tertia, being a third part of an Army, accord∣ing to the practise of the Netherlands, under the command of the Prince of Orange.

BEfore I shall begin to draw up this Tertia, Army, or Brigade; I shall set down the observation of Col. Hen. Hexam, in his Book treating of the Office of the three Serjeant-Majors of the Tertia, otherwise called the three Field-Corpo∣rals. His words are these:

The States Army by order of his Highness, is divided upon a March into three Bri∣gades or Tertia's; and a Serjeant-Major of a Tertia, being one of the great Captains of the Field, receives his Order immediate from the Lord-General, or the Lord Martial, but most commonly of the Serjeant-Major-General of the Army, how he shall form and order his Brigade or Tertia; and how many Regiments of Horse and Foot are to march under it, and with what Ordnance and Baggage. He assigns and shews him the place where they are to draw out into Battalia, and receives Orders from the Serjeant-Major-Ge∣neral, whether they are to march in the Van-guard, the Battail, or the Reer: So that in marching in every one of these, he shall attend upon his Brigade and several Divisions; and in the absence of the Serjeant-Major-General, see that the order of marching and embattailing be duly kept and observed. And every one of these three Serjeants-Majors of Brigades, are to be at the command of the Colonel, General, or be that leads or com∣mands that Brigade or Tertia; and is to be sent to the Lord-General, Lord-Martial, or Serjeant-Major-General upon any occasion belonging to the service.

These three Majors of the Tertia's are to be lodged as neer the Serjeant-Major-Ge∣neral, as conveniently may be; and those three which attend upon the Van-guard, the Bat∣tail or Reer, which the Serjeant-Major shall make choice of ground for the placing of Guards, and assign them to the Serjeant-Majors of every Regiment. They are to go the Round, and to visit the Guard commonly every night, and at such an hour as the Ser∣jeant-Major shall appoint them either by day or night.

If any of these three Serjeant-Majors of the Field shall finde any want of Powder, Ammunition or Victuals, either in the Van-guard, Battail or Reer, as well upon the march, as when the Troops are quartered, or during fight, he is presently to advertise the Serjeant-Major-General of the Field with the said wants. And then by his dire∣ction shall go with an Officer of every Regiment of that Tertia, to the General, or Lieu∣tenant of the Ordnance, or to the Commissary General of the Ammunition, or Victuals.

A Serjeant-Major of a Tertia, to conclude, having received his Orders from the Lord-General, the Martial, or Serjeant-Major-general, gives them to the Serjeant-Ma∣jors of every particular Regiment. But because the Word and Orders are to be sent to Quarters far distant one from another, the Serjeant-Major of every Regiment can∣not

come conveniently to the Serjeant-Major-General. Therefore the Majors of every Brigade are to attend every morning and evening upon the Serjeant-Major-General, to receive their Orders, and to carry the Word to the several Quarters, whither the Ser∣jeant-Majors of Regiments comes to him, and from him receives the Word and Orders.

The drawing up of Brigades in the next place comes to be handled after the way of the Hollanders; therefore, first take notice, that Brigades are not tyed to a set number of Companies or Regiments, but are ordered according to the se∣veral strengths of an Army. As sometimes they consist of 12 Companies, some of two Regiments, others of three, or four, having in them not alike number of Companies or men, which ought accordingly unto the several Divisions of a Brigade to be ballanced alike, both in number of men, dignity, and worth, as is in particular Regiments fully set forth. And in respect that several Divisions make a Brigade, and that according to the disposition of an Army, all the Of∣ficers and Souldiers are divided into three parts, called Brigades or Tertia's, each of them having a several name; to wit, the Van-guard, Battail and Reer-guard. Now that Tertia which is to march first, is called the Van-guard; that which marcheth next in the middle, the Battail; and that which comes up last, the Reer. Every one of these upon march, as was formerly expressed in the Swedish Brigade, take their turns interchangeably; for the second day of the March, the Battail becomes the Van-guard; and the Reer, the second day the Battail; and the third day, the Tertia, that had first the Reer, is become the Van-guard. So likewise, there ought to be in every particular Brigade or Tertia, a Van-guard, Battail and Reer-guard, to each of them; which with more conveniencie may be orderly brought to fight by him that shall be Commander in chief, for the relieving each other, according as occasion shall require.

In the next place, for a Brigade, I shall point forth four Regiments, having in them eight Companies a piece, after the manner of a Regiment of eight former∣ly set down, which amounts to 3888 men, which number may serve for a third part of an Army of foot, and make up a very compleat and sufficient Brigade. And I shall order in this Brigade to have in it four Divisions; that is to say, a Van-guard, Battail and Reer-guard, represented in the three first Regiments; but the fourth shall be a reserve, standing in the Reer of the Main-battail or Bri∣gade, whereby upon all occasions of the other retreating, or being driven back∣ward, that Regiment may move up to relieve each part thereof that shall be distressed. But upon the Long-march of this Brigade, the two middle Regiments according to their order of dignity, are to make the Battail, which in the Figure were made the Van-guard, and Reer-guard; and that which formerly was the Van-guard, is become the Battail; and the Reer-guard, the Reserve; but where they have ground sufficient, it will be better to march in that form of Battalia, set down according to the Figure, Folio 176.

This Brigade consisting of four Regiments, must be drawn up according to the dignity of their Captains; but with this alteration of Arms, for the for∣mer Regiments consisting of two Divisions, this hath but one, after this manner:

First, when the Captains Companies are all drawn up into an even brest in their true dignity; then let the Pikes be all drawn forth, and ingrossed into one Body; after let the Muskettiers be closed in their Files into the midst into another Body; after let those Muskettiers, as near as is possible be divided into two parts, (if there should be an odd File, let it be carried to the right) and let them move up and flank the Pikes, which will make up one compleat Battalia, or grand Di∣vision. Now let the Officers be placed according to the manner in the next place, as in every Regiment shall be set forth, which may be a satisfaction unto the Souldiers, to know a third way of drawing up, and placing the Officers of a Regi∣ment consisting of eight Companies. Four Regiments thus drawn up makes a compleat Brigade, to be ordered according to Dignity in their Regiments after this manner. The chiefest Commanders Regiment, or eldest Colonels, is to be on

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the right of the Brigade; the next man of Honour to be on the left; the third to be on the right of the second; and the fourth on the left of the first, after the manner of these Figures, 2. 3. | 4. 1. wherein it clearly appears that their num∣ber of Worth is equally divided. In the next place, as concerning Command, and ordering of such great Bodies into Brigades, the shortest and soonest way is the best; wherefore command the outmost Regiment upon the right, or the Van-guard to advance forward 18 foot before the Front, then face to the left, and move until they stand straight against the midst of the two middle Divisions, or Main-battail that was; then face to the Front; then let the outmost Regiment upon the left face about, and move down 24 foot clear of the Reer; then face to the left, until they stand straight in the Reer of the middle Regiments or Van-guard, then face to the Front; next let the two middle Regiments move forth to the right and left, until they stand clear for the Reer-guard, or Reserve to come up and relieve each part, as occasion shall require; they being all faced to the Front, will stand in a compleat Brigade, as formerly was expressed. The for∣mer Brigade being imbattelled into so many Divisions, and joyn'd so near on the other, can best second and relieve each other, better then your great Battalia's, which unwildy Bodies being once broken, and routed, can hardly be rallied again, neither can they bring so many men to fight in that good order, as the lesser Bodies will do. As for example, three of these Brigades, or Tertia's, make a com∣pleat Army of foot, the Battail; one of the Tertia's of the Army being placed in the midst, that of the Van-guard may be drawn upon the right, and the Reer on the left Flank of the Battail. The first Divisions that are to fight, are those that stand in an even line of the first range, and are so ordered, that if they should be overcharged, and forced to give ground, then the second range may move up, and relieve the first, and may give the second charge against an Enemy, whilest the first move down into the midst and ra••ly again, or may move and enterchange ground with those that are the Reserve. The second range having fired, may be relieved by the third, who may move up into the ground of the first Divisions, and there may take their turns to give a third charge, whilest the second Divisions rally up again. And thus they may maintain their fighting in this order, so long as there shall be just occasion; provided the Muskettiers make six foot ground interval be∣twixt every five or six Files for their Ranks to wheel off either to the right or left, and to rally themselves in good order in the Reer of their own Divisions. There is likewise another way to make a Brigade, by ingrossing all the Pikes of every Re∣giment into one Body, flanking them with Muskettiers; or by making them into two or three stands of Pikes, and flanking each body of Pikes with Muskettiers. But, I conceive the former way to be one of the best, and chiefest amongst them all; and therefore I shall spare the pains to make any other Figure, having placed every Officer where he is to lead, and where to bring up. And upon the Long-march this rule must be observed in every Regiment; where they cannot march all abrest, they must make in every Regiment seven Divisions, three of Pikes, the first three Colours to flie upon the head of the first Division; the next two Colours to flie upon the head of the second; and the three last upon the head of the third Division; and they must likewise make two Divisions of Muskettiers in the Van of their Regiments, and two Divisions in the Reer; the Officers are accordingly placed down upon these sub-divisions, where to take their places both to lead and to bring up. The Regiments are to march after this manner; first, his Regiment in the Van who is Commander in chief; next to him the fourth man of Honour; after him the third; these two making the Battail: and let the Reer be brought up by the second Colonel, or second man of Honour, his Regiment likewise marching there. And here I shall conclude concerning a Brigade.

CHAP. XXII. How to draw up an Army of twelve Regiments of Foot, and three of Horse, the Foot amounting unto 11664 men, and the Horse unto 3000; in all 14664 men.

