A systeme of anatomy, treating of the body of man, beasts, birds, fish, insects, and plants illustrated with many schemes, consisting of variety of elegant figures, drawn from the life, and engraven in seventy four folio copper-plates. And after every part of man's body hath been anatomically described, its diseases, cases, and cures are concisely exhibited. The first volume containing the parts of the lowest apartiments of the body of man and other animals, etc. / by Samuel Collins ...

The First BOOK.

The Fourth PART.

CHAP. I. The Parts of Generation in Man.

THe first Principle of Mankind, having preva∣ricated the Primitive Law (constituted in Pa∣radise) was condemned by Gods Justice and Mercy to Death, as a Curse and a Blessing, at once to shorten his unhappy Days below, and put him into a capacity of not disserving his Maker above; and to exchange a misera∣ble Temporal, for a happy Eternal state of Glory.

The first Agent hath made a Compensation for one Mans Death, in restitution of ano∣thers Life, by way of Propagation.

Mans happiness consisteth in a double Similitude: As to the first, The Supream Being hath naturally implanted in him an appetite to be like his Maker: And as to the second, hath given him desires to beget somewhat like himself. In order to accomplish the first, the Infinite God, hath impar∣ted to him out of his great Wisdom and Mercy, natural Instruments and Abilities; and to that end, hath imprinted in the Table of his Heart, excel∣lent Sanctions to promote the Triade of his Duty, speaking Piety to God, Justice to his Neighbour, and Sobriety towards his own Person, as most con∣ducive to his Happiness.

From the first Appetite of Man, to resemble his Maker in likeness, and from Love the natural Instrument of his desires of Happiness, do descend all the first Obligations of Religion, in which some are primarily implanted in Man by Nature, and others proceed by way of Superinduction, and posi∣tive Commands.

The second Appetite of Man (founded in the first Principles of Nature) is given him as Productive of somewhat like himself, to perpetuate his Race, and as aemulous of Eternity, to preserve himself in another by way of Ge∣neration: Whereupon the Omnipotent God, out of his generous Love to Mankind, hath Crowned the happy union of Man and Woman, in their first estate of Matrimony, with the blessing of Encrease and Multiply.

And in reference to Man's natural Appetite, to beget somewhat like him∣self, the great Heavenly Mind, hath hollowed these Second desires with a peculiar Sanction, and out of an act of high loving kindness to Him, hath created a Woman as an Instrument of Propagation, as an associate of his Troubles, as a dear Companion of more pleasant Converse, and as a meet help to assist him in all good and friendly Offices, in a discreet Conduct of his Domestick Affairs during the whole course of his Life.

And the First Man had his new Bride created out of him; and his Wife being a part of himself, did naturally oblige him by all ways possible to Caress her with a most entire Affection, and to endear her with the greatest Love and Compleasance imaginable: And though the Origen of Man∣kind, had no choice to gratifie his curious Phancy, yet the Prime Agent made his Spouse so amiable, that he could not refuse her, as Beautiful in the Li∣neaments of her Face, adorned with Roses and Lillies, and her Body so well shaped, as composed of variety of parts, answering each other in due pro∣portions; so that her handsome Body was a fair Cabbinet, to entertain the more excellent Jewel of her Soul, originally graced with natural endow∣ments of great Knowledg, Vertue, Honour, and good Humeur, which were high Obligations laid upon the First Man, to confer his most affecti∣onate esteems on his choice Spouse, as a Mistress of great perfections of Body and Mind, to court and engage him to his own Advantage, by an intimate Converse and Fruition, to propagate himself to perpetuate his Memory and Nature, in the Character of his own Image.

Whereupon the First Man was obliged to Espouse a Woman in great Love, as Created on purpose to be instrument of his Delight and Happi∣ness, as well as the propagation of others; which gave an advantage to Posterity, who had a Freedom as soon as the World was Peopled, to make a choice of some select Person out of many Beavies of Women, to be the Mistress of his Affections, to whom he may make kind Addresses, as court∣ing her with pleasant Looks, chearful Smiles, soft Language, and endearing Gestures, as so many expresses of his Amours, thereby to render him Ma∣ster of his Design, in making a conquest upon his Coy Mistress, in order to the fruition of those Sweets, which are hallowed by the Institution of Marriage; and though stolen Waters seem to be sweet, yet they are De∣secrated, as forbidden Fruit, and speak a Curse to him, that doth not enjoy, but after a manner deflowre a Woman in irregular Converse, without Gods License and Order: And the Offender paieth often dear for his stolen Sweets, which end in rottenness of Bones, and horrid Pains, the earnest of future endless Torments.

