The compleat body of the art military in three books : I. The postures of the pike and musket ..., II. Twelve exercises ..., III. The drawing up and exercising of regiments after the manner of private companies ... : also, the duties of all souldiers and officers ... / by Richard Elton ... ; to which is added a supplement comprehending these particulars, I. the duties and qualifications of all officers belonging to an army .., formerly written by Capt. Tho. Rudd ...

CHAP. XXIII. The several duties belonging to the Foot in a Regiment, as followeth by degrees from a private Souldier unto a Colonel of the same: and first, of a Private Souldier.

A Private Souldier ought to be very active, not slothful and idle, informing himself of his duty, learning from his Corporal, or other Officers, the true use and well handling of his Arms, always keeping them neat, clean, and well fixed. Upon the beat of the Drum, he is to repair to his Colours, Squadron; or Company; upon the march, he must observe his Leader, and his right and left∣hand-men, that he may march streight in file, and even in rank; in time of Ex∣ercise he must be silent in the Body, well minding the words of Command and Directions, which are given forth by the Leader. He ought likewise to be well vers'd in all the ordinary words of Command; and to mind the place wherein he stands, that he may the more readier move, and not be to seek at such time when he shall be commanded, whether it be to face, double, counter-march, or wheel. He must inform himself of all the several beats of the Drum; as first, or a Call; second, a Troop; third, a March; fourth, a Preparative; fifth, a Battle or Charge; sixth, a Retreat, and also of the Revalley and the Tattoo.

By the first, he is summoned to hear present Proclamation, or else command∣ed to repair to his Colours; upon the beat of the second, he is to advance his Arms, and to close in Rank and File, to the distance of Order, and to Troop along un∣to such places and services, as he shall be commanded unto; upon the hearing of the third, he is presently to shoulder his Arms, and to take his distance of six foot in Rank, and three foot in File; upon the fourth, he is to close both in Rank and File, unto the fighting distance, which is called Order, and to prepare himself for skirmish; upon the beat of the next, he is undauntedly to move forward, boldly stepping in good Order, into the place of his fellow-Souldier that shall happen to fall down dead before him; upon the beat of the last, he must orderly fall back, either for relief or advantage of ground, or other political ends whereby he may draw the Enemy into a snare. The first of the remaining two, gives warning in the morning for some of the Sentinels to fall off, or to be taken in; the latter is used in the night to give notice unto the Souldiers, or others, for their repairing to their several Guards, Watches, and Lodgings. To conclude, a private Souldier ought to avoid all Quarrelling, Mutinies, Swearing, Cursing or Lying, and to be content with his wages; and likewise to be a good Husband in the well managing of his means, keeping himself neat and handsome in his ap∣parel; avoiding drunkenness, and all manner of gaming; truely to serve and fear God, and to be obedient unto all the commands of his superiours, cheerful∣ly going on upon all Duties, and to be loving, kind, and courteous unto all his fellow-Souldiers.

The duty of a Sentinel.

A Sentinel must be very vigilant, carefully casting his eyes about him, and harkning whether he hear the noise or approach of any drawing neer him; which if he perceive, he is presently to command them to stand, presenting his Musket or Pike to their brest, after calling his Corporal for to take the Word, un∣less

he should be commanded to come in silently. He is not to come off until he be relieved by the Corporal or Lanspassadoe.

His proper Posture, being a Muskettier, is to have his Musket rested, and loaded with Powder and Bullet, his Match cockt, and his Pan guarded; being a Pike-man, if he stand Sentinel in the night, he must have his Pike cheek'd; if in the day, his Pike ordered: Or it may be a very proper Posture for a Pike-man to stand Sen∣tinel with his Pike in his left-hand, holding it a little below the cheeks thereof, and with his Sword drawn, being held in his right-hand, which I leave to judge, or to be made use of according to discretion, and as occasion shall require.

Of a Gentleman of a Company.

A Gentleman of a Company ought to have such worth in him as may make him capable to be a File-leader, or Captain of his File; and he more especi∣aly above the rest ought to be well skill'd in all the Postures of such Arms he wears; and at convenient times instructing and teaching his File in the neat and graceful handling of their Arms. He ought to be of an undaunted courage and gallant resolution, for the better Example and imitation of the rest; whose worth and valour many times indears them so much into the favour of their Commanders, that they raise them up to greater places of preferment. In the Low-Countries a Gentleman of a Company hath his full pay, having nothing kept back for after-reckonings, as common private Souldiers have. At his first entrance he sometimes stands Sentinel, to inform himself of the Duties thereof; but most commonly he is placed to be a Sentinel perdu in time of imminent dan∣ger, either in the Field, or upon approaches. He is to lie perdu with his Sword and Pistol, not removing from his place till he be relieved; nor is he to retreat for one man, but in case of more, then he is to fall back to the second; and disco∣vering an Enemy, he is to come off betimes, and silently to give the Alarum, whereby the Corps du Guard or Company may be provided for their own de∣fence. A Gentleman of a Company doth many times go the Round with the Captain of the Watch, or his Fellow-Gentlemen, who are likewise Rounders, either in the Field, or in Garrison; and do give the Corporals of the Guards the Word, charging the Sentinels to look well about them. To conclude, he ought truely to love, respect, and obey his Captain, and to stick close unto him, vindicating him upon just occasions, when he shall be wronged and injured by a∣ny Mutinies of the common Souldiers, or others.