THe drawing up or an Army most properly belongs to the Serjeant-Major-General, whose place and charge is of an high degree, his commands being

full of action, and therefore ought to be a wise, grave, and able person, and an experienced Souldier, in respect he hath the ordering and disposing of the Divi∣sions and Battalions, according to that form which the General shall command him. And upon all occasions he must be active, and stirring up and down to spie out all advantages which might offend an Enemy; and wisely to foresee all dis∣advantages that may bring the Troops into any disorder or confusion. He hath absolute command over the three Serjeant-Majors of the Brigades, otherwise called the three Grand Corporals of the Field, who are to be his assistants, and his mouth, as he is the mouth of the Lord General, or Martial of the Field; and therefore must have a vigilant eye over all things, seeing that the Generals com∣mand delivered to him be strictly kept and observed; and withall acquainting and informing the three Serjeant-Majors of the Brigades of the Generals pleasure, that they may forthwith put the same into execution.

Now the Method (that I shall observe) shall be according to the form of the for∣mer Brigade; wherefore in the first place, the Serjeant-Major shall do well to appoint out unto the eldest Serjeant-Major of the Brigades, how to draw up that Brigade which shall be the Battail, wherein the Lord Generals Regiment, and the Colonels is to be upon the right and left of that Brigade, and betwixt them the eldest Colonel, and ninth Colonel, according to this rule of Dignity in the Figure set forth, 4:9:12:1. In the next place, let the next Serjeant-Major of the Brigades in seniority draw up that which shall be the Van-guard, and place the second Colonels Regiment upon the right, and the fifth upon the left, and be∣tween them the eleventh and eighth Colonels, after this manner of this Figure, 5:8:11:2. Let the last Serjeant-Major draw up that Brigade which shall be in the Reer, and let him draw them up after this manner; the third Colonels Re∣giment upon the right; and upon the left the sixth Colonels; and between them the tenth and seventh Colonels Regiment after this manner, 6:7:10:3: This charge being given by the Serjeant-Major-General unto the three Serjeant-Majors of the three Tertias or Brigades, how each particular Regiment shall be drawn up, being every one single, and compared alike each to other, being right∣ly stated according to the rule of Dignity, avoiding thereby confusion and dis∣order. In the next place, for the better expedition in drawing up the Army, every Serjeant-Major of each Brigade draws the former Regiments assigned unto them, unto such place as shall be appointed forth unto them by the Serjeant-Major-General, being helped and assisted by the Field-Officers of the same Regiments, the Serjeant-Major-General being an assistant unto them all, seeing thereby all the Commands of the General rightly observed and fulfilled.

Having drawn up the twelve Regiments according to the former directions, let the Serjeant-Majors of the Brigades order them to stand all even abrest according to the form and Figure of that single Brigade formerly set down. Wherein to every Brigade there will be a Van-guard, Battail, and Reer-guard, and Reserves to them all three. Next, inquiry must be made of the several strengths of the Brigades, some of them perhaps having ma∣ny more Files then the other; for remedy whereof, there must be Files drawn forth (provided there be conveniency of time) from each particular Company and Brigade, and added unto those which shall be weaker, to make their strengths equal alike. Next it lies in the brest of the Lord General, to appoint unto every one of these Brigades Commanders in chief, there being in every one of them Officers above the three Field-Corporals, or Serjeant-Majors of Brigades. Wherefore, it is conceived, that he will appoint the most Honourable men to be Commanders thereof; as first, himself of that Brigade which is the Battail in time of fight; the Van-guard to the Martial-General; and the Reer-guard either to the Major-General or Commissary-General. But whosoever the Lord-General shall appoint to be Commanders in Chief, to them the Serjeant-Majors of every particular Brigade are to be sub-servants, assisting them in all their Commands. These several Orders and Directions being

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AN ARMY OF FOOT, OR THREE SINGLE BRIGADS CONSISTING OF 11664 MEN, DRAWN VP AND EMBATTELLED; TOGETHER WITH THE PLACING OF THE CANNON

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Let these three Sheets be pasted together at length, one after another, so that they may appear as one single Leafe, and let them be placed between Page▪ 174 and 175.

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thus equally divided amongst the Commanders of every Brigade, an Army may quickly be brought into any form of Battail to fight against an Enemy, accord∣ing to the ground and scituation of the place, which may afford the best advan∣tages for the same.

After this, the General of the Ordnance, his duty and care must be in the day of Battail, to see that the Ordnance be well placed; for at such time his wisdom is most discern'd, keeping (with the assistance of his Lieutenant) the Train of Ar∣tillery together in good order. He must have a vigilant eye upon all accidents that may fall but, and make choise of such ground for their planting, as the General of the Army and he shall think most fit and convenient. He must be careful that all things be in a readiness, putting the Master, Gunners, Gentle∣men of the Ordnance, and Commanders in minde of their duty, that they do their best endeavours, and acquit themselves like men. It is likewise partly his charge to see that the whole Army be well provided with Ammunition, because the Ammunition marcheth under his Train. He must also be neer the General of the Army upon all occasions, to receive his Directions and Commands, and to know from him after what manner he will make his Battail, that he may plant his Ordnance accordingly, finding out Hills and Heights to play over his own men. And when the Enemy shall present himself, and come up to charge, he must draw, and plant his Ordnance as neer their Horse as possible may be, to hinder them from breaking in upon the Divisions of Foot, taking along with him Saylours, and Pioneers, to help to draw up the Ordnance, and sufficient Guards to defend them.

As concerning the planting of the Ordnance, when the Battalia is drawn up, they may be disposed of several ways; as sometimes they are placed upon the head of the Battalia; others again between them, by two and two; and others threes, upon the Flanks and Wings of the Muskettiers. Some are of opinion, that they ought to be planted upon the Flank, and in the Reer of the Battalia, by leaving a free place for Arms which may give no offence to their own men. But as concerning this last way, it might be answered, it can no way be expedi∣ent; for if an Enemy should perceive that the Frout is left bare without Ord∣nance, it will give them cause to come up with more courage to fall on upon the Charge. Therefore, the best way amongst the ancient experienc'd Souldiers, is, that the Artillery be divided, some here, some there, both before the Front, be∣tween the Battalions, and upon the Flanks, and to be placed some 50 or an 100 paces one from another; and then there will be no danger when the Enemy shall come up to shock to encounter you, or to offend our own men: Especially, when they are fastned to them by drawing Ropes and Iron Rings, that upon an instant they may be removed, and turn'd for the advantage of our own Troops, giving fire as fast as they can charge and discharge against the Enemies Troops, it being a matter of great moment for the obtaining of a Victory, and gaining the day from the Enemy.

But that many times the Ordnance cannot be planted in such convenient places as could be wished for, in respect an Army may be driven into such places, as the Ordnance must be planted according to the best ground it will afford, by reason of Woods, Hills, or Marish-grounds; and such like disadvantageous places, may be oftentimes met withal; for which no certain Rule may be given, but that the General by his wisdom and discretion may make choice of the best advantages, which might annoy an Enemy most, and give the least offence to his own men, either by dazling them by the Sun, or by raising of the dust, obser∣ving the winde which drives the Smoak both of the Ordnance and Small-shot full upon them. To conclude, it is conceived the best way for every Captain of the Ordnance, and Master-Gunner, to use some light Field-peeces and small Drakes, which upon any occasion may be removed from one place to another, being with ease planted upon such places of advantage, as may most annoy the Enemy.

In the next place, 3000 Horse may be a good proportion for 10000 or 12000

foot, which ought to be equally divided in their Troops, and placed upon the Flanks of the foot in such good order, as the Troops may come with conve∣niencie to fight, for the relieving of each other. But in case you shall perceive the Enemies Horse, as sometimes through necessity of ground, or by other politi∣cal ends, may be interlaced and placed between the Intervals and Divisions of their foot; it will be needful then that we should observe the same form, and like∣wise have Horse to come forth, and encounter with their Horse, lest they should break in upon our Divisions of Foot; which by this means and good order, may be timely prevented. Next follows the Figure of the Army, as before described, and ordered to be drawn up, Folio 176.

CHAP. XXIII. The several duties belonging to the Foot in a Regiment, as followeth by degrees from a private Souldier unto a Colonel of the same: and first, of a Private Souldier.

A Private Souldier ought to be very active, not slothful and idle, informing himself of his duty, learning from his Corporal, or other Officers, the true use and well handling of his Arms, always keeping them neat, clean, and well fixed. Upon the beat of the Drum, he is to repair to his Colours, Squadron; or Company; upon the march, he must observe his Leader, and his right and left∣hand-men, that he may march streight in file, and even in rank; in time of Ex∣ercise he must be silent in the Body, well minding the words of Command and Directions, which are given forth by the Leader. He ought likewise to be well vers'd in all the ordinary words of Command; and to mind the place wherein he stands, that he may the more readier move, and not be to seek at such time when he shall be commanded, whether it be to face, double, counter-march, or wheel. He must inform himself of all the several beats of the Drum; as first, or a Call; second, a Troop; third, a March; fourth, a Preparative; fifth, a Battle or Charge; sixth, a Retreat, and also of the Revalley and the Tattoo.