Whereupon I humbly conceive, it is our Happiness, as well as our Duty, to conform to Gods holy Commands, in the regular satisfaction of our Sensual Appetite, as designed to an excellent end of Propagation; of which our Maker hath instituted Woman an Instrument as a Wife, and not as a Mistress, as having bounded our unreasonable desires, to prevent the inconvenience of impure Mixtures, which often degenerate into a Venenate Nature, and propagate Diseases in stead of Children, by Poysoning the guilty parts, the

immediate instrument of Prevarication; and afterward the other more no∣ble parts, and the Select Liquors; which make Offenders examples of Gods Justice, by marking their Noses and Faces, those elegant parts that tempted to Folly. Wherefore supposing, which is very false, That there is no Judg to sentence, nor Heaven to reward, or Hell to punish; yet our interest of Health, and quiet repose of Mind, would oblige us to the observance of Gods Commands, which are salutary Precepts, if they were Consigned to no other end, but the preservation of our Bodies, in making our Members instruments of our own Happiness, as well as of Gods Service and Glory.

Whence our uncomly parts as Debauched, are branded with Shame and Dishonour, and have abundant comliness, as being hallowed by Christs Sanction of Matrimony, and being improved according to their Makers first design in their Creation, may be made excellent and honourable in the Propagation of Mankind, and in the increase of the Kingdom of Heaven, as replenished with Sons and Daughters of the Morning; which are so ma∣ny Stars of different Magnitudes, bespangling the Empyrean Heaven, the Throne of God, and the Seat of the Blessed.

Thus begging pardon for my Digression, which I hope, is not altogether Impertinent, by reason I have given you my good advice as a Physician, out of love to preserve your Health, that you may not destroy your selves, while you Propagate others; wherefore, as you value your selves, your Maker, and your Happiness, in this World and that to come, abstain inor∣dinate Embraces, and by dedicating your selves by Prayer and Divine Me∣ditation to the Service of God, you may make your Bodies Members of Christ, and Temples of the Holy Ghost, and render those meaner parts of the Body, I am now Discoursing of, happy Instruments of great good.

And now I cannot but admire and adore the infinite Wisdom of the Su∣pream Agent, who hath ordained such choice parts of Generation, which are Constituted in great variety and excellent Order, as subservient to each other: The preparing Vessels subservient to the Testicles, the Testicles to the Parastates, the deferent Vessels to the Seminal Vesicles and Prostates, as so many Repositories of Natures great Elixir, productive of Mankind. Whereupon I will follow Natures Method, by treading in her steps; and begin with the Preparing Vessels, which present themselves, when the Du∣plicature of the Peritonaeum is opened.

The Spermatick Arteries and Veins, are two of each in number: The Arteries are propagated according to the common course of Nature, not exactly out of the Right Side, but rather out of the Anterior Region of the Descendent Trunk of the great Artery †, and the right Branch relating to the Spermatick Artery climbing over the Vena Cava, doth bend its course toward the Spermatick Vein, lodged in the same side; and the left Branch of the preparing Artery tendeth to the Vein, seated in the Left Side.

Learned De Graaf, giveth an account of a Body Dissected at Delph in Holland, who according to an extraordinary course of Nature, saw the right Branch of the Spermatick Artery, ascend as far as the Emulgent Vein of the Left Side, and with it associated it self, and then bent its course downward, and was conjoyned with the other Artery belonging to the Left Side, and did tend downward with the preparing Vein; and when the said unusual Sper∣matick Arteries did unite, which was but a small space after their rise, they did take their progress through the region of the Loins, over the Flexors of the Thighs, and climbing on each side over the Ureters, did transmit di∣vers small Branches to the Peritonaeum.

The Spermatick Vessels, are vulgarly thought not to pierce the Rim of the Belly, as in Dogs, wherein is left a void space between the Vessels and Pe∣ritonaeum: But in Man, the Vessels are conveyed between the two Mem∣branes of the Rim of the Belly, as between two safe fine Walls, to con∣serve and guard them from the assaults of the neighbouring parts, which compressing the Arteries, might hinder the due Current of the Vital Liquor, toward the Testicles. So that these Vessels are safely conveyed within the Coats of the Peritonaeum, whose upper Membrane doth so finely close the passage, that the Intestines cannot fall into the Scrotum; and this Membrane is overmuch dilated in Ruptures, wherein the Caul, or Intestines, or both to∣gether, doth quit their natural station and repose, and slide through the en∣larged passage relating to the process of the Peritonaeum, into the troublesome Cavity of the Scrotum, wherein they are straightly confined as in a close Pri∣on, thereby rendring the Body uneasie.