Of a Barber-Chyrurgion.

IN every Company there ought to be a Barber-Chyrurgion for the trimming of the Souldiers, who ought likewise to have some skill in Chyrurgery; that when the Souldiers are upon the Watches and Guards, where imminent danger may be, he may be then at hand, to be ready in the absence of the Chyrurgion of the Regiment to bind up, and dress the hurt and wounded men. He is free from duties belonging to the Company; and in some places, is allowed to be an Officer in the List of their Armies, which I conceive it ought so to be, in respect they allow but of one Chyrurgion to a Regiment; and if it should happen ma∣ny to be wounded, as oftentimes in field-fights there are, one man is not able scarce in three days to bind up the wounds, and dress the sores of them that are maimed. And therefore it concerns every Captain to be provided, and to have in the absence of the Chyrurgion, a Barber-Chyrurgion attending on his Com∣pany.

Of a Clerk of a Company.

HIs carriage ought to be very just and honest; his chiefest duty is to keep the Muster-Roll, and to have it ready upon all occasions for the entring of his men upon the Muster-Roll, and Pay-bill. He is many times intrusted to receive the Service-mony of the Company, and pays such monies unto the Souldiers as shall be ordered him from his Captain to pay. He must inquire out in their

Quarters where they lie, and duly for to pay them, and every pay-day to deliver up a true bill, giving an account unto his Captain of all such moneys he hath ei∣ther received or paid forth.

Of a Drum-Major.

THere ought to be in every Regiment a Drum-Major, being skilful in his Pro∣fession, instructing the others in the true beating of a March, with all o∣ther points of VVar. A Drum-Major must likewise be well skill'd in several Languages and Tongues, and to be wise and courteous when he shall be imploy'd or sent to an Enemy: He is in a discreet manner upon the marching of a Regi∣ment to order part of the Drums where they shall beat, seeing them truely and duly relieved by the others for the better performance of their service. For up∣on the march, if all the Captains Drums should beat together, it would quickly tire them out; therefore for their ease, it is his place and duty to order them ac∣cording to discretion to take their turns to beat, and to be relieved by each o∣ther. He is, moreover, to take into his charge such Drums as shall be brought in from the Enemies by their Drummers, when they come to ransom their priso∣ners; and upon their return to deliver them again unto them. He ought to be lodged neer the Serjeant-Major, in respect he is to give instructions to the rest of the Drummers, and may upon fail of their Duties give them correction.

Of the Drummers to a private Company.

EVery Captain ought to have two good Drummers, that knows-how to beat all the several points of War before mentioned. It is likewise expedient that he should be a good Linguist, in respect sometimes he may be sent unto an Enemy for the ransoming of Prisoners: His duty is, coming to the Camp or Garrison of an Enemy, having his Generals Pass in his Hat, to beat a Call, till he is fetcht in; and because he shall not discover the weakness of Guards, Works or Trenches, he is led blind-fold, and so carried to the Commander, and place where his Prisoners are: VVith whom (after he hath ransomed them) he is to re∣turn to his own Quarters, giving an account of such things he hath seen or heard, which may prove advantageous to his own party, or of any other thing he had opportunity by their neglect to take notice of.

Of a Gentleman of Arms.

HIs Duty is to see that the Souldiers keep their Arms neat and clean, and that they be well fixed; and if any thing be amiss or broken, he is to have them carried to the Armourers to be repaired. And if any Souldier shall be sick, dead, or have leave to return to his own Country, he is to bring his Arms to his own Lodging, there preserving and keeping them clean, until he shall have occasion to deliver them to some other newly entertained. He is likewise to mark and figure the Arms of the Company, and to preserve and keep a List what number of fi∣gure each Souldier should bear upon his Arms. He is likewise to keep the Powder, Bullet and March, and to deliver it forth upon occasions to the Corporals, or Lanspassadoe.

Of a Lanspassadoe.

HIs Duty is concerned in the absence of his Corporal to officiate in all things belonging unto his place, and is at all times to be an assistant unto him, for his ease and help-mate upon all occasions, for the better managing of his place; and many times they are Rounders and Sentinel Perdues in time of great neces∣sity.

The duty of a Corporal.