By the first, he is summoned to hear present Proclamation, or else command∣ed to repair to his Colours; upon the beat of the second, he is to advance his Arms, and to close in Rank and File, to the distance of Order, and to Troop along un∣to such places and services, as he shall be commanded unto; upon the hearing of the third, he is presently to shoulder his Arms, and to take his distance of six foot in Rank, and three foot in File; upon the fourth, he is to close both in Rank and File, unto the fighting distance, which is called Order, and to prepare himself for skirmish; upon the beat of the next, he is undauntedly to move forward, boldly stepping in good Order, into the place of his fellow-Souldier that shall happen to fall down dead before him; upon the beat of the last, he must orderly fall back, either for relief or advantage of ground, or other political ends whereby he may draw the Enemy into a snare. The first of the remaining two, gives warning in the morning for some of the Sentinels to fall off, or to be taken in; the latter is used in the night to give notice unto the Souldiers, or others, for their repairing to their several Guards, Watches, and Lodgings. To conclude, a private Souldier ought to avoid all Quarrelling, Mutinies, Swearing, Cursing or Lying, and to be content with his wages; and likewise to be a good Husband in the well managing of his means, keeping himself neat and handsome in his ap∣parel; avoiding drunkenness, and all manner of gaming; truely to serve and fear God, and to be obedient unto all the commands of his superiours, cheerful∣ly going on upon all Duties, and to be loving, kind, and courteous unto all his fellow-Souldiers.

The duty of a Sentinel.

A Sentinel must be very vigilant, carefully casting his eyes about him, and harkning whether he hear the noise or approach of any drawing neer him; which if he perceive, he is presently to command them to stand, presenting his Musket or Pike to their brest, after calling his Corporal for to take the Word, un∣less

he should be commanded to come in silently. He is not to come off until he be relieved by the Corporal or Lanspassadoe.

His proper Posture, being a Muskettier, is to have his Musket rested, and loaded with Powder and Bullet, his Match cockt, and his Pan guarded; being a Pike-man, if he stand Sentinel in the night, he must have his Pike cheek'd; if in the day, his Pike ordered: Or it may be a very proper Posture for a Pike-man to stand Sen∣tinel with his Pike in his left-hand, holding it a little below the cheeks thereof, and with his Sword drawn, being held in his right-hand, which I leave to judge, or to be made use of according to discretion, and as occasion shall require.

Of a Gentleman of a Company.

A Gentleman of a Company ought to have such worth in him as may make him capable to be a File-leader, or Captain of his File; and he more especi∣aly above the rest ought to be well skill'd in all the Postures of such Arms he wears; and at convenient times instructing and teaching his File in the neat and graceful handling of their Arms. He ought to be of an undaunted courage and gallant resolution, for the better Example and imitation of the rest; whose worth and valour many times indears them so much into the favour of their Commanders, that they raise them up to greater places of preferment. In the Low-Countries a Gentleman of a Company hath his full pay, having nothing kept back for after-reckonings, as common private Souldiers have. At his first entrance he sometimes stands Sentinel, to inform himself of the Duties thereof; but most commonly he is placed to be a Sentinel perdu in time of imminent dan∣ger, either in the Field, or upon approaches. He is to lie perdu with his Sword and Pistol, not removing from his place till he be relieved; nor is he to retreat for one man, but in case of more, then he is to fall back to the second; and disco∣vering an Enemy, he is to come off betimes, and silently to give the Alarum, whereby the Corps du Guard or Company may be provided for their own de∣fence. A Gentleman of a Company doth many times go the Round with the Captain of the Watch, or his Fellow-Gentlemen, who are likewise Rounders, either in the Field, or in Garrison; and do give the Corporals of the Guards the Word, charging the Sentinels to look well about them. To conclude, he ought truely to love, respect, and obey his Captain, and to stick close unto him, vindicating him upon just occasions, when he shall be wronged and injured by a∣ny Mutinies of the common Souldiers, or others.

Of a Barber-Chyrurgion.

IN every Company there ought to be a Barber-Chyrurgion for the trimming of the Souldiers, who ought likewise to have some skill in Chyrurgery; that when the Souldiers are upon the Watches and Guards, where imminent danger may be, he may be then at hand, to be ready in the absence of the Chyrurgion of the Regiment to bind up, and dress the hurt and wounded men. He is free from duties belonging to the Company; and in some places, is allowed to be an Officer in the List of their Armies, which I conceive it ought so to be, in respect they allow but of one Chyrurgion to a Regiment; and if it should happen ma∣ny to be wounded, as oftentimes in field-fights there are, one man is not able scarce in three days to bind up the wounds, and dress the sores of them that are maimed. And therefore it concerns every Captain to be provided, and to have in the absence of the Chyrurgion, a Barber-Chyrurgion attending on his Com∣pany.

Of a Clerk of a Company.

HIs carriage ought to be very just and honest; his chiefest duty is to keep the Muster-Roll, and to have it ready upon all occasions for the entring of his men upon the Muster-Roll, and Pay-bill. He is many times intrusted to receive the Service-mony of the Company, and pays such monies unto the Souldiers as shall be ordered him from his Captain to pay. He must inquire out in their

Quarters where they lie, and duly for to pay them, and every pay-day to deliver up a true bill, giving an account unto his Captain of all such moneys he hath ei∣ther received or paid forth.

Of a Drum-Major.

THere ought to be in every Regiment a Drum-Major, being skilful in his Pro∣fession, instructing the others in the true beating of a March, with all o∣ther points of VVar. A Drum-Major must likewise be well skill'd in several Languages and Tongues, and to be wise and courteous when he shall be imploy'd or sent to an Enemy: He is in a discreet manner upon the marching of a Regi∣ment to order part of the Drums where they shall beat, seeing them truely and duly relieved by the others for the better performance of their service. For up∣on the march, if all the Captains Drums should beat together, it would quickly tire them out; therefore for their ease, it is his place and duty to order them ac∣cording to discretion to take their turns to beat, and to be relieved by each o∣ther. He is, moreover, to take into his charge such Drums as shall be brought in from the Enemies by their Drummers, when they come to ransom their priso∣ners; and upon their return to deliver them again unto them. He ought to be lodged neer the Serjeant-Major, in respect he is to give instructions to the rest of the Drummers, and may upon fail of their Duties give them correction.

Of the Drummers to a private Company.

EVery Captain ought to have two good Drummers, that knows-how to beat all the several points of War before mentioned. It is likewise expedient that he should be a good Linguist, in respect sometimes he may be sent unto an Enemy for the ransoming of Prisoners: His duty is, coming to the Camp or Garrison of an Enemy, having his Generals Pass in his Hat, to beat a Call, till he is fetcht in; and because he shall not discover the weakness of Guards, Works or Trenches, he is led blind-fold, and so carried to the Commander, and place where his Prisoners are: VVith whom (after he hath ransomed them) he is to re∣turn to his own Quarters, giving an account of such things he hath seen or heard, which may prove advantageous to his own party, or of any other thing he had opportunity by their neglect to take notice of.

Of a Gentleman of Arms.

HIs Duty is to see that the Souldiers keep their Arms neat and clean, and that they be well fixed; and if any thing be amiss or broken, he is to have them carried to the Armourers to be repaired. And if any Souldier shall be sick, dead, or have leave to return to his own Country, he is to bring his Arms to his own Lodging, there preserving and keeping them clean, until he shall have occasion to deliver them to some other newly entertained. He is likewise to mark and figure the Arms of the Company, and to preserve and keep a List what number of fi∣gure each Souldier should bear upon his Arms. He is likewise to keep the Powder, Bullet and March, and to deliver it forth upon occasions to the Corporals, or Lanspassadoe.

Of a Lanspassadoe.

HIs Duty is concerned in the absence of his Corporal to officiate in all things belonging unto his place, and is at all times to be an assistant unto him, for his ease and help-mate upon all occasions, for the better managing of his place; and many times they are Rounders and Sentinel Perdues in time of great neces∣sity.

The duty of a Corporal.

THe Corporals of a Company are not tyed to a set number, but to be ordered according to the several strengths and divisions of the same, for each to take

his charge and care of every Squadron thereof. And unto each of them there is a Lanspassadoe for an assistant: for their Rule of Dignity, I conceive, it makes not much more matter then to make them the right-hand File-leader in every particular division; but if any will be so curious to order them according to that, let them apply themselves unto the former Rules for directions to the same. The Corporals duty in his Squadron is to teach and instruct them in the use of the Pike and Musket, and to have a Roll and List of his men in his Division or Squadron. And when a Souldiers name is crossed out, he is to give notice unto his Serjeant; and when a new one shall supply his place, his care must be to in∣struct and enable him in the Postures of such Arms as he shall bear. Being with his Squadron upon his Guard, he is to provide them with Wood, Coal, Candle and light. Having an Out-guard, his care must be to strengthen it, his little Corps du Guard and Sentinels must be forth according to the avenews or com∣ings on of the Enemy, whereby he prevents their cutting off or surprisal; the negligence whereof proves both dangerous to themselves, and the whole Army. Wherefore it behoves him to be very careful and vigilant to visit them, after giving them an especial charge to be both faithful and careful in the great trust reposed in them. He must likewise preserve and keep the Word constant in his memory; when the Captain of the Watch goes the first Round, he shall with his Sword drawn against his brest give it him, and receive such Orders from him as he shall command him; but afterwards when the Round shall come again, he shall cause the Rounders or Gentlemen (with his Sword drawn) to give the Word to him before they pass. He ought never to go alone, being called forth by the Sentinel, but to have a Guard of three or four Muskettiers along with him, selected out of his Corps du Guard. He must advise his Sentinels how to de∣mean themselves upon the discovery of an Enemy, either to give an Alarum, or else to give notice without making a noise. And if upon his Guard he shall ei∣ther observe, or be advertised by his Sentinels of the approach of the Enemy, then he is to have his men in readiness with Bullets in their Muskets, and their Matches lighted; himself secretly coming in, giving intelligence unto his Captain, or other Superiour Officer, whereby they may all be in a readiness before the Alarum be given. He is likewise to distribute Victual, Powder, Bullet and Match, unto his Squadron, and to take notice of the best experienced men, and accord∣ingly to imploy them upon action upon the Watches. He must cause respect to be given to the Corps du Guard; and silence to be kept, whether it be about the Walls or Gates, that so the noise may not hinder the hearing of the advertise∣ment from the Sentinels. He is likewise to have an eye to their lives and man∣ners, and to take care of the Baggage and Money of such as are hurt or sick, and to be in his own carriage sober, wise and discreet, for the avoiding ill example un∣to others.

