Military instructions for the cavallrie, or, Rules and directions for the service of horse collected out of divers forrein authours, ancient and modern, and rectified and supplied according to the present practice of the Low-Countrey warres.

MILITARIE INSTRƲCTIONS for the CAVALLRIE. The first Part.

THE ARGUMENT.

CAVALLRIE, so called ofa 1.1 Cavallo, (which in the Italian and Spa∣nish signifieth a horse) is worthily esteemed a most noble and necessary part of the militarie profession: which being the subject of my discourse, it may be reduced to these foure heads.

• b 1.21 The levying of men,
• 2 Their marching,
• 3 Their encamping,
• 4 Their embattelling.

In the levying of men, there be two things considerable; 1. The election of officers. 2. The election of souldiers. Concerning the officers, they may be considered, 1. In generall, 2. In particular.

CHAP. I. Of officers in generall.

AS in politique government, so in this militarie profession, every man by a naturall impres∣sion is ready to conceive himself to be fit to command and govern others, though he never knew how to obey; whereas in every mechanicall trade or manufacture, an apprenticehood is first passed in the learning of it, before it be professed and exercised. In this profession of arms (c 1.3 an art obtained with greatest difficulty, and practised with most danger) men would be Captains be∣fore they be souldiers. And hereof the chief cause is ignorance, the fruitfull mother of all errours. For surely, if their end and aim were honour, and they knew how frail and mutable the estate of a souldier is; and that in a moment a man may lose all the reputation obtained by many years industrie; (d 1.4 the errours in warre admitting no amendment, as in other professions; but carry∣ing their present punishment with them) and had they seen many shamefully chased from the ar∣my, and proclaimed infamous; and others passe through the hands of the hangman; they would (doubtlesse) strive with much industry and diligence to enable themselves, before they came to undertake the exercise of so dangerous an employment. And they are not a little mistaken, which think theire 1.5 birth a sufficient pretence to places of honour, without any qualification or merit; there being other things more reall and essentiallf 1.6 required in an officer; namely, Knowledge, experience, valour, dexteritie, &c.

To be under command for a time, depresseth those vehement passions which nature exciteth, especially in young men, which would be very dangerous in a chief or commander. Moreover, it accustometh a man to danger, andg 1.7 maketh him couragious; so as being suddainly assailed, he can recollect himself without astonishment; a most necessary thing in a commander. Adde to this, that by using himself to travell and labour, watching, hunger, thirst, rain, and frost; and byh 1.8 an orderly ascent (by degrees) from a Corporall to a Quartermaster, from thence to a Cornet, and so to a Lieutenant, he prepareth himself for a Captains charge. He learneth the trick of en∣tertaining his souldiers, and to keep them in good affection and reverence towards him. He knows their severall dispositions and sufficiencies, and accordingly entrusteth them with employments. Honour must be his chief end; to attain which, he must be very vigilant not to losei 1.9 any occasi∣on of any brave exploit: by which means he will be alwayes observing his enemy, studying how to prevent him or endammage him; alwayes bearing in mind this maxime, That in warre no great or remarkable matter can be effected without danger and diligence. To this end, let him be sure to take heed that hek 1.10 trust not too much to his own judgement and valour, without ac∣quainting his officers with his counsels. And let him so know the severall inclinations and sufficien∣cies of his souldiers, as to take particular notice of such as deserve well, and to reward them accord∣ingly; and to rid himself of base and debauched fellows and cowards.

He must alwayes aspire (in way ofl 1.11 virtuous emulation) to higher degrees of honour.m 1.12 Cove∣tousnesse

he must hate; for nothing will better continue his souldiers good affections towards him then liberalitie. Gaming he must detest.n 1.13 In stead of costly apparell, let him delight in good arms and horses; wherein oftentimes both his life and honour consisteth. He must be continent and so∣ber, not given to luxurie noro 1.14 drunkennesse, but alwayes be as a good example to his souldiers: for otherwise he cannot have that requisite libertie to chastise them for those vices Which his own con∣science will accuse himself to be guiltie of.

Above all, let him set before his eyes (as the originall and foundation of all perfection) the fear of God; carrying himself (so farre as may be) internally and externally inculpable. For the horrour of a guiltie conscience, and the imminent danger and apprehension of death meeting together, take away all courage and valour. And thus having reformed himself, he shall the more easily reform his souldiers, and make them fit for every honourable enterprise.

CHAP. II. Of Officers in particular. Of the Generall of horse.

TOuching the particular officers, thep 1.15 Generall of the horse, as being one of the principall Chiefs of an armie, must be a souldier of extraordinary experience and valour; having in charge the nerve of the principall forces, and on whom the good successe of many designes and actions dependeth, as being most usually executed by the Cavallrie, especially in battels: where the charging of the enemie in good order usually giveth victorie; and contrarywise, theq 1.16 disorders of the Cavallrie often disturb and disband the whole armie. The Generall of the horse was wont to supplie the place of Lieutenant Generall of the army, and in the Lord Generalls absence to command the whole armie. True it is, that the Lord Marshall, forasmuch as he giveth the orders, used to have some superioritie of command, according to the opinions of some; whence it cometh that the Lord Generall, absenting himself from the armie, used to take along with him either the Generall of horse, or the Lord Marshall, to avoid the occasions of competition. It is his office to take particular notice not onely of the Captains and officers, but also of those private souldiers which are carefull and punctuall in their service,r 1.17 rewarding ands 1.18 honouring them in publick when they perform some signall act, and advancing them to offices without partialitie. On the other side,t 1.19 he must chastise delinquents, and such as are wanting in their endeavours: by which means he shall be reverenced and loved of good men, and feared of such as are bad. It belongeth to his care, that the Cavallrie be in good equipage, and fitted with all necessaries requisite: And that the companies (being to march) be provided of nags; without which the souldiers can hardly preserve their horse of service, by reason that with them they must go to forrage (for want of bi∣dets or nags) after their march, and presently enter into guard in the armie or quarter, without any rest to refresh their horses. He is not to suffer the Captains either to make officers, or to ab∣sent themselves from their companies, without his leave and approbation. He hath his officers apart, and in that which concerneth the Cavallrie, neither the Lord Marshall, nor Lord Gene∣rall himself useth to dispose of any thing without his advice. If he passe among the quarters of Cavallrie, or Infanterie, his trumpets are to sound; but not where the Lord Generall lodgeth, or where he is in person. When he commandeth in the armie (in absence of the Lord Generall) upon occasion of fight, his place is in the battel, that he may be able to give order to all. He hath usually a companie (heretofore of lances) to lodge with him, and to serve him as his guard; ha∣ving usually six souldiers or more of his companie attending on him.u 1.20 He should not resolve upon any enterprise, unlesse he first consider seriously of all that might happen; that so, propounding to himself greater difficulties in the action, then in effect they be, he may prepare remedies surpas∣sing all the said difficulties: it being a benefit not to be expressed, to be able tox 1.21 foresee (with good judgement) those things which might succeed in the uncertain and variable accidents of warre. Especially he must bey 1.22 ready in execution: for suppose a determination never so well grounded, yet it may prove vain and hurtfull, if it be not executed with requisite promptitude.

CHAP. III. Of the Lieutenant Generall of horse.

THe charge of the Lieutenant Generall of the horse hath ever been held of very great impor∣tance; and therefore must be supplied by a person of great experience and valour; one that must be very carefull and diligent, because he usually marcheth and lodgeth with the Cavallrie. For which cause he ought to be well versed in the opportunitie of the wayes, upon occasion of meeting the enemie in marching.

a 1.23He must alwayes have his thoughts busied about the motions of the enemie, discoursing with himself from what part they might shew themselves, with what number of men, whether with Infanterie or not, in how many houres they might come upon him from their armie or garrison, and whether they might present themselves in a place of advantage; that so it might be prevented, as need should require.

He must also advisedly choose commodious places for the quarters or lodgings, providing good guards, causing the highwayes to be scoured or discovered, placing men on those passages where the enemie might make head, not neglecting to send out rounders, and omitting no diligence to secure the quarter in which the Cavallrie findeth it self exposed to greater dangers then can befall it any other way, especially being lodged without Infanterie.

He must also procure to have spies, not onely in the enemies armie, but also upon their fron∣tiers, to penetrate their designes and intentions, omitting no inventions which may stand him in stead to avoid inconveniences; knowing that diligence is the mother of good fortune.b 1.24 His parti∣cular care is to see that the Captains wrong not their souldiers, that they keep their companies in good state and well armed, and that themselves and their officers do their endeavours, and observe good order and discipline.

Towards the souldiers he must be no lesse affable, and ready to heare them willingly in their just complaints, and to help them in their necessities, then rigorous in punishing.

He should also (himself being free from covetousnesse) give order to others to use noc 1.25 extortion, whereby the countrey is ruined, and the souldier made odious, to the prejudice of the Prince his ser∣vice; it being evident that too great a liberty of the souldiers produceth nothing but very bad effects.

Upon divers occasions of sending a good part of the Cavallrie to divers places, the charge is gi∣ven to the Lieutenant Generall; not onely of the horse, but also of the foot which accompanie them, according to the occurrences: for which cause he must also know how to command the In∣fanterie.

In absence of the Generall the whole weight resteth upon him; and to him are the orders sent from the Lord Generall or Lord Marshall, and to him (as Chief) reports are made of all the oc∣currences of the Cavallrie.

He may sequester a Captain from his companie, upon just cause and demerit; but cannot re∣store him without order from the Generall, who first gives notice thereof to the Lord Generall.

He was wont to have a companie of lances, which usually were lodged near his person; where∣of foure souldiers alwayes attend him. When he passeth by the quarters of Cavallrie the trum∣pets sound, but not in the Generalls quarter, or where he is. When the Generall of horse com∣mandeth the whole armie, and therefore takes his place (in fight) in the battel, the Lieutenant Generall placeth himself in the vanguard of the Cavallry, where otherwise the Generall useth to be.

CHAP. IIII. Of the Commissarie Generall.

THe Commissarie Generall commandeth in the absence of the Lieutenant Generall, and there∣fore must be a man of great experience. This charge was first instituted by Don Ferrand de Gonzagua, afterward continued by the Duke of Alva, and confirmed by the Duke of Parma, and so remained. He must be vigilant, and carefull to appease dissentions which grow among the souldiers, as he which dealeth most with them. He is to send and distribute the orders, and keepa 1.26 record of the lists of the guards, convoyes, and other services. He is to go every evening to receive the orders and the word; and having given it to the Generall and Lieutenant Generall, he is to give it to the Quartermaster Generall, that he may distribute it. Sometime he hath a com∣panie of harquebusiers given him, in acknowledgement of his merit, not as annexed to his place. In all actions he is of singular use, entrusted especially with the execution of the orders. In ap∣pointing the lodgings, or places in severall exploits, he must be free from partialitie; and such as at this time have cause of discontent, he must make amends the next; that so they may see it was of necessitie, not of partialitie. His place is of very great use and importance, as will appear throughout this discourse.

CHAP. V. Of the Quartermaster Generall.

THe Quartermaster Generall must be a man of great dexteritie and diligence, and well expe∣rienced in Cavallrie.a 1.27 It is his office to appoint the lodgings or quarterings; wherefore he must well know the countrey, the villages and places, where to place the corps-du-gards, and sen∣tinells, and what wayes must be scoured. He is to keep a list of the guards, convoyes, cavalcadoes (or exploits by horse) &c. He must visit the guards and sentinells by day and night, and must

shew the allarm-place to the particular Quartermasters, when they go to him in the evening to re∣ceive the word. He must (byb 1.28 maps or otherwise) be well informed of the countrey, knowing the qualitie and bignesse of every village, and their distance one from another, obtaining from the Marshall of the field some one of the countrey to inform him. He must be true in his reports, and if any order (for haste) be given him by word of mouth, himself must go and deliver it, and not trust it to others. On the Spanish side, in the Low-countrey warres: the Quartermaster Ge∣nerall hath two assistants allowed him, to help to discharge the travells of his office; but on the States side that service is performed by the particular Quartermasters.

CHAP. VI. Of the Captain.

SInce that thea 1.29 Captains places have been disposed of by the Prince (as the Captains in Flan∣ders are appointed at the Court of Spain) there are grown these two inconveniences upon it. First, young and unexperienced gentlemen are made Captains. Secondly, many good souldiers are lost, which seeing their hopes of advancement by degrees and merit cut off, abandon the service. Whereas the charge of a Captain of horse is of so great importance and qualitie in the army, as it should not be given to any, but to men of singular valour and experience: for often it falleth out, that of themselves, without orders or counsel of any other (as occasion requireth) they must exe∣cute services of great weight and consequence.b 1.30 He must be vigilant, sober, continent, modest in his apparell, curious to have good horses and arms, thereby to give example to his souldiers, and to see them punctuall in their service, and exactly observant of discipline; for their excursions and extortions cannot be remedied, unlesse the Captain keep them in order: wherein if he be negligent, he looseth his reputation with his superiours. If he be covetous or given to gaming, he is ready to be drawn to lay hands (oftentimes) on the pay due to the souldiers; whereby he also overthrow∣eth his reputation and credit. A covetous desire of riches should not enter into a generous heart. He must diligently and punctually observe the orders which shall be given or sent him from his su∣periours, and be in the place at the appointed houre with his companie, and others under his charge. On all occasions he must be first on horseback, and keep his company full and compleat. He must alwayes strive by desert to advance himself to higher places, alwayes studying how to en∣dammage his enemy; to this end he ought often toc 1.31 consult with his best experienced souldiers. He must endeavour to know every one of his souldiers by theird 1.32 names, that so he may distinctly name them upon occasion of employment; it being an encouragement to them to be known by name of their Captain. Whatsoever should befall, he muste 1.33 take heed of discovering any fear, on whose courage and countenance the souldiers depend, and must alwayes shew a good resolution in the orders which he shall give, without confounding himself; knowing that there is no place for counsel in him, who hath his discourse of reason seazed by fear. He mustf 1.34 cherish his well deser∣ving souldiers, and cashiere the contrary; and it must be his care to have one or more of his souldi∣ers wellg 1.35 skilled in the wayes of the countrey, to serve him as guides: (because the boots are nei∣ther alwayes at hand, nor alwayes to be trusted) and to such he is to give some allowance extraor∣dinary. Out of his company he is to choose his Lieutenants, Cornets, &c. weighing onely every ones merit, without any passion; whereby he shall give content and encouragement to his souldi∣ers, and shall be sure not to be crossed by the Generall in the confirmation of the said officers.

The charge of the troops used to be given to the Captains of lances, as having a prerogative above other Captains of horse, or to the eldest Captain: yet the Chief ought to have regard to their sufficiency for command, and to give the charge to them that are ablest to perform it.

In absence of the Captains of lances (when they were in use) the Captains of cuirassiers comman∣ded; and in their absence, the Captains of harquebusiers. The Lieutenants observed the same rules.

CHAP. VII. Of the Lieutenant.

IT is necessary, that the Lieutenant of a troop of horse be a man of abilitie and experience, nou∣rished and educated in Cavallrie. To this office such were usually raised, which (for their de∣serts) had been Corporalls and Cornets.

a 1.36In the Captains absence he commandeth the company, upon whom usually all difficulties do rest; because (oft times) the companies are given to young gentlemen which want experience. He must be strict in seeing the souldiers do their service with all fitting punctualitie, and to have a care of their horses and arms.b 1.37 He alwayes marcheth in the rear of the companie, causing the souldiers to follow the Captain and Standard (or Cornet) in good order, well closed together, and to suffer none to depart from the troop. Upon occasion of fight he is still to be on the rear with his sword drawn, encouraging the souldiers, and killing any that shall offer to flie or disband: but in case of the Captains absence, he shall take the Captains place, appointing an officer to be in the rear. In the ordinary marching of the company, or passing by some place, or going to the

allarm-place, or to the parado, the Lieutenant must not take the Captains place, but march in the rear, because the lances and cuirassiers have their Cornets to lead them at the head of the company. Among the harquebusiers the Lieutenant was wont to take the Captains place, (according to Mel∣zo and Basta) because then they had noc 1.38 Cornets; but these last warres having given them Cor∣nets, the rule holdeth for them as for the lances and cuitassiers.

d 1.39 He must of necessitie be able to write and reade, because he keepeth the list of the names and sirnames of the souldiers of the companie; and by reason of orders or letters sent to him from his superiours, which he must not shew to others. He must know the sufficiencie of every souldier, and upon occasion make use of them accordingly.

The company going to the guard in any place, and approching near it, the Lieutenant goeth be∣fore to take notice of the Corps-du-guard, and speaking with the Lieutenant of the company which is to change, informeth himself by him of the place, of the sentinells for day and night, what wayes he must scoure, and of all other things requisite. He must himself go and place the sentinells, visiting them often, and using all diligence, keeping himself alwayes armed, (at least with the breast and cask) and his horse bridled, when he hath the guard.

The company being lodged in some village, he must cause the billets to be signed by the Quar∣termaster of his company, to be distributed to the souldiers before the Cornets lodging, where the Alto is made to attend the said billets; that so (in case of an allarm) the souldiers may know where to assemble together at their Cornet.

If they stay longer then a day in one place, the Lieutenant is to visit the houses, to see good rule kept by the souldiers; and being to march away, to command them carefully to put out their fires. Going to be lodged in a town or fort, there to keep their garrison, the Lieutenant must accommo∣date their lodgings according to their degrees and deserts. And wheresoever they lodge longer then a day, he must write the names of the souldiers on the said billets, and keep a register of them; that so upon any complaint of their hostes, it may be easily remedied, by the ready finding and punishing of the delinquents.

When the company is to march, and the trumpets sound to horse, hee 1.40 must be first ready and mounted, having care that all the souldiers immediately do the same. And if he find any lingering, either of lazinesse, or with a purpose to stay behind to pillage the houses, he must chastise them with all severity, for example to others. He must have knowledge of the countrey and wayes, be∣ing often sent upon exploits where the guides are not alwayes ready. If the company be charged by the enemy, the Lieutenant, with some of the best mounted souldiers, is to remain behind.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Cornet.

THe Cornet of horse must be couragious. In absence of the Captain and Lieutenant he com∣mandeth the company. His place of march is in the front, before the first rank, yet behinde the Captain. In fight, the Cornet of lances used to march even with the Captain, upon his left hand; and charging with him, strove to break the standard upon his enemy; which being so bro∣ken and falling to the ground,a 1.41 he was not to regard to get it up again (especially not to alight for it.) If he were to charge a flying enemy (whether horse or foot) he was also to assay to break his standard.

The Cornet of cuirassiers in march hath his place at the head of the company, and also present∣eth himself in the allarm-place; but in fight he is to be in the middle of the troop, leaving ⅔ parts of the souldiers behind him:b 1.42 those before him must be of the best armed, and most couragious. He must also keep a list of the company, to send so many to the guard as the Captain or Lieute∣nant shall appoint. Once a day, at the Lord Generalls first passing by the troop, he is to do obey∣sance, by inclining the cornet towards the ground.

CHAP. IX. Of the particular Quartermasters.

THea 1.43 particular Quartermasters should be men so qualified, as reasonably they might pretend the Cornet, and (in absence of the Cornet) might command the company. When all the companies are lodged together, they accompany the Quartermaster Generall in making the quar∣ters: but being to be lodged in severall places (as often it happeneth) some accompany the Lieute∣nant Generall, others the Commissary Generall. Where a Captain commandeth the quarter, the particular Quartermaster of that respective company maketh the quarter. There is much fidelity required in them, in consideration of distributing the word, and the billets. They use also to di∣stribute the souldiers pay, in the King of Spains warres; but on the States side the clerks of the

company onely meddle with the souldiers pay, and account to their Captain; having a cuirassiers pay, and being exempted from bearing arms, or doing the duties of a souldier.

In going with the Quartermaster Generall to make the lodgings, the Quartermaster must be very diligent, taking with him one or two souldiers (such as the Lieutenant shall appoint him) which shall return to their company, and conduct them to their quarter.

CHAP. X. Of the Corporalls.

COrporalls are very usefull in a troop of horse. They must assist the Lieutenant in placing the sentinells, when the souldiers of their particular squadron are to perform that service.

The harquebusiers are usually sent to discover or scoure the high-wayes, and to be forerunners or scouts, under the charge of one of their Corporalls;a 1.44 for which respects he must be a man of experience. Some passage or place of importance being to be guarded, a Corporall is sent thither with his squadron. He must be able to write and reade, keeping a list of his squadron. The Ca∣ptain alloweth him half a place of forrage, and a share of 10. per cent.

CHAP. XI. Of the Trumpeters.

IT is not enough that a Trumpeter know how (exactly) to sound all the severall sounds of the trumpet, but he must also be discreet and judicious; not onely to be fit to deliver embassies and messages as they ought, but (at his return) toa 1.45 report what he hath observed concerning the ene∣mies works and guards, and what he hath further gathered and spied. To do this, he must be wit∣tie and subtile, knowing how to invent and affirm things which are not, artificially concealing whatsoever passeth among those of his own side. He must sound theb 1.46 boutezselle precisely at the houre appointed him; and when the Cornet giveth him the list of the guards, he must signifie it unto them. One Trumpeter must alwayes lodge with the Cornet, to whom the Captain is to give means for his entertainment. He must alwayes have his trumpet about him, to have it ready at a sudden allarm.

CHAP. XII. Of the Auditor.

ON the Spanish side in the Low-countreys, the Cavallrie have an Auditor by themselves; who must be a man of great integritie, well seen in the laws, and of great practice. In the absence or the Auditor Generall, he supplieth his place. He heareth and judgeth the causes of the Cavall∣rie, and maketh report of all that passeth to the Generall, or the Lieutenant Generall in his ab∣sence; without whose order he cannot execute any of his sentences. The Cavallrie lying in garri∣son, he condemneth not to death, without reporting first to the Lord Generall and Auditor Gene∣rall. He is to keep near the person of the Generall or Lieutenant Generall, who are to see him duely respected. He is to take notice of the prices of victuall which are brought to the quarter of horse, that they be sold at a reasonable rate; and to see that the victuallers suffer no extortion by the Provost Marshall or his officers.

But in the States army, the horse and foot have but one Auditor or Fiscall Generall; who pas∣seth no sentence himself, but that is done by thea 1.47 Councel of Warre, wherein every Captain hath a voice.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Provost Marshall.

OF all things in the charge of the Provost Marshall, his principall care must be about the vi∣ctualls. He must be an honest man, and content with his fees. He is to look to the weights and measures and to guard the victuallers (or sutlers) from insolencies. Himself or some of his men must alwayes be in the market-place, or where the victualls are sold; and he is to inform him∣self where and at what price the sutlers buy their victuall, that the Commissarie and Auditor may tax them accordingly. He must cause the orders to be strictly observed which shall be published in the horse-quarters: and those quarters must he purge of rogues and thieves. He must alwayes car∣ry his staffe or truncheon in his hand, (the badge of his office) and having the same,a 1.48 it is death

for any souldier any way to lay hands on him. If he be to take a prisoner, he must not enter the quarter without leave of the Chief, but the Chief is to cause the delinquent to be delivered to him. But if the offence be hainous, so as the delinquent is like to run away for it, he may (of his own authority) enter any quarter; but not carry the prisoner away without license of the Chief of that quarter. In marching, he is to clear the by-wayes of straggling souldiers, to prevent them of pilla∣ging.

Some make it part of his charge to provide guides, and to have regard to the baggage, both for the placing of it in the quarter, as also for the safetie of it; to that end sending one of his men be∣fore, with the Quartermaster Generall, by whom the baggage may be conducted to the place assi∣gned. But this more properly belongeth to the office and charge of the Waggon-master.

CHAP. XIIII. Of Souldiers in generall. Of the corruption of the Cavallrie.

SOuldiers take their name from the Dutchword Soldye, which signifieth pay or stipend; profit being one of the ends why men undertake the military profession, and honour not the onelya 1.49 (though the chiefest) of their aims. And therefore they which were of opinion, that the way to reform the Militia of Flanders, was to redouble the labours of the souldiers and shorten their pay, were much mistaken. And it will rather be found, that the scanting of the souldiers profits, and increasing their toil, procured the corruption of their Cavallrie. The honest profit of a souldier may be twofold. 1. Ordinary, which is set pay. 2. Extraordinary, which are rewards for speciall meriting services; and these are joyned with honour.

Among the Romanes,b 1.50 the Legionary souldiers had allowance of pay, corn, and apparrell, by a decree of the Senate 349. yeares after the building of the city; having till that time served with∣out pay, but not without many profits, and having all necessaries provided them of the publick. A horse-mans pay was then a drachma or denarius a day (of our money about 7. pence halfpeny.) In Cesars time it was doubled, (asc 1.51 Suetonius testifieth) and Augustus augmented it to three de∣narii a day. They had theird 1.52 apparell allowed them of the publick, and corn; namely, wheat for themselves and attendants, and barley and oats for their horses,e 1.53 being two medimni of wheat, and seven of barley and oats a moneth (the medimnus being about a bushel and an half of our measure.) They had also their shares of booties, which were very large and ample. Besides, for extraordinary rewards, they had oftentimesf 1.54 assignments of land, of inheritance, & houses also; suf∣ficient to maintain them without using any trades. Moreover they had rewards in money. At the triumph ofg 1.55 Pompey out of Asia, every private souldier had 1500. drachmas, (of our money 46. pounds 3. shillings 9. pence) and the officers in proportion. And shortly after, at the triumph ofh 1.56 Cesar, every souldier had 5000. drachmas, (which is 156. pounds 5. shillings) &c. Furthermore,i 1.57 they had many kinds of honourable rewards for signall acts, and those bestowed in great pomp at publick assemblies of all the Commanders, by the Imperatour (or Generall) himself, and a record kept of those services. These rewards were of many kinds; as severall sorts of arms, horses, rich trappings, jewels, golden bracelets, &c. Besides, their severall sorts of crowns, as theirk 1.58 Corona civica, obsidionalis, muralis, castrensis, vallaris, navalis, &c. which crowns were put upon their heads in great state and solemnitie by the Generall. These they wore upon all publick occasions; as at playes, in triumphs, in judgement, &c.l 1.59 for their military profession made them the more ca∣pable (afterwards) of offices in the administration of the Common-wealth.