THe Corporals of a Company are not tyed to a set number, but to be ordered according to the several strengths and divisions of the same, for each to take

his charge and care of every Squadron thereof. And unto each of them there is a Lanspassadoe for an assistant: for their Rule of Dignity, I conceive, it makes not much more matter then to make them the right-hand File-leader in every particular division; but if any will be so curious to order them according to that, let them apply themselves unto the former Rules for directions to the same. The Corporals duty in his Squadron is to teach and instruct them in the use of the Pike and Musket, and to have a Roll and List of his men in his Division or Squadron. And when a Souldiers name is crossed out, he is to give notice unto his Serjeant; and when a new one shall supply his place, his care must be to in∣struct and enable him in the Postures of such Arms as he shall bear. Being with his Squadron upon his Guard, he is to provide them with Wood, Coal, Candle and light. Having an Out-guard, his care must be to strengthen it, his little Corps du Guard and Sentinels must be forth according to the avenews or com∣ings on of the Enemy, whereby he prevents their cutting off or surprisal; the negligence whereof proves both dangerous to themselves, and the whole Army. Wherefore it behoves him to be very careful and vigilant to visit them, after giving them an especial charge to be both faithful and careful in the great trust reposed in them. He must likewise preserve and keep the Word constant in his memory; when the Captain of the Watch goes the first Round, he shall with his Sword drawn against his brest give it him, and receive such Orders from him as he shall command him; but afterwards when the Round shall come again, he shall cause the Rounders or Gentlemen (with his Sword drawn) to give the Word to him before they pass. He ought never to go alone, being called forth by the Sentinel, but to have a Guard of three or four Muskettiers along with him, selected out of his Corps du Guard. He must advise his Sentinels how to de∣mean themselves upon the discovery of an Enemy, either to give an Alarum, or else to give notice without making a noise. And if upon his Guard he shall ei∣ther observe, or be advertised by his Sentinels of the approach of the Enemy, then he is to have his men in readiness with Bullets in their Muskets, and their Matches lighted; himself secretly coming in, giving intelligence unto his Captain, or other Superiour Officer, whereby they may all be in a readiness before the Alarum be given. He is likewise to distribute Victual, Powder, Bullet and Match, unto his Squadron, and to take notice of the best experienced men, and accord∣ingly to imploy them upon action upon the Watches. He must cause respect to be given to the Corps du Guard; and silence to be kept, whether it be about the Walls or Gates, that so the noise may not hinder the hearing of the advertise∣ment from the Sentinels. He is likewise to have an eye to their lives and man∣ners, and to take care of the Baggage and Money of such as are hurt or sick, and to be in his own carriage sober, wise and discreet, for the avoiding ill example un∣to others.

Of the Martial of a Regiment.

HE ought to take into his custody all persons committed unto his charge by the chief Officers of the Regiment; and if they be called to justice, he is to bring them to the Martial-General, who are to be carried from thence to the Council of War. It is also his care to see that all Women, Boyes, Servants, Bread, and Aquavita-sellers, belonging to the Regiment, do march in the Reer, and not before, or upon the Flanks. He is likewise to set such prizes upon Beer and Victuals, as the Lord-Martial, or Serjeant-Major-General shall appoint; which Order he shall receive from the Provost-Martial of the Army, and to see it duly executed within the Circuit of the Regiment: And that the Sutlers do not sell their Beer and Victuals above the set rate, lest they grate upon the Souldiers. After the Captain of the Watch hath gone the first Round, he is to see that the Sutlers keep no tipling or disorder in the night, but make them put out their Candle-light and Fires. During the time of Divine Service, he is to go the Round, for fear any disorders should be committed in the Quar∣ters.

Of a Quarter-Master.

IF the Regiment be marching with the Army, (and not alone) he is then eve∣ry evening to attend upon the Quarter-Master-General, to receive his dire∣ctions, and to take the place, ground, and houses, appointed by him, for the Quarter and Lodging of the Regiment; who presently is to acquaint and adver∣tise his Colonel of the same, and after to follow his charge. First, he appointeth or prepareth the Colonels Lodging, and other Officers of the Field, in the Center or midst of all the Quarters; and neer them himself, and all the other Officers of the Staff. After, according to the seniority of the Captains, and their march∣ings, to distribute forth their Quarters as may be designed. Having thus far acted through the help of the Constables and Head-boroughs of those places where the Regiment is to Quarter; and having drawn forth their Billets in a good and orderly way, he is before the Regiments entring the Quarters, to deliver the same to the Colonel, or other Field-Officers of that Regiment; and they to de∣liver it to the rest of the Captains, to direct them to their Lodgings, with the par∣ticular Souldiers of their Company. And during the time that he is about the visiting the distribution of the Lodgings, all the Troops are to keep watch round about the place, and to send out to discover: he must also be informed of the Lodgings of the whole Army, to know whom to give, or whom to receive Sup∣plies in case of necessity.

If the Quarter be in the open field, the Quarter-Master-General shall appoint to each Quarter-Master the place and ground which he shall take, which he is to distribute to the Serjeants of every Company of the Regiment, who are to assist him in taking the depth, length and breadth of their Quarters, with the distances of the Alarum-place between the head of the Quarters and the Trench, and the true distance of the Streets betwixt the in-getting of each Captains particular Company.