Of the Martial of a Regiment.

HE ought to take into his custody all persons committed unto his charge by the chief Officers of the Regiment; and if they be called to justice, he is to bring them to the Martial-General, who are to be carried from thence to the Council of War. It is also his care to see that all Women, Boyes, Servants, Bread, and Aquavita-sellers, belonging to the Regiment, do march in the Reer, and not before, or upon the Flanks. He is likewise to set such prizes upon Beer and Victuals, as the Lord-Martial, or Serjeant-Major-General shall appoint; which Order he shall receive from the Provost-Martial of the Army, and to see it duly executed within the Circuit of the Regiment: And that the Sutlers do not sell their Beer and Victuals above the set rate, lest they grate upon the Souldiers. After the Captain of the Watch hath gone the first Round, he is to see that the Sutlers keep no tipling or disorder in the night, but make them put out their Candle-light and Fires. During the time of Divine Service, he is to go the Round, for fear any disorders should be committed in the Quar∣ters.

Of a Quarter-Master.

IF the Regiment be marching with the Army, (and not alone) he is then eve∣ry evening to attend upon the Quarter-Master-General, to receive his dire∣ctions, and to take the place, ground, and houses, appointed by him, for the Quarter and Lodging of the Regiment; who presently is to acquaint and adver∣tise his Colonel of the same, and after to follow his charge. First, he appointeth or prepareth the Colonels Lodging, and other Officers of the Field, in the Center or midst of all the Quarters; and neer them himself, and all the other Officers of the Staff. After, according to the seniority of the Captains, and their march∣ings, to distribute forth their Quarters as may be designed. Having thus far acted through the help of the Constables and Head-boroughs of those places where the Regiment is to Quarter; and having drawn forth their Billets in a good and orderly way, he is before the Regiments entring the Quarters, to deliver the same to the Colonel, or other Field-Officers of that Regiment; and they to de∣liver it to the rest of the Captains, to direct them to their Lodgings, with the par∣ticular Souldiers of their Company. And during the time that he is about the visiting the distribution of the Lodgings, all the Troops are to keep watch round about the place, and to send out to discover: he must also be informed of the Lodgings of the whole Army, to know whom to give, or whom to receive Sup∣plies in case of necessity.

If the Quarter be in the open field, the Quarter-Master-General shall appoint to each Quarter-Master the place and ground which he shall take, which he is to distribute to the Serjeants of every Company of the Regiment, who are to assist him in taking the depth, length and breadth of their Quarters, with the distances of the Alarum-place between the head of the Quarters and the Trench, and the true distance of the Streets betwixt the in-getting of each Captains particular Company.

When an Army or Regiment shall sit down before a Town, or forraging place, to besiege it, they are imployed sometimes to be Forragers to fetch in provision for the Army, or particular Regiments. Which when they shall be required, they ought to have sufficient Convoys and Guards, both of Infantry and Caval∣ry to secure them; who are to be commanded by able Officers; and the Provost-Martial, or one of his Assistants is to go along with them, to punish such as are exorbitant, or do straggle. It will be expedient to the Regiment, that the Qua∣ter-Master upon the Service may be imployed twice in a week, to bring in a fresh Victual to the Souldiers; but not to go twice to one place, lest they be discover∣ed by an Enemy, and be way-laid by their Forces, who may sometimes prove stronger then themselves, to prevent, or to cut them off by the way, laying of them secretly in some Ambushments: Which being truely considered of, care may be taken accordingly of Supplies in other remote places, free from the danger of the Enemy. To conclude, a Quarter-Master ought to carry himself honestly and carefully in his place, and to be well skill'd in the Art of Mathematicks, that he may the better give Directions for fortifying and measuring of ground, quar∣tering of his whole Regiment, and in hutting of the particular Souldiers.

The duty of a Serjeant.

HE that is a Serjeant to a Company, ought to be well skill'd in the Postures and all Military Motions, whereby in the first place he may endeavour to correct the errours of such who handle not the Arms in a handsome, or a ser∣viceable way. And secondly, that he may be helpful to his Captain, or other Superiour Officer. In time of his Exercise, his duty is to draw forth the Files according to such depths as shall be appointed unto him by his Captain, or other Superiour Officer, and to order them in the drawing up, and joyning together the Souldiers unto such places of honour as they shall direct him unto. In a sin∣gle Company he leadeth oftentimes a Division, but ought not always there to march, in respect he is concerned to see that the Souldiers march even in their Ranks at their distance of Order in File, and open Order in Rank. To which

purpose, he ought many times to be upon the Flanks, and perceiving any Soul∣dier out of order, he may cast in his Halbert between their Ranks, to cause him to march even abrest with his right and left-hand-men. He is likewise either in Field or Garrison to lead his Squadron to their Guard, and to carry to prison such Offendours as his Captain or other Superiour Officer shall commit to the Provost-Martial. He is to see that the Muskettiers in time of skirmishing present all even abrest, with their Matches all cockt, giving fire all together in good Or∣der; and to direct them how to fall off, and rally again in the Reer of their own Divisions. His duty likewise is to fetch Ammunition, Powder, Match, and all o∣ther Materials for the Company. He is, moreover, every particular evening to attend at the place of Parade, or at the Majors Lodging, to fetch the Word, and carry it to his Captain, Lieutenant, Ensign, and Corporals; and likewise as soon as he is come unto his Guard, he must direct the Corporals where to set out the Perdues and Sentinels, and how to order his Watch. He must likewise make Rounds; and if he finde a Sentinel asleep in the Field, he is to commit him to the hand of Justice. And thus much concerning the duty of a Serjeant.

Of an Ensign.

AN Ensign being a Commission-Officer, in the absence of his Captain and Lieutenant, is Commander in chief of the Company, and ought to march upon the head of the same, leading them with a Half-pike. His Captain and Lieutenant being present, and upon a Stand, his Colours ought to rest upon his side, being held by his right or left-hand, and unfurled; upon the March, his Colours ought to be shouldered, taking up the corner-end of them in his right-hand, and to let them be half flying; the Pikes and Muskets all conforming un∣to the same Posture. Marching through a City, for the more grace, his Colours may be wholly flying, being advanced and held up by his right-hand, or resting upon his right side. He ought to be a proper man, grave, valiant and discreet, and to be well skill'd in the Postures of the Pike; in respect he leads them, and they expect from him to be taught the Postures thereof. He ought to be well skill'd in all the lofty Figures of the displaying of the Colours above the head, and to make use of them according to discretion and command; which is not onely a healthfull exercise to his body, but also most becoming to him, or any other Gentleman or Commander whatsoever, that shall sometimes make use of the same; although condemned through sloth and ignorance by others, who will not take the pains to learn it. An Ensign upon a Troop, lodging he Colours, or in time of skirmishing, may fold them up, and retreat into the second Rank for the securing of his Colours, which he ought to stick by, and not to stir from them at such a time, although he hazardeth his last drop of blood, or makes them his winding-sheet. When the General shall pass by, or any such man of worth, he ought a little to vail his Colours, inclining the head, or narrow end thereof, a little downward; but not to bow his knee, or uncover his head. He may some∣times for his ease or recreation upon the March, request some Gentleman of knowing trust of the Pikes to carry his Colours for him, until such time as he shall come again for to take them. In the absence of his Lieutenant, when his Captain shall exercise the Company, he may stick his Colours in the ground, or deliver them to some Gentleman of the Pikes, and fall down himself in the Reer with a Half-pike or Cane, there to be an assistant to his Captain in supplying the Lieutenants place, except his Captain should command him to the contrary. He ought to have a Guard along with him, as well to the lodging of his Colours, as to any other place. He ought to perform all courteous offices for the Souldiers unto his Captain, which will gain him both love and reputation amongst them, they thereby better respecting him, and more couragiously following of him.

Of a Lieutenant.

HE that is a Lieutenant to a Company, ought to be a good and able Souldier, and well to understand the Duty of a Captain; in respect that in his ab∣sence he is as Captain and Commander in chief over them. He is likewise to re∣ceive

all Orders, Charges, and Commissions from his Captain, assuming no autho∣rity unto himself; but in the absence of his Captain he is to see all such Orders he hath received duly executed, for the better ease unto him. He is likewise at such times frequently to exercise the Company in all their Military Motions, Skir∣mishings, and False-firings in the pan. He is to hold the Serjeants and Corporals strictly to their duty, causing them to provide all things necessary for the Com∣pany, and to be assistants unto him where he shall see cause. He is to teach and instruct the Souldiers in the use of their Arms, and sometime for their ease, he may command every File-leader to draw forth his File, and to shew them their postures. By which means he shall do such good service to his Captain, that when he shall exercise them himself, he may find them more apter and readier to ful∣fil his Commands; at which time the Lieutenant ought to be in the Reer, and to see all things there truly executed according to the Captains commands. He is in time of danger and great importance to advise with his Captain about the wel∣fare of the Company; for knowing his Captains intentions and purposes before∣hand, he may be the better provided to withstand the furious onset of the Enemy. He ought to have the Ensign, and all other Officers of the Company as near him as may be, there being often-times urgent business to make use of them as occa∣sion shall require. He must neither cashiere nor punish any man in the presence of his Captain, but ought to make him acquainted therewith, that he may punish the offender by committing him either to prison, or cause him to give recompence to the party wronged. To conclude, he ought to know how far his power doth extend, either in the presence or absence of his Captain, always demeaning him∣self so, that he may gain the love of his whole Company, by acting those things amongst them as may be just and honest.