If but such profits and encouragements were given to souldiers in these dayes, it were easie to keep them in good order and discipline. But what ism 1.60 seven Phillips dallers (35. shillings English) a moneth for a horse-man, to maintain himself, his boy, and two horses, and that but ill paid? whence shall he have means to provide himself apparell? and if his horse fail, how shall he be able to buy another? And whereas a horse-man at the time when this pay was first ordered, could put himself inn 1.61 sufficient equipage for 20. or 25. Phillips dallers (which is five pounds, or six pounds five shillings) now the price of all things is so raised, as he shall hardly accomplish it with 60, which is 15 pounds starling. As for extraordinary rewards they are very rare, offices usually be∣ing bestowed for favour, if not for money. So that good spirits and honest men (seeing their way ofo 1.62 advancement cut off, and considering that without pillaging and robbing they cannot live) give over the service. They which remain, infringing all discipline (many of them)p 1.63 fall to extortion and stealing: and if an officer shall punish them for it, he giveth occasion of mutinies.

CHAP. XV. How to reform the Cavallrie.

AS every Common-wealth is supported by reward and punishment, so to reform the Cavallrie (where there is need of reformation) there must be good laws, and good pay: for,a 1.64 to suffer a souldier to fall into want by not giving him competent maintenance, maketh him forget obedi∣ence and discipline. It were therefore better to diminish theirb 1.65 number then their profits: That done, they may easily be brought to a strict observation of discipline and obedience. The laws and articles which ought to be propounded unto them, should comprise all that is to be observed in mi∣litary discipline: for brevitie sake (presupposing all good orders about the service of God, the severe chastising of blasphemers, the strict forbidding of gaming (as the occasion of waste of money, and begetting quarrels) and such like morall institutions) it shall here suffice to touch upon some few of the most necessary for the Cavallrie,

1c 1.66 That no Captain receive any souldiers of another company, or make any officers, without approbation of the Generall; to the end he may take notice of the quality of the person. And that such souldiers as are disabled to undergo the labour of the warre, through age, be removed to some castle, &c. and be provided of some competencie, out of dead payes, or otherwise.

2 That, to avoid thed 1.67 trouble of much baggage, which much slackeneth the motion of the Ca∣vallrie, no man carrie ae 1.68 woman into the field. That no souldier have above one horse of service for his baggage, unlesse some person of qualitie, with whom the Commissarie Generall may dis∣pense. And that no officer of a companie have a waggon, but onely the Captain, and he to have onely one.

3 That rewards and honourable recompenses be established for souldiers of speciall desert, and punishments for sluggards: in particular, about attending the Cornet and obedience to the sound of the trumpet. And that such as forsake the standard (or cornet) whilest it is advanced, be pu∣nished with death. That in fight, when the trumpet soundeth a retreat,g 1.69 whosoever presently re∣tireth not, be punished with severitie. And that the Captain (as oft as the Cornet entereth the Corps-du-guard) himself enter with it, all excuses set aside.

4h 1.70 That the souldiers be kept from straggling here and there, and have the companies ready up∣on all occasions: the officers are bound not to absent themselves from their companies without leave of their superiours.i 1.71 And if any souldier depart without licence, he is to be punished with death.

5 That good order be observed about distribution of bootie; whereof shall be treated in the chapter following.

6k 1.72 That mutinies be prevented: and whosoever is found to have a hand in any, is to be pro∣claimed infamous, and perpetually banished.

7 To the end that these (and what other orders may be thought fitting) be duly observed, the authoritie of the Captain and other officers must be established and confirmed,f 1.73 as also that of the Provost Marshall, according to those rules before-mentioned in the office of the Provost Marshall.

CHAP. XVI. Of distributing bootie.

ALla 1.74 bootie (whether it be given by occasion of defeating the enemie, or going out upon par∣ties, &c.) is free to them that take it, whether they be prisoners, or any thing else, the Lord Generall being in the field. But otherwise, it is to be shared among them that were employed in the action.

One part is for the Infanterie, and two for the Cavallrie: and it is death to him that shall let go any prisoner, or horse, or other bootie, or shall use any fraud whatsoever: and they that shall not discover it (knowing of any such deceit) shall loose their shares. The Captains, being present at the taking of bootie, use to have five shares, and two for two pages. The Lieutenants three, and the Cornets two, and either of them one for a page. But of later times the Captains take ten parts, the Lieutenants six, the Cornets foure, according to the places which they have in forage.

The bootie being reparted, every companie giveth 10. per centum to their Captain of what is gotten, though he were not present: to the chief of the troop (though but a private souldier) two parts, and so to the guides.

All the bootie being brought together, they choose two of the discreetest souldiers to cause the bootie to be sold: these keep account of the money taken for it, certifying the Chief thereof, who

ordereth to every man his due proportion. The Trumpets must have leave of the chief Com∣mander of the place to sell the said bootie, and the buyer is to give one of every twentie to the trumpeter, for his pains in the sale: which money is to be divided among the trumpeters which were employed in the taking of that bootie; they having no other share.

If one or more horses were hurt or killed in the combat; or any souldiers chanced to be hurt in the said action, those horses must be made good, and the souldiers are to be recompensed, before the bootie be divided, at the discretion of the Chief.

If any souldiers horse fall lame, after the troop be marched a good distance from the quarter, so as he be forced to return back, yet shall that souldier have his share of the bootie, as if he had been present at the taking thereof.

Moreover, concerning the taking of prisoners, because other authours are scant in this particu∣lar, it will not be amisse (for the better satisfaction of such as are not acquainted with that lan∣guage) to adde something out of the States edict, as followeth.

Every souldier (of what condition soever he be) shall forthwith, and before evening,* 1.75 bring all such of the enemie as are taken prisoners before him, which commandeth in the quarter; upon pain of loosing his prisoner, and being punished with death.

And if any should take some eminent officer, or commander of the enemie prisoner,* 1.76 or other person of qualitie; they shall be bound to present the same (or cause him to be presented and deli∣vered) immediately to the Lords the States Generall, or the Councel of State, receiving for them (as also for other prisoners which the said States shall take to themselves) some reasonable recom∣pence, according to the qualitie or abilitie of the said prisoners; yet not exceeding the summe of 500. pounds, whereby the said prisoner shall remain at the disposing of the said States: and they which took him, ought to have no further pretence to him.

It shall not be lawfull for any man to cause a prisoner to be killed, or set at ransom:* 1.77 nor (after ransom be paid) to suffer him to depart, without leave of the Generall, or of him that command∣eth in the quarter, on pain of being disarmed, and banished out of the provinces.

And if any prisoner be found to walk about the leaguer or place of garrison,* 1.78 without leave of the Generall or Commander in that quarter or garrison; the partie which had taken him shall forfeit his said prisoner, to the profit of him who first shall apprehend the said prisoner.

All lawfull booties are to be certified by the takers thereof, to the Commander of the quarter within three houres after their arrivall; and are to be registred, and sold in the open market, &c. upon pains of forfeiture, and of corporall punishment, &c.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Souldiers pay.

THe means to have these and other good orders duly observed, is, (as is abovesaid) by giving to the souldiers their pay in competent measure and due time.* 1.79 The proportion which was ob∣served on the King of Spains side, since the end of the late truce with the States of the united Pro∣vinces, is as followeth.

The Generall of horse his pay or entertainment, is 500. crowns a moneth, besides 86 ½ for his companie.

The Leutenant Generall 200. and 86½ for his companie.

The Commissarie Generall 80. and the pay of a Captain of Harquebusiers, when he hath a companie.

The Captains of lances and Cuirassiers 80. and 6½ for their page.

The Lieutenant of lances and Cuirassiers 25. and 6½ for a page.

The Cornets 15. and 6½ for a page.

The souldiers of lances and Cuirassiers have 6½ crowns a moneth.

The Captains of Harquebusiers have 70. crowns a moneth, and 6. for a page.

The Lieutenant 25. and 6. for a page.

The souldiers have six crowns a moneth.

Besides these stipends, there is given to every companie 10. per centum, (without the advanta∣ges and entertainments) which the Captain distributeth among the best deserving souldiers.

The Captains or other officers which are reformed (that is, dismissed from their service, for their age or otherwise) have their wonted pay continued.

The Quartermaster Generall hath 25. crowns a moneth, and each of his assistants 15.

The chief Chaplain hath 30.

The Auditor 30, and 18. for his three officers.

The Provost Marshall hath 25, and for every of his men (which must not exceed 12.) he hath 5 crowns.

The chief Chirurgeon hath 25.

In winter when the Cavallrie is in garrison, the souldiers are paid by the day, for the better keeping of their horses.

To the Generall 40. places are allowed as Generall, and 10 as Captain.

To the Lieutenant Generall 20, and 10 as Captain.

To the Commissarie Generall 10, and 10 as Captain.

To every Captain 10.

To the Lieutenant 6.

To the Cornet 4.

To the reformed officers 1½.

To the Auditor 6.

To the Quartermaster Generall 4.

To each of his assistants 2.

To the Provost Marshall 2, and 1 to each of his men.

To the chief Chaplain 5.

Every place is worth 13. stuyvers (about 16. pence English) of these 13. stuyvers, 10 are paid for forrage, and 3. for service. Half of the said 13. stuyvers is paid to the souldiers in money, the other half in 16 pound of hay,a 1.80 three small measures of oats, and two bundles of straw, which are sufficient to keep a horse for a day.

At the end of the accounts, every souldier is abated half a reall (3 pence) upon every place.

The severall payes given by the States of the united Provinces at this day, being reduced to En∣glish money, are much about this proportion following.

To the Generall of horse 4^l per diem.

To the Lieutenant Generall 2^l.

To theb 1.81 Sergeant Major 30^s.

To the Quartermaster Generall 6^s 8^d.

To the Provost 5^s.

To the Carriage-master 3^s 4^d.

To the Preacher 4^s.

To the chief Chirurgeon 4^s.

* 1.82To the Captains 8^s.

To the Lieutenant 5^s.

To the Cornets 4^s,

To the Corporalls 2^s 6^d.

To the Trumpets 2^s 6^d.

To the Quartermasters 2^s 6^d.

To the Chirurgeons 2^s 6^d.

To the souldiers Cuirassiers 2^s.

To the Harquebusiers 1^s 6^d.

CHAP. XVIII. Of supplying the Cavallrie with good horses.

FOr the reforming of the Cavallrie, there is moreover required a singular care, that the com∣panies be supplied with good horses: wherefore it will be necessarie, that when the Cavallrie is retired from the field, the Captains make sale of such horses as be unfit for service, and buy bet∣ter. When the companies be entered into garrison, the souldiers which are on foot must presently be remounted; that so, in the time of winter, they may at leisure fit their horses for service: for being onely remounted at the time of their going into the field, thea 1.83 horses are not fitted for ser∣vice, and being young and not used to the bridle, by any little toil they become unprofitable: be∣sides, when a man is put (on the sudden) to buy such as he findeth, they prove not onely the wor∣ser, but the dearer. Moreover, those souldiers which want horses are of no service; and these are they (usually) which straggle disbanded, and do most mischief about the quarters. And because oftentimes there is not money assigned apart to remount the souldiers, it were good that among the companies there were a brother-hood or fellowship erected, (which the Spanish call Platta) which consisteth in making a cash, wherein the money which is gathered to that end, is kept; as fol∣loweth. First, the souldiers of every companie choose foure of their most judicious fellows, with consent of the captain. These, with the farrier of the companie, must view all the horses of their companie, prizing every one according to his value, and concealing it from the souldiers, to avoid disputes: and of this prizing they must keep a record, that so, if any horse happen to die, it may be known what is to be allowed; provided alwayes, that they go no higher then 50. crowns. To raise this cash, the Captain must give order that a crown be defalked out of every souldiers first pay, foure realls out of a third pay, and eight out of the contributions of a moneth: or else this proportion to be for the first beginning, and afterwards the moitie; or more or lesse as need shall require,

Every horse dying in service, or by mischance, without the souldiers fault, shall be made good to the souldier that lost him.

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suffer their children to eat any meat, but that which they could hit at an appointed distance, with a stone cast out of a sling: by which means they grew so expert at it, as that people are said to be the inventers of that weapon, and therein to have excelled all others. Every mea•• trade requireth exercise for the obtaining of it; how much more the art Military? which is rebus omnibus potior, per quam libertas retinetur, & dignitas Provinciae propagatur, & conservatur imperium: that is, by which libertie is continued, the dignity of the Province is propagated, and the Empire preser∣ved. And this is confirmed by Josephus (Exid. lib. 3.) to be true, that not fortune, but the good orders of the Romanes in their militia, made them masters of the world: whose forces even in times of peace, and (as it were) to keep their hands in ure, were 32000 foot, 2400 horse; but upon occasions they could make 70000 or 80000: and at a view taken of their own forces, and their al∣lies in Italy, there were found 700000 foot, and 70000 horse. Augustus maintained 23 legions, Tyberius 25. In Galbaes time the State maintained 31 legions: so that ordinarily in those and la∣ter times, there were (of legionarie and auxiliarie souldiers) maintained 372000. foot, and 37200. horse: whose ordinary pay (besides corn and apparell) at one denarius a day for the foot, and three for the horse (besides the increase of wages given to the officers) amounteth to five millions, five hundred sixteen thousand sixtie two pounds and ten shillings by the yeare: which is more (as S. H. Savile observeth) then the great Turk at this day receiveth in two yeares towards all charges. Besides these, they maintained a guard of many thousands for the Prince, with double pay, and others for other employments; and yet they never mutined for lack of pay.g 1.84 O viros summâ admiratione laudandos (may be said of them, as Vegetius saith of the Lacedemonians) qui eam praecipuè artem ediscere voluerunt, sine qua aliae artes esse non possunt! that is, O men worthy to be praised with highest admiration, which would principally learn that art, (speaking of the art militarie) without which other arts cannot subsist! But now, if we shall compare our times with these, must we not be forced to crie out withh 1.85 Lipsius, O pudor, O dedecus!

The Low-countreys are (without all controversie) worthily styled the Academie of warre, where the art militarie (if any where) truly flourisheth; and yet, in comparison of the Romanes, the said Lipsius is constrained to say (who would not speak the worst of his own countrey) Exer∣citium nobis neglectum, &c. Ʋbi campi doctores nostri sunt? ubi quotidianae meditationes armo∣rum, &c. With us (saith he) exercise is neglected. Where are our teachers for the field? where are our daily practisings of arms? Or whereas otherwisei 1.86 no man professeth any art which he hath not learned, shall the militarie art be onely that which men suppose they can leap into, and be expert in, both at an instant? Tympanum sonuit &c. The drumme beats, they run together, and enter their names with the Clerk of the band, something they change in their habit, and their gate; they swagger and drink; ecce jam miles, behold (saith he) here is a souldier already. An∣other complaineth after the like manner.k 1.87 See (saith he) what our militia and militarie discipline is come to, and principally this so noble a part of it. (speaking of the horse) A clown is laden with arms, and mounted on horseback, that is enough for the Cavallrie.

Now if we should bring our trained bands (especially the horse) to the touchstone, and trie what alloy they be of, I fear we may ask (with Lipsius) Haec ridenda, an miseranda sunt?

A principall defence and bulwark of the kingdome, consisteth in having the trained bands (horse and foot) well chosen, well armed, and well disciplined. But how this is generally in every part neglected is too shamefully apparent, Whether for want of good laws, or of good men to see them strictly executed, it is not for me to determine. Sure I am, there is great need of reformati∣on. But my zeal transports me beyond my bounds, and I digresse from what I intended; there∣fore, for this matter, hîc terminus esto.

CHAP. XXVII. Of Exercising in particular. Of managing of the horse and arms.

THe Cavallrie being to be exercised, must be instructed how to manage their horse and their arms.

Concerning the horse (presupposing him to be of sufficient stature and strength, nimble of joynts, and sure of foot, &c.) he must (of necessitie) be made fit for service, so as you may have him ready at command to pace, trot, gallop, or run in full career; also to advance, stop, retire, and turn readily to either hand, and all with alacritie and obedience. Now, to bring him to this rea∣die turning, he is to be ridden the ring, and figure 8, first in a great compasse, and so in a lesse by degrees, first upon his pace, then on the trot, and so to the gallop and career. These things he may be taught by using the hand, leg, and voice. For the hand (observing not to move the arm,

but onely the wrist) if you would have him to face to the left, a little motion of the little finger on that rein, and a touch of the left leg (without using the spurre) doth it: if to face (or turn) to the left about, a harder, &c. If you would have him to trot, you are to move both your legs a little forward; for the gallop, to move them more forward; and for the career to yerk them most for∣ward, and to move the bodie a little forward with it. After every motion performed, it were good to keep him a while in that motion, as when you bid him stand, to stand a while, &c. Al∣so it were not amisse, after every thing well done, to give him some bread or grasse as a rewards For the voice, you may use the words, Advance, hold, turn, or the like; but because the voice can∣not alwayes be heard, it were good to use him chiefly to the motions of the hand and leg. It will also be very usefull to teach him to go sidewayes: this he may be brought unto by laying his pro∣vender somewhat farre from him in the manger, and keeping him from turning his head towards it. He must also be used to the smell of gunpowder, the sight of fire and armour, and the bearing of shot, drummes and trumpets, &c. but by degrees and with discretion. When he is at his oats (at a good distance from him) a little powder may be fired, and so nearer to him by degrees. So may a pistoll be fired some distance off, and so nearer: in like manner a drum or trumpet may be used. The groom may sometime dresse him in armour, and he may be used (now and then) to eat his oats from the drum head. It will be very usefull sometime to cause a musketier to stand at a convenient distance, and both of you to give fire upon each other, and thereupon to ride up close to him: also to ride him against a compleat armour, so set upon a stake, that he may overthrow it, and trample it under his feet: that so (and by such other means) your horse (finding that he receiveth no hurt) may become bold to approch any object. He may also be used to mountanous and uneven wayes, and be exercised to leap, swim, and the like. But for further directions for the art of riding and managing the horse. I referre the reader toa 1.88 them which have written of horse∣manship ex professo, whose books are every where obvious.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of managing arms, extending to postures and motions. Of exercising the lance.

HOwsoever the use of the lance be now left off in the Low-countreys, either for the reasons alledged chap. 23, or by reason of the discommoditie of the countrey (for the lance is of no use but in a spacious, hard, and uneven ground) yet will it not be altogether impertinent to shew the manner of exercising the same, seeing thata 1.89 many have taken pains to revive unto us the know∣ledge of those arms which sometime were in use among the Grecians, Romanes, and other nati∣ons, which have been for many ages totally abolished.

The manner of carrying the lance, is either advanced, or couched; that is, when it is carried so abased, as the enemie can hardly discover it untill he feel the shock.

The charging of the lance is twofold, either by the right, or left.

The right is, when it is presented or charged along by the right side of the horse.

The left is, when it is born acrosse the neck of the horse, by the left eare.

The first is the manner used by the Turks and Hungarians, and by some prefered before the other. One reason which they give for it, is, because that in charging by the left, the Lancier must incline his bodie to the left, and so sitteth the lesse sure in his saddle.

Basta would have the second way to be best. Howsoever, all agree that a Lancier must ever strive to gain the left side of his enemie, and charge him on the left.

Now there be three wayes of charging;

• 1 By carrying the lance sloaped upwards.
• 2 By charging it levell, in a straight line.
• 3 By charging it sloaping, or inclining downwards.

The first is, if against Cavallrie, to take the sight of the enemie with the point of the lance; or, if against foot, the head or neck of either pike or musketier.

The second is, by charging a horse-man about the middle, (to bear him out of the saddle) or on the breast of the foot.

The third serveth to pierce the breast of the enemies horse, or a kneeling musketier, or pike charging at the foot against horse.

These three severall wayes must be diligently practised, and require much dexteritie: to which end a stake is to be set up, having an ar•• (as it were) stretched out from it, and thereunto a white (either of paper or linen) fastned, at severall heights, which the Lancier must exercise himself to hit in full career; also to take up a glove (or the like from the ground with the point of his lance, &c. All which is here shown figure 2. part. 1. chap. 28. In his charging of the enemie, he begins upon his pace or trot,b 1.90 then falls into a gallop, but must not begin his career untill he be

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[illustration]

Fig: 2 Par: j. Cap: 28

within some 60. paces of his enemie; presenting his lance (from the advance) at the half of that distance, and charging it for the shock as occasion serveth. Against an armed Lancier, the best way of charging is judged to be, not after the two first wayes, but by the third, that is, at the breast of the horse, and that towards the left side of him, where his heart and vitals are; and for this, the charging by the right is held best.

Having given his charge with the lance, so as it becometh unusefull to him, he must betake himself to his pistoll, in the use whereof he is to be very skilfull. His last refuge is his sword, which he must also be well practised in. Of both which weapons shall be spoken in the next chapter.

CHAP. XXIX. Of exercising the Cuirassier.

ALthough it be supposed and expected that no horse-man will presume to mount his horse to repair to his Cornet, before his pistols, harquebuse, or carabine be spanned, primed, and la∣den: his cases furnished with cartouches and all other equipage belonging to himself, his horse, and arms, made fix and in a readinesse: yet in case a Cuirassier upon service should (though un∣likely) spend both his pistols, and the six cartouches wherewith his cases were filled, so that he must resort to his flask; and my present task being to teach the untutored Cuirassier his postures; it will not be impertinent here to set them down in the largest manner.

Now because these things are to be performed on horseback, it will not be unnecessary (though mounting on horseback be accounted no posture, but a preparative to exercise or service) first to shew how he is to mount (which with the rest of the postures is done in Figure 3. Part 1. Chap. 29.) and for this, the word of command is,

1. To Horse.

a 1.91Both reins hanging in a loose position over the horse neck, and upon the pummel of the saddle, the horseman is, First, to take the ends of the reins above the button in his right hand, and with the thumbe and two first fingers of that hand, to draw them to an even length. Then putting the little finger of his left hand betwixt both reins under the button, with the other three fingers of the same hand on the further rein, and the thumbe on the near side of the button, to grasp both reins, that so (before he endeavour to mount) he may have his horse head in ballance and at command: Then grasping the pummel of the saddle with his left hand, and standing with his full body close to the horse-side, and just between the bolster and cantle of the saddle (alwayes on the near side of the horse) with the help of his right hand he shall put the left foot into the left stirrop, and with his right hand taking fast hold on the highest part of the cantle behinde, he shall (with the help of both hands) gently (yet strongly, and in a right-up posture, without inclining his body to either hand) raise himself untill he may stand perpendicular upon his left foot, and then putting over his right legge, place himself in the saddle.

2. Uncap your pistols.

With the right hand he is to turn down the caps of the pistol-cases.

3. Draw your pistol.

He is to draw the pistol out of the case with the right hand, (and alwayes the left pistol first) and to mount the muzzel of it, as in posture 15.

4. Order your pistol.

He is to sink the pistol into his bridle-hand, and to remove his right hand towards the muzzel, and then to rest the but end upon his thigh.

5. Span your pistol.

He is to sink the pistol into his bridle hand, and taking the key (or spanner) into his right hand, to put it upon the axletree, and to winde about the wheel till it stick: and then to return the span∣ner to his place, being usually fastened to the side of the case.

6. Prime.

Holding the pistol in the bridle-hand (as before) he is to take his priming box into his right hand, and (pressing the spring with his fore-finger to open the box) to put powder into the pan.

7. Shut your pan.

He is to presse in the pan-pin with his right thumbe, and so to shut the pan.

8. Cast about your pistol.

With the bridle-hand he is to cast about the pistol, and to hold it on the left side, with the muz∣zel upward.

9. Gage your flasque.

He is to take the flasque into the right hand, and with his forefinger to pull back the spring, and turning the mouth of the flasque downward, to let go the spring.

10. Lade your pistol.

Having gaged his flasque (as in the former posture) he is to presse down the spring, which open∣eth the flasque, with his forefinger, and so to lade his pistol.

11. Draw your rammer.

He is to draw his rammer with the right hand turned, and to hold it with the head downward.

12. Lade with bullet, and ramme home.

Holding the rammer-head in his right hand (as before) he is to take the bullet out of his mouth, or out of the bulletbag at the pistolcase, being in fight, with the thumbe and forefinger, and to put it into the muzzel of the pistol, and the rammer immediately after it, and so to ramme home.

13. Return your rammer.

He is to draw forth his rammer with the right hand turned, and to return it to its place.

14. Pull down your cock.

With the bridle-hand he is to bring the pistol towards his right side; and placing the but end upon his thigh, to pull down the cock.

15. Recover your pistol.

He is to take the pistol into his right hand, mounting the muzzel.

16. Present and give fire.

Having the pistol in his right hand (as in posture 15.) with his forefinger upon the tricker, he is to incline the muzzel (with a fixed eye) towards his mark; not suddenly, but by degrees, (quicker or slower according to the pace he rideth) and that not directly forward toward the horse head, but towards the right; turning his right hand so as the lock of the pistol may be upward: and ha∣ving gotten his mark, he is to draw the tricker, and give fire.

17. Return your pistol.

He is to return his pistol into the case, and then to draw his other pistol (as occasion may serve) and to do as before.

Now concerning the snap-haue pistol, those postures wherein it differeth from the fire-lock pi∣stol are these, (as in figure)

18. Bend your cock.

Holding the pistol in the bridle-hand (as before hath been shewed) with the right hand he is to bend the cock.

19. Guard your cock.

With the right hand he is to pull down the back-lock, so to secure the cock from going off.

20. Order your hammer.

With the right hand he is to draw down the hammer upon the pan.

21. Free your cock.

With the right thumbe he is to thrust back the back-lock, and so to give the cock liberty.