When an Army or Regiment shall sit down before a Town, or forraging place, to besiege it, they are imployed sometimes to be Forragers to fetch in provision for the Army, or particular Regiments. Which when they shall be required, they ought to have sufficient Convoys and Guards, both of Infantry and Caval∣ry to secure them; who are to be commanded by able Officers; and the Provost-Martial, or one of his Assistants is to go along with them, to punish such as are exorbitant, or do straggle. It will be expedient to the Regiment, that the Qua∣ter-Master upon the Service may be imployed twice in a week, to bring in a fresh Victual to the Souldiers; but not to go twice to one place, lest they be discover∣ed by an Enemy, and be way-laid by their Forces, who may sometimes prove stronger then themselves, to prevent, or to cut them off by the way, laying of them secretly in some Ambushments: Which being truely considered of, care may be taken accordingly of Supplies in other remote places, free from the danger of the Enemy. To conclude, a Quarter-Master ought to carry himself honestly and carefully in his place, and to be well skill'd in the Art of Mathematicks, that he may the better give Directions for fortifying and measuring of ground, quar∣tering of his whole Regiment, and in hutting of the particular Souldiers.

The duty of a Serjeant.

HE that is a Serjeant to a Company, ought to be well skill'd in the Postures and all Military Motions, whereby in the first place he may endeavour to correct the errours of such who handle not the Arms in a handsome, or a ser∣viceable way. And secondly, that he may be helpful to his Captain, or other Superiour Officer. In time of his Exercise, his duty is to draw forth the Files according to such depths as shall be appointed unto him by his Captain, or other Superiour Officer, and to order them in the drawing up, and joyning together the Souldiers unto such places of honour as they shall direct him unto. In a sin∣gle Company he leadeth oftentimes a Division, but ought not always there to march, in respect he is concerned to see that the Souldiers march even in their Ranks at their distance of Order in File, and open Order in Rank. To which

purpose, he ought many times to be upon the Flanks, and perceiving any Soul∣dier out of order, he may cast in his Halbert between their Ranks, to cause him to march even abrest with his right and left-hand-men. He is likewise either in Field or Garrison to lead his Squadron to their Guard, and to carry to prison such Offendours as his Captain or other Superiour Officer shall commit to the Provost-Martial. He is to see that the Muskettiers in time of skirmishing present all even abrest, with their Matches all cockt, giving fire all together in good Or∣der; and to direct them how to fall off, and rally again in the Reer of their own Divisions. His duty likewise is to fetch Ammunition, Powder, Match, and all o∣ther Materials for the Company. He is, moreover, every particular evening to attend at the place of Parade, or at the Majors Lodging, to fetch the Word, and carry it to his Captain, Lieutenant, Ensign, and Corporals; and likewise as soon as he is come unto his Guard, he must direct the Corporals where to set out the Perdues and Sentinels, and how to order his Watch. He must likewise make Rounds; and if he finde a Sentinel asleep in the Field, he is to commit him to the hand of Justice. And thus much concerning the duty of a Serjeant.

Of an Ensign.

AN Ensign being a Commission-Officer, in the absence of his Captain and Lieutenant, is Commander in chief of the Company, and ought to march upon the head of the same, leading them with a Half-pike. His Captain and Lieutenant being present, and upon a Stand, his Colours ought to rest upon his side, being held by his right or left-hand, and unfurled; upon the March, his Colours ought to be shouldered, taking up the corner-end of them in his right-hand, and to let them be half flying; the Pikes and Muskets all conforming un∣to the same Posture. Marching through a City, for the more grace, his Colours may be wholly flying, being advanced and held up by his right-hand, or resting upon his right side. He ought to be a proper man, grave, valiant and discreet, and to be well skill'd in the Postures of the Pike; in respect he leads them, and they expect from him to be taught the Postures thereof. He ought to be well skill'd in all the lofty Figures of the displaying of the Colours above the head, and to make use of them according to discretion and command; which is not onely a healthfull exercise to his body, but also most becoming to him, or any other Gentleman or Commander whatsoever, that shall sometimes make use of the same; although condemned through sloth and ignorance by others, who will not take the pains to learn it. An Ensign upon a Troop, lodging he Colours, or in time of skirmishing, may fold them up, and retreat into the second Rank for the securing of his Colours, which he ought to stick by, and not to stir from them at such a time, although he hazardeth his last drop of blood, or makes them his winding-sheet. When the General shall pass by, or any such man of worth, he ought a little to vail his Colours, inclining the head, or narrow end thereof, a little downward; but not to bow his knee, or uncover his head. He may some∣times for his ease or recreation upon the March, request some Gentleman of knowing trust of the Pikes to carry his Colours for him, until such time as he shall come again for to take them. In the absence of his Lieutenant, when his Captain shall exercise the Company, he may stick his Colours in the ground, or deliver them to some Gentleman of the Pikes, and fall down himself in the Reer with a Half-pike or Cane, there to be an assistant to his Captain in supplying the Lieutenants place, except his Captain should command him to the contrary. He ought to have a Guard along with him, as well to the lodging of his Colours, as to any other place. He ought to perform all courteous offices for the Souldiers unto his Captain, which will gain him both love and reputation amongst them, they thereby better respecting him, and more couragiously following of him.