If the Process of the Rim of the Belly, did gape as much in Humane Bo∣dies as in Bruits (wherein it conveyeth the Spermatick Vessels) Man having an erect posture of his Body in Progressive Motion, the Caul and Intestines being pressed downward by their own weight, would thrust themselves into the aperture of the Process, relating to the Rim of the Belly, and by conse∣quence, force themselves into the Cavity of the Scrotum.

But the inconvenience of the empty space, left after the perforation of the Process belonging to the Peritonaeum, made by the Spermatick Vessels in Dogs and Bruits, is prevented; by reason their Progressive Motion is per∣formed in a prone position of the Body, whereupon the Caul and Intestines are easily contained in the Cavity of the Abdomen, as in a proper place, with∣out any tendency downward toward the Hole, bored by the Transmission of the preparing Vessels; and thereupon Bruits are not liable to any Hier∣nia, by the falling down of the Caul or Guts, into the Serotum.

The Spermatick Arteries, when they have quitted the Cavity of the low∣est Apartiment, they here and there do dispense many Minute Branches (into the adjoyning parts) which are so small, that they can scarce be dis∣cerned, unless they be rendred turgid by Inflation, effected by a Blow-Pipe: And the Trunk, out of which these fine Vessels do sprout, doth not make so many Maeanders in Men, as in Bruits, but is carried in more straight course to the Testicles.

And it seemeth very strange, how the great streams of Ancient and Mo∣dern Anatomists, should run so far from the Channel of Truth, as to de∣scribe the preparing Arteries, to make turnings and windings in the form of fruitful Tendrels of Vines, shooting in many Divarications: Whereupon the preparing Vesicles obtained the appellative of Vasa Pampiniformia, and Py∣ramidalia; whereas in truth, the Spermatick Vessels in Men, make their de∣scent in a straight position toward the Testicles, without many Gyres, and Circumvolutions, as many will have it, who are more versed in the Disse∣ction of Bruits then Men.

CHAP. II. Of the Testicles.

LIndenius, is of an opinion, That the Arteries relating to the Testicles, do exceed the Veins in Magnitude, which if granted, is different from the Arteries, dispensed through other parts of the Body: And I con∣ceive, the reason is this, Because the Blood is impelled with greater force through the Arteries, and the retrograde motion of the same Blood in quan∣tity being more slow in the Veins, must necessarily imply them to be more large, or more numerous at least, to give a due reception to the Blood, else the Circulation of it cannot be made good through the Veins. Perhaps it may be true, as this Learned Author will have it, in some Salacious Per∣sons, who are a kind of Monsters in Nature, as having the Arteries greater then the Veins; but this is a great rarity, as it is very evident to Autopsy.

Paraeus giveth an account of an Old Man, that was Hanged and Disse∣cted, in whom was found but one Preparing Artery. Sicut ait ille, Anno. 1598. Cadaver senis suspensi, qui venas quidem spermaticas circa initium ha∣bebat bifidas, Arteriam autem Spermaticam non nisi unam, ex medio Trunco ortam, decuplo majorem vulgaribus, duabus recta in Parastatas desinentes, hic quum annum ageret 67. tam erat faecundus, ut uxorem relinqueret gravidam, & cum duodecem Liberis. And the reason of the successful endeavours of the Old Man in point of Propagation, Pawius attributeth to the greatness of the Spermatick Artery: But I conceive it more probable to assign the cause of his fruitfulness of the Seminal Liquor, and laudable disposition of the Testicles, to the Hypogastrick Artery, transmitting a Branch into the Testicle, to supply the defect of the Spermatick Artery, which should have proceeded from the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta.