But the more compendious way of lading, for the gaining of time (which in the instant of skir∣mish is chiefly to be regarded) is by using cartouches. Now, the cartouch is to be made of white paper, cut out of convenient breadth and length, and rolled upon a stick, (or the rammer, if it be not too little) fit (according to the bore of the barrell) to contain a due quantity of powder, and the bullet. The proportion of powder usually required is half the weight of the bullet; but that is held too much by such as can judge. Having moulded the paper, the one end of it is to be turned in, (to keep in the powder) and the due charge of powder to be put into it at the other end; which powder is to be closed in by tying a little thred about the paper: then the bullet is to be put in, and that also tied in with a little thred. When the Cuirassier is to use his cartouch, he must bite off the paper at the head of it, and so put it into the barrell of his pistol, with the bullet upward, and then ramme it home. Byb 1.92 this means he shall much expedite the lading of his pistol. The Cuirassier be∣ing become ready in his postures, his next and chiefest study is, to be an exact marks-man. And to this end he must frequently be practised at somec 1.93 marks, to be set up at some tree or stake, of seve∣rall heights. Now because the Cuirassier is armed pistol-proof, he must not give fire but at a veryd 1.94 near distance, being carefull to bestow his bullets so, as they may take effect. The principall place of advantage to aim at, is the lower part of the belly of the adverse Cuirassier, also his arm-pits, or his neck. Some would not have a Cuirassier to givee 1.95 fire, until he have placed his pistol under his enemies armour, or on some unarmed parts. If he fail of an opportunity to hurt the man, he may aim at the breast of the horse, or his head, as he shall see occasion. He usually giveth his

charge upon the trot, and seldome gallopeth, unlesse it be in pursuit of a flying enemie, or such like occasion. Having spent both his pistols, and wanting time to lade again, his next refuge is his sword; whereof the best manner of using is to place the pummell of it upon his rightf 1.96 thigh, and so with his right hand to direct or raise the point to his mark, higher or lower as occasion ser∣veth; either at the belly of the adverse horse-man (about the pummel of the saddle) or at his arm∣pits, or his throat; where if it pierce not (as it is very like it will not fail, by slipping under the casque) yet meeting with a stay in that part of the body where a man is very weak, and having a sword of a very stiff blade, as aforesaid, it will doubtlesse unhorse him. Being past his enemie, he is to make a back-blow at him, aiming to cut the buckle of his pouldron, whereby he disarmeth one of his arms, &c. Basta highly commendeth the aiming at the enemies sight, and so (by rai∣sing the vizures of his casque with the point of the sword) to run him into the head. But this seemeth not so likely to take effect as that of aiming at the throat; and sometimes (as some casques are made) it would be of no use.

In these and the like exercises the Cuirassier is frequently and diligently to practise himself at some mark; which will render him fit for service when need shall require.

Some authors (for the disposing of the Cuirassiers for fight) hold that they ought to be ordered in grosse bodies, that sog 1.97 by their solidity and weight, they may entertain and sustain the shock of the enemie. They are also fit for troops of reserve, to give courage to the other Cavallrie, and to give them opportunity to re-assemble themselves behind them, &c.

CHAP. XXX. Of exercising the Harquebusier and Carabine.

ALthough there be some difference between the Harquebusier and the Carabine, in regard of their horse, their arming, and their piece, (howsoever most authors take them for one and the same) yet in regard the harquebuse differeth nothing from the carabine in length, but onely in the bore, their manner of using their severall pieces is one and the same; and so one instruction may serve for both.

* 1.98In march, he is either to carry his carabine hanging at his belt by the right side, (as is shewed chap. 24.) or else to order it upon his right thigh, as the Cuirassier, in posture 4.

In fight he is to strive to gain the left side of his enemy, (contrary to the Cuirassier) because that in presenting he is to rest his carabine on his bridle-hand, placing the but end on the right side of his breast, near his shoulder.

He must be taught to use his carabine with all exactnesse and dexterity, and to be an exquisite marks-man.a 1.99 For the manner of handling of the harquebuse or carabine, the directions for the pistol, in the foregoing chapter, mutatis mutandis, may serve for sufficient instruction. Yet in re∣gard the carabines with us are for the most part snap-hanes, and so something differing from the fire-lock, I will set down the order of handling it, in the words of command: holding it need lesse here to dilate them.

Postures for the snap-hane carabine.

• 1 Order your carabine.
• 2 Sink your carabine into your bridle-hand.
• 3 Bend your cock.
• 4 Guard your cock.
• 5 Prime.
• 6 Shut your pan.
• 7 Cast about your carabine.
• 8 Gage your flasque.
• 9 Lade your carabine.
• 10 Draw your rammer.
• 11 Shorten your rammer.
• 12 Lade with bullet, and ramme home.
• 13 Withdraw your rammer.
• 14 Shorten your rammer.
• 15 Return your rammer.
• 16 Recover your carabine.
• 17 Order your hammer.
• 18 Free your cock.
• 19 Present.
• 20 Give fire.

For the use of his sword, he is to demean himself as the Cuirassier.

CHAP. XXXI. Of exercising the Dragon.

THe Dragon was invented for speciall services to assist the Cavallrie as Infantery, considering there be many exploits which cannot be effected by the Cavallrie alone.

The musketier must exercise himself to give fire on horseback, as the Harquebusier. Being come to guard a passage, or to do any other the like service, they are to alight, and to demean them∣selves as Infantery. Whereof it shall be needlesse hereto enlarge, seeing we have books in such abundance upon that subject, as they are able rather toa 1.100 distract, then instruct the reader, and in my opinion, had need of an Index expurgatorius.

Being so alighted to do their service (as abovesaid) every of them is to cast his bridle over the

neck of his side mans horse, in the same order as they marched: keeping them so together, by the help of such as are thereunto especially appointed.

CHAP. XXXII. Of exercising the Cavallrie in their motions.

HAving shewed how every horse-man is to be exercised in the managing of his horse, as also in the use of his particular arms; it followeth now that he be taught how to demean himself, being joyned in a body.

And here, before we enter into the motions, it were fit to explain the terms ofa 1.101 art therein used. and to shew what is meant by a file, a rank, half files, and half ranks; the front, flanks, and rear, and the like. But (for brevitie sake) I passe them over, referring the reader to the books of Infan∣terie.

To exercise the horse, they are to be drawn up into a body, not by ranks, but by files; and those of five deep, as most affirm; or of six, as others would have it: and that because the number of five is not divisible by two, and so in doubling of ranks, or half files, or the like, there is alwayes an odde rank. Some would have them (especially the harquebusiers) to be eight in file, taking the troop to consist of 64. Being put in Battalia, that is, ordered into a square body, and silence strict∣ly commanded; the first thing to be taught them, is distance. And herein authors disagree. Some make close order to be two paces; open order, foure paces; and so for double, triple, and quadruple distance proportionable. Others make but two kinds of distances; close order, which is three foot; and open order, which is six foot. But this must be understood cum grano salis, (as the Ci∣vilians speak:) for here we must observe a difference between the manner of taking the distance of the Cavallrie, and that of the Infantery: for in the foot, the distance is taken from the centre of the souldiers body, which here cannot be so understood, but onely of the space of ground be∣tween horse and horse.

Monsieur de Praissac is more plain, who would have the distance between rank and rank (both for the length of the horse, as also for the space between horse and horse) to be six paces, and one pace between file and file. Yet, if we take every pace for five foot (as that is the usuall dimenti∣on) by this rule they should be at a very large distance.

In my opinion, the Cavallrie being to be exercised in their motions, should be at their distance of six foot, or open order (taking it as hath been shewed)b 1.102 standing right in their ranks and files.

c 1.103 Now the motions are of foure kinds; 1. Facings. 2. Doublings. 3. Countermarches. 4. Wheelings.

The use of facings is to make the company perfect, to be suddenly prepared for a charge on ei∣ther flank or the rear.

Doubling of ranks, or doubling by half files, or bringers up, is used upon occasion of strength∣ening the front.

Doubling of files, or doubling by half ranks, serveth to strengthen the flanks.

Countermarches serve, either to reduce the file-leaders into the place of the bringers up; and so to have the best men ready to receive the charge of an enemy in the rear; or to bring one flank in∣to the place of the other: or front, and rear, or either flank into the middle of the body.

The use of wheelings, is to bring the front (which is alwayes supposed to consist of the ablest men) to be ready to receive the charge of the enemy on either flank or rear.

These motions (for the more easie apprehension of the untutored souldier) are represented in figures, by a company of harquebusiers of 64 men. And therein the file-leaders and bringers up are distinguished by a differing letter, as followeth.

[illustration] set of four figures charting cavalry exercises

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

The form of the first standing.

To face them to the right, is done by com∣manding

Left flank.

Front.

Right flank.

Rear.

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

To the left hand.

Which is performed by turning towards the left. From hence they are to be reduced by commanding, As you were. Which they do by turning to the right.

Now, to face them to the rear, though it be proper first to do it by the right hand, yet for the more ready way, I would say,

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

To the right hand.

Which is done by turning (all at one and the same time) to the right hand. Thus the front is where the right flank was.

To reduce them to their first form, the word of command is, As you were.

Which they perform by turning to the left hand. From thence, to face them to the left, you command

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

To the left hand about.

Which is done by turning towards the left hand, untill their faces front to that place which was before the rear.

To reduce them to their first-form (as that must be observed) the word is,

To the right hand about, as you were.

[illustration] set of four figures charting cavalry exercises

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

Ranks, to the right double.

The use hereof hath been shewed before. E∣very other rank, that is, every even number pas∣seth into the odde, upon the right hand of his leader. The second rank into the first, and so successively.

To reduce them, the word is,

Ranks, as you were,

Which is best done, by causing those ranks which doubled to stand, and those which stood to advance.

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

Files to the right double.

To do this, the second file passeth into the first (every man behind his sideman) accounting from the right hand: the fourth into the third, and so the rest: which must be done throughout the company at one instant, all together. But because the first rank of the company is as the edge, and the files are for the most part appoint∣ed but five deep. there seemeth no great necessity of doubling of files.

They are reduced by commanding

Files to the left as you were.

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

Ranks, to the left double.

The difference of this motion from the for∣mer, is nothing, but that here they which dou∣ble do it to the left hand of their leaders, which before they did to their right hands, as the figure maketh it plain.

This done, they must be reduced by com∣manding

Ranks, as you were.

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

Files to the left double.

The difference between this and the former motion, is the difference of hands. And by this means, those files that stood before, now move; and they which moved, now stand, as appeareth by the figure.

They are reduced by commanding

Files as you were, or Ranks to the right double.

[illustration] set of six figures charting cavalry exercises

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

Half files, to the right hand double the front.

Thus the middle-men double the first rank on the right hand. The other three ranks double the three following ranks, as is manifest in the figure. To reduce them, the word is

Half files as you were.

Unlesse it be better (and so I conceive it) to cause them that double, to stand: and the first division to advance.

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

Bringers up, to the right hand double the front.

In this motion, the last rank passeth into the first, and so successively, as the figure sheweth it.

It is of good use: yet because it is very trou∣blesome for the horse to perform, (especially in reducing them) it may be used, or omitted, as shall be thought fit. They are reduced by say∣ing, Bringers up, as you were.

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

Files, close to the right and left to your close order.

Being about to wheel the company, they must be closed, first the files, and then the ranks. And being to open them again, the ranks are first to be opened, and then the files.

All the files close from the right and left, to∣wards the middle of the body.

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

Half files, to the left hand double the front.

This motion onely differeth from the former in the hand. There be also doublings of ranks by the half files entire to the right, or left, or both by division: But because the files (especi∣ally of Cuirassiers) are seldome above five deep, the doubling of ranks, half files, &c. is little used.

The reducing of them hath been shewed in the former motion.

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

Files, to the left hand countermarch.

Though it were fit to begin with the right hand, yet for the convenient turning of the horse to the left, I think it not amisse to preferre the left

The figure representeth the Chorean manner.

There be also countermarches after the Ma∣cedonian and Lacedemonian wayes, and those in ranks as well as files, which are here omitted for brevity sake.

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

Ranks, close forwards, to your close order.

All the ranks move forwards, saving the first, which standeth. The second rank having their distance, stand; so all the rest. Now the horse being to wheel, it must be considered that it can∣not be performed by them in such exact manner, and so strait a room as the foot: therefore the Commander is to ride a reasonable compasse, that so they may do it with convenience.

[illustration] set of two figures charting cavalry exercises

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

To the left hand wheel.

Because Melzo and Basta would have the horse in all their wheelings to do it by the left (which indeed is the readier way unlesse the ground or other hindrance will not permit it) I have omitted the wheeling to the right, which in order should go first.

All the body moveth to the left, upon the left file-leader, as the centre. Then to wheel as they were.

[illustration] chart for cavalry exercise

There is also wheeling to the right, or left a∣bout, wheeling wings into the front, &c. which are here omitted for brevitie.

To reduce them, first the ranks are to be open∣ed, (as abovesaid) then the files, which bringeth them to their first form.

In opening the ranks, the best (if not the one∣ly) way is to do it by opening forward.

These and the like motions are directed and commanded by the voice of the Commander:a 1.104 but because the voice sometime cannot be heard (especially in grosse bodies) by reason of the clashing of armour, trampling or neying of horses, or tumultuous sound, or noise of the multitude, (and that especially in fight)b 1.105 Antiquitie hath invented helps; making three kinds of militarie signes or directions:

• 1. Vocall, which is by the commanders voice, pronounced by the inferiour officers to the eare.
• 2. Semivocall, by trumpet or other warlike instrument, to the eare likewise.
• 3. Mute, by signes to the eye; as the ensigne, &c.

The Cavallrie therefore must be taughtc 1.106 distinctly to know the severall sounds of the trumpet; as when to clap on their saddle, when to mount, when to repair to the Cornet, when to troop away, when to give a charge, when to retreat, when to attend the watch, and the like. All which being the lowder voice of the Commander,d 1.107 they must punctually observe and obey.

Now, howsoever I have here propounded a companie of 64. horse; to be exercised in the mo∣tions, and those of 8. in file (as I see it observed bye 1.108 some) yet the generall opinion is, that they ought not to be deeper then 5. in file, though the companie consist of 100. horse.

Every such companie must be furnished with

• ...A Captain.
• ...A Lieutenant.
• ...A Cornet.
• ...A Quartermaster.
• ...Three Corporalls.
• ...Two Trumpeters.
• ...A Clerk.
• ...A Saddler.
• ...A Chirurgeon.
• ...A Farrier.

When the companie bef 1.109 to march, they are to be divided into 3 equall parts (and each of these is called a squadron) according to the number of the Corporalls; and these are distinguished by the names of the Captains, Lieutenants, and Cornets squadron. The first squadron to be led by the Captain, the second by the Cornet, the third by the eldest Corporall. The Lieutenant and Quartermaster are to come in the rear. And when they come to be exercised (or to do service) the Captains squadron stands, and the other squadrons sleeve up on the left hand, and so they be∣come a Battalia. As for their marching in grosse, that comes to be spoken of in the next part.

The second Part. Of Marching.

THE ARGUMENT.

HAving shewed in the first part, how the Cavallrie is to be levied, it followeth now to speak of their manner of marching: a matter of no smalla 1.110 conse∣quence; in the well ordering whereof, oftentimes (especially upon occasion of sudden charges) the safetie of the troops, or of the whole armie consisteth. For the orderly handling whereof I purpose to direct my discourse to these 3 heads.

1 the knowledge of the wayes, and discoverie of the enemies designes, and residence.

2 The conducting of the troops to their Rendez-vous, and their orders.

3 The particular distribution of the whole train upon the way; And the scouts or fore-runners. And how they are to march in an open or strait countrey, by day or night.

CHAP. I. Of Guides.

FOr the knowledge of the wayes (aa 1.111 matter of great importance, either to prevent the taking of one way for another in marching, or in pursuing the enemie, he having received the charge, and flying by unusuall wayes) the use of maps may somewhat help, but (being too generall) is not sufficient. And therefore the Waggon-master is to provide good guides, of the inhabitants of those places where the march is to be, which may be able to give certain and particular infor∣mation concerning theb 1.112 high-wayes and crosse-wayes, how many there be of them; whether they be even, large, and free: or straight, hillie, or impeached with difficult passages. Also concern∣ing ditches and rivers, whether there be bridges or not. And if there be divers wayes, which is the most safe and shortest, or most exposed to the enemies advenues or approches, or most com∣modious for the baggage. Whether there be requisite commoditie for the lodgings, as forrage, water, &c, Insomuch as they may be able to know every hedge or ditch, and all other particulars. And that you may be assured of their fidelitie, and the truth of their informations, it is good to have them to be souldiers in pay; or where they are not, to take them of thec 1.113 boores or inhabi∣tants (as aforesaid) from place to place, keeping them separated from each other. And if they dif∣fer, either from the souldiers which serve for guides, or from each other, they must be confronted; and by the mutuall consent of all, the best way is to be resolved on. These guides usually (to pre∣vent their running away, which they will often do if they see an opportunitie of escaping) are led bound,d 1.114 or at least committed to the custodie of some souldier. Recompence is promised them if they do their endeavour, and punishment threatned if they direct amisse.

CHAP. II. Of Intelligence.

EVery good commander must have these two grounds for his actions; 1. the knowledge of his own forces, and wants, (knowing that the enemie may have notice thereof, and therefore must he be alwayes studying for remedies, if the enemie should come suddenly upon him) 2. The assu∣rance of the condition and estate of the enemie, his commodities, and necessities, his counsels and designes: thereby begetting divers occasions, which afterward bring forth victories.a 1.115 And because the commoditie of spies cannot alwayes be had; some of the enemies men must be assayed to be taken, from whom there may be drawn a relation of the estate of the adverse part, and this exploit is calledb 1.116 taking of intelligence, a dutie of great importance, (whereon the deliberations which are to be taken do depend) and also of much travell and danger.

To effect this, an expert officer, with 20 or 25 of thec 1.117 best mounted, stoutest, and hardiest Harquebusiers (or mixt of Cuirassiers and Harquebusiers, according to Melzo) with two Trum∣pets are to be employed. These are to carrie with them some refreshment for themselves and their horses; to that purpose retiring themselves into some wood, or shadie place; placing good Centi∣nells upon trees. If they find the enemie marching, they shall follow him on either flank (as op∣portunitie

shall direct them) or on the rear, or meet him on the front, assaying to take some that are disbanded, or some forrager. In the night they must approch the enemies armie, assaying to take some Sentinell, or some disbanded souldier in some of the houses thereabout. And because it well may fall out that (after the taking of some prisoner) the troop shall be charged by the ene∣mie; the Chief (which must be valiant,d 1.118 and abundant in resolutions and inventions of stratagems to make his retreat by some woodie place) shall send (or first there leave them) foure of his best, and best mounted souldiers with a Trumpet; with order, that when they see the troop coming, charged by the enemie, they shew themselves, the trumpet sounding. For, it being an usuall thing in militarie courses to go and observe who they be which appear, the enemie by this means makes Alto, (or a stand) for fear of some embuscado which gives leisure to the troop to advance their retreat: and the said foure souldiers may make their retreat, either severally, or together, safe enough, by reason of their good horses. If the enemie be likely to come from divers parts, the like number would be sent to each suspected place. These should be sent before with the Quarterma∣sters which go to make the quarters, that so they might have two or three houres refreshment, before they go to take intelligence. If the armie be lodged in a very suspicious place; after the first troop so sent out, a second shall be sent; but neither of them knowing of each others sending out. If the armie be to march the next day, the chiefs of the said troops must know towards what place the march is intended.

CHAP. III. Of the order of Marching.

THe Commissarie Generall, grounding himself upon good informations, is to give the orders in writing for the manner of marching, as well of the souldiers as the baggage. Every Ca∣ptain is to receive his written directions overnight, that so, the signe given, he may appear at the Rendez-vous in such rank and place as shall be commanded him.

a 1.119 Every armie is divided into three parts; The vanguard, battel, and rear. That part of the armie which is most exposed to the enemie (and that most usually is the front) should be the best; and therefore all chiefs desire the vanguard. The manner therefore is (for generall satisfaction) that they which this day had the van, to morrow have the rear; and they which had the rear, the battel. So changing alternatively; except the Lord Generalls guard (consisting of two troops, as Melzo hath it) or the Generalls regiment (according to C. Bingham) which hath alwayes the vanguard. And if the enemie should change place, and from your front become to be upon your rear, whereby the rear (as most dangerous) becomes most honourable; that Captain which to day hath led the battaillon, to morrow (in stead of the vanguard) may challenge the rear.

The scouts alter their course also, and attend the enemies proceedings on the rear.

If occasion be (in time of march) to send out one or more troops for some service, they are to observe the same orders. But the armie being come to their quarter, and occasion being to send outb 1.120 all or part of the Cavallrie upon some exploit; that troop which first appeareth at the place of Rendez-vous shall be appointed by the Commissarie Generall (who is to be there) to the first place; the second to the second place. If two troops come together, at the same instant, they shall cast lots.

By this means, every man desiring honour, they will be the readier to appear in due time. The same course shall be taken when the troops are to be sent upon some embuscado, convoy, or the like. If the march be but of one day, he which commandeth shall appoint the best experienced and ablest to lead;c 1.121 who is to be in the rear, returning back to the quarter. And these may have pri∣vate order to be at the place of Rendezvous sooner then the rest, to avoid jealousies.

The vanguard, battaillon, and rear, must be divided from each other 300 paces.

CHAP. IIII. Of Scouts or Discoverers.

TO be secured from unexpected assaults of the enemie, neither the armie nor the Cavallrie alone, no not a companie, must march withouta 1.122 discoverers: which must be sent out, not onely by the direct way where the enemie is like to come, or you are to march, but to scoure all the by-wayes on either side. And sometime the first discoverers are seconded by a second compa∣nie, to secure the march.

They that shall be employed in this service must be choice men, valiant, vigilant and discreet: such as neither fear nor misconceit can easily distract. They must see that with their own eyes which they inform, the least errour of theirs misleading the whole bodie. Those select men ap∣pointed for this service, are to beb 1.123 led by an able officer; it being a task so difficult, that many

have lost that reputation by it which they had been long in gaining of. This officer shall send word of what he discovereth; and what he seeth not himself, he is to signifie it as so reported to him; and having seen it, then to certifie it as for certain.

CHAP. V. Of the order of marching by day.

THea 1.124 march must be so ordered as the companies may readily (from that order) be brought into a good form of battel, upon occasion of a sudden charge. The Cavallrie (supposed to consist of 40 troops, and the countrey spacious) is to be divided into two bodies of 20 troops a∣piece. Melzo would have 3 troops of Harquebusiers in front of the vanguard, which Basta and Walhausen are against, because they are (for the most part) but ill armed. These two divisions are to march in even front, 150 paces divided. Coming to strait passages, the right wing is to march before the left. The officers must suffer none of the baggage nor any other to intermingle with their troops.

The Captain of Harquebusiers which hath the vanguard (or one of them in that division, when the Cuirassiers have it)b 1.125 must send out a Corporall with 15 horse and a good guide, some league before; whereof two shall be sent out directly before him; two towards the right, and other two towards the left;c 1.126 to discover among the woods and valleys, and to get intelligence at any dwelling houses or villages, advising the Corporall of what they discover. Who is from time to time to advise the chief, which is to march at the head of the first troop.

After these 15 he is to send out 4 others, led by a sufficient souldier, to bring reports of what those 15 shall discover; the rather because the enemie might come upon them upon the flanks, af∣ter the first 15 were past.

The Captain of the Harquebusiers which hath the rear of the left wing, must leave a Corporall with 15 horse a mile behind him. Of these 15, two are to be some 12 or 14 score behind the rest, to give notice if the enemie follow them in the rear.

d 1.127 The Captain which leads in front must march so as the other troops must keep foot with him; and passing over a bridge or narrow passage, must make Alto so soon as he is over, or in the plain, leaving a souldier at the bridge or strait, which shall give him knowledge so soon as the rear be past over or through.e 1.128 And if in these strait passages there be any advenues by which the enemie might charge you, those must be prepossessed by Harquebusiers, or Dragons, alighting, and keeping themselves upon some height, or in some valley, or behind some hedge or ditch, to secure their flanks.

Every troop is to leave 100 paces distance between each other, and are to suffer no baggage nor others to trouble them, as abovesaid.

CHAP. VI. The order of marching by night.

UPon occasion of marching with all or part of the Cavallrie by night, the companies are punctually appointed their places of march by written orders delivered to their officers. Be∣fore the troops, a Corporall with 12 or 15 Harquebusiers is to be sent, by the space of half a league, to discover and take intelligence at the houses, whether there be any news of the enemie. And passing by places which are at the enemies devotion, some of them must have the language, and feigne themselves friends, the better to know what passeth.

Not long after these, foure others are to follow, as in the former chapter. Besides, a chosen troop of Cuirassiers are to be ready, led by a Captain of speciall desert, with order toa 1.129 charge resolutely upon any adversarie; and these are to march 150 paces before the rest.

The chief Commander is to march at the head of the first troop which followeth the said cho∣sen troop of 60 Cuirassiers, and with him one of the best souldiers of every troop, to carrie the or∣ders (upon all occasions) to their Captains: sending before him foure of his ablest men, to give him notice if the said select troop of 60 Cuirassiers charge the enemie: which if it happen, he shall cast his companie out of the way, and charge the enemie on the flank; and so the rest of the troops, observing that they intermix not their troops.

The troops must not leave such distances between each other as in the day march, unlesse they heare news of the enemies approch.b 1.130 They must march with all possible silence. At any by∣way, the first company must leave a souldier at the entrance thereof, which shall be relieved or changed by the next company, and so successively untill all be past. Coming into open and cham∣pion places, the officers shall draw up their troops, and cause them to march in square bodies, well closed, having regard that none sleep. The spare horses or pages must not march at the heads of the troops. If the enemie charge the rear, the chief officer in the rear shall cause the last company to face about; and so the rest, if need be: but those companies which were in front must not come

to the rear, for avoiding of disorder, and lest the enemy cunningly make an alarm in the rear, when he meaneth to charge the front. In the rear of all, a Corporall with 15 horse shall march as above-mentioned, with a guide. The day being come, the said 60 Cuirassiers shall return to their severall companies. If the companies refresh themselves in the night, they must not be suf∣fered to unsaddle their horses, nor disarm themselves. The guides (diverse of them) must go be∣fore the troops, whether on foot or on horse-back, guarded by two souldiers which know the lan∣guage, and no other to speak to them.c 1.131 These are diligently to observe them whether they seem doubtfull, looking here and there, as doubting of the way, and thereof shall presently certifie the officer, that he may call others, to be assured.