Of a Captain.

HE that is a Captain of a Company, ought in respect he leadeth the same, and is Chief, to appoint unto the Officers their several places, what Divisions they shall lead, and where they shall march, and according to the number of Files to make his Divisions answerable thereto, by dividing his Muskettiers as near as he can, the one half upon the right of the Pikes, and the other upon the left: for they being the Flankers, ought equally to be ballanced; but if there be an odd File, it ought to be contrived, and carried to the right. In the Van, Battail, or Reer, he must according to the number of his men, order his Officers places, and draw them off accordingly in as equal a way as they will afford. He is, as well as his own, to know all the several duties of his Officers, and to be a good Posture∣man himself, that when he sees any of his Souldiers handling their Arms in an undecent and slovenly manner, he may the better reprove them for the same. And although many Captains regardeth them not, but leaveth them to be instructed by the inferiour Officers; yet it is a great deal of honour to him, when his Soul∣diers shall be taught by himself, they more cheerfully and confidently marching along with him, when as they perceive that he is throughly knowing in all things belonging to his charge. He shall do well to exercise his Company sometimes him∣self, teaching them how to fight upon all occasions, whether it be to Front, Reer, or Flanks, or upon surprise of an Ambuscado, or any other disadvantage which may befall them, informing them how to fall off and rally again in good order. And at such times he must couragiously and wisely behave himself, and incou∣rage his Souldiers of hopes of Victory, casting off all appearances of fear or dan∣ger whatsoever, cheerfully animating his Souldiers to fall on, taking care, and making much of them, and not to forsake them until such time they may be relie∣ved by others. He is to have a fatherly care of his Souldiers, timely providing for the maimed, wounded, and sick, such helps and remedies as their present con∣ditions requires. He must likewise see that there be no want of Victual, Arms, or Ammunition. He ought not to be covetous, nor keep back his Souldiers pay, but to see them duly paid, visiting and relieving them according to their several wants

and necessities. His care must be to execute Justice, appease quarrels, punish of∣fenders; by doing whereof, he will maintain the honour and dignity of his place. He ought to carry a very even hand over his Souldiers, and to be very courteous and kind unto them; yet with that restriction of familiarity, that he come not under contempt. And again, he must not be too rigid and harsh, caning or beat∣ing them without just cause, lest he incurre their hatred, who secretly, or in time of Battail will seek to be revenged of him, endeavouring to kill him, before their enemy; therefore he ought to be wise and discreet in his commands and carriage towards them. His place of marching with his Company, is some six foot before the first Division of Muskettiers; but if his Company be drawn up, he is either up∣on a Stand, or upon the March, to be on the head of the Pikes, six foot before the Ensign. In time of Battail, although he leads his men up first against the Enemy, yet he is not always tied to be in the Front, having often just occasion to remove down into the Reer, Midst, or Flanks, carefully casting his eye upon all parts of the Body, thereby preventing the least error or neglect of his Souldiers, directing them what to do, keeping them in good order as long as occasion shall require. Moreover, he ought to be very religious, temperate, and discreet, faithful in his trust, valiant in the field against the face of his enemy, and being besieged in ei∣ther Town or Fort, (for to preserve his honour) never give his consent for the yielding it up, until it be past hope, that there is no possibility to hold it out any longer.

Of a Serjeant-Major.

HIs duty is every morning and evening, or upon any other occasion, to attend upon the General, Martial of the Field, or Serjeant-Major-General of the Army, to receive his Orders how, or in what manner the Regiment shall march, whether in a single Battalion, or else in two, to be joined with others. After which he gives order accordingly unto the Captains how to draw up their Companies and orders them accordingly. At which time of embattelling or marching, he ought to be as near the midst of the Regiment as he can, for the better regulating of the same. He is to place all the Officers according to their Dignity where they are to lead, and where to bring up, and which men they shall take charge of to fight, causing the Drum-Major (after they are all drawn up) and the other Drummers to beat a March, and to move all at one instant, as occasion shall require. He ought to make all the Divisions as near equally alike as possible he can. He must like∣wise be well verst in the several drawing up of Regiments, with their various forms of Battail, that according to the condition of the place, ground, number of men, and Orders received from the Major-General, or Majors of the Brigades, he may not shew himself a Novice, or one that is to seek: nor ought he to go dul∣ly or slothfully upon his charge or place, but to be very ready, quick, and nim∣bly performing with much ease and readiness his Battalions and grand Divisions. In their drawings up he may be permitted to have Pen, Ink, and Paper for to take an accompt of the several strengths of the Captains Companies, and to or∣der his men accordingly, and ought to give unto all the Officers of the Regi∣ment notes in writing of their several charges and places. In time of fight, or otherwise marching with the Regiment, he is to be on horse-back, in regard he is the eyes, hands, and feet thereof: in time of Battail he is to see every Officer to perform his charge, and Souldier his duty, forcing and compelling them for∣ward, if in case they turn their backs. He is also to distribute to the Captains and other Officers such Orders as he shall receive from his Colonel or other Superior Officer. In marching with the Regiment, not alone, but with the Army, he must know from the General, Martial, or Major-General, whether the Regiment be to march in the Van-guard, Battail, or Reer. He ought to have some knowledge or information of the Country, whether it be long or streight, thereby judging how to order his marching so, as he may not be disturbed by the enemies Horse, or Artillery. Being troubled with Baggage, if there be any difficult passage, he ought to be there present to prevent such disorders as may happen; giving di∣rections for their placing and marching, as they may not be any hinderance to

the Regiment, putting them in order again before the Regiment shall enter into their Quarters; at which time he may give license to the Captains and their En∣signs to take their lodgings, excepting only those who are appointed for Guar∣dians, who must enter the Corps du guard, and place their Sentinels until such time as they shall be relieved by others.

Now if a Regiment be to be quartered or lodged either in the Field, or under shelter; if in the Field, he must cause it to be barracado'd, or intrenched by the Waggons, or other defences of the Field; after which he is to place his Corps du guard round about the Quarters, and the Sentinels at so near a distance, that they may hear one the other speak, being about 80, or 100 paces off from the Corps du guard, being placed double, a Pike and a Musket; and five paces from them, other single Sentinels are to be placed, which are called Perdues. And in case of Alarm, the Sentinel Perdue shall retreat to the double Sentinel; and in case of necessity, all together, having given fire, are to retreat to the Corps du guard. He must likewise at divers hours of the night visit the Corps du guard, and if an Alarm be given in the Field, he is to betake himself to the Alarm-place of the Re∣giment, and there to form his Battalion, and to send men to double the Guards on that part where the Alarm was given, and to give notice thereof to his Colonel, or other Superior Officer, if they be present, of what passeth. The Ensigns ought not to retreat, unless their Colonel or he give leave: no Order at any time ought to be altered, but by him, in respect he giveth none but such as he receiveth from the Colonel. It is his duty to speak for Ammunition, as Powder, Bullets, Match; and for Victuals, if there shall be any want in the Regiment, which provisions ought to be delivered unto him, and he to see it equally distributed unto the Com∣panies according unto the proportion given out. And likewise he is to give Order what proportion or number of workmen, or commanded men, shall be drawn forth to work.

If under shelter, then he is to view the place, both within and without, appoint∣ing the places for the Corps du guards and Sentinels, and the way of the Roun∣ders, that it be free. It will be expedient for him to chuse the Alarm-place, whi∣ther the Companies upon the Alarum given are to repair, being the Rendezvous for the whole Regiment; being careful to place sufficient Guards, both upon the Walls, and about the Gates, for their more security. Which being ended, he may give leave to the Captains to go to their Lodgings, and several Quarters, there to remain until they shall be called upon Duties; for the due performance whereof, he is to cause them to cast Lots, whereby they may know what part of the Walls may fall to their turn. He is to command the Captains to enter the Guards about ten or eleven a clock in the morning; he is likewise to open and shut the Gates, at the rising or setting of the Sun, and to place the Watches up∣on the Walls presently upon the shutting of the Gates, and to relieve them upon the opening thereof.

And as he doth receive his directions for marching, imbattelling, viewing of ground, and placing of Guards, from the Serjeant-Major-General, or Serjeant-Major of that Brigade: so he is to deliver them over to the Captains and Officers of that Regiment, and to call upon them to whom it appertains, to see them duly executed. In the presence of his Colonel, and Lieutenant-Colonel, he is to be an assistant unto them, in seeing all orders and directions duly performed; and in their absence, he hath the same authority and command as they. He ought after he hath received the Word and Orders from the Serjeant-Major-General, or Serjeant-Major of the Brigade, he presently delivers them to his Colonel and Lieutenant-Colonel; and afterwards to the Serjeants of every Company, drawn in a Ring, according to the Seniority of their Captains, which are to come, and attend upon him for the same. In the absence of his Superiour Of∣ficers, he giveth the Word himself; every night he is to visit all the Guards of the Regiment, commanding them duly to keep the turns of their Watches and Marches, seeing that one Captains Company perform not more duty than ano∣ther, to the end, that both the honour and labour may be equally divided among

so he may exercise the whole Regiment, being thereunto required by his Colonel, or Lieut. Colonel, in all their Distances, Facings, Doublings, Wheelings, and False fi∣rings; or in their absence, of himself he hath full power so to do. To conclude, he ought to be well grounded in all Military Affairs, and to be both wise and va∣liant.