Of a Lieutenant.

HE that is a Lieutenant to a Company, ought to be a good and able Souldier, and well to understand the Duty of a Captain; in respect that in his ab∣sence he is as Captain and Commander in chief over them. He is likewise to re∣ceive

all Orders, Charges, and Commissions from his Captain, assuming no autho∣rity unto himself; but in the absence of his Captain he is to see all such Orders he hath received duly executed, for the better ease unto him. He is likewise at such times frequently to exercise the Company in all their Military Motions, Skir∣mishings, and False-firings in the pan. He is to hold the Serjeants and Corporals strictly to their duty, causing them to provide all things necessary for the Com∣pany, and to be assistants unto him where he shall see cause. He is to teach and instruct the Souldiers in the use of their Arms, and sometime for their ease, he may command every File-leader to draw forth his File, and to shew them their postures. By which means he shall do such good service to his Captain, that when he shall exercise them himself, he may find them more apter and readier to ful∣fil his Commands; at which time the Lieutenant ought to be in the Reer, and to see all things there truly executed according to the Captains commands. He is in time of danger and great importance to advise with his Captain about the wel∣fare of the Company; for knowing his Captains intentions and purposes before∣hand, he may be the better provided to withstand the furious onset of the Enemy. He ought to have the Ensign, and all other Officers of the Company as near him as may be, there being often-times urgent business to make use of them as occa∣sion shall require. He must neither cashiere nor punish any man in the presence of his Captain, but ought to make him acquainted therewith, that he may punish the offender by committing him either to prison, or cause him to give recompence to the party wronged. To conclude, he ought to know how far his power doth extend, either in the presence or absence of his Captain, always demeaning him∣self so, that he may gain the love of his whole Company, by acting those things amongst them as may be just and honest.

Of a Captain.

HE that is a Captain of a Company, ought in respect he leadeth the same, and is Chief, to appoint unto the Officers their several places, what Divisions they shall lead, and where they shall march, and according to the number of Files to make his Divisions answerable thereto, by dividing his Muskettiers as near as he can, the one half upon the right of the Pikes, and the other upon the left: for they being the Flankers, ought equally to be ballanced; but if there be an odd File, it ought to be contrived, and carried to the right. In the Van, Battail, or Reer, he must according to the number of his men, order his Officers places, and draw them off accordingly in as equal a way as they will afford. He is, as well as his own, to know all the several duties of his Officers, and to be a good Posture∣man himself, that when he sees any of his Souldiers handling their Arms in an undecent and slovenly manner, he may the better reprove them for the same. And although many Captains regardeth them not, but leaveth them to be instructed by the inferiour Officers; yet it is a great deal of honour to him, when his Soul∣diers shall be taught by himself, they more cheerfully and confidently marching along with him, when as they perceive that he is throughly knowing in all things belonging to his charge. He shall do well to exercise his Company sometimes him∣self, teaching them how to fight upon all occasions, whether it be to Front, Reer, or Flanks, or upon surprise of an Ambuscado, or any other disadvantage which may befall them, informing them how to fall off and rally again in good order. And at such times he must couragiously and wisely behave himself, and incou∣rage his Souldiers of hopes of Victory, casting off all appearances of fear or dan∣ger whatsoever, cheerfully animating his Souldiers to fall on, taking care, and making much of them, and not to forsake them until such time they may be relie∣ved by others. He is to have a fatherly care of his Souldiers, timely providing for the maimed, wounded, and sick, such helps and remedies as their present con∣ditions requires. He must likewise see that there be no want of Victual, Arms, or Ammunition. He ought not to be covetous, nor keep back his Souldiers pay, but to see them duly paid, visiting and relieving them according to their several wants

and necessities. His care must be to execute Justice, appease quarrels, punish of∣fenders; by doing whereof, he will maintain the honour and dignity of his place. He ought to carry a very even hand over his Souldiers, and to be very courteous and kind unto them; yet with that restriction of familiarity, that he come not under contempt. And again, he must not be too rigid and harsh, caning or beat∣ing them without just cause, lest he incurre their hatred, who secretly, or in time of Battail will seek to be revenged of him, endeavouring to kill him, before their enemy; therefore he ought to be wise and discreet in his commands and carriage towards them. His place of marching with his Company, is some six foot before the first Division of Muskettiers; but if his Company be drawn up, he is either up∣on a Stand, or upon the March, to be on the head of the Pikes, six foot before the Ensign. In time of Battail, although he leads his men up first against the Enemy, yet he is not always tied to be in the Front, having often just occasion to remove down into the Reer, Midst, or Flanks, carefully casting his eye upon all parts of the Body, thereby preventing the least error or neglect of his Souldiers, directing them what to do, keeping them in good order as long as occasion shall require. Moreover, he ought to be very religious, temperate, and discreet, faithful in his trust, valiant in the field against the face of his enemy, and being besieged in ei∣ther Town or Fort, (for to preserve his honour) never give his consent for the yielding it up, until it be past hope, that there is no possibility to hold it out any longer.