The use that Doctor Glysson assigneth to the Spermatick Arteries, is only to impart heat to the Testicles, and nothing in reference to generate the Seminal Matter. But with the permission of this Learned Author, the Preparing Arteries, do contribute to the production of the Semen, by reason they transmit a Serous and Chymous Liquor, associated with the Fibrous parts of the Blood, into the Testicles, wherein a separation is made of the delicate, the Crystalline Liquor, and Milky parts not assimilated into Blood; which I conceive, is the Materia Substrata productive of Seminal Liquor, which is generated in great quantity in Lustful Persons, highly indulging Venery, and cannot totally proceed from Nervous Liquor, moving very slowly, and in small quantity, between the Filaments of the small Nerves, belonging to the Testicles. But of this, with your leave, I will take the freedom to give a more full account in a subsequent Discourse, concerning the generation of Seminal Liquor.

Having discoursed the Origen and Progress of the Preparing Arteries, it followeth in course to Treat of their Associates, the Spermatick Veins, which do equal the Arteries in number, and exceed them in bigness, as it is manifest in most Men, according to Ocular Demonstration, to any Per∣son, that curiously enquireth into the secrets of Nature.

The right preparing Vein, taketh its rise out of the Trunk of the Cava † (somewhat under the Emulgent Vein) out of which it ariseth for the most part in a single Origen, and rarely in a double.

The left Spermatick Vein, issueth out of the middle of the Interior Regi∣on, belonging to the Emulgent Vein †, and sometimes the Spermatick Veins do borrow their beginning in both sides, from the Emulgent Veins.

The Spermatick Veins, before they quit the lowest Apartiment, are ren∣dred fruitful in many Divarications, some of which do spring out of their Origination, and are dispersed into the Caul, and Rim of the Belly; and others here and there associate again, and afterward send forth many Branches, which pass in great Gyres toward the Testicles, and make the Pyramidal body, which being cut off four or five Fingers breadth above the Testicles, you may plainly discover the Cavities of the Vessels. So that, as Learned De Graaf will have it, If you put a Blow-pipe into one of the Veins, the Branches will swell immediately; which hath so far imposed upon some over-credulous Anatomists, as to make them believe upon this account, that the Veins have Inosculation with the Arteries; which cannot at all be evin∣ced by this Experiment, because the Branches of the Spermatick Arteries, having no immediate entercourse with the Veins, are not puffed up by the inflation of them, so that the Arteries remain lank, as unconcerned in the Dilatation of the Veins, when they are blown up with enspired Air.

In the Spermatick Veins, two or three Remarks do occur: The first is, That their inward Region is beset with many Valves, not only about their egress near the Cava, and Emulgent Veins, but also through their whole progress toward the Testicles, as so many Locks to promote the streams of Blood in their current upward toward the Cava, and to bound its recourse downward toward the Testicles.

The second observable is, That these Veins are often defaced with vari∣cose Tumors, chiefly about the Valves, produced as I conceive, by a gross Mass of Blood, which stopping about the Valves, doth enlarge the Coats of the Veins, and render the Pyramidal body knotty, and Varicose.

The third remark is, which divers Antient Anatomists have not observed: That the Veins do not keep the same uniform progress with the Arteries, which in them is more straight; but the course of the Veins is more crooked, and full of Labyrinths, by reason they emit great variety of Branches up∣ward, and do terminate within the Membranes, resembling the Tendrels of Veins; whence the former Anatomists have stiled these Plexes of nume∣rous Veins Corpus Pyramidale, and Pampiniforme.

The use of the Spermatick Veins, is to reconvey the superfluity of Blood, after it hath been serviceable to the Testicles upward, into the great Trunk of the Cava, and afterward into the right Auricle, and Chamber of the Heart, to enoble the Vital Liquor with Spirituous and Saline Particles, received from the Testicles; which make the Blood more active and vivid, imparting vigor and strength to the whole Body. So that Persons upon Castration, made destitute of these useful parts, which speak them perfect Men, lose their chearful Manly Looks, and their noble parts grow faint and languid, and are bereaved of their gay Temper, and daring Courage, gal∣lantry of Mind, Strength, and Activity of Body, as well as the excellency of the Intellectual Faculties.

Thus having Treated of the Spermatick Arteries, separately in their single Capacities, I will now, with the leave of the worthy Reader, make bold to speak somwhat, how they are in Association, and make their progress

toward the Testicles; which are each of them endowed with an Artery, and a Vein, which though they be disjoyned near the Kidneys, yet after∣ward they approach each other and unite, and make some small Flexures, encompassed within each others soft embraces, which are made so close by the mediation of a Membrane, derived from the Peritonaeum, that they can scarce admit any parting without Laceration.