Of a Lieutenant-Colonel.

HE that is a Lieutenant-Colonel to a Regiment, hath a very honourable place, having power and command over all the Regiment in the absence of his Co∣lonel, and may also at such time exercise the Regiment in all the Military Moti∣ons, and is to lead the Regiment upon the head thereof: but when his Colonel is present, he bringeth up the Reer, if they march in one Division; but if in two, in some places he leadeth the second, as his Colonel doth the first; or if in three, as formerly is shewen, he commands the Van-guard, the Colonel the Battail, and the Major the Reer-guard. His place is not of so great pains and toyl as the Ma∣jors is; therefore he ought in the drawing up of the Regiment to be helpful and assisting unto him in that particular, and in all others where he shall think fit. To conclude, the greatest affairs of the Regiment being carried forth by the Ma∣jor, there is the less remaining to be spoken concerning him, but that he see all things duly observed throughout the Regiment, according unto such orders re∣ceived from those which are above him.

Of a Colonel.

IT concerneth every Colonel to take care that his Companies be full and com∣pleat (if it may be) that they be well provided of Arms, and to take cognizance what Exercises are continually performed by them, communicating Orders, and commanding all Officers of his Regiment what is to be performed by each Com∣pany respectively, whensoever they shall happen to be upon their March.

In the Head of his Regiment is his most honourable and proper place, and there he ought to be most frequent. He is to be subservient to the Lord General, Lord Martial, and Serjeant-Major-General of the Field, to whom he is to pay like re∣spect and observance as he himself expecteth, (and that justly) from all inferiors to him. For from those his superior Officers, by him are received in charge all such Orders as refer to the place of Alarms, Marchings, Imbattellings, Guards, or Convoys. Furthermore, it is requisite that every Colonel should acquaint himself at least once every week, how and in what manner the Souldiers of his Regiment have deported themselves in their several Quarters, by a due and strict examina∣tion of the qualities of all such offences as have occurred, and been committed by the several and Distinct Souldiers under his command, hereby preparing every several misdemeanor for a readier hearing before a Council of War, or Court-Martial; and this is easily effected by convening the Captains, or other Officers under them, at such convenient times as may suit with his occasions; every Co∣lonel being bound to make his appearance at each Council of War, as Assistant to the Lord Martial, and President of the said Council, for the hearing and deter∣mining of all such propositions and matters in question relating to the Army.

In all matters of Advice and Counsel, but more especially when any Stratagem, Siege, or intended Battail is in agitation to be put in action, the Colonel ever as one of the primary Field-Officers is summoned to consult with the General, and with all freedom to deliver his opinion in all things that shall be there discussed, for the best advantage (as he shall conceive) for the designs in hand, how weighty and important soever, and to be ready to go upon any such service as shall be cast into his charge to be executed by the major part of the said Council, and to express his obedience to his General, although it be a service that correspond not with his own opinion at the first, but being cleared by the larger number to be more conducing to the good of the Design, couragiously to undertake it, and faithfully to perform it.

In the quartering of his own Regiment, which is always ordered for Quarter in two grand Divisions, regard is to be had that his own Lodgings be ever taken up in the most equal place between his grand Divisions, that so he may with more facility and celerity dispense and import his commands to either Party.

What commands soever shall descend unto him in charge from his superior Offi∣cers, as relating to the Guards, disposing of Marchings, appointing Imbattellings, ordering of Quarters, &c. he is carefully to see executed. He must do justice unto all without partiality, so far as he exceed not his proper Authority, & at all times to be diligent in suppressing of Mutinies, even in their first growth, by a discreet pu∣nishment of the principal offenders, for prevention of further mischief and in∣convenience.

Of Guides.

MAps, with the right use and knowledge of them, are great helps towards the finding out of the best and most convenient ways. Skilful and expert Inha∣bitants of the Countrey, are most proper to be elected for Guides; and it is ne∣cessary, for their better encouragement, and the Armies sudden and necessary use of them, to have them listed in Souldiers pay. For the finding out of the fittest and ablest persons for this employment, it is most especially the duty of the Waggon-Masters, who are to see and enquire certainly, that they be men known and practi∣sed in all possible By-paths, Cross-ways, &c. That they be able to give an accompt of the distance of places, of the evenness and straightness of them, whether they be plain or crooked, hilly or stony, and difficult for passage; what Rivers, Hedges, Ditches and Bridges lye in the way, and which way (if there shall be several ways) is the safest and shortest, which the nearer or farther to or from the Enemies Quarters, which more probable for their approaches, as likewise for Quarter; what Forrage, what Water is to be had, and how convenient the way is for Bag∣gage. If it shall happen that these Guides may be chosen partly out of the Soul∣diers, and partly from the Country-men, and so any scrumple, jar, or difference happen in opinion, such Officers and others as are best skill'd in those parts and places, are either to reconcile the difference, or from the most probable intelli∣gence, to conclude upon the most convenient passages. In respect of the danger and great hazards, if not utter ruine, that the Guides sometimes do, and often may draw the Souldiers into by treachery and false play, they are many times caused to ride haltered about the neck, to put them in mind of capital punish∣ment, if they shall mislead the party they guide; but in case they discharge their trust faithfully and ably, they ought to be as well rewarded for their encourage∣ment, as otherwise to be punished for the terrour of others.

Of Scouts.

AN active Enemy is always watchful, and diligent to apprehend every oppor∣tunity that may make for his advantage, and therefore it concerns every Commander by way of Counter-mine, as it were, to be careful that he rightly and fully inform himself of their ways and courses, for prevention of his own danger, in case of sudden assaults, and the better infesting of his enemy. And to this end, he must make choice of such as are approved for their valour and fidelity, discre∣tion and vigilancy, not probable to be corrupted with gain, or daunted through fear. These men are not only to take direct, plain, or high ways, but also by pri∣vate and unsuspected passages, and scouring as they scout all places whatsoever that are accessible; and when they have made diligent observation in all places, to inform of nothing but what they can give the ocular proof of, lest by their errour and mistake, the whole Army possibly may be led into an irreparable ruine; and whosoever is the Conduct or Officer of these Scouts (for one, and an able one they must have always with them) must be exceeding careful of his reputation, that he inform of nothing more then what he can justifie from his own eyes or ears; and if he inform further, to inform them also, that that information is but from report, that it may be considered of accordingly, and his repute preserved intire.

Of Spies.

OF all men, these are at all times necessary for an Army, and in all Armies of all men they will deserve to be most certainly & liberally rewarded, to the intent that they may at all times cheerfully and faithfully undertake any imployment of the greatest trust, hazard, or danger. And he that will make choice of able and trusty men in this kind, must after diligent observation, and weighing of their dispositions

and courage, select them out of his own Souldiers, who under pretence of some discontent for want of pay, &c. may thereby with less suspition receive entertain∣ment from the enemy, and (if it be possible) to be listed with the Horse, whereby they may gain the fairer opportunities in Field or Garrison, to give certain in∣telligence of all Designs and Occurrences in the enemies Quarters.

Before their departure from you, let them take their several instructions (for the more you have, the better, if they be design'd for several places, and unknown un∣to each other) both for times & places of conveyance, which places must be strictly observed, & duly searched for such informations, as your Spies shall convey thither; and thither let your answers & advices be reconveyed for their further instruction.

Sometimes there may arise matters of such importance and consequence, that it will not only be convenient to certifie by Letter, but most necessary to make ap∣pearance in person, and there to consult and advise together, if perhaps the ene∣my shall be resolved to fall upon some of the opposite Quarters suddainly, &c.

For Cursary Spies, and present Intelligence, the people of meanest rank and quality are the fittest Instruments; as common Peasants, Pedlars, Sellers of Strong∣waters, or Tobacco, and the like, who may pass unsuspected, and with more se∣curity effect your purpose.

There are yet another sort of Spies of another nature, who are denominated dou∣ble, who being chosen to this Office upon great experience of their trust and con∣stancy, may in some cases be allowed to inform the enemy aright, in some such affairs of yours, as may not be prejudicial to you, but to insinuate and win belief upon the contrary party; and hereupon let them secure themselves into the pri∣vate service of some of their Prime Officers, whence they shall (as being better ac∣quainted) more easily discover, and more certainly inform of the enemies procee∣dings and intentions.

CHAP. XXIV. Of Military Watches.

HOw necessary these Watches are in all Armies, is evident to all men; the grand and chiefest care whereof, for order and direction, resteth in the Serjeant-Major, who issueth out such precepts therein to the Captains or Companies, as he himself before received from his superior Officer; & according to the said precepts received, whether it be in Garrison or Field, the work and duty required is to be performed either by Squadrons or ful Companies, having respect unto the strength or weakness of the place to be guarded, and in such places as are most likely for the Enemy to make his approaches in, and that there they be careful to fortifie the Guard above other places of less concernment; which must be observed by the Major, in surveying the Guards, and Guard-places, in his walking of the grand Round, and so, according as his discretion shall see fit, to take from the stronger places of Guard such Souldiers as may supply the defects of the weaker.