Of a Serjeant-Major.

HIs duty is every morning and evening, or upon any other occasion, to attend upon the General, Martial of the Field, or Serjeant-Major-General of the Army, to receive his Orders how, or in what manner the Regiment shall march, whether in a single Battalion, or else in two, to be joined with others. After which he gives order accordingly unto the Captains how to draw up their Companies and orders them accordingly. At which time of embattelling or marching, he ought to be as near the midst of the Regiment as he can, for the better regulating of the same. He is to place all the Officers according to their Dignity where they are to lead, and where to bring up, and which men they shall take charge of to fight, causing the Drum-Major (after they are all drawn up) and the other Drummers to beat a March, and to move all at one instant, as occasion shall require. He ought to make all the Divisions as near equally alike as possible he can. He must like∣wise be well verst in the several drawing up of Regiments, with their various forms of Battail, that according to the condition of the place, ground, number of men, and Orders received from the Major-General, or Majors of the Brigades, he may not shew himself a Novice, or one that is to seek: nor ought he to go dul∣ly or slothfully upon his charge or place, but to be very ready, quick, and nim∣bly performing with much ease and readiness his Battalions and grand Divisions. In their drawings up he may be permitted to have Pen, Ink, and Paper for to take an accompt of the several strengths of the Captains Companies, and to or∣der his men accordingly, and ought to give unto all the Officers of the Regi∣ment notes in writing of their several charges and places. In time of fight, or otherwise marching with the Regiment, he is to be on horse-back, in regard he is the eyes, hands, and feet thereof: in time of Battail he is to see every Officer to perform his charge, and Souldier his duty, forcing and compelling them for∣ward, if in case they turn their backs. He is also to distribute to the Captains and other Officers such Orders as he shall receive from his Colonel or other Superior Officer. In marching with the Regiment, not alone, but with the Army, he must know from the General, Martial, or Major-General, whether the Regiment be to march in the Van-guard, Battail, or Reer. He ought to have some knowledge or information of the Country, whether it be long or streight, thereby judging how to order his marching so, as he may not be disturbed by the enemies Horse, or Artillery. Being troubled with Baggage, if there be any difficult passage, he ought to be there present to prevent such disorders as may happen; giving di∣rections for their placing and marching, as they may not be any hinderance to

the Regiment, putting them in order again before the Regiment shall enter into their Quarters; at which time he may give license to the Captains and their En∣signs to take their lodgings, excepting only those who are appointed for Guar∣dians, who must enter the Corps du guard, and place their Sentinels until such time as they shall be relieved by others.

Now if a Regiment be to be quartered or lodged either in the Field, or under shelter; if in the Field, he must cause it to be barracado'd, or intrenched by the Waggons, or other defences of the Field; after which he is to place his Corps du guard round about the Quarters, and the Sentinels at so near a distance, that they may hear one the other speak, being about 80, or 100 paces off from the Corps du guard, being placed double, a Pike and a Musket; and five paces from them, other single Sentinels are to be placed, which are called Perdues. And in case of Alarm, the Sentinel Perdue shall retreat to the double Sentinel; and in case of necessity, all together, having given fire, are to retreat to the Corps du guard. He must likewise at divers hours of the night visit the Corps du guard, and if an Alarm be given in the Field, he is to betake himself to the Alarm-place of the Re∣giment, and there to form his Battalion, and to send men to double the Guards on that part where the Alarm was given, and to give notice thereof to his Colonel, or other Superior Officer, if they be present, of what passeth. The Ensigns ought not to retreat, unless their Colonel or he give leave: no Order at any time ought to be altered, but by him, in respect he giveth none but such as he receiveth from the Colonel. It is his duty to speak for Ammunition, as Powder, Bullets, Match; and for Victuals, if there shall be any want in the Regiment, which provisions ought to be delivered unto him, and he to see it equally distributed unto the Com∣panies according unto the proportion given out. And likewise he is to give Order what proportion or number of workmen, or commanded men, shall be drawn forth to work.

If under shelter, then he is to view the place, both within and without, appoint∣ing the places for the Corps du guards and Sentinels, and the way of the Roun∣ders, that it be free. It will be expedient for him to chuse the Alarm-place, whi∣ther the Companies upon the Alarum given are to repair, being the Rendezvous for the whole Regiment; being careful to place sufficient Guards, both upon the Walls, and about the Gates, for their more security. Which being ended, he may give leave to the Captains to go to their Lodgings, and several Quarters, there to remain until they shall be called upon Duties; for the due performance whereof, he is to cause them to cast Lots, whereby they may know what part of the Walls may fall to their turn. He is to command the Captains to enter the Guards about ten or eleven a clock in the morning; he is likewise to open and shut the Gates, at the rising or setting of the Sun, and to place the Watches up∣on the Walls presently upon the shutting of the Gates, and to relieve them upon the opening thereof.