CHAP. VII. How the baggage is to march.

AS little baggage as possible may be must be conducted with the Cavallrie. It is the Waggon-masters charge to order it for the march. First, the Generalls baggage is to march, then the Lieutenant Generalls, then the Commissary Generalls, and so the other officers in their degrees.

The place of march is uncertain;a 1.132 but alwayes it must be most remote from danger. If the danger be in the front, it marcheth in the rear, &c. The Waggon-master (or with some the Pro∣vost) must see that all march in their appointed place, and disband not. A company of Harque∣busiers is to guard the baggage. The horse-boyes march after the waggons, and must not be suf∣fered to march among the troops.

The third Part. Of Encamping.

THE ARGUMENT.

THe next part to be handled (according to our former distribution) is Encamping. In the skilfull performance whereof, the military prudence and good judgement of the Commander of an army chiefly appeareth. And herein three things are principally considerable.

1. In what place, and by whom the quarter is to be made, and how distri∣buted.

2. The manner of securing the quarter, by guards, sentinels, discoverers, spies, &c.

3. Of dislodging, and the way how to perform it.

CHAP. I. Of making the quarters.

INa 1.133 the choise of a fitting place for encamping or quartering, regard must be had, First, to the commoditie of the souldiers; Secondly, to the situation; to be able to resist the enemie: For experience teacheth what benefit or losse an army may receive by a good or bad quartering, and hereof histories yield a world of examples.

To lodge or encamp the Cavallrie, a speciall care must be had of the commodity of water, and where they may be under shelter: for one cold or rainy night might ruine the Cavallrie, nothing hurting a horse sooner then cold or wet. By this means the souldier shall find forrage at hand, and needeth not to go seek it abroad with his horse of service, all not having nags. When the horse be lodged in severall quarters, two souldiers of every quarter attend the person of the Generall, or the chief Commander, to carry any sudden orders to their severall quarters. But of such compa∣nies as are quartered near him,b 1.134 one is sufficient. When all the Cavallry is lodged together, the Lieutenant Generall, Commissary Generall, and Quartermaster Generall are usually lodged near the Generall, for the better distributing of the Generalls orders.

The appointing of the quarters belongeth to the Commissary Generall and the Marshall, by whose directions the Quartermaster Generall proceedeth. It is fit for them to have some demon∣stration on paper, of the place beforehand; and to know the commodities and discommodities, also advenues of the enemy; wherein the guides can better direct them then the usuall maps, which (if not false) are too generall. When the Quartermaster Generallc 1.135 goeth before to make the quarters, not onely the particular Quartermasters, but also two souldiers of every company are to go with him; which then go back again to conduct their respective companies to their assigned quarters;

especially in the night. The Provost (or rather the Waggon-master) sendeth one of his men to take notice of the place for the lodging of the baggage, who afterward conducteth him thither; where he then assigneth the Sutlers (or victuallers) their quarter, and causeth all carts or waggons to be removed out of the streets, left an alarm be given.

CHAP. II. Of distributing the quarters.

GReat discretion must be used in appointing to every one such quarter as isa 1.136 fitting and con∣formable to the quality of his person, and convenience of the place. The best way to avoid suspicion of partialitie is, that such as be ill lodged now, be better accommodated the next time. The market-place (for the conveniency of all, and for safetie) is to be in the middle; but so as no streets run through it leading to the Rendezvous or place of arms.

When the quarter is to be in some suspected place, it should (if possibly it could) be made in the day time, before the approch of the night, that so the fittest place for the alarm place might be made choise of, and also for the corps-du-guard; also the better to discover and observe the ap∣proches of the enemy, and to appoint the stands of the Sentinells; that so the souldiers finding all things ready, be not put to find out their lodgings in the dark with lighted straw, in danger to fire the houses: besides, a Lieutenant with 25 Harquebusiers useth to be sent out before, and to place themselves beyond the further side of the village where the quarter shall be, placing Sentinells a good distance before them, to prevent the enemies sudden approch on that part. The best house must be appointed for the Generall, as near the Corps-du-guard as may be; the rest of the officers are to be accommodated in their order. Every Captain must lodge among his souldiers. The troops, being come near to the quarter, make Alto; and receiving information by the Quarter∣master Generall, or one of the particular Quartermasters, that the quarters are ready, the Chief giveth license to the Captains to enter their quarters. They which have the guard are to be con∣ducted to the place by the Quartermaster Generall. But if the army be encamped in the field, the Cavallrie is to be quartered, according to theb 1.137 manner of quartering of a regiment,c 1.138 repre∣sented in figure 4. part 3. chap. 2. And of the whole army in Figure 5.

CHAP. III. Of the necessitie of securing the quarters.

NOthing sooner deceiveth an unexperienced Captain, then to perswade himself that he is su∣periour in forces, and in advantage of place, and so farre distant from his enemie as he cannot, or dare not assail him. Upon which supposition thea 1.139 surprisings of quarters are often grounded, it being no marvell that secure and disordered men should be assaulted by well ordered men and re∣solute; among the Cavallrie especially, where the souldier cannot arm himself without help: his horse-boy nor himself being scarce themselves, (as but newly rouzed out of their sleep by the al∣arm) can hardly tell where to find bridle or saddle, or light: so as the enemy is upon their jacks before they can mount, or at least unite themselves together.

These things oftentimes happen, but are justly derided by good souldiers,b 1.140 and therefore all di∣ligence must be used at all times as if the enemy were at hand, ready to set upon the quarters every moment.

CHAP. IIII. Of the manner of securing the quarters.

ALl the diligences used about securing of the quarters, seem onely to serve for the gaining of time,a 1.141 and that the enemy may not charge you on the sudden, so as the souldiers have not convenient time to arm themselves, mount their horses, and assemble at the place of arms. To effect this, there is no better way then tob 1.142 make sure the enemies approches. If the quarter be in a suspected place, the companies of Harquebusiers are to be quartered in the advenues of the village, the Lances (if any be) and Cuirassiers in the middle.

At the entrances of all the streets, either trees orc 1.143 waggons are to be placed acrosse, giving order to the Harquebusiers to guard those passages, and that none of them mount on horseback without speciall order: that so, the rest may have time to assemble at the place of arms, if the enemy come

[illustration] figure depicting encampment layout

THis Regiment consisteth of foure troops of horse, viz. two of Cuirassiers, and two of Harquebusiers: which Regiment containeth in breadth (or front) from A. to B. 700. foot, and in depth (or length) from B. to C. 300. foot: from A. to D. is 205 foot in breadth for one company of Cuirassiers, which consisteth of 80 horse, together with 80 nags, which have five files of huts, and five files of horse, which Curassiers are quartered (or lodged) on the right hand of the Regiment.

From E to Z is 115 foot in breadth for a company of Harquebusiers, which consisteth of 100 horse, and it hath three files of huts and horses.

From A to G is the space of ground where the Collonell of the Regiment is lodged, on the right hand of these foure companies, and the said enclosure for the Collonel is 70 foot broad, from A to G.

From G to H is 40 foot in depth (or length) for the said enclosure for the Collonell; and so are all the other enclosures of the Officers.

From H to I is 20 foot in breadth, for the street between the Collonells Enclosure, and the Enclosure for the Lieutenant and Cornet of the said Collonells company (which are both lodged in one Enclosure, marked I K) which hath also 70 foot in breadth, as that of the Collonel; which Enclosure is divided into two parts: The Lieu∣tenant being lodged on the right hand, and hath 40 foot in breadth for his Enclosure: And the Cornet on the left hand (with one of the Trumpeters) having the other 30 foot in breadth of the said Enclosure; which ma∣keth 70 foot for them both.

From K to L is another street of twenty foot broad, to the enclosure marked L M. L M is the enclosure where the Quartermaster is lodged, with two other horsemen which he pleaseth to admit of, which is 25 foot broad, and 40 foot long, as the rest. Their hut (within the said Enclosure) being 12 foot square for them three, and their stable is 25 foot broad for their six horses.

From M to N is 30 foot for the street between the Quartermasters enclosure, and the first hutts for the horse∣men, marked N.

From N to O is 180 foot for the quartering of the files of huts for the horsmen, viz. for 16 huts, and their 32 horses in a file, agreeable to the Regiments of Infantery: That so, where the Regiments of Cavallry are to be lodged in the champaine ground among the Infanterie, they might all make one and the same line before and behind the Regiments. And through the said two Troops of Cuirassiers there be two streets marked P. which streets are of 13 foot broad and the huts of the horsemen are ten fort broad, and 8 foot long for one horseman and his boy. And between two huts there is two foot of space for the drain of rain water, dropping from the thatch or covers of the huts. These huts have their chief doores or passages towards the heads of their horses, and a small one opening into the street, where they lay their hay and straw every one behind his own hut.

[illustration]

Q are two streets of twelve foot broad, which passe through the troops of Harquebusiers.

R is a street of five foot broad, between the horsmens huts, and the mangers for their horses.

S is ten foot for the Stables for their horses, which horses are placed with their heads toward their huts, and every horse hath 4 foot in breadth for his litter, and 8 foot for the two horses; according to the length of their huts. And more ground then eight foot they must not take; for otherwise it would cause a great disorder and confusion, not observing the said precise measures.

T is a street of 20 foot broad between the heels of their horses: in which street they mount and alight off their horses; which street they are bound to keep clean, and to carry away the dung every two or three dayes.

V is 30 foot in breadth for the street called the Victuallers (or Sutlers) street.

W are the Sutlers huts being ten foot square, and more room they must not take, unlesse (when they have many Pensioners) the Quartermaster give them a foot or two more in breadth, but not in depth, to observe the measure of 300 foot in the depth of the Regiment, as the Infantery.

X is ten foot of ground behind the Sutlers huts, for a place for the Sutlers, the horsmen and their wives to dresse their victuals. And in no other place of the Quarter must any fire be made. Neither are they to cast any filth, &c. within the Quarter, but to carry it to the place appointed thereunto, upon pain of a fine, which the Pro∣vost taketh.

E F is the enclosure of the Captain of a troop of Harquebusiers, being of the same breadth and depth as those of the Capt. of Cuirassiers, viz. 70. foot broad, and 40 foot deep. And the ancientest Captain of Harquebusi∣ers, or Cuirassiers closeth the battalion of the Regiment on the left hand, at the corner marked B.

F Y is a street of twenty foot broad, to the Lieutenant of the troop of Harquebusiers his enclosure Y.

Y Z is 25 foot in breadth for the enclosure of the said Lieutenant, where also are placed his foure horses; ha∣ving in depth 40 foot. And the Cornets of the troops of Harquebusiers are lodged on the right hand in the two first huts of the horsmen, and that to place his three horses, and the fourth horse is the Trumpeters, who alwayes lodgeth with the Cornet. These companies of Harquebusiers have also 180 foot depth for the quartering of their three files of huts marked (in the Cuirassiers) N O. but these have but 15 huts in every file for 30 horse: ha∣ving also two streets (as the Cuirassiers) through them marked Q. being 12 foot broad (as abovesaid) leaving three foot of space between their huts for the drain (whereas the Cuirassiers have but two foot) their huts are also often foot broad and 8 foot deep for two Harquebusiers, and 8 foot for the litter of their two horses, and ten foot for their stable. And five foot for a street between their huts, and the mangers of their horses: their Su∣tlers streets, and Sutlers huts, &c. are as the Cuirassiers.

[illustration] figure depicting encampment layout

T••e maner of Quartering the P^r. of Orange his Army both horsse and foote.

upon them; unto which a new passage must be cut, for the more privacie and security. If there be Dragons, then they are to guard the said approches: If Infantery, then it is their task to do it.

If the situation of the place be such as that the enemy may environ it round, the usuall entran∣ces or approches to the village are to be stopped up, and new ones cut in some secret places, as gardens or the like, distant from the usuall wayes, that so the enemy may be afraid to charge home a Centinell or Corps-du-guard, thereby to enter with them as they retreat. The quarters are to be well barricadoed about, except the new cut passages leading to the Rendezvous.

CHAP. V. Of the Rendez-vous or alarm place.

THe alarm place is that place without the village, where the souldiers are to assemble to with∣stand an assailing enemy, being a place of great consequence.

In the election of this place, consideration must be had of the situation of the villages and coun∣trey, whether it be large or strait; also of the time, whether it be by day or night: again, whether the Cavallrie be lodged together, or in severall villages. If together in one village, and in the night, (when the enemy may come upon them the more at unaware, as not being discoverable very farre) then this place must not be in the front of the village, as being too near the enemies ap∣proch, whereby it might be seised on by him, and so your men cut off one after another as they come thither to assemble themselves: but it must be on the sides or flanks of the village, though the baggage be hazarded; whicha 2.1 inviting the enemy to pillaging, often giveth him occasion of disorder. But in the day time it were best to be in front, shewing the more courage.

If the Cavallrie be quartered in diverse villages (which often happeneth, especially in places little suspected) the quality of the countrey must be considered. Some villages may be backed with rivers, and so give but one entrance to the enemie: then the generall place of arms or rendez-vous shall be in the center. And those villages which are exposed to the first brunt, shall be as Corps-du-guards to assure the rest. These (upon alarm given) must assemble in their particular alarm places, from thence they shall advance, united to receive the charge, though the enemy farre exceed them in number: and must sustain him so long, till they may be assured that the rest are all met at the generall Rendez-vous, whether (being forced by the enemy) they shall retreat by little and little, the other advancing to relieve them. If the countrey be open, so as the enemy may assail which he please, then they must use those diligences as when the Cavallrie is lodged altogether in one village. They which are first assaulted must make resistance, untill the other be met at the ge∣nerall Rendez-vous.

Touching the order of their assembling together in the alarm place, the Commissary Generall, or Quartermaster Generall, overnight appointeth a certain place for every troop, where they shall stand, which way faced, &c.

CHAP. VI. Of the Guards.

THe Commissary Generall is to keep account of thea 2.2 Guards, and to give orders requisite to those that are to have the guard: wherein he may employ one or more companies, according to occasions. The Corps-du-guard must be in the middle of the village. The guards, being di∣sposed in their places, must be every night visited by the Commissary Generall (which often the Lieutenant Generall, and sometime the Generall himself ought to do) to keep the souldiers in the greater aw. The Generalls company is exempt from the ordinary guards and convoyes, because they must be a guard to the Generall, (unlesse the Generall go in person) and so is the Lieutenant Generalls company.

The companies entring the guard, must be compleatly armed, and sound their trumpets; their Lieutenant taking information of all things from the Lieutenant which goeth from the guard, and then certifying his Captain; who is to acquaint his superiour officers with all occurrences, and with the reports of such as went to discover and scowre the high-wayes, also of the convoyes and other duties.

If the Cavallrie lodge in severall villages (which ever must not be farre distant from each other) in every village a company must have the guard and Sentinells.

b 2.3The Captains, officers, and souldiers which have the guard must be armed all night, and have their horses at hand, ready bridled, observing all possible silence.

In the day time, if there be any open champain within half a league (or thereabout) of the quarter, the company which hath the guard shall send out a Corporall with twelve or fifteen horse, which shall hide himself in some covert place near the entrance of the said champain. There he shall place double Sentinells in some eminent place, who seeing some Cavallry, one shall go to de∣scry them, the other shall go and tell the Corporall; who sending word to the Corps-du-guard, shall advance at large, sending out two horses to take knowledge of the said Cavallry. If there be

some high tree near the place where the said Corporall stood, he may thereon place a Sentinell, and save the sending out of the said two Sentinels. These horse shall be changed (or relieved) twice a day, by those which have the guard. If the enemy charge them, they are to retreat to the said en∣trance, and there to entertain the enemy till they of the guard can be ready (upon the former no∣tice given them) and come to second them.

If all the Cavallry go to oppose the enemy, the Captain of the guard shall have the vanguard. If more companies then one be employed for guard, that company shall have it, near which the alarm was given.

Sometime it so happeneth as that the troops come to their quarter in the night and in ill wea∣ther, so as the advenues cannot be observed, nor fitting places for the guards nor Sentinels: Then the Commissary Generall (or the Generall himself) is to go and appoint them as he shall judge most convenient: appointing to every company ten souldiers of guard, (more or lesse as need shall require) and commanding all to be in readinesse, giving order to the Corps-du-guard (as the onely remedy) that if the enemy assail the quarter, they go resolutely and charge him: which (besides the honour and reputation so gotten) oftentimes provethc 2.4 fortunate. Some use (to keep their souldiers awake) to sound the boute-selle at midnight, as if the enemy were at hand; but that might prove more dangerous then profitable: for after the first time, it maketh the souldiers se∣cure and carelesse. Better it is that (after two or three houres refreshing) in such cases, the com∣panies be caused to go out into the champain, everyd 2.5 souldier taking with him some oats and other refreshments; placing the Corps-du-guards as shall be thought fit, and not giving eare to the mur∣muring of the souldiers. But if the weather be rainy and tempestuous, such as that they must be under shelter, every officer (by certain houres) shall divide the night, and go from house to house, knocking and calling to the souldiers, causing them to saddle their horses. A while after him, ano∣ther is to enter the houses, and see every souldier armed and ready to mount, punishing those that are sluggish.

The Quartermasters shall also (by turns) visit the quarters and guards. The Chief himself is also to visit the souldiers, calling to one and to another with a loud voice, to make them the more attentive.

CHAP. VII. Of the Sentinels.

SEeinga 2.6 that they of the guard cannot be alwayes on horse-back, nor discover the enemy afarre off, to prevent a sudden surprise, Sentinels have been invented; which every Corps-du-guard setteth out of those souldiers which have the guard. These are usually placedb 2.7 double, that while one goeth to certifie the Chief of the Corps-du-guard what he hath heard or seen, the other stay∣eth to observe new accidents which might happen.

They are placed where most high-wayes joyn, to possesse all the advenues, if they exceed not three hundred paces distance.

Nearer to the Corps du-guard there useth to be placed a single Sentinell, to observe the moti∣ons of the other double.

Between these, another single Sentinell sometime is placed (when the double are somewhat fur∣ther off to possesse some crosse way, or when for some other hinderance they are not in view of him) which may have both them and the nearest single Sentinell in view. So that every Senti∣nell must know that he is onely placed there to certifie the Corps-du-guard of all occurrences; so as (though he were provoked by any advantageous occasion) he must not stirre a foot; or else he committeth ac 2.8 capitall crime. While the one is gone to relate his observation to the Corps-du-guard, if the second be forced by the enemie, he shall by little and little retreat to the said Corps-du-guard.

No Sentinell must alight from his horse, unlesse for naturall necessitie; and then but one at once.

In the day time, the Sentinells are to be placed on high places to discover the further, but not on the high-wayes, lest they be surprised by forragers or others of the enemie, pretending to be friends: he shall therefore keep a stones cast out of the high-way, suffering none to accost him.

In the night (if it may be) they shall be placed in valleys, because from thence one seeth best what cometh from the higher ground. They shall suffer no person (whosoever he be) to enter or go out of the quarter; but causing him to stand at 30 or 40 paces distance from them, the one shall go and certifie his officer; who (d 2.9 having the watch-word) shall go and take notice of him, and know his businesse in that place, and at that time.

The Sentinells are to be changed (or relieved) after this manner; Thee 2.10 houre being come, the

Lieutenant parteth from the Corps-du-guard with that number of horse which are to stand Senti∣nell, the one half of these he committeth to a Corporall, or old expert souldier, which goeth with him (for the Cornet must not forsake his standard) the other moitie he retaineth to himself. This division made, the Lieutenant with his troop goeth one way, the Corporall with his, the other; encompassing the whole quarter, each of them having a trumpet with them. Thus they (riding one towards another) change the Sentinells from place to place, conducting the discharged Senti∣nells with them, till they meet each other.

The Captain having gone the first round,f 2.11 the rounders are to be sent out, to see whether these Sentinels be vigilant. And sometimes foure other rounders are sent out, twice as farre be∣yond the Sentinells, as they are from the quarter, (twice at least in a night) to discover round about the quarter, and to observe whether the dogs bark more then usually, &c.

If they observe any thing, one comes back to bring the news, the other three go on. In the day time, a Sentinell shall be placed on the top of the steeple of the village, where the quarter is, and a boore with him, as best knowing the passages and approches. If the Sentinell which al∣wayes walks before the Corps-du-guard cannot heare him, another Sentinell shall be placed at the foot of the steeple, so that these three may understand each other, and (without losse of time) give notice to the Corps-du-guard. Besides, there ought to be doubleg 2.12 Sentinells on hors-back pla∣ced on high places without the quarter, to be able to discover the further.

The Generall hath alwayes a Sentinell at his tent, so hath the Lieutenant Generall, (taken out of their own guards) and so the Commissarie Generall. No Captain may have a Sentinell (not to overburden the souldiers) unlesse he command the quarter, or have the Cornet lodging with him: except the Captains of Harquebusiers which lodge in the advenues, that so they may the sooner have notice of an alarm.

The Commissarie Generall must shew the Captain that hath the guard, where the Sentinells for the quarter shall be placed. The one Sentinell (when they see men approching) shall with∣draw himself somewhat from the other, towards the quarter; that so (if any violence be offered to the other) he may run to the Corps-du-guard.

They are not onely to certifie of the approch of the enemie or any other; but also are to ob∣serve the fires which they see, or the barking of dogs which they heare more then usuall, or shoot∣ing with canon or small shot afarre off, and of all to inform the Corps-du-guard.

If an alarm be given whilest the Lieutenant and Corporall aforesaid are about to change the Sentinels, they must presently send word to the quarter, and instantly hasten towards the place where the alarm is, leaving the Sentinells to stand somewhat the longer.

h 2.13To assure the quarter in an open and champain countrey and much suspected, it is good to place Sentinells 200 or 300 paces from the quarter, answering one upon another (as upon all oc∣casions they must be) as in a circle round about it. And these not to stand near the wayes or principall approches, (as the manner is) but alwayes passing to and fro, one towards another, as if they would change places: By which continuall motions none may passe undiscovered. As farre beyond these, they which went to discover have their courses, sometimes riding up even to the adverse garrisons (if they be not too farre distant) which shall be shewed at large in the next chapter.

CHAP. VIII. Of Scouts to discover the high-wayes.

THe quarters being thus accommodated, the Commissarie Generall shall depute a Corporall with 12 or 15 horse, and a trumpet to discover or scoure the high-wayes towards the enemies abode; without which diligence the enemie might charge the Sentinells so suddenly, and enter with them, as there would be no time for the Corps-du-guard and others to prepare themselves for defence. These do consist partly of Cuirassiers, and partly of Harquebusiers, to give the alarm. They are to advance towards the enemie some three or foure houres march, by the severall high∣wayes, foure or five to a way, as occasion shall require. They must not set foot on ground, but must silently go, listning if they heare any rumour, which in thea 2.14 night is easie to be heard. If they heare any thing without being discovered, the Corporall shall secretly send word to the quarter by a souldier of the approch of the enemie. And when he judgeth the first is arrived, he may send a second to assure the former advice; retreating by little and little, and observing the enemie and the number of his horse: which he may easilier guesse by their footing, then by view. But if the enemie perceived him, he shall cause a carabine or two to be discharged, and shall spee∣dily dispatch away a souldier to certifie the quarter. Or if the enemies number be great, he shall set on fire some house thereabout, they of the quarter knowing beforehand wherefore it is done. And sending two souldiers with more certain news, they shall give fire to their carabines when they be so near the quarter as that they may be heard, thereby to give them the more time to get ready. If the quarter be in a very suspicious place, more companies of discoverers must be sent out, and they are to have a countersigne given them (as the name of some town, &c.) to know each other by in the night.

Alarms (though false) cannot be prevented, it being in the enemies choice to shew himself as often as he please, happily for no other intent but to wearie your souldiers; or by that stratagem to make them secure and carelesse. To remedie this, the Captains use to give the alarm secretly (without sound or noise) by silent advices; that so the enemie vaunt not of putting you to trouble, but wearie himself. And thus the horrour of the sounds of trumpets and noise of warlike cries is avoided, which hinder the hearing of the Commanders directions. But if the enemie charge the said Discoverers or Sentinells so hard, as that they have no opportunitie to send word, but the enemie puts on to enter the quarter with them (which is the best way for him to compasse his pur∣pose) then they shall (flying to the quarter) give the alarm with firings of the Harquebusiers and calling out aloud, entering not at the usuall wayes, but at the private ones; to give the enemie oc∣casion of suspence, not knowing whither they might draw him on. Moreover, when the alarm is thus secretly given (as before shewed) and having some notice of the enemies forces how strong they are in number, you may cause your souldiers to mount with all possible secrecie, and order them for fight, on the flank of the enemies advenue, leaving the Sentinels (with some trumpets) there standing, with command that, when the enemie approcheth them, they shallb 2.15 bravely sound an alarm. Whereupon the enemie (if he be a souldier) will charge them in full career with one squadron to enter with them, and then second those with the rest of his troops: whereupon it will be hard (especially in the night) to keep the souldiers from pillaging. The first (entring without resistance) will be scattered about the houses; the rest will hasten to get their shares: and what∣soever the Captains do, they shall not be able to keep them in such order as they ought. Then shall your troops resolutely charge them, not doubting of a good issue, they being now surprised which thought to find you asleep. Or if it be not thought fit to fight, yet may you by this means make a safe retreat, so as you be not troubled with too much baggage.

If there be no bridges or strait passages between the quarter and the enemie, by which he must necessarily passe, the further the discoverers ride towards the enemie, the better; if he lay in garri∣son (so as the distance be not too great) they may ride to the very gates. But if there be such strait passages or bridges by which the enemie must of necessitie passe if he will assail the quarter, there must be guards of Harquebusiers placed, which by their giving fire, or otherwise, shall give no∣tice if the enemie shall approch. Sometime a whole companie is to be sent out upon this service, being a guard for the whole armie.