Sattsmannus, in his Anatomical Observations, made a description of three Humane Bodies, in which he discovered the left Artery, arising out of the Trunk of the Aorta, a little under the Emulgent, not to enter im∣mediately into confaederacy with the Spermatick Veins, but to ascend first toward the Emulgent Vein, and afterward overtopping it, did twine about its surface, and then descend into association with it, to the Groins, where they enter into society with a small Nerve, a Branch of the Par Vagum, derived from a Plex lodged in the lowest Apartiment.

Sometimes the Spermatick Arteries and Veins being in conjunction with the Spinal Nerve, springing out of the 21 pair of Vertebral Nerves, and with the Cremaster Muscle, do pass out of the Cavity of the more free Abdomen, into the more straight enclosure of the Scrotum, through a Process, which is a production of the outward Membrane of the Peritonaeum, making a case in which the Spermatick Vessels and Testicles are lodged, as in a secure Repository.

And the Spermatick Vessels in their passage are secured, and tied to each other by the interposition of many small Membranes and Nerves, and when they land and enter into the Testicles, they part company, and the Arte∣ries are partly dispensed into the Parastats, and partly into the Testicles, and for the most part creep under the proper Coat, immediately encircling the Testicles, making Flexures, sometimes toward the right side, and sometimes toward the left, after the manner of a Roman S, and emit numerous Branches into the body of the Testicles, and at last unite in a common Duct, and afterward quit the Duct, and have recourse to the Ambient part of the Testicles.

The Spermatick Veins into small Branches, are entangled with the Ar∣teries, and interwoven with each other, after the manner of a curiously wrought Network; and the Veins do not only accoast each other in super∣ficial embraces, but have a more intimate converse by mutual Inosculations, by a perforation made through the Coat of one Vein into its associate, wherein they hold an entercourse by the transmission of Vital Liquor, out of one Vein into another.

But on the other side, the Preparing Arteries, contrary to the opinion of many Anatomists, do not Inosculate with Veins: Perhaps divers have been mistaken, by reason the Spermatick Arteries are frequently in conjunction with the Spermatick Veins, which is no true Anastomosis, because the as∣sociation of the Arteries and Veins is only superficial; and there is no Aper∣ture interceding those Vessels of different kinds, so that they have no near correspondence with each other, by the transfusion of Liquor out of the Ar∣teries into the Veins, if they were related to each other by mutual Inosculati∣ons. And this may be rendred clear Experimentally, by making a Ligature up∣on the Preparing Vessels near the Testicles, and a quantity of Liquor being emitted into the Trunk of the Spermatick Artery above, the Arterial Branches grow big below, and at the same time none of the venal Branches are at all concerned in this Injection, as keeping the same uniform Dimensions they had before; and if the Ligature of the Spermatick Vessels be taken off,

and Liquor be freely injected by a Syringe into the Arterial Trunk above, the Liquor will descend gradually into the Testicles, and from thence be reconveyed into the Veins, and afterward fill the Branches of the Pyrami∣dal body, and no way affect the Arteries associated with them.

And it doth not only contradict Experience too, that the Preparing Ar∣teries should have Inosculations with the Veins, but also being supposed, this ill Consequence will follow; that the Blood descending out of the Trunk of the Aorta, into the Spermatick Arteries, would from thence be immedi∣ately impelled through the Anastomosis, into the Veins: So that the course of the Vital Liquor would be so far intercepted, as not at all to be poured into the substance of the Testicles, whereupon they would not communicate the Serous and Chymous Particles to the Parenchyma of the Testicles, where∣in they are to be severed from the Red Crassament of the Blood, as a subject matter of Genital Liquor.

The structure of the Testicles, which discriminates a Man from the other Sex, is the subject of our present Discourse, as they are encircled with ma∣ny Tunicles, beautified with an elegant Figure, composed of a uniform substance, and various Vessels, and enobled with an excellent use.

The Tunicles, or Coats, investing the Testicles differ in largeness, stru∣cture, and fineness: Vesalius, Diemerbroeck, Westlingius, and most Anato∣mists, have enumerated only Four; but Columbus and Lindanus, have given out a fifth, and have been more curious in their Phancy, then Nature in her Production; and have made two of one Coat. And therefore I will insist in the steps of most Anatomists, in assigning only four Tunicles enwrap∣ping the Testicles, which being framed together, do represent a Purse (con∣sisting of outward thicker stuff, furnished with many Linings) the Cabbanet of two precious Stones.