The appointment of particular Guards unto particular Captains, is in the power of the Major; or otherwise, he commandeth the Serjeant of each Company to attend him at his Quarters at any hour of the day, as he shall think fit, where every one that is to do duty upon the Guard that night, taketh his lot in order, (which lots are shuffled together in an Hat) which directeth him upon what Guard to attend that night. This being done, all the Serjeants that have their direction for the du∣ty of the Guard, are to make a Ring, or Circle, according to their degrees in Se∣niority. To the Senior of all which Company of Serjeants, the Major giveth the Word privately in his ear, who after the same manner passeth it to the next, and so from man to man unto the youngest, who whispers it in the ear of his Major, who sends it back again in the former manner for securities sake, until it come to the senior Serjeant again, who then leaves it in the ear of his Major, which pre∣venteth all mistakes for each particular Company.

The Guards being thus set in order, the Officers relieved ought to inform the Officers of the Relievers; of all the several duties of their several Guards, &c.

Every Commander in Chief of that particular Squadron which he is appoint∣ed unto, leadeth up his own Squadron from the Parade to their appointed Guard, to which when they approach, the Officer in Chief delivers the Word to the Corporal, or his Lanspassadoe, and they to their Superior Officers.

The manner of relieving is by planting a guard of Pikes next to the Relievers, and adjoyning to them in the Reer a guard of Muskettiers, through whom the Relievers are to pass, and the Relieved to march back to their Quarters. After all things thus set in order, the Captain of the Guard in person by strict injuncti∣on commandeth every man to his duty, from which no man either. Officer or o∣ther is to depart without an especial license, and in all Alarms to stand close and quietly to their Arms, expecting further instruction and command what they are to do. And all this time, and constantly, a Sentinel is appointed to guard the en∣trance into the Main-Guard.

Every Officer and Souldier in a Regiment is worthy of Honor, Pay, and Encou∣ragement, according to his Merit and Seniority; and to this end there ought to be a perfect List of the names and number of all particular Souldiers and Officers in every Squadron; which List or Catalogue is to remain in the hands of the several Corporals or Lanspassadoes; which Corporals are diligently to see what defects there are of all several necessaries in their Corps du guard, and to be careful that they be continually supplied; which he must do by information to his Major, and (in case of his absence or neglect) to his Captain, who may inform the Governor, that all wants of Fire, Ammunition, or Lights be made good, and comp∣leated.

The Corporals according to order and precept given to them, are to dispose of the several Sentinels, as well Pikes as Muskettiers, and to have an especial care that they keep their Muskets prim'd and laden, and their Match cockt and light∣ed, with their Pan guarded; which must be observed by their often visiting the several Sentinels, to see that all things be in due order, and with silence, to the end that the Sentinels may always be heard, as often as occasion is offered.

The Office of every Sentinel after he is placed upon his duty, and in his due po∣sture (according as is above declared) is to enquire of every passenger, or other that shall but stir, Who goes there? yea, though it be the Captain himself: and howsoever the remotest Sentinel from the Corps du guard, is to permit him with his Retinue to pass; yet he is bound to have an eye upon them, till he approach the nearest Sentinel to the Corps, who upon the like demand, is answered, The Captain of the Watch; which latter Sentinel commands him to stand, and there∣fore with a loud voice calls forth his Corporal, the Sentinel not stirring from his place or posture, until the Corporal with his Sword drawn shall approach with a Guard of Muskettiers, who are to be all arm'd, and appointed, as the Sentinels, ready to present; whereupon the Corporal with one only Muskettier advancing, and perceiving him to be the Captain of the Watch indeed, is to give him the Word in his ear, having respectively cast down the point of his Sword: afterward receiving further instructions from him, he conducts him to his furthest Sentinel. But if it shall appear that he be not the Captain, or the Corporal knowing him not justly to be so, by a just suspition, he may then detain him (although he shal give him the Word) and then he shall further demand the Word of some other atten∣ding him, from whom having received it, he may more safely permit them to pass; but of all others whatsoever that shall attempt a passage, he is to receive the Word from them, and not deliver it to them.

The Captain himself having done the duty in person of passing the first Round, upon his return, he is to send forth others upon the like duty, such as he shall out of his discretion chuse from his Main-guard, and may most confide in, to whom he is to impart the Word at their setting forth upon the duty, and not before, with strict admonitions, and full instructions what they are to do, and what way to take.

Now if he shall be supplyed with men enough upon his own Guard, he may at the same time command out several Rounders to be taken several wayes; who are diligently to observe their directions given them, and to be very vigilant in the observation of all things in their passage, both by the eye and the ear, and to ad∣monish the Sentinels (in case of neglect) that all things be more carefully lookt unto in their duty. And of these Rounders likewise (as before) the foremost Sen∣tinel demands, Who goes there? When being answered satisfactorily, as by the name of the Round, or Friends, the permits them passage to the neerest Sentinel,

who having stopt them there, takes a further accompt, what, and who they are: Which is done by calling forth his Corporal, who placing the point of his Sword at one of their brests, takes the Word privatly, and so passes them by conduct to the furthest Sentinel. But if there shall happen a mistake in the Word, the Cor∣poral is either to secure them with himself, or by Guard to transfer them to the Main-guard.

Such as shall walk the Round, are to take a strict accompt of all they meet, what, and who they are; and in case of deficiency of answering justly on the one side, or suspition of the other, they are to secure and guard them to the Cap∣tain of the Watch.

Now setting aside those Queries which some do make between Rounders and Counter-Rounders, if they meet, who shall give or take the Word; the best and safest course is for them all, that before the Word be either given or taken, they go together to the neerest Corps du Guard, and there to give the Word; after which they are to pass upon their duty again; and so having finished the Round, and returning to the Captain of the Watch, he taketh accompt of them of the things that they have done and observed in their duty and course upon the Round; and thus the Captain still supplies the Rounds successively by such others as he shall take by seniority, and dispose off for the like service.

Furthermore, that all disorders, irregularities, and such persons as shall cause the same in a Town or Garrison, may be found out and rectified, and that all dangerous accidents by fire or otherwise may be prevented; the Captain of the Watch commandeth out a Guard of Firelocks or Muskettiers, to view the Streets, and all suspitious and irregular persons as they take, they are to bring to the Main-Guard of this Guard, which is always conducted by a Serjeant, and is called the Patrouille: and if they happen to be Muskettiers, and not Firelocks; then they are to be every one provided of such an instrument as may cover the lighted Matches, and keep them from discovery. From these also, as from the Rounders, the Captain of the Watch takes full accompt of all their passages and observations on their duty.

When at any time any sudden approach shall be made, or any Enemy discover∣ed, the Sentinel (who is to be firm & constant to his Place and Posture, till he shall be relieved) forthwith by firing gives the Alarm, and immediately seconds it by crying with a loud voice, Arm, Arm. When the Alarm is thus given, the o∣ther two Divisions immediately led by their Officers, are orderly to march up to the Captain of the Main-Guard, to the intent that all Guards of the Garrison may with expedition be made good; and it is necessary that these instructions be given them indeed by the Serjeant-Major, when he shall give the Word to the Minor-Serjeants, who must likewise inform their chief Officers of it, and from them the Souldiers are to be charged and acquainted therewith, that so upon all occasions they may not be ignorant of this part of their duty, but rea∣dy to perform it.

The duty of a Sentinel, is to stand in the Place and Posture, a full hour, and no more; at which time the Corporal, or (in case of his absence) his Lanspassadoe is to relieve him, and not onely him, but all the Sentinels that are out upon du∣ty, relieving the farthest Sentinel first (who falls in the Reer of the rest) and so all the others backward in the like Order, and then conducts the relieved Senti∣nels back to the Guard again.

At an early hour of the morning appointed for beating up the Revally, the two Sentinels next unto the Guard are to retreat into it.

At the time appointed in the morning for opening of the Gates, the Serjeant-Major attended with a sufficient Guard, repairs to the Governour, or place else∣where alotted, and there receives the Keys; which being done, he is to unlock first that Gate which is most remote from danger of the Enemy, and the rest in order answerable: but if it happen to be in place and time of imminent danger, the Major commandeth forth a party of Souldiers conducted by an able Officer to go first, and make diligent search for discovering of Ambuscadoes, which may happen to be in any close suspected places, as Lanes, By-ways, Hedges, ruinous

Cottages, Churches, Pits, or Hollow-trees, Woods, Gardens, and all such-like in∣closures; at which time he openeth not the Main-ports, but only the Wickets. And except upon command to the contrary, which is not usual, both the Guards and the Watches at the Gates are to be kept night and day, and all persons up∣on them to continue upon their duty until they shall be relieved by order.

Upon the discharging of the Watch, to the end that every Officer and Soul∣dier may have notice to make speedy repair to their several Guards, each several Drum first beats a Troop, and afterwards a March in the Main-guard. Here∣upon, it is to be supposed the Relievers are advanced toward the Main-Guard, where the relieved are to be drawn off, and to make a stand, expecting till the Relievers shall come up; which being done, the relieved then are to troop home∣ward; and after that they have attended and seen their Colours lodged, they are to disband, and not before.

And now, further to satisfie the expectation of the Lovers of the Art Military, it shall not seem unseasonable here to declare somewhat concerning the manner of Field-Watches, or Vigils de Campe, denoted unto us by the Expert and Anci∣ents, under these three Notions. The first are Castra temporanea, aleager ad placitum, pitcht onely for the present, and may perhaps alter and change it's Station in a day, or an hour, according to the pleasure and judgement of the General, and Commanders in chief. Secondly, there are Castra, a select or con∣stant Camp, so called, because of their intentions of continuance in the be∣sieging of a Castle, or Town, &c. until they shall have taken the same, or by some other necessity, or further advantage, forced to raise their Seige. The third and last, called Castra, Such a Camp as is pitcht before or neer some Ri∣vers side, to oppose and frustrate the Incursions of the Enemy, who otherwise might this way break in for the infesting or taking of a Country. Now concern∣ing such Watches or Guards, which shall relate unto several Camps, both in re∣gard of the several and most convenient places for securing the Camps by Senti∣nels and Perdues, they are to be primarily appointed and ordered according to the discretion & command of the Masters of the Field, whether Generals, or Majors of Brigades; & afterwards the Serjeant-Majors & Captains of Regiments, according to their commands and relieved order, are to design them for the aforesaid place.