CHAP. IX. Of forraging.

FOrraging is an action of great importance and danger. 1. Of importance, because thereon de∣pendeth the sustenance of the horses. 2. Of danger, by reason ofa 2.16 the enemies endeavours to set upon the guards and convoyes of forragers, which must be sent out at least twice a week. There∣fore, that these forragers may the better be secured, there must alwayes be a good grosse of In∣fanterie and Cavallrie sent with them, under the command of a chief officer, or at least a well ex∣perienced Captain. The Provost or one of his assistants is to go with them, to punish such as are exorbitant or straggle. If the forrage be for the whole armie, the Lieutenant Generall is to leade the convoy.b 2.17 The baggage nor horse-boyes must be mingled among the troops.

It is not fit to go twice together to one place to forrage, lest the enemie knowing it, watch an opportunitie. At first it is good to forrage in the most remote places, and where the enemie is like to come to encamp: but if the enemie be settled, it is not good to forrage so near him as that he might set upon the convoy with Infanterie and Cavallrie; but rather in such places, where he can hardly (without great danger to himself) endammage the forragers.c 2.18 If there be one or more streets by which the enemie might come, between the quarter and the place of forrage, some con∣venient number of foot, and ten or twelve horse must be left at the advenues of each of the said streets. The horse are to place a Sentinell, and to send out two to discover the wayes a good di∣stance before them. By this means the forragers having finished their forraging, make their retreat safely; to which purpose also one or two troops of twentie five horse apiece use to march upon the flanks of the forragers. When all the forragers are marching back again towards the quarter, all the convoy marcheth in the rear; it being unlikely that the enemie will set upon them with any great forces between their convoy and their quarter.

At the place ofd 2.19 forrage, the Chief shall cause a troop of Harquebusiers to advance somewhat before the rest, there to stand and to suffer none to passe beyond: he is also to send out some souldi∣ers on every side, and to visit woods and valleys, &c.

For the better securing of the said forragers, or the quarter, there use to be fiftie or more of the Infanterie (which may be fitly performed by Dragoneers) with a competent number of horse, pla∣ced in some castle or strong Church within two or three houres riding of the quarter. But to se∣cure

the quarter, there ought to be two places equidistant so guarded, which might cut off those small troops which run near the armie on either side. And if the troops be of number, these may (by their discoverers or spies) receive notice thereof, and so suddenly inform the quarter.

CHAP. X. Of Garrisons.

BY reason of the affinitie between a camp and a garrison, it will not be amisse (though some∣what by way of digression) to say something of them. The fittest places for the Cavallrie to be laid in garrison are those which are frontiers towards the enemie: thereby the enemies excur∣sions are hindred, and their own friends secured. Whereas otherwise (though they be never so strong of Infanterie,) they are like to have some of the enemies horse alwayes at their gates. Be∣sides, it gives morea 2.20 courage to the Cavallrie to have their garrison thus on the frontiers, against the time of their going out upon service, then if they had spent all the winterb 2.21 lazily in some gar∣rison more within the countrey. It is good to appoint them their ordinary settled garrisons, that so they may there leave their baggage, and go into the field with the lesse incumbrance; which will also make them the better skilled in the knowledge of the countrey and wayes. If there be one troop or more of horse laid in garrison in some walled citie where the horse make no guard, the Captain of each troop must alwayes keep one of his souldiers in the Corps-du-guard of the go∣vernour, to give him notice of all occurrences, of the enemies approches, alarms, &c.

Besides, it is fit that a troop of horse having a frontier citie for their garrison, should keep fif∣teen horse upon the guard; if there be more companie, then twentie five at least, to be presently readie upon all occasions, while the rest can prepare themselves. And alwayes at thec 2.22 opening of the gates, every morning, two or more horses are to be sent out to discover about whether there be any embuscadoes. For the securing of your discoverers some ordinance is alwayes kept ready, and untill they return none are to be suffered to go out of the gate.

If the countrey about the garrison be champain, happily the enemie lying near may have an em∣buscadoe two or three leagues off. And the better to draw you into it, he may send out some horse (the day before) within sight of your garrison; which returning the same wayd 2.23 (some driving cattel, others carrying sacks, &c.) may draw out some of your horse to regain their bootie, where∣by you might fall into their embuscadoe. In such cases you must observe such cautelous diligences as shall be shewed in thee 2.24 chapter of embuscadoes.

If those which you shall send out to discover meet with no boores, or that they come not to the garrison as they were wont, it is a signe they are stayed by the enemies embuscadoe.

If an alarm be given in the night, those souldiers which have the guard must presently mount; their Chief must instantly send two one way, and two another way to run about the ramparts of the place, to take notice and to report wherefore the alarm was given: if the rumour continue, the rest are to run thither with all expedition. But this diligence of keeping the horse at the Corps-du-guard is not of necessitie in such garrisons which lie within the countrey, where there is no fear of surprises, or scaladoes.

CHAP. XI. Of Spies.

THe best and principall means for a Commander to avoid divers inconveniences, and to effect many worthy designes, are, First,a 2.25 to be sure to keep his own deliberations and resolutions secret.b 2.26 Secondly, to penetrate the designes and intentions of the enemy. For which purpose it behoveth him to have good spies, which must be exceeding well rewarded, that so they may be the readier to expose themselves to all dangers. The best and most assured spies are ones own souldi∣ers, which (feigning some discontent for want of pay, or otherwise) enter into the enemies service, and get themselves into the Cavallry, as having best opportunity (whether in the field or in gar∣rison) to give information. Of these it is good to have many, and in severall places, the one knowing nothing of the other. You are to agree with them of the place where they shall con∣vey their letters, as some tree, gallows, or other place easie to find, where they also shall find yours giving them order to come in person when their advice is of great importance: as, if the enemy would fall upon a quarter, surprise some place, or attempt some other great enterprise. There

might also divers souldiers be daily sent disguised, under severall pretences, to observe what is done in the enemies leaguer, when it is near. The boors use also to serve for spies, aswell women as men, which, being not much regarded nor suspected, may have the freer accesse: but these are not alwayes to be trusted, neither are they so well able to judge of or to pierce into businesse, and the lesse assurance and information is to be had by their relations.

There are also spies which are called double, which must be men of great fidelity. These (to get credit with the enemy) must sometimes give him true information of what passeth on the other side; but of such things, and at such times, as they may do no hurt. But these kind of spies cannot continue long without being discovered.

If it be possible, such spies must be had, as are entertained into domesticall service of the chief of∣ficers of the enemy, the better to know their intentions and designes.

On the other side, there must be exceeding great care taken to beware of the enemies spies, which otherwise may do you as much mischief as you reap benefit by your own. To remedy this inconvenience,

1. Those which shall be discovered must be punished with extreme rigour, which will be a means to deterre others which are or might be so imployed.

2. Rogues, vagabonds, and idle persons must be chased out of the leaguer.

3. No officer is to enterain any unknown person into his service. For oftentimes at table and otherwise things happen to be spoken, which were more fit to have been kept secret.

4. No stranger is to be lodged within the quarters by any officer or souldier without speciall license. To this purpose a suddenc 2.27 command useth to be published, for every man to repair to his tent or cabin, whereby the Provost takes such as are remaining in the streets; which are made to give account of their businesse there.

5. A means may be used to deceive the enemy by his own spies, giving it out that you intend one thing, and do a contrary: also by seeming no way mistrustfull of the enemies drummes and trumpets (which are often sent with some pretended message, to heare and observe) and letting fall some words (which carry with them some probability) in their hearing, which they may take for truth.

6.d 2.28 Sometimes it is wisdome, having discovered a spie, in stead of punishing of him, to tell him that (out of a good Inclination to him) in stead of severe punishment, you desire to do him good, &c. by such baits they may become double spies. And if you suspect any of your own soul∣diers, it is best to dissemble it, and to make much of them, the better to discover them.

e 2.29Lastly, no drumme nor trumpet of the enemies is to be admitted into the leaguer, but first to be stayed by the Sentinells of the Cavallry, untill notice be given to the Lord Marshall, and he give leave for their admission: then they are to be committed to the provost Marshall, which suf∣fereth no man to speak with them. The Lord Marshall having understood their message, acquaint∣eth the Lord Generall therewith, that so a course may be taken for their dispatch. Other wayes and means may be used for discovering and preventing of spies, wherewith the readyf 2.30 invention of a quick-spirited Commander will abundantly furnish him upon every occasion.

CHAP. XII. Of dislodging.

FOr the manner of dislodging or removing of the Cavallry out of the quarter, there are also ne∣cessary advertisements to be given.

All the Cavallry lodging together, and order being given for their remove, the Commissary Generall is to take notice of the precise houre: and at the distributing of the word to the Quarter-masters, he is to warn them to give notice thereof to their Captains; which must be carefull to cause thea 2.31 boutez-selle to be sounded when they heare the Generalls trumpets do it. This useth to be sounded two houres before the time of departing, and the A chevall when it is time to march. Upon sudden occasions or for privacy, no other warning is given but onely theb 2.32 Generalls trum∣pets sound, and the rest take it from them.

If the Cavallry be quartered in severall places, the Quartermasters (coming for the wordc 2.33 the evening before) carry the orders to the Captains, acquainting them with the just houre for their assembling at the generall Rendez-vous. If the remove be sudden, word is carried by one of the two souldiers which attend the Generall; as is before shewed. In suspected places they are to re∣move with all possible silence.

The Rendez-vous where the troops must assemble, to be ready to march, must be out of the village, and free from hedges, &c. (though it be somewhat the further off) towards the place to which they are to march. The company which hath the vanguard is to be first on their march towards the Rendez-vous; the souldiers of every company assemble at their Cornets lodging, who is to be first on horse-back; and thed 2.34 Captain by his readinesse is to give a good example to his souldiers. The greater part of the company being met, the Captain is to advance towards the Rendez-vous.

The company which that day hath the guard, must not stirre untill all be gone, their Lieute∣nant going to the contrary side of the village (remotest from the Rendez-vous) to draw in his Sentinells. All the troops and baggage being marched away, the said company shall also march. But if the said company be to march in the van or battaillon (to save the travell of the horses to hasten to their place of march, and the trouble of passing before the other troops) it is best to com∣mit that duty to the company of Harquebusiers which is to march in the rear of all.

Every Lieutenant (when his company marcheth) is to stay to reprehend ord 2.35 severely punish such as stay behind, especially doing it to pillage, or for the like bad intent. The Provost or his assistants are also to stay to see the fires put out, and good order kept.

As the troops enter the Rendez-vous, the Quartermaster Generall, or some of the particular Quartermasters are to place them one after another in their due places, according to the written orders; leaving spaces for every company that is to come, which after two or three dayes they can observe of themselves.

The companies entring the Rendez-vous must fit themselves as for fight. The Captains must put on their casques, so must the Cornets, &c. The Harquebusiers must place their Carabines on their thighs. The Cuirassiers must hold their pistols in their hands, the trumpets sounding, untill all be come to their places. If they be there to make some stay, they may put off their casques and a light a while, (with leave) but must not omit to place Sentinells on some high places.

The fourth Part. Of Embattelling.

THE ARGUMENT.

OF all other military actions, thea 2.36 chiefest is that of embattelling, or ordering an ar∣my for combat; which now (in the last place) I am to treat of.

The occasions of combat for the Cavallry are many and frequent, (sometime by a sole company, sometime by more troops, otherwhile by all the horse toge∣ther) of divers kinds, upon differing accidents, and those (for the most part) sudden and unexpected. Since therefore nob 2.37 rules nor directions can be so full and ample as to meet with all sorts of accidents, my purpose is to aim at the chiefest; and to shew,

1. How to assail a quarter; to give the charge in fight; and to order embuscadoes, by way of offence.

2. How to do, meeting with the enemy in marching; and how to receive the charge by way of defence.

3. How to order the troops in battell; first, by single companies apart: secondly, by all the Ca∣vallry united in a grosse body.

CHAP. I. How to assail a quarter.

A Captain which is desirous to gain honour by some enterprise upon the enemy, though much his superiour in strength, hatha 2.38 no better way then to assail him in his quarter. To effect this, he must have good knowledge of the village and the countrey thereabout; and if he can (by ta∣king a little compasse) charge him on the rear or on the flanks: if there be any negligence in the quarter, it is like to be on those parts.

If he cannot (by other means) get knowledge how their guards are kept, and other duties either observed or neglected; he may conjecture by theb 2.39 qualities of their Chief, whether he be a good souldier or not; whether he be proud and hasty, or that he be advised and deliberate: for ignorance joyned with a naturall fury causeth a man to despise his enemy, and to think it a disparagement to him (as an argument of fear) to use such cautelous courses in assuring his quarter; especially know∣ing himself the stronger.

In the assailing of his quarter, there are two things to be observed;

1. To make your approches as near the village as possible may be.

2.c 2.40 To hinder him from uniting his troops into a body.

Touching the first, the first troop shall advance (without any forerunners) as secretly as may be: and assoon as they perceive themselves to be discovered (without losing a moment of time)

shall charge the Sentinells, and enter the quarter with them, and surprise the Corps-du-guard be∣fore they be able to mount on horse-back.

For the second, there must be an exquisite observance of the orders given, and not a man to dis∣band. Suppose the enemy hath 1000. horse and you but 500, you may fitly divide your forces in∣to five troops. The first having surprised the Corps-du-guard (as before mentioned) shall from thence passe to the market-place, with resolution to sustain any resistance which they shall meet with. The second troop (perceiving the quarter invested) shall follow upon the gallop closely united, and finding no resistance, shall possesse the alarm place, and send some horse to run through the streets, to keep the souldiers in; and to hinder them from mounting on horseback.

The third shall come fairly on to the said place, and so the fourth; which (leaving the third there firm) shall hasten to the place where they heare the most noise: then shall they alight and enter the houses, putting to the sword what enemies they find. The running of these horse through the streets, hindering the souldiers to mount, will surely make them think ratherd 2.41 of escaping by flight through the gardens or otherwise, then of resisting: neither can there (in such a tumult) be good orders given or observed. Therefore the fifth troop hearing the noise cease, may conjecture there is no need of their help to take the village; and so shall divide themselves into two parts, and invi∣ron the quarter on the outside, to hinder the enemies flight on foot. The horse-boyes may fire a house or two, especially where the enemy shall endeavour to fortifie; then (as the souldiers) to en∣ter the houses to pillage and take prisoners, &c.

Another way of assailing the quarter, is this: The enemies camp removing, the Chief or Ca∣ptain must labour to inform himself of the place where he purposeth to lodge that night; and where the quarter for the Cavallry shall be: which may easily be learned, because overnight it is usually published: or having good knowledge of the countrey, he may conjecture it. He must consider the number of his enemies horse, and of his own, and though he be inferiour by half (as beforesaid) yet may his enterprise take good effect, if it be well carried. He must fit the time soe 2.42 justly, as that he may come to the enemies quarter in the evening, before the guards be disposed, or the orders given. And if the distance were such, as that he must march when the enemy march∣eth; he shall depart from his quarter with all secresie, andf 2.43 pretend to march to some other place, taking a way contrary to that which leadeth to the place intended. And (when he thinketh fit) he shall face about, and march on the flank of the enemy as covertly as may be. But to do this, two things must be observed; 1. That your march be through your friends countrey. 2. That you have more then one spie in the enemies Cavallry, so as they be not able to stirre without your knowledge. It must be also considered, that if you go to assail your enemies quarter, he may have means to discover your purpose by his scouts or otherwise, and so be prepared for you: therefore must you have a care to be provided for it, by taking good order beforehand, and securing yourg 2.44 retreat by placing a good number of Infantery or Dragoneers in the midway at some conveni∣ent place. Going about this exploit in the night (as the fittest and safest way) every souldier must have some token or signe of ah 2.45 white colour on their casks, to distinguish each other by. It of∣ten falleth out, that the enemy (having got intelligence of some intention to set upon his quarter) keepeth extraordinary guards, and is very vigilant in the night; but in the day time they all go to rest and are carelesse, as fearing no danger: at which time many have been so found and defeated.

CHAP. II. Of giving the charge.

TO know rightly how to charge the enemy, is a matter of great consequence. If you meet the enemie marching in the day time, and he retreat, whereupon you resolve to charge him; you are first to send a troop of Harquebusiers to charge him on the rear, as followeth. The Lieute∣nant shall first give on with 25 horse charging the enemie upon a full trot or gallop: him shall the Captain follow with the rest of that troop. These are to be seconded by a company of Cui∣rassiers, as fittest to sustain the enemy, if he resist. But if the way be narrow, the said Cuirassiers shall follow immediately after the first 25 Harquebusiers, and then the Captain with the rest of them. The other troops shall second these, keeping alwayes a hundred paces distance between every company.

If you meet a troop of the enemies horse, your self having also but one troop, both of equall number, and that it so fall out that the enemy retreat; you are to send your Lieutenant with twen∣ty horse to charge him in the rear, following him with fifty to the same effect, closed as firm as may be: the rest must follow at a good distance under a good Corporall, which shall not engage himself to fight (though the enemy turn head) unlesse he see his Captain and Lieutenant in great danger: and then he shall couragiously charge the enemy, to give time to those of his company to

reunite themselves:a 2.46 there being nothing more dangerous in combat, then to engage the whole troop at once; because if they never so little disorder themselves, they cannot reassemble unlesse they have fresh men to sustain the enemy. Besides, the mere sight of a reserve gives a terrour to the enemy, which (upon occasion) may charge him on the flank. And if there be but fifty horse in a troop, yet some ten or twelve would be left for a reserve. If the troop which retreateth be of sixty horse, at least fifteen must be sent with the Lieutenant to charge the enemy, so as he be con∣strained to entertain them, to give time to the rest that follow to arrive in grosse and united: for by your sending of a smaller number, they might save themselves without losse, by leaving onely some few to make the retreat.

CHAP. III. Of embuscadoes.

IT is an ordinary thing in warre, to study how to endamage an enemy, and to distract his forces: to which purpose all possible means must be used, especially when the camps lie near each other. The Cavallry must principally be employed to travell and molest the enemy, sometime by hin∣dering him from his victuall, sometime by endamaging his forragers, sometime by sending some troops even up to his camp to take some booty, by that meansa 2.47 to draw him forth, and to make him fall upon some embuscadoe disposed beforehand in some fitting place.

To order your embuscadoes (or ambushes) as they ought, you must first know what number of Cavallry the enemy hath; if he have fewer horse then you, you may employ all yours, attempting to draw out all his, and to rout them. Or else you may employ some small number, by which you may (at severall times) make some good booty, the enemy not daring to issue out of his quarter. But if the enemy exceed you in horse, it is not convenient for you to make embuscadoes, unlesse it be with some few horse: for being a small number, you may easily retreat; but being a grosse, it might be entertained by part of the enemies Cavallry presently issuing, and those seconded by more, whereby you should be hardly able to retreat without disorder and losse.

b 2.48 The good successe of an embuscadoe consisteth chiefly in their not being discovered, for which cause they are usually appointed to march in the night: or being to march a great way, to cause them to passe by those places in the night, where the enemy might most likely discover them. So proportioning the time, as that they might arrive at the place appointed for ambush before day, that so they may give time to lay their embuscadoe under favour of the night. The said troops arriving long before day, they are to be kept firm on the plain, and Sentinels are to be placed on every side. In the mean time youc 2.49 must diligently search and discover about the place appointed for your embuscadoe, lest there should be any ambush of the enemies: then (being assured for that) you are to lay your embuscadoe before the dawning of the day, and to place Sentinels in places convenient, where they may be unseen: some on trees, others couched on the ground, to discover such places as they cannot descry from the trees. The embuscadoe must not be laid much before break of day, because (otherwise) they cannot discover the approch of the enemy, but at hand, and so the embuscadoe should have no time to come forth, and put themselves in order, and being so taken on the sudden,d 2.50 they might be defeated in their own ambush. Besides, in that remainder of the night, many might be overcome with sleep, and not use that vigilance which is required. The troops must be placed at good distances one from another, that so they intermix not, nor hin∣der each other in time of fight. In making the embuscadoe with a grosse of Cavallry, some num∣ber of Infantery must be laid in ambush about the mid-way, to sustain the Cavallry in their re∣treat (if need were) or otherwise to assist them upon occasion.e 2.51 In marching, some horse must be sent out a good way before, by the right way and the by-wayes, to discover whether there be no ambush of the enemies: And indeed, to be the better assured of the good successe of an ambush, it should be accompanied with some new and extraordinary invention.

If the Chief of a frontier garrison will attempt to endammage the enemy by an ambush, being inferiour in strength to the enemy, he must gather together so many of the troops of his neighbour garrisons, untill he be superiour. And by making embuscadoes two or three times in this manner, it will terrifie the enemy; in so much as that it may be conjectured, that though afterward he make embuscadoes with fewer horse, the enemy will not hazard to come forth, and so he may the safelier take booty. When the army marcheth, there is usually some Cavallry left behind in em∣buscadoe in some eminent place, from whence they may discover farre off, by that means to be se∣cured from the enemies Cavallry, which usually is sent to charge the rear of the marching army, to take some prisoners, or to get intelligence. But these must not go to their place of ambush by the right way, but having passed the place, they must return to it by some by way, lest the enemy fol∣lowing them, discover them by their footing.

To employ all the Cavallry (supposed to be 4000, in fourty troops) in embuscadoe, three troops must be sent before towards the enemy, under an able Commander, giving notice onely to him

and the Captains where the embuscadoe shall be; and letting none of the souldiers know that any more horse are to follow them, lest any of them (in the enemies charge) being taken prisoner, should reveal it to the enemy. Of these three troops, one hundred are to be sent to the enemies camp, viz. fifty Cuirassiers with their Captain and Lieutenant, and fifty Harquebusiers with their Lieutenant. Of these Harquebusiersf 2.52 25 shall advance before with a good Corporall, attempting to take horses, prisoners, &c. as they shall be able. In view of these Harquebusiers, at the distance of a canon shot, 25 Cuirassiers must make Alto, under command of their Lieutenant, to receive those 25 Harquebusiers when they return with booty. The Captain, with the other 25 Cuirassiers and 25 Harquebusiers shall keep behind some half league off, divided into two troops; the Har∣quebubusiers being placed nearest the enemy in convenient manner, partly to succour the said fifty horse (which likely will be charged by the horse of the enemies guards) and also to make their retreat, wherein the Cuirassiers are of principall use. These foure troops must still retreat in fit∣ting distance one from another, one of them still turning face to the enemie; unlesse the enemy so charge them as they must be forced to flie in disorder. The other 200 horse (being 150 Cuirassiers, and 50 Harquebusiers) shall enter the embuscadoe, with their Chief, about half an houres riding off from the other fifty horse; which when they see returning and charged, they shall issue out: the fifty Harquebusiers first giving a charge rank after rank, then the Cuirassiers, leaving twenty horse in the rear to make the retreat.

The grosse (which had taken another way, lest the enemie should perceive by the footing that there was a greater number, and so should stay or turn back) must be in ambush about an houres march behind the said 200 horse. And seeing them return charged (as surely they will, the ene∣mie thinking himself the stronger) shall suffer them to passe, and the enemie also, that so they may charge them on the rear when they see their time. For better assurance, it were good to lead out with them (as before was intimated) someg 2.53 500 musketiers, and 300 pikes, which must be in am∣bush about a league behind the grosse of Cavallrie, on the way by which the said 300 horse should return charged. These foot must take heed they be not discovered untill the enemie be come up to them, and then shall give them a full vollie to disorder them. Upon this, the grosse of Cavallrie (now issued out) shall charge them on the rear and flanks: and then the said 300 horse are to face about, and sustain the charge; by all which means it is not like that the enemie can escape without much losse.

According to this proportion, a greater or smaller number may be ordered, so as, if you would make an embuscadoe with 100 horse onely, 50 of them must be sent before towards the enemies camp, or village where he is quartered. Of these fiftie, fifteen are to advance before the rest, to take some prisoners or horses: the other thirtiefive shall be in ambush about half a league behind them, in some place (if it be possible) whence they may see those fifteen: but if not, then to place two horse between themselves and those fifteen, to give notice when the said fifteen shall return charged. Whereupon twentiefive (of these thirtiefive) shall advance, leaving ten of the best mounted at the place, to let the enemie see there is a greater number of horse. These ten must make good the retreat, untill the other fiftie arrive which lay in ambush two leagues behind, with Sentinells to discover afarre off towards the other thirtiefive, between which (about the mid∣way) two horse were also placed to discover the motions of the first fiftie, and thereof to inform these fiftie which were in ambush behind them. These, seeing the first fiftie return charged, shall let them passe, and then issue out against the enemie: the first fiftie (making their retreat by twelve or fifteen of their best mounted horse-men) having reunited themselves and taken breath, they must makeh 2.54 Alto, and assist the other, as hath been shewed. This order is to be observed when you have certain intelligence (by your discoverers) that the enemie hath no forces there∣about. But when you cannot be assured of that (left the enemie with a troop of fiftie or sixtie horse, casually meeting with some of your said small divisions, should defeat them) there might be twentie or twentiefive horse first sent out, whereof fifteen to advance to take some bootie, the other staying about half a league behind in some covert place, shewing themselves when those fifteen return charged, so to give suspicion to the enemie, or to make their retreat. The rest might be in ambush altogether, some two leagues behind them, demeaning themselves as before hath been shewed.

Ini 2.55 grosse ambushes they must make their number seem as small as may be;k 2.56 but in small ones, they are to make shew of a greater number then they have: for which reason, all the horse must not go out of the embuscadoe at once, but some twelve or fifteen (when their number is small) must remain at the further part of the wood, to favour the retreat of the rest, (as hath been said) and to cause the enemie to think that there is a greater number of them within the wood. To this purpose some six horse may be left some league behind the rest, a little out of the way; but so as they may discover if the rest return charged, and then shew themselves at the end of the wood (as before is shewed) to make the enemie think there is a grosse embuscadoe, leaving one horseman further within the wood then the rest, and he to give fire when the enemie may perceive or heare him, which the enemie may think was done by a mistake.