These Tunicles may admit another division of common and proper, of which the first is External, vulgarly receiving the appellative of Bursa, from the Figure of a Purse, composed of Leather; and from this thick Coat, the whole compage of Tunicles borrow their denomination of Scrotum, which was originally given to any Pouch made of a Skin or Hide, and up∣on this account it is called so in Man: And its outward Skin, called Bursa, is nothing else but a composition of Cutis and Cuticula, of the outward and inward Skin, which is much thinner then in other parts of the Body, ador∣ned with many small Arteries, Veins, and Nervous Filaments, interspersed with fleshy Fibres, curiously interwoven.

This outward Coat is destitute of all Fat: Christopher Riedenger, an Am∣sterdam Chirurgeon, giveth an account of Mr. Martin Schatius, who as the Chyrurgeons conceived, laboured with a Hiernia Intestinalis, which no Art or Industry could so far reduce, but there always remained beside the Te∣sticle, a Tumour as big as an Egg. So that when this Person was Dead, the Chyrurgeon of Amsterdam, being desirous to see the Hiernia, they could not reduce, opened the Body, and more especially the swelled Scrotum, wherein upon a curious enquiry, they discovered a quantity of Fat growing to the bottom of the Scrotum, and some parts of the Ileon fastned to the vagi∣nal Coat, by the interposition of many Fibres.

And I conceive the cause why Nature is so kind to it self, as to deny all Fat to the inside of the Scrotum, is to keep it from a troublesome Extension, which would give a discomposure, and hinder the quickness and ease of Pro∣gressive Motion; and furthermore, this uneasie Lining, if stuffed with Fat, would disorder the Relaxation and Corrugation of it: Which, as I appre∣hend

hend, proceedeth from the various disposition of Carnous Fibres.

This outward thick and rough Coat, is divided into two equal Aparti∣ments by a Suture, or Seam, running the whole length of the Bursa, by which the Scrotum is distinguished into a right and left Region.

The second common Coat, or Vest of the Testicles, is lodged immedi∣ately under the Bursa, stiled Dartos, and taketh its origen from the Membrana Carnosa, a thin Muscular Membrane, dressed with many Carnous Fibres, and accommodated with many Ramulets and Veins, shading this fine Coat, which revive it with the course and recourse of Vital Liquor: And by the help of this Covering, assisted with fleshy Fibres, the neigh∣bouring Coat, called the Bursa, contracteth and purseth up it self, whence it is endued with various Folds and Wrinkles, especially when it is exposed to the cold Air, which causeth the Carnous Fibres to contract themselves, and narrow the dilated Dimensions of the first Coat of the Scrotum. And I have read a History of a Man, who had a power given him by Nature, flowing from the Carnous Fibres, to contract his Scrotum at pleasure; as some Men have a freedom to contract their Foreheads when they please, which proceedeth from the Muscular Fibres, lodged under the Skin in the Forehead.

And it is further observed by Women, skilful in Nursing of Children, that the contraction of the Scrotum, is an emblem of Health and Strength; and they think it an ill Omen in Infants when they Suck, to have a relaxed Scrotum, proceeding from the Muscular Fibres, which are not able to contract the Scrotum, an argument of weakness in the Body.

The proper Membranes, or Vests, more nearly encircling the Testicles, are two: The first is stiled Erythroeides, from its red Colour, as adorned with great variety of Blood Vessels; and thereupon Paulus Aegineta calleth it Capreolaris, as Enameled with divers Vessels, resembling the Minute Branches of Vines. And others call this third Coat Unginalis, as enclosing the Testicles as in a Sheath, derived from the Coat relating to the Rim of the Belly; and to the outward surface of this Tunicle, is conjoyned the Mus∣culus Cremaster dictus, which borroweth its origen from the Ligament of the Os Pubis in Man: And in other Animals, from the Tendons of the transverse Muscles appertaining to the Abdomen, which take their rise from a very obscure Principle, which is scarce discernable, and the Carnous Fibres of this Coat run the whole length of the inferior region of the Vaginal Tunicle; and I conceive these Fibres are auxiliary to those of the Dartos, in order to contract the Scrotum.

The fourth Tunicle of the Testicles, is the Albuginea, which is a very thin Coat, and may be called a fine white vail for its Colour and Contex∣ture, immediately covering the substance of the Testicles, adorned with variety of Vessels, every way exactly complying with the shape of them, and being of a close Compage, do every where encircle the tender frame of the Testicles, to conserve them in their proper place, as in a safe Reposi∣tory, and is very conducive by its mediation, for the better dispensation of the Vessels; which is evident in the Testicles of Calves, in which the San∣guiducts may easily be discerned, to make their progress between the Du∣plicature of this Coat.