To enlarge the several Arguments and Disputes that might further arise in-point of Field-duties relating thereunto, would be too tedious, and to little purpose, in regard that whosoever shall but diligently observe what hath before been set down concerning the duty of Watches in Garrison and Fortresses, may sufficiently be able to apprehend and perform all manner of Duties that shall con∣cern this Field-service, provided that he be careful to adhere to the directions of the Field-Officers in all points, and diligent to observe the manner of managing of all things according to their instructions. And therefore to avoid prolixity and fruitless disputes, I refer the Reader to what hath been above related.

CHAP. XXV. The ordering of a private Company unto a Funeral-occasion.

WHen any Commander or Souldier of worth shall be deceased, a private Captain that would shew respect and honour by marching along with his Company attending the Corps to the place of burial, must order his Souldiers af∣ter this manner.

They being summon'd by beat of the Drum, to meet at their usual place of Rendezvous, they may be drawn up according to the usual manner, having a Van-guard, Battail and Reer-guard: being thus ordered, and each of the Soul∣diers having either in his Hat a black Feather or Ribbin; the Captain may draw them off, and order them to their Long-march; moving them away in an order∣ly manner unto the place of him that is deceased, and there make Alt. After which he may command the Muskettiers in the Van to open to the right and left outward to such convenient distance as the Pikes may move up between them, and take possession of their first ground; and those Muskettiers may face about, and move down cleer of the Pikes, and after close their Files inward to Order, and face to their Leader.

Now being in two Divisions, let them so continue with their Arms ordered,

until such time as they shall perceive the Corps to be brought forth into the Street; then the Captain may face them all about, and move them some three Pikes length before the Corps; after which he may command his Muskettiers to perform their Funeral-Posture, which is to have their Muskets under their left Arm, with the But-end upward, their Rests likewise on that side trailing. After which the Pikes are to face again to their first Front, and to lay the narrow end of their Pikes down upon the ground; after facing about to the left, and bring∣ing up the But-end of their Pikes on their right side, conforming themselves with the Muskettiers in their Funeral-Postures. In the next place, the Ensign strips his Colours off from the Staff, and ties them about his right Wast; putting a black Ribbon towards the very end of his Staff, he after faceth to the Body of Pikes, standing in the Reer of them, and trailing his Staff in the same Posture. Next followeth the Captain, having in his hand a Half-pike or Leading-staff, conform∣ing himself likewise to his Funeral-Posture. Thus being all ready to march, and rightly faced toward that place where the Corps are to be interred, are after this manner following to lead and to bring up.

The first Division of Muskettiers, which was the Reer-guard, is led by the Lieu∣tenant; the next Division of Muskettiers, that was formerly the Van-guard, is led by the second Serjeant; the Body of Pikes, is led by the eldest Serjeant, he trailing a Half-pike upon the head of them; the Ensign bringing it up, and the Captain twelve foot short of him bringing up the Reer of the whole Company. And after him the Ministers marching just before the Coffin; & in the Reer, & next unto it, the neerest kindred, and after them those that are invited to the Funeral.

Having thus stated the manner and order of the Military Part, with all others belonging thereunto, for any ordinary Funeral-occasion; I shall in the next place proceed to shew their Order upon the March, and how each Arms ought to be disposed before the Corps enter into the Church, with the rest of the Train.

All persons being ordered as before expressed, the Drums being covered with Black-bays, and placed betwixt the second and third Ranks in each Division; and all being ready to move, the Drums may begin to beat their Funeral-March, and the Lieutenant leading them away, with the But-end of his Pattison upward and comported; the rest following, and marching in a leasurable and slow way along together, until they come within a hundred foot of the Church-door, or place where the Corps are to be interred, there making Alt. After which, let the Muskettiers in their Ranks File to the right and left, not advancing ground; and face in opposition, making a Guard for the rest to pass through, and resting their Muskets, or putting the But-end thereof to the ground, with the Barrel towards them (which is a conformity to the Pikes being ordered.) In the mean time, let the Pikes advance their Arms, and immediately after move forward betwixt the Guard of Muskettiers, and let their Ranks afterward file to the right and left, making also a Guard, their Pikes being ordered, and they as the rest, facing in opposition. Then let the Captain, who brings up the Reer of all his whole Bo∣dy, move forward with the rest to the Church-door; then falling off in respect of ordering his Company, the rest of the Train Marching into the Church.

After which the Captain may cause them all to face to the Church, or to their Leader; he standing then before the Church-door, commanding them to Rank again as they were. After every Leader may draw off his File, and set their Arms apart in each File by themselves, and go in to hear part of the Sermon, if there should be any such order before-hand from their Captain, placing Sentinels to look to their Arms. And when Sermon is almost done, they ought to go forth of the Church, and draw forth the Files by some little warning of Drums, to be in readiness to answer such directions as they shall receive from their Captain; who may, if he have conveniency of room, draw all his Muskettiers into a Ring, and the Pikes in like manner on the outside of them; and as soon as the Souldiers have notice (being all ready and presented) that the Body is laid down in the grave, they may upon warning of the Drum, give one volley of shot all together, and after make ready again, performing the same twice over more. After which, the Ensign may put his Colours upon his Staff, and furl them up; then the Pikes may be drawn up again into one Body, and the Muskettiers into another; and

falling in the Reer of the Pikes, they may troop away. And a little before the place of lodging the Colours, they may make Alt, and the Muskettiers may sleeve up by the outside of the Pikes from the Reer, filing to the right and left, making a Guard for the Colours and Pikes to march through them; and being cleer, and the Colours lodged, they may face about again to the right, and give another volley of shot: but if there should be such a streight of ground, that the Mus∣kettiers cannot be drawn into a Ring; then they must be otherwise disposed of, by making them into two Ranks, the one on the one side of the Street, and the other on the other side, facing them either in opposition, or in an oblique man∣ner: if in opposition, they must present very low, and give fire three times all to∣gether as before, with one volley after another; if oblique, the one Rank is to be faced towards the upper end of the Street, and the other towards the lower end, and so may fire with less danger to each other; the Pikes to be filed away to the right and left, behind the Muskettiers before they were thus faced. And again, where they have not length of ground to contrive the Muskettiers into two single Ranks, they may fire all together as they stand at Order, mounting up the Muz∣zles of their Muskets into the Air, without offending each other. Therefore ac∣cording to the conveniency of the ground, it must be the discretion of every Com∣mander to order his men accordingly to perform his three volleys of shot in the most gracefullest way; which being ended, they may all return to their Quarters. And thus much may suffice for satisfaction to any Commander in ordering his single Company to any Funeral-occasion, marching along of it self.

CHAP. XXVI. The ordering of a Regiment to a Funeral-occasion.

WHen Companies are to march in a Regimental-way, care must be had that the Regiment be first drawn up according to this Rule. The Pikes to be in one Body, and the Muskettiers equally divided to flank that Body; after which let the Major make his Divisions, appointing the places of every Captain and Lieutenant, where they shall lead, and where they shall bring up. After that they may move away towards the place or lodging of him that is to be interred, and there make Alt, opening the Van-guard or Muskettiers, and facing them to the Reer; then let the Body of Pikes and them interchange ground, that the Pikes may march next the Hearse, in manner as before exprest of a private Com∣pany, whose smaller Bodies take Rule from the greater. Then let the Lieute∣nant-Colonel lead the Regiment, and the Colonel bring it up; and so in like manner in every Division, the Bringers-up are to lead, and the Leaders to bring up. All Officers and their Arms being thus reverst, the Front becomes the Reer, and the Reer the Front, they must move slowly away▪ and before the Corps pass into the Church, there must be ground reserv'd, that after the Muskettiers have first made a Guard, the Pikes may move through them, and may also in like man∣ner file in their Ranks as the Muskettiers did, joyning to them, and making a Guard in like manner of each Arms. After which the whole Train may pass through in an orderly manner into the Church; the Souldiers in the mean time attending without until Sermon be passed over. And being all in a readiness, they may give three several Peals, or Volleys of shot, according to such warnings as shall be given them. After which the Souldiers being ranked again as they were, if they have conveniency of ground, the Major may cause the Captains to draw off their Companies, and troop home to their several Quarters, according to their best conveniency. But if they have not room, it will be most properest for the Ma∣jor to command the Muskettiers to stand, and first to rank the Pikes again as they were. Then let the Drums beat a Troop upon the head of the Pikes in the Reer of the Colours; and let the Ensigns and Pikes first troop away, through the Guard of the Muskettiers; who being cleer of them, and being led by the Colonel and o∣ther Officers there appointed, the Muskettiers may also rank again in like man∣ner, and fall in the Reer of the Pikes, following them until they come unto a con∣venient place or ground for the Captains drawing off their Companies, as they shall receive order from the Colonel, Lieutenant-Colonel or Major. And here I will conclude my Discourse concerning the Exercising of the Infantry in all their Military Motions and Exercises.

FINIS.

Notes

• Let them be at open Or∣der in their Ranks and Files, and the two grand Divisions stand∣ing in one even Front together.
• Place this Figure betwixt Fol. 160 & 161.
• Place this between page 162 and 163.
• Place this between page 164 and 165.
• Place this between page 170 and 171.
• Place this between page 172 and 173.