CHAP. IV. How to do, meeting the enemie marching.

A Commander, marching with one or more troops, and chancing to meet the enemie, or other∣wise having news of him, must presently resolve either to offer combat, or to retreat, or to attend the charge of the enemie: and herein he must govern himself according to the intelligence he hath, and the convenience of thea 2.57 place. To get the more certain intelligence, besides his scouts, he shall send out (a good distance before him) a Corporall with ten or twelve souldiers, who (pretending to be of the enemie, if the countrey be at the enemies devotion) shall discover and take information, &c.

If you meet the enemie near his own quarter, and farre from yours, you must resolve with a generous courage to go andb 2.58 charge him, though inferiour in number; it being often seen that va∣liant resolutions are seconded with good luck. But being near to your own holds, and knowing the enemie to be much stronger then your self, it will be prudently done toc 2.59 save your men by the nearest retreat: making your retreat in good order, and taking heed you spoil not your hor∣ses by too much haste, but suffer them now and then to gather breath, leaving a Lieutenant in the rear with some of the best mounted souldiers. The retreat shall be by the same way you went, so long as day continues; but night being come, you must take some other way (though the longer) to return to your garrison, or quarter. Thus you shall gain time by turning away from the ene∣mie by the benefit of the night; causing the footing of your horses to be defaced at the place where you left the way; for it is to be supposed the enemie will follow you by the direct way. To de∣face or put out the footing of the horse, if the way be dustie, two souldiers are appointed to stay behind all the rest, which draw a great bough between them along the ground, and so put out the marks of the horses footing. Or if there be a great number of horse, and the way be broad, then foure souldiers with two boughs do it. But if the way be soft, the Chief commandeth five or six souldiers to alight, and with their hands and feet to deface the footings; and in such wayes the horse are commanded to march with doubled files, and closed, for a little space when they turn out of the usuall way, that so they may trample the lesse. Besides, you may avoid the danger of being traced by the horse footings (especially in the night) by turning out of the way at some house, or through some garden, breaking the hedge on the further side, and going into the way by wayes unthought of: by all which means you gain time, whilest the enemie is constrained to spend time in discovering of your footing, and taking information of the way that you took.

CHAP. V. How to receive the charge.

IT hath been shewed how necessarie it is, that the Corporall which is sent out with the scouts or discoverers, be a very able souldier, to know what to do upon occasion of unexpected accidents. One or more troops of horse being on their march, with their discoverers before them, if they shall meet the enemie, and perceive him to be the stronger, the said Corporall shall presently send a souldier to certifie the grosse, that they may retreat: himself with his scouts also retreating, but by differing wayes. For suppose the enemie hath received tidings of his contrarie partie, it is likely that (having discovered the said scouts) he will follow them, perswading himself that they flie to their grosse: by which means the grosse shall have time to save themselves, while the enemie is pursuing the said Corporall and his fellows.

When the enemie is much stronger, and the other partie have neither time nor convenience to put themselves into good order; the Chief shall call with a loud voice, and command every man toa 2.60 save himself: whereupon the souldiers disband into many parts, so as the enemie cannot charge them all: and so (especially in the night) many may escape. But this course is dangerous, and must be commanded with great judgement: howsoever, in all retreats, some of the best mounted must be left behind under a good Commander, to make the retreat.

If passing by or through some village or wood, the first discoverers descrie the enemie, not be∣ing able to discern of what number he is, one of them shall presently come and certifie the Corpo∣rall which followeth with the other scouts, whereof the Corporall instantly certifieth the Chief of the troops; who thereupon puts his men in order, causing them to put their casks on their heads, (which otherwise in march they carrie at their saddle, or hanging on their left arm) and in some convenient place he maketh Alto, and resolveth according to the more certain news which the Corporall shall send him. Which since it may be such as mayb 2.61 discourage the souldiers, the Chief perceiving him coming that brings it, advanceth towards him, with one or two or his dis∣creetest souldiers, and receiveth his message in private. Having heard his relation, he must pre∣sently resolve, either to retreat or to fight. If he resolve to fight (the enemie being so strong) he must give such orders as shall be fitting, especially commanding the troops to go serried close; and if

there be divers troops, that they intermingle not, but observe good order: for it might so happen, that the enemie might charge himc 2.62 so disorderly, as he might make head and endamage the ene∣mie, especially if he have not one or more troops of reserve following him, well united and in good order.

CHAP. VI. Of ordering the troops for combat, by single companies.

BEfore we come to shew the severall forms of battel which may be used among the Cavallrie, it will be fit to speak of their severall kinds of fighting, which they are to be practised in apart by themselves, before they be joyned with the grosse.

If a companie of Lances were to fight against foot, they were not to give their charge in an united bodie (neither upon this; nor any occasion whatsoever) because even the second rank of them hardly doth any certain execution; but they were to charge them rank after rank, wheeling off to the rear; to that end keeping large distances between rank and rank. The same order they were to observe, if they fought against horse upon the offensive. For the defensive, the companie (consisting of 64, as before, Part. 1. Chap. 19.) might order themselves in this manner. Two ranks (of eight in rank) should face to the front: two to either flank, and two to the rear; leaving an open square space in the middle, they all standing back towards back, faced every way, to receive the charge wheresoever the enemie shall give on.

The same manner might be used in greater bodies, as should seem good to the skilfull Com∣mander. If the Lances were to fight against Cuirassiers,a 2.63 they were (by two ranks together) to setch their careers, and so to charge them, especially on the flanks and rear: every second rank forbearing the shock, till the first had done it, and was wheeled off.

If one companie of Cuirassiers be to fight against another, your enemie charging you in full career, you are to make ab 2.64 Carracoll, that is, you divide your bodie by the half ranks, and so sud∣denly open to the right and left; so as the enemie passeth through you, and you (facing inward) charge him on the flanks, as is shewed in Figure 6. Part. 4. Or if two companies fight against two other, then they observe the same manner, but keeping each companie entire, as may be seen in the same figure.

It is also to be done by the Carracoll first, and then (the enemie being within you) to wheel to the right and left inward, and so to charge him on the rear, in full career. These forms (in Wal∣hausens opinion) are ofc 2.65 speciall advantage, for the enemie (having charged you in full career while you went on upon the trot, onely on the sudden opening to the right and left) either (saith he) must run through and effect little or nothing, or (staying himself in the career)d 2.66 disorder his troop, and loose the force of his charge: as by Figure 7. Part. 4. appeareth. The Harquebusiers must be exercised to give fire by ranks. The first rank, having given fire, is to wheel off to the left (unlesse the ground will not permit it, but that it must be to the right) making readie and falling into the rear; the second rank immediately gives fire upon the wheeling away of the first, and so the rest successively. Walhausen would have them also give fire by files, the outward file towards the enemie (whether right or left) advancing before the bodie, in full career, and so firing; the rest successively to do the same, and in this manner to fight against Infanterie that might charge them on the flanks. But others do utterly reject it, as too much exposed to inevitable danger. In their firing by ranks, the first rank advanceth some thirtie paces before the bodie, first on the gallop, then in career (as some direct) and so to give fire: the second doth the same, and so the rest. The Dragoniers being a kind of Infanterie, and doing their chief services on foot, (as hath been shew∣ed Part. 1. Chap. 31.) it will be needlesse here to shew how they are to be exercised for skirmish; partly in regard there is no want of books for thee 2.67 practising of the foot (though I dare say they exceed rather in number then in weight) and principally, because I desire to confine my self to that which properly belongeth to the Cavallrie. How they are to dispose of their horses in fight, hath been shewed ibid. cap. 31.

[illustration]

[illustration] woodcut depicting cavalry movements

Fig:

6. Cap: 6.

Par: 4.

[illustration] set of two woodcuts depicting cavalry movements

[illustration] woodcut depicting cavalry movements

Fig: 7.

Par: 4.

Cap: 6.

CHAP. VII. How the Cavallrie are to fight against foot.

A Commander having intelligence of some grosse of the enemies Infanterie, and resolving to set upon them, he must principally aim to encounter them in a place of advantage for the Ca∣vallrie, that is, in ana 2.68 open champain. He must also use all possible diligence to charge them, be∣fore they can be ordered for battel, though they exceed him much for number.

But if the said Infanterie be put in good order at his approch, (if the ground be champain, and the number equall) yet may they be charged by the horse: First by some troops of Harquebusiers (or rather Dragons, because they do execution at a larger distance) which shall give on on their front, flanks, and rear. These were to be seconded by the Lances (in small divisions) when they were in use; but now by the Cuirassiers, who shall make their benefit of such overtures or disor∣ders as shall be caused by the said Dragons and Harquebusiers.

If the Infanterie exceed in number, and so be serried in a grosse bodie, it will be hard for the Cavallrie to rout them, as hath been found by experience by the Swisses, which still had the bet∣ter of the horse, by the reason of their grosse bodies of pikes.

If the Infanterie be ordered into severall battaillons, the horse are to charge them where they perceive them most open and naked. But if the foot have possessed themselves of some place of ad∣vantage, as some wood, trench, or covert way, then the horse are not to charge them; though equall, or somewhat superiour to them in number, in respect of such advantage.

CHAP. VIII. Of ordering the Cavallrie in battel.

THe forms of battel used among the horse (presupposing such as are made by election, in a free and spacious champain, and not such as are forced through discommoditie of place, or other respects)a 2.69 are many; and do varie according to the ground and strength both of your own side and the enemies, accidents, and occasions. In all forms a principall care must be had, that the troops be drawn up from an even front, that so they may be free from disturbing each other in the retreat.

Basta reduceth these forms to foure sorts, and Melzo to three, (making the second and third to be as one and the same) which are these:

The first is, when the troops are ordered as in one file, every troop following each other in a single order: which form is utterly disallowed, because it bringeth but few hands to fight, and the disordering of the first troop must needs endanger all the rest.

The second is, when all the troops are placed as inb 2.70 one rank, or one front; the one troop be∣ing placed on the flank of the other in a single order or straight line. Which form is also disap∣proved, because in it all the Cavallrie is engaged at once, the one not being able to succour the other, and having no troops ofc 2.71 reserve.

The third is, when the troops are ordered checquer-wise, in squadrous, enterchangeaby placed one behind another: so as three or foure squadrons being in front, such distances are left between each, as others behind them may come up to the front, without hindering the former.d 2.72 This form may well be allowed of, and is retained by the best Commanders in the present warres of Christendome: yet the forenamed authours have this exception to it, because the Harquebusiers having taken up the said distances would hinder the Lances then in use. And if they should be drawn from those intervalles, and placed on the wings, they must be exposed to the first assaults of the enemie.

The fourth kind of forms, they make the Lunarie, resembling a half moon: but in this they differ from each other in the manner. That which they call single, must needs be weak, their double form is better. But both these last forms (the Checquer, and the Lunarie form) shall be more fully represented in figure.

Walhausen maketh six sorts of battels: namely, 1. The Lunarie. 2. The checquer. 3. The Broad-fronted. 4. The Embowed. 5. The Sharp-pointed. 6. The Divided.

The Lunarie (as he makes it, and the figure, Fig. 8. Part 4. cap. 8. sheweth it) is good, and indeed better then that of Basta; but is improperly called the Lunarie form: for it is rather a Hollow, or Open-fronted wedge, like Aelianse 2.73 Coelembolos.

His Checquer is as the forementioned; and allowable.

His Broad-fronted is also not to be rejected.

His Embowed (which by the name should be a Convex half moon, likef 2.74 Aelians Cyrte) he maketh a meer wedge. The form is not the worse, though the name be not so proper.

The Sharp-pointed (in regard there is but one troop in front, and that seconded but by two troops on the rear angles; then but one troop again, seconded as the first) seemeth not to be so

good as the former, because it bringeth few hands to fight, and is very subject to beg 2.75 overwinged or overfronted by the enemie, and so to be charged on the flanks.

The Divided, especially at so large a distance, I hold to be dangerous. True it is, that here the Dragons are used as foot, but whether so single and so extended an order be the best for them to be placed in, I referre to the judicious.

Now concerning these six kinds of battels, they are in deed and in effect but two: that is, the Checquer and the Lunarie, as he calleth them; and from these grounds the rest be formed.

But these forms being onely imaginarie, and withall wanting that perfection (in many respects) which is required in reall battels, I shall now (to give fuller satisfaction to such as are lovers of militarie knowledge) communicate some forms of embattelings, which never yet were published by any.

These are true delineations of divers battels really ordered and performed by the absolutest Commanders of our times, according to the exactest rules of art; and such as experience hath ap∣proved to be fittest for the modern warres.

For the better understanding whereof, I have thought fit first to put down these directions fol∣lowing.

All the forces of the whole armie (both horse and foot) are usually distinguished and divided intoh 2.76 three parts; namely, the Vanguard, Battel, and Rear. (as hath been shewed Part 2. Chap. 3.) Each of which parts is governed by its particular Officer or Chief; yet so as the abso∣lute command belongeth to the Generall. These distinctions are alwayes so understood, in the order of marching, to avoid disputes about precedencie; so as they which march formost are said to have the Vanguard, they which march in the middle, the Battel, and they which come last the rear. And these divisions alter their names according to the place they march in, wherein they observe a diurnall change, as hath been shewed in the chapter above mentioned. But if we shall take the meaning of these words (according to their proprietie and usuall acceptation) in matter of fight or battel, conceiving that that part of the armie which is called the Vanguard shall give the first charge; and that which is called the Battel, shall give the second charge, and the Rearward, the last; it will prove a meer mistake. For we are to know that the first charge must be given by the first troop, or foremost orders of companies which are in front placed as in one rank, extended from the one front-angle of the whole armie, to the other: and so it were impossible for them to be commanded or directed by one Commander, or Chief of one particu∣lar squadron of the armie, by reason of the large extent thereof: for we see that the front of the armie embattelled before Dornick. Figure 14. (which was farre inferiour to that of late, employed at the siedge of the Bossch) took upi 2.77 6380 foot of ground (being in their close order prepared for fight) which is above a mile and a quarter of our measure.

Besides, if the Vanguard (as it is called) should give the first charge, the Battel (which then must second them) may chance to be of a nation not onely differing from the Vanguard, but at variance with them, or else some grudge or disgust between the Chiefs. And in that respect they might either neglect or slacken the seconding or relieving of those of the Vanguard, and not use that diligence which is required. In consideration therefore of these and other inconveniences, it is best that every squadron of the army be so ordered as each of them may have their first second, and third troops: by which means every division shall both be commanded by their own Chiefs, and shall also be seconded by those of their own squadron, or division, which will give them the more courage and assurance. The manner therefore for the ordering of an army for battel, is as followeth; That squadron which is called the Battel, is placed in the middle, the Vanguard on the right hand of it, and the Rear on the left: and all these (usually) in one front and single order; one regiment (or sometimes one company, especially among the horse, as Figure 10.) flanking the other, as in Figure 12.

From hence the first troop of every division is drawn up, and placed in an even front or straight line, from one angle of the body to the other. At a convenientk 2.78 distance behind these, the second troop of every squadron is placed, in an even rank, as the former; but so as thel 2.79 first troop (which are to give the first charge) being to retreat, and this second troop to advance, they disturb not each other: for which reason, convenient spaces are left in the first order or troop, for the second to come up into. The third troop is placed just behind the first, but at twice as large am 2.80 distance from the second, as the second is from the first; that so the first troop retreating behind the second, they may have convenient room to make their retreat in good order. All this will appear in the figures following, among the rest in Figure 9.

If the Infantery and Cavallry be joyned together, the manner is to place half the horse on the right flank of the foot, and the other half on the left, as appeareth in Figure 12. 14, and 15. But upon occasion either of the enemy his ordering of horse within the body of foot, whereby he might annoy your Infantery; or for other respects of moment, some of the horse may be placed within the body of the army, as is shewed in Figure 16.

[illustration] woodcut depicting cavalry movements

Figu: 8

Cap: 8

Par: 4

[illustration]

What distances be observable between Regiment and Regiment, between Squadron and Squa∣dron, between each Troop, the second from the first, and the third from the second, the figures will sufficiently shew, and especially the scales of measure in every figure. For the more easie under∣standing of them, observe that every body of pikes is single hatched, thus

[illustration] small figure demonstrating how to chart different types of soldiers on maps

and the muskettiers crosse-hatched, thus

[illustration] small figure demonstrating how to chart different types of soldiers on maps

, the horse are left white or void, as in Figure 12. by which the other forms may be easily understood.

CHAP. IX. Of certain ceremonies before fight.

HAving shewed by these former rules and examples, how the horse are to be ordered for fight, not onely by themselves, but also when they shall be joyned with foot: that whicha 2.81 now re∣maineth seemeth rather to require action then words. Indeed with antiquity, when the army was embattelled and ready for combat, it was usuall for the Generall to deliver some set speech, either from some higher place of turf or stone, or at the head of the troops, and riding amongst the Mani∣ples to encourage his souldiers. And they either with an acclamation, lifting up of their hands, or clashing of their arms, used to manifest their assenting resolution. Unto which kind ofb 2.82 allocuti∣ons the ancient Sages use to ascribe a marvellous efficacy, not onely amongst the Grecians or Ro∣manes, but also those whom they then accounted barbarous, as the Britons, Gauls, Germanes, &c. as the histories of those times sufficiently testifie. Next to this, they sounded the Classicum (that is) a generall charge; and this was seconded by a generall shout of the souldiers, or a concussion of their arms. Moreover, ac 2.83 scarlet, red, or a carnation coloured coat or cassock was hung out upon the top of the Generalls tent: and a countersigne, or a word of distinction was given to the souldiers, as,d 2.84 Victoria, palma, virtus, or the like, to know each other by. The Grecians used al∣so to sing the Poean, before the fight to Mars, and after battell to Apollo, &c.

Of all which ceremonies (which they duly observed, as found to be of very good use, and which were much graced by the solemne and stately manner of performing them) our times have retained very few. For as the actions of the modern warres consist chiefly in sieges, assaults, sallies, skirmishes, &c. and so afford but few set battels; so the practise of delivering publike speeches is almost grown out of use and esteem amongst our chief Commanders. Yet the latee 2.85 Prince of O∣range at the battell of Newport before the conflict, delivered a pithy short speech to his souldiers: adding to his publick Oratory, publike Orisons, and riding up and down, gave courage to his souldiers. The Classicum is still retained (that is,) to sound a generall charge, namely amongst those troops which are to give on. And sometimes the Clamor militaris, or shout of the souldiers, which was not onely an acclamation or assent unto the Generalls speech, but also af 2.86 loud and dreadfull kind of noise which they used to make when they gave the charge, thereby to encourage one another, and to strike a terrour into the enemies: as the Turks cry, Bre, Bre, Bre; the Irish, Pharro, Pharro; the French, Sa, Sa, Sa; the Dutch, Vall aen, Vall aen, &c. But as for the coun∣tersigne or word of distinction, that is seldome used now adayes, unlesse upon occasion of some Camisado, or other exploits in the night, when the souldiers may easily misse those means to know each other by, which in the day time the light, the sight of the ensigne or cornet, their skarfs (re∣quired among the Cavallry) or long acquaintance, may afford them.

But these being but ceremonies (as I called them in the title of this chapter) I willingly with∣draw my self from them. Neither should I have been desirous to have meddled with them at all, but that the example of othersg 2.87 (who have writ in this kind) led me unto it; and the respect un∣to my Reader (in common civility) required it at my hands; whom I could not well leave (after the sight of so many dumbe figures) without a word or two at the parting.

There remaineth onely now, that every one (according to his office, rank, and abilitie) strive for honour and victory; propounding to himself the goodnesse of the cause, and authority of the Prince, the command of the Leaders, the vertue of the souldiers, the honour of the conquest, and the disgrace and damage of the defeat. Above all, lifting up his eyes and heart unto Almighty God, from whose hands victory, and the means to obtain it, is especially to be expected.h 2.88 It is God that girdeth me with strength of warre, and maketh my way perfect. He teacheth my hands to fight, &c.i 2.89 Blessed be the Lord my strength, which teacheth mine hands to warre, and my fingers to fight.k 2.90 Through thee will we overthrow our enemies, and in thy name will we tread them under that rise up against us. For I will not trust in my bow, it is not my sword that shall help me. But it is thou that savest us from our enemies, and puttest them to confusion that hate us. And to this purpose we may (not unfitly) apply that which Hezekias spake to his Ca∣ptains and souldiers (by way of encouragement) after that he had fortified himself against the power of the Assyrians,l 2.91 Be strong and couragious, be not afraid nor dismaid for the King of Assyria, nor for all the multitude that is with him: for there be more with us then with him. With him is an arm of flesh, but with us is the Lord our God to help us, and to fight our battels. Conformable to this was that admonition of Alphonsus, King of Arragon and Sicily, given to his sonne Ferdinand, when he sent him with an army in aid of the Venetians against the Florentines,

in these words,m 2.92 Nunc maximè te admoneo, fili, né tantùm aut tuae, aut commilitonum audaciae tribuas, ut putes absque Dei auxilio victoriam ullam haberi posse. Victoria (mihi crede) non ho∣minum consilio & industriâ paratur; sed Dei Opt. Max. benignitate atque arbitrio. Scientia igitur rei militaris ità demum profutura est, si Deum nobis pietate atque innocentiâ pacatum propitiúm{que} habuerimus. Deum igitur inprimis cole, in eum confide, à quo tum victorias omnes & optima quaeque provenire non dubium est. Quem si quando tibi iratum suspicaberis, cave conten∣das; imo quicquid ab eo tibi accidisse videbitur, bene consule, & patientiâ atque poenitentiâ eum placa. Solet enim Deus, quos diligit, interdum malis afficere: & quos constantes in adversis vi∣det, rursus in meliorem fortunam restituere. And now for a conclusion (in stead of an Omen) I will adde that ejaculatory prayer of the Psalmist,n 2.93 The glorious majestie of the Lord our God be upon us: prosper thou the work of our hands upon us, O prosper thou our handy work.

THus have I briefly (according to my weak ability) run through that part of the Art military,a 2.94 which principally concerneth the Cavallry: Which subject I have the rather chosen to treat of, because it is so little and so sparingly handled by those that have given us directions for warre, and lesse observed in our ordinary practise, especially in the exercise of our trained troops here at home. Wherein yet I do not presume to have attained unto that maturity which is required for the perfect knowledge and instruction of it; much lesse do I take upon my self to teach others (as I doubt not but there are many thousands that are a great deal better able then my self) but onely in hope that these my collections may serve either as a manuduction to those, that are desirous to be instructed in the first rudiments or confused knowledge of this Art: or else as an occasion to the ju∣dicious Masters of it, friendly and favourably to correct or supply what they shall find here to be amisse, or wanting. For my self, I shall account it a sufficient reward of my poore endeavours, if by my untunable jangling I may chance to toll and call in better ringers. But it is too late now (and at all times least of all expected in this kind of subject) to labour for apologies, or with Rhe∣toricall colours to varnish or dawb over the wants and imperfections of this discourse.b 2.95 If I have done well, and as the matter required, it is that which I desired: but if slenderly and meanly, it is that which I could attain unto.

FINIS.