The outward surface of this Coat, seemeth to be smooth, as well polish∣ed by Nature, and bedewed with a clear Crystalline Humour, setting a kind of Gloss upon this Tunicle, in which the soft compage of the Testicles are immured, as gently every way fastned to this Albugineous Coat; and to its

upper surface, the preparing Vessels, the Arteries and Veins, and also Nerves and Lymphaeducts, seem first to be conjoyned, and afterward to quit its com∣pany by piercing its Coat, thereby making way into the body of the Testicles.

The use of this Triade of Membranes, is to aray the Testicles, as with so many Vests, to secure them as tender parts, pendulous without the confines of the lowest Apartiment, and thereupon to guard them against the frequent attempts of Cold, and other ill Accidents.

The second use of the Coats, enwrapping the Testicles, is to keep them in a due Balance, lest their weight should force them to fall too low, and stretch their preparing Vessels beyond their due limits, and thereby too much contract their Cavities, and hinder the due Motion of the Blood into the Testicles, and so frustrate the design of Nature, in reviving the chil and faint substance of the Testicles, with the heat and vital spirits of the Blood.

The third use is that of the Dartos, proceeding from the Membrana Car∣nosa, as dressed with many Muscular Fibres, which contracting themselves do narrow the Cavity of the Scrotum, and keep the Testicles in a due posi∣tion, which is most requisite in Coitu, wherein an Excretion is made of the Seminal Liquor, coming out of the Testicles, to supply the emptied Semi∣nal vesicles, after the ejection of Semen. And indeed, the drawing up the Testicles toward the Abdomen, doth not so much proceed from the Corru∣gation of the Scrotum, made by the fleshy Fibres of the Dartos, but from the contraction of the Musculi Cremasteres, which being rendred tense, do pull up the Testicles toward the process of the Rim of the Belly.

The Testicles are endued with a peculiar substance, somewhat different from any part of the Body, and is of a delicate, white and soft Compage; a Systeme made up of an innumerable company of small Vessels, curiously interwoven, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, and Seminal Ducts, as so many Tubes, conveying and reconveying several Liquors, to and fro the Body, and Ambient parts of the Testicles.

The substance of the Testicles, is Spungy and Glandulous, according to Galen, Bauhinus, Fallopius, Spigelius, Westlingius, Maebius, Doctor High∣more, and Doctor Wharton, and many other Antient and Modern Ana∣tomists.

These excellent Twins of Glandulous bodies, are enobled with many sorts of excellent Vessels, whose Interstices are filled up with a delicate white soft Parenchyma, every way adhaering to the Coats of the Vessels.

Others are of an opinion, that the Testicles are accommodated with a Pulpy substance, as Ruffus Ephesius hath affirmed: And Renowned Lindanus hath given his Suffrage also, in favour of this Opinion, Medic. Physiolog. Cap. Sept. de Testibus, Ait ille Pultaceam hanc Testium substantiam sui generis Parenchyma esse. Saith he, This Pulpy substance of the Testicles, is a Paren∣chyma of its kind; and is much akin to the substance of Marrow, as Celsus will have it in his Seventh Book, and Eighteenth Chapter; Testiculi simile quiddam medullis habent. Whence it may be easily inferred, that the sub∣stance of the Testicles is very obscure and intricate, according to Learned De Graaf, who conceiveth, that no Anatomist as yet, hath discovered the true substance of the Testicles, in his Book De Virorum Organis. And to to do him Justice, I will take the freedom to quote his Words: Nam pace eorum dixerimus, nullus hactenus veram Testiculorum substantiam scriptis dilu∣cidavit, immo quod magis est, ne quidem veritatis umbram attigit.

Illi enim qui Testes corpora Glandulosa pronuntiant, vehementer errant; quan∣doquidem in toto Teste, ne minima quidem pars Glandulae conspiciatur, & adhuc magis à veritate aberrant, qui Testiculorum substantiam pelliculosam, vel me∣dullarem indicant, quia nullam cum illa similitudinem obtinent.