And as he doth receive his directions for marching, imbattelling, viewing of ground, and placing of Guards, from the Serjeant-Major-General, or Serjeant-Major of that Brigade: so he is to deliver them over to the Captains and Officers of that Regiment, and to call upon them to whom it appertains, to see them duly executed. In the presence of his Colonel, and Lieutenant-Colonel, he is to be an assistant unto them, in seeing all orders and directions duly performed; and in their absence, he hath the same authority and command as they. He ought after he hath received the Word and Orders from the Serjeant-Major-General, or Serjeant-Major of the Brigade, he presently delivers them to his Colonel and Lieutenant-Colonel; and afterwards to the Serjeants of every Company, drawn in a Ring, according to the Seniority of their Captains, which are to come, and attend upon him for the same. In the absence of his Superiour Of∣ficers, he giveth the Word himself; every night he is to visit all the Guards of the Regiment, commanding them duly to keep the turns of their Watches and Marches, seeing that one Captains Company perform not more duty than ano∣ther, to the end, that both the honour and labour may be equally divided among

so he may exercise the whole Regiment, being thereunto required by his Colonel, or Lieut. Colonel, in all their Distances, Facings, Doublings, Wheelings, and False fi∣rings; or in their absence, of himself he hath full power so to do. To conclude, he ought to be well grounded in all Military Affairs, and to be both wise and va∣liant.

Of a Lieutenant-Colonel.

HE that is a Lieutenant-Colonel to a Regiment, hath a very honourable place, having power and command over all the Regiment in the absence of his Co∣lonel, and may also at such time exercise the Regiment in all the Military Moti∣ons, and is to lead the Regiment upon the head thereof: but when his Colonel is present, he bringeth up the Reer, if they march in one Division; but if in two, in some places he leadeth the second, as his Colonel doth the first; or if in three, as formerly is shewen, he commands the Van-guard, the Colonel the Battail, and the Major the Reer-guard. His place is not of so great pains and toyl as the Ma∣jors is; therefore he ought in the drawing up of the Regiment to be helpful and assisting unto him in that particular, and in all others where he shall think fit. To conclude, the greatest affairs of the Regiment being carried forth by the Ma∣jor, there is the less remaining to be spoken concerning him, but that he see all things duly observed throughout the Regiment, according unto such orders re∣ceived from those which are above him.

Of a Colonel.

IT concerneth every Colonel to take care that his Companies be full and com∣pleat (if it may be) that they be well provided of Arms, and to take cognizance what Exercises are continually performed by them, communicating Orders, and commanding all Officers of his Regiment what is to be performed by each Com∣pany respectively, whensoever they shall happen to be upon their March.

In the Head of his Regiment is his most honourable and proper place, and there he ought to be most frequent. He is to be subservient to the Lord General, Lord Martial, and Serjeant-Major-General of the Field, to whom he is to pay like re∣spect and observance as he himself expecteth, (and that justly) from all inferiors to him. For from those his superior Officers, by him are received in charge all such Orders as refer to the place of Alarms, Marchings, Imbattellings, Guards, or Convoys. Furthermore, it is requisite that every Colonel should acquaint himself at least once every week, how and in what manner the Souldiers of his Regiment have deported themselves in their several Quarters, by a due and strict examina∣tion of the qualities of all such offences as have occurred, and been committed by the several and Distinct Souldiers under his command, hereby preparing every several misdemeanor for a readier hearing before a Council of War, or Court-Martial; and this is easily effected by convening the Captains, or other Officers under them, at such convenient times as may suit with his occasions; every Co∣lonel being bound to make his appearance at each Council of War, as Assistant to the Lord Martial, and President of the said Council, for the hearing and deter∣mining of all such propositions and matters in question relating to the Army.

In all matters of Advice and Counsel, but more especially when any Stratagem, Siege, or intended Battail is in agitation to be put in action, the Colonel ever as one of the primary Field-Officers is summoned to consult with the General, and with all freedom to deliver his opinion in all things that shall be there discussed, for the best advantage (as he shall conceive) for the designs in hand, how weighty and important soever, and to be ready to go upon any such service as shall be cast into his charge to be executed by the major part of the said Council, and to express his obedience to his General, although it be a service that correspond not with his own opinion at the first, but being cleared by the larger number to be more conducing to the good of the Design, couragiously to undertake it, and faithfully to perform it.

In the quartering of his own Regiment, which is always ordered for Quarter in two grand Divisions, regard is to be had that his own Lodgings be ever taken up in the most equal place between his grand Divisions, that so he may with more facility and celerity dispense and import his commands to either Party.