Notes

• a 1.1

  Derived from the Latine word Caballus, and this from the Greek word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• b 1.2

  Primùm ido∣neos eligamus, &c. dein & in itinere, & in ca∣stris, & in prae∣liis ipsis in∣structum exerci∣tum habeamus; Aelianus de in∣struendis acie∣bus, cap. 3.
• c 1.3

  Le plus relevé le plus hasar∣deux, & le plus difficille sub∣ject du monde. Le mestier des Nobles, la prat∣tique des cou∣rag••u••, & l'exer∣cice des Princes & des Roys; Monsieur Prais∣sac.
• d 1.4

  In aliis rebus si quid erratum ••st, potest post∣modum corrigi•• Praeliorum de∣licta emendatio∣nem non reci∣piunt, cùm poena statim sequatur errorem; Cato apud Vegetium, lib. 1. cap. 13.
• e 1.5

  Non repellatur imperator pauper si cum virtute sit, quanquam clari•• ac illustribus ma∣joribus ortus non sit; Leo. Tact. cap. 2. 25.
• f 1.6

  In legitimo duce quinque haec requiro; Scien∣tiam, virtutem, providentiam, autoritatem, fortunam; Lips. polit. lib. 5. cap. 15.
• g 1.7

  Scientia rei bellicae dimicandì nutrit audaciam; Veg. lib. 1. c. 15.
• h 1.8

  Mars is there∣fore called Gra∣div•••• (as Festus hath it) quia gra∣datim, & per or∣dinèm militatia officia distribuenda sunt. And that this was the constant practise of antiquitie, is most apparent. Rufus diu manipularis, dein centurio, mox castris prafectus; Tacit. lib. 2. &c.
• i 1.9

  Occasio in bello ampliùs solet juvire quàm virtus; Veg. lib. 3. cap. 26.
• k 1.10

  Q••id fieri debeat, tractato cum multis: quid verò facturus sit, cum paucissimis ac fidelissimis, vel potiùs ipse recum; Veg. lib 3. cap 26.
• l 1.11

  For this, Caesar recordeth a memorable example in Pulfio and Verenus, lib. 5. cap. 19.
• m 1.12

  Sit celso adversùs pecuniam animo; Plutarch. in Philop.
• n 1.13

  Philopoemenes pubem ad se ar∣mandum impu∣lit, deinde delicias & luxum eorum optimè invertit. Omnes inflamma∣vit, ut quotidia∣nis repressis in corpus sumptibus, gest••ent in mili∣tari & bellico or∣natu ostentare se splendidos. Pro∣fusio impensa in hujusmodi res, rohorat animum, extollítque; Plutarch, in Philop.
• o 1.14

  The States edict of Marshall law provideth, that such as in their drunkennesse shall commit any offence, shall not therefore be any way excused, but the more severely punished; Art. 67.
• p 1.15

  Iphictates re∣sembled an ar∣my to a mans body; calling the heavy armed the body, the light armed the hands, the horse the feet, and the Ge∣nerall the head; Plutarch.
• q 1.16

  Witnesse the battel of Gem∣blo••rs, described by Meteren. lib. 8. where the In∣fanterie is over∣thrown by their own horse. So did the Bur∣gundians; Les hommes d'armes Bour∣guignons rompirent leurs propres Archers; Phil. de Comines. lib. 1. cap. 3.
• r 1.17

  Perserutaberis qui se in billo strenuè gesserint, illis{que} idoneos ••o∣nores habebis, ignavos autem quo par est sup∣plicio const••m∣ges; Leo. Tact. cap. 16.
• s 1.18

  Monsieur de la Nolle reporteth that (in his time) in the re∣giment of Colo∣nel Pedro de Pas (consisting of 23 companies of Spaniards) there was more then 1200 crowns a moneth given for extraordina∣ry services and signall acts. Whence he draweth this observation, Qui est un bon tesmoignage quil estoit rempli d'hommes valeureux, Discourse Polit. & Milit.
• t 1.19

  Omnes culpas l••gibus vindicet, nulli errantium credatur ignoscere; Veg. lib. 3. cap 10.
• u 1.20

  Of Cesar it is said, Dubium cautior an audentior. Suet. A good Commander should rather look behind him then before him, said Sertorius. Plutarch, in Sertor.
• x 1.21

  Temeritas, praeterquam quòd stulta est, etiam infelix; Livius 22.
• y 1.22

  Intentus sis, ut neque tuae occasioni desis, neque suam hosti des. Ibid.
• a 1.23

  Erat Philopoe∣men praecipua i•• ducendo agmine locisque ••••piendis sole••tiae at{que} usus. Nec belli t••n∣tum temporibus, sed etiam in p••ce ad id maximè animum exercu∣erit. Ʋbi uer quopiam faceret, & ad difficil••m transitu saltum veniss••t, contem∣platus ab omni parte loci natu∣ram, cùm solus iret, secum ipse agitabat animo; cùm comit•••• ha∣beret, ab iuquae∣rebat, si hostis eo loco apparuisset; quid si à fronte, quid si à latere hoc aut illo, quid si à ••••••go adorire∣tur, capiendum consilii foret; T. Livius dec. 4. lib. 5.
• b 1.24

  Cui enim tantae poteila••is insignia tribu••ntur, cujus fid•••• at{que} virtuti possessorum fortu∣nae, tutela virium, salus militum, reipublicae credi∣tur gloria: non tantion pro uni∣verso exercitu, sed etiam pro singulis contubernalibus debet esse solicitus. Veg. l. 3. cap. 10.
• c 1.25

  Extortions (of divers kinds) are punishable with death, by the e∣dict of Marshall law, published by the States of the united pro∣vinces; Artic. 41.
• a 1.26

  The Romanes were very exact in keeping re∣cords and lists of their forces, watches, duties, payes, &c. Quotidianas (et∣jam in pace) vt∣gilia••; item ex∣cubitum sive an∣garias de omni∣bus centuriis & contube••niis, quae vicissim mil••tes faciunt; ut nè quis contra justinam praegravetur, aut alicui prastetur immunitas: nomina eorum qui vices suas facerunt, brevibus inferuntur. Veg. lib. 2 cap. 19.
• a 1.27

  This officer among the Ro∣manes was cal∣led Prafectus ca∣strorum. Ad quem castrorum positio, valli & fossae destinatio pertinebat. Tabernacula vel casa militum, cum impedimentis omnibus nutu ipsius curabantur; Veget. lib. 2. cap. 11.
• b 1.28

  Itineraria non tantùm adnotata, sed etiam picta habeat: ut non so∣lùm consilio men∣ris, verùm aspectu oculorum viam profecturis, lo∣cúmque castris idoneum, eligat; Ibid. lib. 3. cap. 6.
• a 1.29

  So Melzo and Baila testifie, and complain of it in their wri∣tings.
• b 1.30

  Dux ita{que} vi∣gilans, sobrius, prudens, &c. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 9. Sit agilis, magis ad faciendum quàm ad loquen∣dum paratus: qui suos ad discipli∣nam retineat, & ad armorum exer∣citia cogat, ut be∣ne verti•••• sint, ut arma omni••m de∣fricentur a•• splen∣deant; Cum ad∣miratione equum pos••nt asscendere, equitare fortiss••••è, conto scunter uti, ad omnia cruditi qua equestr•• pu∣••••a deposcit; Veg. lib. 2. cap. 14
• c 1.31

  Praecipua res & titilitas ducis, est ut, adhibitis 〈◊〉〈◊〉 universo exercitu scuntibus viris, de suis & hollium còptis sapius tra∣ctet, &c. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 9.
• d 1.32

  Sciat etiam (si potest fieri) nomi∣natim, q••is comes, quis tribunus, quis domesticua•• quis contuberna••is, &c. Ibid. cap. 10.
• e 1.33

  Nam necesse est, ad fugam pa∣rati sint, qui du∣cem suum sentiant desperare; Veg. lib. 3. cap. 22.
• f 1.34

  Seren••os viros muneribus hono∣rabis, &c. Ità enim fiet, ut majori fortiorique animo sint qui dimicabunt. Ubi enim honores & pramia habentur bonis, supplicia & poena afferuntur malis, ibi bo∣nam spem habebit exercinus; Leo, Tact. cap. 16.
• g 1.35

  Tuum & hostium exercitum, locorum situm, naturam regionis nosce; Liv. 22.
• a 1.36

  So much his name implieth: for the French word Lieutenant signifieth one which supplieth the place of an∣other.
• b 1.37

  The Lieute∣nant (with anti∣quity) was called Tergidux, that is, Rear-comman∣der; and there∣fore the rear is fitly assigned him as his pro∣per place.
• c 1.38

  As the Velites among the Ro∣manes, qui nec signa propria ha∣buere, nec duce••; Lips. ad Polyb. lib. 2.
• d 1.39

  The Romanes required it in their private souldiers, and to cast account al∣so. In quibusdam notorum peritia, calculandi com∣putandique usus exigitur; Veg. lib. 2. cap. 19.
• e 1.40

  The good ex∣ample of a Lea∣der hath ever been observed to be of marvel∣lous efficacy, ac∣cording to that of the Poet, —Componitur orbis Regis ad exi¦emplum, &c. Ipse manu sua pila gerens, praecedit anheli Militis ora pedes: monstrat tolerare labores, Non jubet; — Lucan. 9. de Catone.
• a 1.41

  This is con∣trary to the use of Infantery, among which the preserving of the colours hath ever been prized above life: as ap∣peared (among others) by one Jaques Marteus who finding himself forsaken by most of the souldiers, fought so long as he could; then wound himself in his colours and died; Meteren. lib. 4. But if the enemy should get the cornet unbroken, then it were a great disgrace; Basta lib. 4,
• b 1.42

  Optimus cujúsque decuria praponi, & du••tor caterorum omnium esse debet; Aelian. cap. 5. Curandum, ut etiam jugum secundum milita conilet idoneo; Ibid, cap. 13. The reason is, because the first rank being the edge, it must be made good by the second and the rest, if occasion be.
• a 1.43

  The particular Quartermasters, the Romanes called Metatores, Veg. lib. 2. cap. 7. Also Mensores, qui in castris ad podismum dime∣tiuntur loca, in quibus milires tentoria figant, vel hospitia in civita∣tibus praestam; Ibid. Metatores sive mensuratores praemittes, qui castrorum ambitum, in quo castra ponentur, dimetiantur; & certam quandam mensuram cum proportione justa unicui{que} turma tribuant; Leo Tact. cap. 9. 7.
• a 1.44

  Mistakes in such as are sent out to discover, do often bring much trouble upon the army, and shame upon themselves. A memorable example hereof is recorded by Phil. de Comines, of the Burgundians, who taking a field of great thistles to be a grosse of their enemies lanciers, reported it so to their Chiefs, and caused a great hurly-burly in the whole army; Lib. 1. cap. 11.
• a 1.45

  Ne manco si lasci troppo usare la fre∣quentia di ve∣nire trombetti & tamburri: perche in ques essercito tall'∣hora son huo∣mini molto a∣stuti & prati∣chi; da poterti nocere assai; G. Cataneo. di fortif. &' cap. 4.
• b 1.46

  That is, set on the saddle; being the first sound when the horse are to march; the next is a chevall, that is, mount on horseback: the third and last is a standart, that is, repair to your Cornet. See chap. 32.
• a 1.47

  The Councel of Warre among the Romanes, consisted of their Legates, Questor, Tribunes, and the Centurions: Convocato concilio, &c. omniúmque ordinum adhibitis centurionibus; Caesar Com. lib. 1. cap. 16.
• a 1.48

  See the States edict, Art. 78.
• a 1.49

  Monsieur de la Noûe his souldi∣ers, in service of the States, so re∣garded their re∣putation, as (af∣ter some want of pay) news be∣ing brought that it was come, and they being to re∣ceive it, they made answer, It was not then a time to take money, but to attend the ex∣ploits which they had in hand Meter. lib. 9.
• b 1.50

  Anno urbis condita 349. de∣crevit Senatus ut stipendium miles de publico acciperet, cùm an∣te id tempus de suo quisque fun∣ctus eo mun••e esset. Liv. lib. 4.
• c 1.51

  Julio, cap. 26.
• d 1.52

  Imperatoris mi∣les, qui veste & annonâ publicâ pascitur. Veget. lib. 2. cap. 19.
• e 1.53

  Polyb. lib. 6.
• f 1.54

  Liv. lib. 31.
• g 1.55

  Appianus Mithrid.
• h 1.56

  Ibid. de bello civ. lib. 2.
• i 1.57

  Lipsius de Mi∣lit. Rom. lib. 5. ex Polyb.
• k 1.58

  For the se∣verall kinds of these Crowns (both for mat∣ter and form) see them repre∣sented in figure by Stewechius upon Vegetius. For what merits they were be∣stowed Lipsius setteth down, lib 5. de milit. Rom.
• l 1.59

  Ʋrbanùm verò magistratum non antè capere cui∣quamfas, quàm decem stipendiae militiae adimplerit; Polyb.
• m 1.60

  A horsemans pay in the king of Spaine army.
• n 1.61

  The Romanes (out of the publick treasu∣ry) allowed to every horseman dena millis aris (about 25 pounds sterling) to buy his horse: and bina millia (five pounds) to keep him, Livius lib. 1.
• o 1.62

  Thus MelZo and Basta complained, being both Lieutenant Generalls in the king of Spains warres, in the Low countreys.
• p 1.63

  Quibus ob egestatem & fla∣gitia, maxima peccandi necessitudo est, Tacit. 3. Annal.
• a 1.64

  Disciplinam non potest servare jej••••nus exercitas. Cassiod.
• b 1.65

  La discipline manquante, plus y a d' hommes, plus y a de desor∣dre et confu∣sion. De la N••üe disc. milit. & polit. 13.
• c 1.66

  The States e∣dict intituled Crychs-recht &c. in the 17. article. Alle Capitejinen, &c. punisheth every Captain with death that shall receive any souldier of another compa∣nie without lawfull consent of his former Captain.
• d 1.67

  The baggage, the Romanes called impedi∣menta; because of the hinde∣rance which it bringeth to the armie marching.
• e 1.68

  Among the militarie institu∣tions of the Em∣perour Frederick the fi••st (anno 1152) recorded by Guntherus, this is one; Non erit in no∣stris nobiscum foe∣mina castris, &c.
• g 1.69

  Cyri miles hosti imminens repressit ensem, simul receptui canere audurat. Plutarch. Lac. Inutilis miles qui signum receptui datum negligu. Seneca de ira. cap. 9.
• h 1.70

  So saith the said edict, totidem verbis artic. 38. And that on pain of death.
• i 1.71

  To this agreeth the edict; whether it he under pretence of forraging, or any other colour whatsoever. Artic. 22.
• k 1.72

  All Muti∣ners or accessaries thereunto, all causers of unlawfull assemblies, or such as are present at any such, or that shall utter words tending to mutinie, &c. the said edict commandeth to be punished with death. Art. 6, 7, 10, 11. &c.
• f 1.73

  Die marche∣rende, &c syn vaendel oft Cornette sal verlaeten, sal (sonder alle genade) metter doot gestrast worden. Ibid. artic. 24.
• a 1.74

  The Romanes had excellent laws for distri∣buting of boo∣tie. It was all brought to the Questor, and by him sold. The Tribunes divi∣ded it equally among the soul∣diers.

  At the taking of any town by as∣sault, none left their stations but such as were appointed to pillage, because they were sure of their just share.

  Spe enim lucri inter omnes cer∣tâ, sive maneant, sive praedas agant, nemo locum ordinémque deserit. Polyb. lib. 10. The States, in their edict for Martiall law, have established many excellent laws about the taking, registring, selling and distributing of bootie as may be seen Crychs-recht Artic. 41. 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64. Also about taking and ransoming of prisoners. ibid.
• * 1.75

  Artic. 59.
• * 1.76

  60.
• * 1.77

  61.
• * 1.78

  62.
• * 1.79

  On the Spanish side they were wont to allow no Cornet to the Harquebusiers (as is elsewhere shewed) and therefore no pay is here set down for him; but that course is since altered, and his pay is onely one twelfth part in∣feriour to the pay of a Cornet of Cuirassiers.
• a 1.80

  Picotius.
• b 1.81

  Or Commis∣sarie Generall.
• * 1.82

  Note, that the Captain of horse mustereth 6 horse, the Lieu∣tenant 4, the Cornet 3, for which they re∣ceive allowance extraordinarie.
• a 1.83

  Equos assiduo labore convenit edomari. Veg. lib. 2. cap. 14.
• g 1.84

  Virtus militatis prast••t cateris omnibus. Cicero pro Mar. Nobilis res atque inprimis utilis, militaris est sci∣entia, &c. Leo. Tact. cap. 20.
• h 1.85

  De militia Rom. lib. 5.
• i 1.86

  Omnes artes in meditatione con∣sistunt. Athleta, auriga, venator, propter exiguam merced••m, vel certè plebis favo∣rem, quotidianâ meditatione artes suas aut servare, aut augere con∣suescunt. Militem (cujus est manibus servanda respublica) studio∣sius oportet scien∣tiam dimicandi, usúm{que} rei bellica jugibus exercitis custodire. Cui centingit non tantùm gloriosa victoria, sed et∣jam amplior prae∣da, quémque ad opes ac dignitates ordo militiae & imperatoris judicium consuevit ••vchere. Veg. lib. 2. cap. 24.
• k 1.87

  Voyla que c'est de nostre milice et discipline militaire, et prin∣cipalement de ceste partie, tant noble; Un rustault chargé d' armes, et monté a cheval, c'est assez pour la Caval••rie. Walhausen. Disciplina hodie non dicam languet apud nos, sed obiit: n••que mala, sed nulla est. Lips. Politic. lib. 5. cap. 13. Hodiernam militiam ••risti oculo intucor; pudendam lugendámque nobis, hosti ridendam aut spernendam. Ibid. cap. 8.
• a 1.88

  Besides many of our own wri∣ters; Pierre de la Nolie in his Cavallerie Franchoise et Italienne. also Instruction du Roy (de France) en l'exercice de monter a Cheval, par Antoyne de Pluvinel. lately publi∣shed, and di∣vers others.
• a 1.89

  I. Lips. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. It••m de Milit. Rom. N. Machiavoll. G. du Bellay. C. B••ngham up∣on Aelian. Sir Cl. Edmonds on Cas. Com. Sir Hen. Savile, &c.
• b 1.90

  Monsieur de la Nosie, blameth the French for their errour in this point. De 200 pas ils commencent à galloper, et de 100 à courir à toute bride, qui est faire erreur, n' estant besoin de prendre tant d'espace. Disc••••rs 18.
• a 1.91

  The horse-man being to mount, must be carefull that his horse be very well girt. Such was the admirable indu∣strie of the Ro∣manes, as that all their horse-men were conti∣nually practised to mount on wooden horses, and that on ei∣ther side: first unarmed, after∣wards compleat∣ly armed, also with drawn swords or lances in their hands, without the help of stirrops (which were not known in those times.) Hoc enim continuâ medita∣tione faciebant, scilicet ut in tu∣multu praelii sine mora asscenderent, qui ••am studiosé exercebantio in paco. Veg. lib. 1. cap. 18.
• b 1.92

  For the more speedy lading of the pistol, and avoiding the trouble of carry∣ing either flasque or touch-box, there is a late invented fashion of spanner or key, (which I have represent∣ed in figure 1.) which contains six charges of powder (at the least) and pri∣ming powder sufficient for those charges, and for the car∣touches where∣with the pistol cases be furnish∣ed: which the Cuirassier will find to be of ve∣ry good use, when he is used thereunto.
• c 1.93

  The Romanes exercised their souldiers at severall heights at stakes set up in C•••••••• Na••••io: Ad palum quoque vel sudes juniores exerceri percommodum est, cùm latera, vel pedes, aut caput petere punctim cacímque condiscant, Veg. lib. 2, cap. 23. But their manner of fighting with their swords was not casim, but all upon the thrust or point; because that manner sooner pierced the malis, and laid not open the body in fetching of a blow. Ibid, lib. 1. cap. 12.
• d 1.94

  La pistolle ne fait quasi nul effect, si elle n'est tirec de trois pas, Monsieur de la Noue, discours 18.
• e 1.95

  Les Reitres bien instruits ne deschargent point leurs pistolles qu'en heurtant: qu'ils addressent tousiours aux cuiffes ou aux visages. Ibid.
• f 1.96

  As is shewed in the posture 22.
• g 1.97

  The Cuirassi∣ers among the horse, are like the gravis arma∣tura of foot a∣mong the Ro∣manes, quae tan∣quam murus fer∣reus stabat, & si hostes fugasset, non sequebatur; quia ejus jus est, facilè nec fugere, nec sequi. Veg. lib. 2. cap. 17. Or like the Equi∣tes Cataphracti among the Gre∣cians. Aelian. cap. 2.
• * 1.98

  See figure 3. posture 23, and 24.
• a 1.99

  Walhausen would have the Harquebusier to give fire not one∣ly to the front and flanks, but to the rear also, by turning his body onely; the horse running the contrary way in full ca∣reere. But how possible this is to be done, I leave to the judgement of any man that knows what be∣longs to Cavall∣rie.
• a 1.100

  By reason of the frivolous impertinences, and manifest er∣rours which a∣bound in many of them.
• a 1.101

  The Grecians and Romanes had the same or∣der of exercise, and that in the same words which we retain to this day. A File, the Ro∣manes called Ver∣sus, and Decuria: A Rank, Jugum: A File-leader, Decanus, because their Decuria (or File) used to con∣sist of ten among the foot, with some 16. A bringer up, Ter∣giductor: A Lea∣der (being every odde man in the file) Prastes: A follower (which is every even number) Substes: A side-man, Astes Their distances were the same with us. Their two cubits (eve∣ry cubit being a foot and an half of our measure) agreed with our three foot. Their four cubits our 6 foot: and so in∣creasing upon occasion. They ordered their horse-troops at six foot distance between file and file in march, and three foot in sight.
• b 1.102

  Omnes milites incedendi ordinem servent, Veg. 1. 9. Vt aequali legui∣móque spatio mi∣les distet a milite; nec ultrà quàm expedit aut con∣globent agmen aut laxent. Ibid. cap. 26.
• c 1.103

  In all the mo∣tions we also retain the same words of command which they used. Facing, they called declinatio; to the right hand, ad hastam; to the left, ad scutum. Facing about, immutatio. Doubling, by ranks and files, Duplicandi duo genera, perjuga & versus. Their countermarches the same which we use, Evo∣lutio Chorica, Macedonica, Laconica, per decurias & juga. Wheelings the same with us, Conversio ad hastam vel scutum. Reversio est conversionis restitutio. Inflexio, wheeling about, &c.
• a 1.104

  Vox autem perc••pi interdum non potest, aut propter armorum sonitum, aut pro∣pter equorum transitum & hin∣nitum, & multi∣tudines strepitum, &c. Aelian. cap. 35
• b 1.105

  Nam cum voce sola inter praelio∣rum tumultus regi multitudo non possit, &c. anti∣quus omnium gentium us••s in∣venit, &c. Tria genera signo∣rum, Vocalia, se∣mivocalia, muta, &c. Veget. lib. 3 c 5.
• c 1.106

  Praecipies au∣tem ut perfectè co∣gnoscant buccinae sonum, ut ubi consistere eos ju∣bet, consistant, &c. Leo Tact. cap. 9. 82.
• d 1.107

  Intenti ad du∣cis non signum modò, sed nutum, Curtius 3.
• e 1.108

  Walhausen would have the Harquebusiers to be 8. in file, and the Cuiras∣siers 10. lib. 2. cap. 2, & 3. But therein, (as in divers other things) he is singular, and dissenteth from others.
• f 1.109

  About the manner of marching of a companie of horse, there is much disagreement among au∣thors. MelZo, Basta, and Walhausen would have them to march in one entire deduction (not by squadrons) the Captain to march first, ne••t after him two attendants with spare horses, they beating his armour: then the Trumpeters, then the Cornet, in the first rank of horse. But Walhausen placeth the Lieutenant next after the Trumpeters, before the Cornet: all others place him (as he ought to be) in the rear. Flamin: de la Crote▪ would have them march in foure divisions, and every Corporall to lead one; but this (the Corporalls being leaders of files) disordereth their ranks. I follow that order which is prescribed to be generally observed by the councel of warre.
• a 1.110

  Plura in iti∣neribus, quàm in ipsa acie so∣lent contingere pericula. Nam in conflictu ar∣mati sunt omnes, & hostem comi∣nus vident, & ad pugnandum ani∣mo veniunt prae∣parat••. In itinere minùs armatus minús{que} attentus est miles, & su∣perveniente im∣petu velfraude repentè turbatur. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 6.
• a 1.111

  For want of good guides the late Prince of Orenge failed of an Aenslach (or enterprise) upon Bruges, a citie in Flanders. For when he had marched all the night (himself and many other great personages often riding up to the horses bellies in wa∣ters) he found himself within half an houres march of the place he landed at; The day ap∣pearing frustra∣ted the designe, and caused him to dismarch re infectâ. Mereren. lib. 17.
• b 1.112

  Dux locorum intervalla non so∣lùm passuum nu∣mero, sed etiam viarum qualitates perdiscat: compendia, diverticula, montes, flumina, ad fidem descripta consideret.
• c 1.113

  Ad hoc à prudentioribus locorúmque gnaris separatim debet universa perquirere, & veritatem colligere de pluribus.
• d 1.114

  Eósque custodia mancipare additá poena ostentatione, vel praenni, &c. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 6.
• a 1.115

  M. Cato in Hi∣spania, quia ad hostium consilia aliâ vià perveni∣re non poterat, jussit trecentos milites simul im∣petum facere in stationem hosti∣um, rapiúmque unum ex his in castra perferre in∣columem; tortus ille, omnia suorum arcana confessus est. Frontin. Stratagem. lib. 1. cap. 2.
• b 1.116

  The French call it prendre langue.
• c 1.117

  Dux cum agmine exercitûs profe••turus, fidelissimos argutissimòsque cum equis probatissimis mittat, qui loca per quae iter faciendum est, in progressa, & à tergo, dextra, leváque perlustrent, nè aliquas adversarii moliantur insidias. Ibid. Veg.
• d 1.118

  How abun∣dant Antiquit••e was in strata∣gems, all their histories testifie. Frontine (a man of consular di∣gnitie among the Romanes) hath written foure books of stratagems, be∣ing collected out of divers au∣thors Greek and Romane; and yet many by him let slip, as himself acknow∣ledgeth in praefa∣tione ad lib. 1. also Polianus. In stratagems Hannibal is said to have excel∣led.
• a 1.119

  Epoi lodata consuetudine il dividar ••li esserciti in t••e squadroni, cioè vanguardia, Battoglia, & retroguardia; & che ogni gi∣o••ngto si ven∣ga mutando. Cataneo di fort. cap. 8. Alternis dichus altera legio & al∣terum co••nu prae∣cedunt, eadémque rursus sequuntur, mutantes semper ordinem, ut al∣ternatim primi incedant. Polyb.
• b 1.120

  When all or a good part of the horse are employed in some exploit, without Infan∣terie, it is cal∣led a Cavalcado. Such was that when the States men surprised the castle of Crapoel in Limburg, &c. Meteren. lib. 23.
• c 1.121

  Others hold it much better to observe the same order in the dismarch which was used in the march, so that companie which went out first, comes in first.
• a 1.122

  These the Ro∣manes called exploratores, or speculatores. See Veg. lib. 3. cap. 22. Nè secreta noce∣ant, ducis praestat industria, quem ••mnia pr••••s con∣venit explorare. Idem lib. 3. c. 6.
• b 1.123

  P. Considi••••, qui rei milia•••• peritissimus habebatur, & in exerciui L. Sylla, & postea in M. Crassi fuerat, cum exploratoribus prai••t••itur. C••es. Comment. lib. 1. cap. 5.
• a 1.124

  Omni curâ, omníque diligen∣tiâ providere de∣bei dux, nè pro∣ficiscens p••••tiatur meursum, vel si non facilè, at sine damno ••••pell••t ill••um. Veg. ibid.
• b 1.125

  Praemittes et∣jam ad loca ex∣ploran la equites quesdam, p••aser∣tim si s••••••osa sint, aut collibus aut montibus inclusa, per quae t••••n••un dum est, &c. Leo cap 9.38.
• c 1.126

  Casar exerci∣tum per insidiosa itinera duxit nunquam, nisi praespe•••• u•• lo corum situs, &c. Sueton. Jul.
• d 1.127

  Illud vitan∣dum, nè al••u fe∣stinantibus, al is tardiùs inceden∣tibus, interrum∣patur acies, aut certè tenuetur. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 6.
• e 1.128

  Quando per angustias ali∣quas, aut per ar∣duos aviósque montes prof••ctu∣rus••s, pramitte ex tuis qui juga montium & loca ibi editissima occupent, & qui aduus angustos & minùs patentes anticipent, &c. Leo Tact. cap. 9. 26.
• a 1.129