What commands soever shall descend unto him in charge from his superior Offi∣cers, as relating to the Guards, disposing of Marchings, appointing Imbattellings, ordering of Quarters, &c. he is carefully to see executed. He must do justice unto all without partiality, so far as he exceed not his proper Authority, & at all times to be diligent in suppressing of Mutinies, even in their first growth, by a discreet pu∣nishment of the principal offenders, for prevention of further mischief and in∣convenience.

Of Guides.

MAps, with the right use and knowledge of them, are great helps towards the finding out of the best and most convenient ways. Skilful and expert Inha∣bitants of the Countrey, are most proper to be elected for Guides; and it is ne∣cessary, for their better encouragement, and the Armies sudden and necessary use of them, to have them listed in Souldiers pay. For the finding out of the fittest and ablest persons for this employment, it is most especially the duty of the Waggon-Masters, who are to see and enquire certainly, that they be men known and practi∣sed in all possible By-paths, Cross-ways, &c. That they be able to give an accompt of the distance of places, of the evenness and straightness of them, whether they be plain or crooked, hilly or stony, and difficult for passage; what Rivers, Hedges, Ditches and Bridges lye in the way, and which way (if there shall be several ways) is the safest and shortest, which the nearer or farther to or from the Enemies Quarters, which more probable for their approaches, as likewise for Quarter; what Forrage, what Water is to be had, and how convenient the way is for Bag∣gage. If it shall happen that these Guides may be chosen partly out of the Soul∣diers, and partly from the Country-men, and so any scrumple, jar, or difference happen in opinion, such Officers and others as are best skill'd in those parts and places, are either to reconcile the difference, or from the most probable intelli∣gence, to conclude upon the most convenient passages. In respect of the danger and great hazards, if not utter ruine, that the Guides sometimes do, and often may draw the Souldiers into by treachery and false play, they are many times caused to ride haltered about the neck, to put them in mind of capital punish∣ment, if they shall mislead the party they guide; but in case they discharge their trust faithfully and ably, they ought to be as well rewarded for their encourage∣ment, as otherwise to be punished for the terrour of others.

Of Scouts.

AN active Enemy is always watchful, and diligent to apprehend every oppor∣tunity that may make for his advantage, and therefore it concerns every Commander by way of Counter-mine, as it were, to be careful that he rightly and fully inform himself of their ways and courses, for prevention of his own danger, in case of sudden assaults, and the better infesting of his enemy. And to this end, he must make choice of such as are approved for their valour and fidelity, discre∣tion and vigilancy, not probable to be corrupted with gain, or daunted through fear. These men are not only to take direct, plain, or high ways, but also by pri∣vate and unsuspected passages, and scouring as they scout all places whatsoever that are accessible; and when they have made diligent observation in all places, to inform of nothing but what they can give the ocular proof of, lest by their errour and mistake, the whole Army possibly may be led into an irreparable ruine; and whosoever is the Conduct or Officer of these Scouts (for one, and an able one they must have always with them) must be exceeding careful of his reputation, that he inform of nothing more then what he can justifie from his own eyes or ears; and if he inform further, to inform them also, that that information is but from report, that it may be considered of accordingly, and his repute preserved intire.

Of Spies.

OF all men, these are at all times necessary for an Army, and in all Armies of all men they will deserve to be most certainly & liberally rewarded, to the intent that they may at all times cheerfully and faithfully undertake any imployment of the greatest trust, hazard, or danger. And he that will make choice of able and trusty men in this kind, must after diligent observation, and weighing of their dispositions

and courage, select them out of his own Souldiers, who under pretence of some discontent for want of pay, &c. may thereby with less suspition receive entertain∣ment from the enemy, and (if it be possible) to be listed with the Horse, whereby they may gain the fairer opportunities in Field or Garrison, to give certain in∣telligence of all Designs and Occurrences in the enemies Quarters.

Before their departure from you, let them take their several instructions (for the more you have, the better, if they be design'd for several places, and unknown un∣to each other) both for times & places of conveyance, which places must be strictly observed, & duly searched for such informations, as your Spies shall convey thither; and thither let your answers & advices be reconveyed for their further instruction.

Sometimes there may arise matters of such importance and consequence, that it will not only be convenient to certifie by Letter, but most necessary to make ap∣pearance in person, and there to consult and advise together, if perhaps the ene∣my shall be resolved to fall upon some of the opposite Quarters suddainly, &c.

For Cursary Spies, and present Intelligence, the people of meanest rank and quality are the fittest Instruments; as common Peasants, Pedlars, Sellers of Strong∣waters, or Tobacco, and the like, who may pass unsuspected, and with more se∣curity effect your purpose.

There are yet another sort of Spies of another nature, who are denominated dou∣ble, who being chosen to this Office upon great experience of their trust and con∣stancy, may in some cases be allowed to inform the enemy aright, in some such affairs of yours, as may not be prejudicial to you, but to insinuate and win belief upon the contrary party; and hereupon let them secure themselves into the pri∣vate service of some of their Prime Officers, whence they shall (as being better ac∣quainted) more easily discover, and more certainly inform of the enemies procee∣dings and intentions.