  Capienda rebus in malis praeceps via est. Seneca.
• b 1.130

  Progredientes viam faciunt si∣lentio & quietè, decenter omnes proprium ordi∣nem asservantes. Josephus, of the Romanes man∣ner of march∣ing, cited by Lipsius de milit. Rom. lib. 5.14••.
• c 1.131

  Interdum au∣t••m imperita ••u∣sticitas plura pro∣mittit, & credit se scire quae nescit. Veg. l. 3. c. 6.
• a 1.132

  Auuertendo ancora, che tutti li impe∣dimen••i & ar∣tiglierie sempre camino da quel∣le parte, che non sia volta verso al nemico Catanco, c. 8. This agreeth with Aelians directions, c. 51. Impedimenta, &c.
• a 1.133

  Castra tuto sem∣per facienda sunt loco: ubi & ligno∣rum & pabuli & aquae suppetat co∣pia. Et si diutiùs commorandum est, loci salubritas eligetur, &c. Veg. lib. 1. cap. 22
• b 1.134

  Unus ex omni∣bus manipulis im∣peratori in diem excubat. Polyb.
• c 1.135

  Cùm verò ap∣propinqua ve••int ubi ca••tra ponen∣da, prae••unt Tri∣bunus, & Centu∣rionum illi, qui ad hoc munus semper electi sunt, &c. Polyb.
• a 1.136

  Pro gradu le∣gionibus & auxi∣lus, equitibus & peditibus, loca deputantur in cas•• is. Veg. 3.8.
• b 1.137

  The Romanes manner of quar∣tering or encam∣ping, is shewed in figure by Lipsius in his book De milit. Rom. lib. 5. dial. 4. Also by Sir H. Savile, in his annotations upon Tacitus. And by Sir Cl. Edmonds in his observa∣tions upon Cesars Commentaries, lib. 2. cap 9. And described by V••get. lib 3. cap. 8.
• c 1.138

  For the modern quarterings, see S. Stevin his castrametation. Also D. de Solemne, and others.
• a 1.139

  Militibus ad capiendum cibum occuparis, aut mu∣nera facienda di∣spersis, faci••è ne∣ctuntur insidia. Noctis obscuruas, necessitas somni, pascentium equo∣rum dispersio, oc∣casionem superve∣n••nu•••• prastat. Veg. lib 3.8.
• b 1.140

  Castrorum mu∣nitio curanta mi∣hil en••••••equae tam salutare, ne{que} tam n••cessarium in venitur in bello Idem lib. 1. c. 21.
• a 1.141

  Subita conter∣rent hostes, usita∣ta vilescunt.
• b 1.142

  The Romanes manner of forti∣fications about their camps, for security, are ful∣ly described by Veget. lib. 1. c. 24. If the enemie were near, all the army stood ready for battell, to guard them which (behind them) wrought about the trenches. And this was done by every century by turns; every souldier becoming a pioner for the time. Ibid. cap. 25.
• c 1.143

  For a sudden defence of the quarter (if being in a champain countrey, destitute of any other) it hath been usu∣all to enclose the quarter with waggons and carts. So did the Helvetians (now called Swissers) as Cesar recordeth it, Communt. cap. 10. And to this pur∣pose, vide Veget. lib. 3. cap. 10. Persae (imitantes Romanos) ductis fossis castra constituunt; & quia arenosa sunt propt omnia, saccos quos i••••es pertav••rant, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 pulverulenta (quae effoditur) terra complent, ••orúmque c••••nulo aggerem faciunt. Ibid.
• a 2.1

  This all ages have verified. The States men (by a stratagem) had surprised S. Hertogen-Bosh, anno 1585. but by reason of the covetousnesse of the souldiers (neglecting their charges to fall to pillaging) were beaten out again with losse. Meteren. lib. 12.
• a 2.2

  Of the guards, and means of se∣curing the quar∣ters, used among the Romanes, Vegetius hand∣leth at large, lib. 3. cap. 8.
• b 2.3

  Edict for Mar∣tiall law, art. 58.
• c 2.4

  Audaces fortis na juvas.
• d 2.5

  Si sint i••tae cautelae, nihil no∣cturni aut diurni superventus hosti∣um nocere possunt Veg. lib. 3. cap. 10
• a 2.6

  The Romanes manner of setting out of Sentinels, and all that be∣longeth to the watch, Vegetius sheweth, lib. 3. cap. 8.
• b 2.7

  N••cessariis lo∣cis ac temporibus non modò simpli∣ces, verùm etiam duplices vigiliae constituendae sunt, ut si quid alteram lat••at, ambarla∣tere non possit. Leo Tact. cap. 14. 31.
• c 2.8

  That souldier which by day or night shall re∣move from the place where he was placed Sen∣tinell by his Corporall, be∣fore he be by him called away or relieved, shall be punished with death, without favour. Edict. art. 28. Poena mortis apud Romanos, illi qui locum de∣seruisset aut om∣nino fugesset ex¦statione, Polyb. lib. 1.
• d 2.9

  Since the Prince of Par∣ma's time, the Sentinells have not been trusted with the word: by reason of a miscarriage at the siege at Tournay, which the States men relieved by wresting the word from a Sentinell.
• e 2.10

  The Romanes divided their night (and so the day) into foure watches, every watch containing three artificiall houres, which were unequall and planetary. The first night watch ever begun at sunsetting; the second continued untill midnight: the rest accordingly. Every Sentinell watched three houres, and then was relieved. In quatuor partes ad clepsydram sunt divisae vigiliae, ut non amplius quàm tribus horis nosturnis necesse sit vigila∣re. Atisbion•••• omnes vigilia commituntur, & finius horis à cornicme revocantur. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 8.
• f 2.11

  The sending out of rounders was also used by the Romanes. Idoneos tamen tribuni & proba∣tissimos eligunt, qui vigilias cir∣cumeani, & re∣nuntunt si qua emerserit culpa, quos circuitores appellabant. Veg. ibid.
• g 2.12

  Equit••s extra v••llum nocturnas excubias facere debent. Ibid.
• h 2.13

  Castra munire semper tutum est, &c. si enim ali∣quid adversum contingat, menùs imperatorium erit dicere aliquando, Non putaram. Leo Tact. c. 20.
• a 2.14

  Tutiùs operan∣tur exploratores noctibus quàm di∣cbus; n••m quo∣dammodo ipse sui proditor inve∣nitur, cujus spe∣culator fuerit ab adversariis depre∣hensu••. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 6.
• b 2.15

  Such a strata∣gem was used by Sir Fran. Vere, Anno 1589. who being to passe through a wood near Loc, the enemie from that castle came forth, to gall them in their passage. Sir Fran. with 50 horse and 6 trumpets made a stand a∣bout the middle of the wood, ha∣sting the troops and carriages out of the wood into the plain, placing 100 foot with 6 Drums in the rear. The enemie gave 3 shouts (as the Spanish manner is when they go to charge) but could neither see nor be seen by reason of the winding of the way in the wood. Upon this he commanded the Drums and Trumpets to stand, and sound a charge: whereat the enemie made a stand, expecting to be charged; which gave time for all the troops to get into the plain, by hastening their march. Manuscript penned by Sir Fran. Vere, of his own exploits, &c.
• a 2.16

  Hostes qui lon∣gè à suis aut pa∣buli, aut praedae gratiâ commoran∣tur, subitò occu∣pandi cum dele∣ctis. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 10.
• b 2.17

  Pugnatores ab impedimentis la∣xamento aliquo dividuntur, nè constipati laedan∣tur in praelio, am∣bulante exercitu. Ibid. cap. 6.
• c 2.18

  Ʋt locorum varitas advene∣rit, ità defensionis ratio varietur. Ibid.
• d 2.19

  Ubi pabulandi tempus fuerit, alii pabulum colli∣gant, alii apparati instructíque se∣quantur, ut nè si omnes se ad pabu∣lum colligendum converterint, & subita quadam irruptio aut insi∣diae fuerint, ipsi imparati sparti{que} opprimantur. Leo Tact. cap. 17.
• a 2.20

  Adversus om∣nia profuit, mili∣tes quotidiano exercitio roborare, &c. &
• b 2.21

  Severè in de∣sides vindicare. Veg. lib. 1. cap. 1. Exercitus ••••bore profitit, ou•• conse••escit. Ibid. lib. 3. cap. 26.
• c 2.22

  Anno 1584. the town of Zut∣phon was taken and surprised by certain souldi∣ers, which by night had con∣veyed them∣selves close to the gates at the opening of which (in the morning) they violently rushed in, and kept it, till more supplie came. Meteren. lib. 12.
• d 2.23

  Virtatus, dispo∣sito per occulta milite, paucos mi∣sit qui abigerent pecora Segobri∣gensium, ad quae illi vindicanda, cùm frequentes precurristint, si∣mulantesque fu∣gam pradatores perseq••ereneur, deducti in insidias, caeisque sunt. Frontin. Strat. lib. 3. cap. 10.
• e 2.24

  Part. 4. cap. 3. The like stratagems and embuscadoes have been pra∣ctised in the late warres. Anno 1599, Count Lodowick of Nassau by the like device drew the Count Busquoy one of his garrison of Sevenaer upon an embuscadoe, where Busquoy himself was taken prisoner (among others) which cost him 20000 guilders ransome, and the town it self taken. Me••••∣ren. lib. 21. 433.
• a 2.25

  Nulla consilia me•••••• sunt, quùm illa, qua ignora verit ad∣versarius ante∣quam facias Veg. lib. 3. cap. 26. Metellus Pius, in Hispania interro∣ga••, Quid posterâ die facturus esset, Tunicam meam si••d ••loqia posset (inq••••) combie∣rerem. Pro••em. Stratag. lib. 1. cap. 1. Veteres Minotauri signum in legionibus habuerunt, ut quemadmodum ille in intimo & secretissimo labyrin••ho ••••••••us perhibetu••, ••tà 〈◊〉〈◊〉 consilium semper occultum esset. Veg. 3. ••.
• b 2.26

  Exp••••randum soli liè ut quid hostis moliatur, in praesent, vel in futurum possimus agnoscere. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 6. Livius giveth Annibal this commen∣dation, Omnia ei hostinem, haud secus quam sua, nota erant. lib. 22. For want of good intelligence, many inconveniences have befallen divers comman∣ders. Semp. onnis (as Livie reporteth) having ••ought against the Eq••i till night p••••••ed them, thinking himself beaten, without further enquirie, made towards Rome: the Equs also deeming themselves overthrown, withdrew their armie into their own countrey. The same might be paralleled by divers modern examples, for which I referre the reader to our modern historians.
• c 2.27

  Cùm explorator hostium latenter oberrat in castris, omnes ad tentoria sua per diem redi∣re jabeantur, & statim deprehen∣ditur explorator. Veg. lib. 3. c, 26.
• d 2.28

  Si speculatores hosttum ceperis, nè uno eodémque modo illos tracta∣veris, &c. Leo Tact. cap. 17.
• e 2.29

  Edict for Mar∣shall laws, Art. 13.
• f 2.30

  Solertia enim imperatoris, ubi occasionem rerum gerendarum cepa∣rit, non in iis so∣lum quae invente sunt consistis, sel etiam muliò plura ac sape meliora excogitat. Leo Tact. cap. 18.
• a 2.31

  With antiqui∣tie it was usuall to remove or dislodge, by sounding the trumpet three times. Leo c. 11.
• b 2.32

  Tu••••cen unus inso••uit, mox alii pariter respon∣derunt. Dio. l. 17.
• c 2.33

  Scipio tesseram vesperi per castra dedet, ut ante lu∣cem viri equíque curati & prans•• essent, armatus eques fraenatos terieret equos. T. Liv. lib. 28.
• d 2.34

  John, Duke of Calabria is said upon all occasi∣ons to have been le premier homme armé, & de toutes pieces. Phil. de Comines, lib. 1. cap. 1••.
• d 2.35

  How severe the ancients were in punish∣ing of abuses, may be seen in that example of Lucillius the Centurion, who having broken a staff about the bones of one of his souldiers, called for a se∣cond, and a third after that, for which he was called Cedo alteram, among the factious soul∣diers. Tacit. 1. Annal. Which severity of theirs wrought so good effects (as Frontine reporteth) that the Romane army being to encamp where a tree laden with fruit grew within the quarter, it remained so laden and untouched when the army was dislodged. Front. lib. 4. cap. 3.
• a 2.36

  Acies, si sapi∣enter disponitur, plurimum juvat: si imperitè, quani∣vìs optinis bell••∣tores sint, malâ ordinatione fran∣guntur. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 14.
• b 2.37

  Nulla ars mi∣nus habet stabilia praecepta quàm militaris ars, adeò subita in bellis ingruunt pericu∣la, & fortunae varietas domina∣tur. Scipio Ami∣ratus, Dissert. Politic. lib. 21. discours. 2.
• a 2.38

  In mansione dormentibus op∣portunum praeli∣um semper infer∣tur, cùm hoilis ••ùs interimatur quam praparare se possit. Veg. Ibid. cap. 19.
• b 2.39

  Ad rem perti∣net qualis ipse ad∣versarius vel ejus comites sint, nôsse: utrùm temerarii an cauti; audaces, an timidi; scuntes artem bellicam, an ex usu temerè pu∣gnantes, &c. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 9.
• c 2.40

  In campis spar∣sis, atque secu∣ris, opportunum pralium infertur, exceptis superven∣tibus vel incursio∣nibus repentinis ex occasione, quam nunquam dux exercitatus amit∣tit. Veg. l. 3. c. 19.
• d 2.41

  Nec insequen∣tium ullum peri∣culum est, cum victi (quibus de∣fendi poterant) arma converte∣rint in fugam. Ibid. cap. 21.
• e 2.42

  Nam vel cele∣riùs vel tardius aliquo pervenire quam constitu∣tum est, proposi∣tum persape no∣strum intervertit. Leo Tact. c. 15. 42.
• f 2.43

  A good com∣mander (like a good wrastler) ought to make shew of one thing, and to put another in pra∣ctise: to the end to deceive the enemy, and gain the victory. Ibid. cap. 20. Tutissimum n••mque in expe∣ditionibus credi∣tur, facienda ab hostibus nesciri. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 6.
• g 2.44

  Nam disciplinae bellicae, & exemplorum periti, nusquam majus periculum imminere testantur, quàm in recessu ab hostibus. Veg. lib. 3. cap 21.
• h 2.45

  This kind of service is called a Camisado, because the souldiers use to put shirts over their arms to be distinguished by. So did the Duke of Alva his souldiers (Anno 1571.) in the night assail the Prince of Orange his quarter, donnant une Camisade. Petit. lib. 10.
• a 2.46

  Milites lectissi∣mos habeat Dux postaciem in sub∣sidus praparatos: ut sicubi hostis ve∣hemennùs ins••ilis, nè rumpatur acies provolent subitò & suppleant loca: additâ{que} virtute, minticorum auda∣crant frangant. Hâc dispositione nulla melior in∣venitur. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 17.
• a 2.47

  Boni duces, no capertomarte (in q••o est com∣m••ne periculum) sed ex occulto sempe•• auemant; ut (integris suis) quantò possunt holles interimant cerie v••l terrerat. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 9.
• b 2.48

  Count Philip of Nassaw anno 1595. intending to set upon Mon∣dragons forragers, with 600 horse passed the river Lippe, to lay an embuscadoe. But being discovered by some of the enemies souldi∣ers or betrayed, (as Meteren hath it, lib. 17.) was taken unawares and routed: him∣self and Conut Sol••us wounded to death, many others slain, and divers taken pri∣soners. The Romanes were enquisite in laying and disco∣vering of am∣bushes.
• c 2.49

  Qui superven∣tus & insidias subsessas passus est, culpam suam non potest excusare: quia haec evitare potuit, & per spe∣culatores idoneos ante cognoscere. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 22
• d 2.50

  Deprehensa sub∣sessa, si circumve∣niatur ab hoste plus periculi susti∣net quàm parabat inferre. Ibid. c 6.
• e 2.51

  With antiqui∣ty embuscadoes. were very fre∣quent and were to be used by ei∣ther party. Vtrique parti in itinere ad subsessas communis occasio est. Nam qui pracedit, opportu∣nis vallibus, vel sylvosis montibus, quasi post se relinquit insidias, in quas cum inciderit inimicus, recurrit ipse & adjuvat suos. Qui verò sequitur adversis semitis, longè antè desti∣nat expeditos, ut praecedentem adversarium atceat transitu, decepisum quo à fronte & à ••ergo concludat. Ibid. cap. 22.
• f 2.52

  Pauei equites pramittuntur, valida manus per alia mut••tur loca: primi ubi ad agmen inimico∣rum pervenerum equites, teniant levites, atque dis∣cedunt, &c. tunc illa manus super∣veniens, opprimit ignorantes. ibid.
• g 2.53

  C. Cassius in Syria adversu•• Parthos ducens aciem, equitem ostendit à fronte, cùm à tergo pedi∣tem in confragoso loco occultasset: cein cedenie equi∣tatie, & per notae se recipiente, in praeparatat insi∣dias perduxit ex∣ercitum Partho∣rum, & cecedit. Frontin. Strata∣gem. 2. lib. cap. 5.
• h 2.54

  The word Al∣to, or Alte, is used in all languages in Christen∣dome, and signi∣fieth to make a stand. I cannot guesse whence it should be deri∣ved, unlesse it should be from the highdutch word halte, which is (as we say) hold, and with us is used in the same si∣gnification.
• i 2.55

  Eil autem opti∣mum instruendi artificium, ut plus inferas adversariis copiarum, quàm primo aspectu ostendas. Aelian. cap. 47.
• k 2.56

  Sin parvum habeas exercitum, plures buccinae sonent, ut ma∣gnam multitudi∣nem hostium ve∣nire arbitrentur. Leo Tact. cap. 17. 28.
• a 2.57

  Bonum Ducem convenit nosse magnam partem victoria, ipsum locum, in quo di∣micandum est, possidere. Veg. lib. 3 cap. 13.
• b 2.58

  In rebus asperis & tenui spe, for∣tissima quae{que} con∣silia tutissima sunt. Livius, lib. 25.
• c 2.59

  Observandum autem est, haud par esse, sine ma∣gna nec••ssitate, ut pauca copie cum magno & instru∣cto exercitu dimi∣cent. Leo Tact. cap. 12. 36.
• a 2.60

  Quintus Ser∣torius pulsus acie à Quinto Metello pio, nè fugam qui∣dem sibi tutam ar∣bitratus, milites dispersos abire jussit, admonitos in quem locum vellet convenire. Frontin. Strat. lib. 2. cap. 13.
• b 2.61

  Prince Mau∣rice, at the bat∣tel of Newport, sent the mes∣senger (which brought him the news of Count Ernests over∣throw) away to sea, and kept it from the knowledge of his souldiers: commanding away all the ships (to take away all hope of escape by flight) and caused his forces to march through the haven, to meet the enemie. Meteren. lib. 22.
• c 2.62

  Qui dispersis sui••, inconsuliè insequitur; quam ipse acceperat, ad∣versario vult dare victoriam. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 26.
• a 2.63

  Par. 3. rangs de lances lui¦aller gaillar∣dement don∣ner par les stances: car par ce moyen ils l'entr' ouuri∣ront. Monsieur de la Noüe. Disc. 18.
• b 2.64

  So Walhausen would have it.
• c 2.65

  So the said au∣thour concei∣veth; but it is very doubtfull. For by this open∣ing to the right and left, you must turn croop, and then make a whole turn a∣gain, and so give advantage to your enemie. It were better therefore to cause three or foure files of each of your wings to advance on the sudden, and so to charge the adverse troop on either flank. And, to equall your ene∣mies front, you might cause the half files of your bodie to double your front to the right and left by division. All which your troop must be acquainted with beforehand, and are to do it in a moment of themselves, with all possible dexte∣ritie.
• d 2.66

  The principall strength of Cuirassiers consisteth in keeping themselves close sertied together: for this the Germanes are commended. Il faut dire que les Allemans surpassent toutes les autres nations, parce qu'il ne semble pas seulement qu'ils soient setrez, ains qu'ils soient collez les uns auec les autres. De La Noüe: Discours 18.
• e 2.67

  So farre as concerneth the exercising of the foot in their po∣stures and motions, I suppose Pr. Maurice his book, and Captain Binghams notes upon Aelian (with the appendix) sufficient alone: But I wish some bodie would go on, and fully handle that which belongeth to the Infanterie.
• a 2.68

  Si equitatu gaudemus, cam∣pos debemus opta∣re; si pedite, loca deligere angusta, fossis; paludibus, vel arboribus im∣pedita. Veg. lib. 3 cap. 9.
• a 2.69

  Ordinaturus aciem, solem & ventum antè pro∣spictat. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 14. Una aciei bellicae forma non est, sed multa & diversa, pro varutate ar∣morum, militum, hostium, locorum, temporum. Leo Tact. c. 20. 182.
• b 2.70

  Si nimiùm fue∣rit acies attenua∣ta, cuò ab adver∣sariis factâ im∣pressione perrum∣pitur, & nullum postea potest esse remedium. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 16.
• c 2.71

  The Grecians had their troops of reserve, and herein the Car∣thaginians imi∣tated them, and these the Ro∣manes also fol∣lowed. Veg. ibid. cap. 17.
• d 2.72

  Exercitus con∣tractus & quadra∣tus, aut non ità multùm oblon∣gus, ad omnem occasionem atque eventum firmus, utilis, at{que} tutus est. Leo Tact. cap. 9. 34. The Grecians had three kinds of horse-battels; The Square, the Wedge, and the Rhombe (which is as the dia∣mond battel.) The Square was held the best for the defensive, the other two for the offensive. Of these the Wedge is pre∣ferred, because it bringeth most hands to fight; the rear division of the Rhombe being of little use. Aelian. cap 18.
• e 2.73

  De instruend. acieb. cap. 36
• f 2.74

  Which the Latine translation termeth Acies incurva; Aelian. cap. 47.
• g 2.75

  Whereof Ae∣lian sheweth the inconveniences, cap. 50.
• h 2.76

  So did the Ro∣manes; the Van∣guard they cal∣led Cornu de∣xirum, the Bat∣tel Acies media, and the Rear Cornu sinistrum; as is shewed by Sir Cl. Edmonds, upon Caesars Com. lib 1. cap 7. Ob∣serv. 1. out of Lipsius de milit. Rom. lib. 4. and is handled at large by Leo the Emperour, Tact. cap. 18.
• i 2.77

  Six foot make a fathom, 100 fathomes a fur∣long, seven fur∣longs and a half, a mile. Five foot make a pace, 10••0 paces make a mile.
• k 2.78

  Usually 300 foot.
• l 2.79

  The Romanes also ordered their battels in three divisions, or troops: viZ. their Hastati, Princip••s, and T••••tarit. The first were called A∣cus prima, and these were the Hastati which were to give the first charge. At a distance be∣hind them were the Principes placed, wh••ch were called A∣cies secunda: these were so ordered with spaces or inter∣valles, that the Hastati (being put to retreat) might fall back into these spa∣ces, and the Principes might advance to give the second charge without disturbing each other. The third troop (Acies tertia) were the Triarii, which were placed behind the Principes, observing therein such intervalles as before mentioned. Vide Livium lib. 8. & Lipsium de milit. Rom. lib. 4. ubi etiam Aci••i Iconismus.
• m 2.80

  600 foot.
• a 2.81

  Quid superest nisi pugna•• quae jam manuum est, non verborum. Lips de milit. Rom lib. 4.
• b 2.82

  Cesars army, being so dismaid through fear as they were almost brought to despe∣ration, (tantus subitò rimor om∣nem exercitum occupavit, &c.) was by a elegant oration of his suddenly revived. Hac oratione ha∣bitâ, mirum in modum conversa sunt omnium mentes, summá{que} alacritas & cupi∣ditas belli gerendi innata est. Caesar de bello Gal. lib. 1. cap. 9.
• c 2.83

  Tun••••a ••ussa, punicea, vel coc∣cinea. Some re∣semblance here∣of there is in the bloody flagge at sea.
• d 2.84

  Veg. lib. 3. c. 5.
• e 2.85

  Meteren. lib. 12 J. Petit. lib. 15.
• f 2.86

  This by the Grecians was called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and by the La∣tines Barri••us (the original of which words, is shewed by Lip (ubi suprá) yet afterwards when the Empire was become Christian, they used (when they were ready for conflict) to cry, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, the victorie of the Crosse: as ap∣peareth by Leo the Emperour (who reigned in the Fast from the year of our, Lord 886. to 903.) Tact. cap. 12. 69. Cum ad conflicta∣tionem movet ex∣ercitus, consueta Christianis vox usurpanda est, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. And after this, in the very charge they were to make their shout, as it fol∣loweth there 106. Conflict••tio∣nis tempore post vocem Victoriae crucis, mignos atque altos clamo∣res ••dere oportet.
• g 2.87

  Lips. de milit. Rom. Reusner. de arte stratagem.
• h 2.88

  Psal. 18.32.34
• i 2.89

  Psal. 144.1.
• k 2.90

  Psal. 44.5, 6, 7.
• l 2.91

  2. Chro. 32.7, 8
• m 2.92

  Cited by Reusnerus out of Panormit. lib 3. de rebus gesti•• Alphonsi, and Marineus lib. 11. rerum Hispanica∣rum. Omne robur cor∣porum, omnis e∣quitatus, armo∣rúm{que} app••ratus, Deo non adju∣vante, ab agmine formicarum pror∣sus nihil differt. Niceph. Gregor. Byzantinae Hi∣stor. lib. 3.

  —non me tua fervida terrent Dicta ferox: Dii me terrent, & Jupiter hostis. Turnus ad Aeneam, apud Virg. Aeneid. l. 12.
• n 2.93

  Psal. 90.17.
• a 2.94

  Witnesse those f••equent and sharp reprehen∣sions, expressed in his Majesties letters, from time to time: a∣mong others, that of the 21. of September •• 1628 from Wind∣sor: and the con∣tinuall and seri∣ous callings up∣on for reformati∣on, by the letters from the Lords of his Majesties most honourable Privie Counsell, and the right honourable the Lords Lieute∣nants of every County.
• b 2.95

  2. Mace. 15.38