And this Learned Author, having denied the substance of the Testicles to be neither Glandulous, Pulpy, nor Medullary, proceedeth to give a far∣ther account of the substance of the Testicles, according to his own Senti∣ments in subsequent words: Qualis igitur sit Testiculorum substantia, si quis nos interroget, eam dicemus nihil aliud esse, quam congeriem minutissimorum vas∣culorum semen conficientium. In which he supposeth, that the substance of the Testicles is nothing else, but an aggregate body of most small Vessels. And I confess this Opinion hath much of reason in it, and doth enervate the Hypothesis of those Learned Anatomists, that assert the substance of the Testicles to be Glandulous, which is very agreeable to the Structure of these parts, which are framed of many Vessels of different kinds, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphaeducts; and the Glands of the Testicles have peculiar Seminal Vessels, which cannot be found, in any other Glands of the Body. And therefore those of the Testicles, may upon a good title, assume to themselves the denomination of Glands, as they have a white soft Compage, furnished with great variety of Vessels, con∣sisting of many bodies, different in shape and size; whence the Testi∣cles may be truly stiled Colatories of several Liquors, and thereupon they merit the appellative of Glands; as it will be more clearly set forth hereafter, in a Discourse relating to the use of the Testicles, in order to the percolation of different Liquors, made by variety of Vessels, and more especially by the Seminal Ducts, in reference to the Seminal Matter.

And to prepare the way to vindicate this Assertion, I will make bold to entertain you for the present, with the Description of the different Tubes, the main constituents of the Glands of the Testicles.

The first Vessels that present themselves in order, are the Arteries: Some are of an Opinion, that it is doubtful, whether any Vessels enter into the Compage of the Testicles, or only insert themselves into the proper Tuni∣cle of the Testicles. But Hyppocrates, the great Master of our Art, de∣termines this Controversie, In Libro de ossium Natura, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Venae tendunt juxta 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Musculos ex utraque parte in Testi∣culos. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, are promiscuously used by this great Author, for Arteries and Veins, which do enter into the Testicles: Others, because the Vessels have an obscure ingress into the Testicles, conceive that they are not at all trans∣mitted in their substance, but only lose themselves, and die in the Albu∣gineous Coat, where the Divarications are most discernable, and afterward are difficult to be traced into the body of the Testicles, by reason they are so small, that they evade an ordinary Eye; but in Emaciated Bodies, it is more easie to discover a multitude of small Arteries, transmitted through the whole Compage of the Testicles, which pass under their Albugineous Coat, and then make many Maeanders toward the right and left side of the Testicles, and afterward insinuate their numerous Ramulets into their more inward Recesses, and perforate the common Nervous Channel, and afterward make a Retrograde Progress toward the Circumference of the Testicles.

The Veins do also answer the Arteries, as having a constant entercourse with them, and are very numerous both in the Albugineous Coat, and in the Ambient, and more inward parts of the Testicles, which are garnished with geat variety of venal Branches, as well as Arterial, making many

Divarications, both this and that way, through the whole substance of the Testicles; and their Capillary Extreamities are open to give a reception to the Blood, unuseful to the Testicles, and to reconvey it upward into the Trunk of the Cava, and from thence into the right Cistern of the Heart.

The Testicles have fruitful Nervous Fibres, derived partly from the Par Vagum, and partly from the Spine, and more immediately from the lower Abdominal Plex; as Learned Doctor Wharton hath observed, in which the Nervous Fibres are variously interwoven and conjoyned, and the Nerves springing out of the Plex, do associate with the Arteries and their Divarica∣tions, to secure them from being intangled one with another; and the Nerves, the lower they descend, grow more numerous, and do impart ma∣ny Fibres into Coats investing the Testicles, and at length being propaga∣ted to their Ambient parts, do seem to be expanded into a Membrane, and constitute the Albugineous Coat, from whose upper surface, divers Fibrils are transmitted into the Nervous Ducts, which is a fair Tube composed of them.

The Lymphaeducts furnishing the Testicles, are more in large Animals, accommodated with fair Vessels, and do seem to take their rise from the Tunicles encircling the Testicles; but in truth, as I humbly conceive, they proceed from their Glandulous substance, and pass thence to the Coats, and afterward accompany the Veins, and do enter into the Cavity of the lowest Apartiment, and thence take their course toward the Mesentery, and at last discharge their Liquor into the common Receptacle.

The Lymphaeducts of the Testicles, as well as Veins, are accommoda∣ted with many Valves, discovered by most Ingenious Mr. Steno, and are rendred very conspicuous, when the Lymphaeducts are big with Liquor, and then these fine Vessels appear as it were joynted and knotty, where the Valves are seated.

Learned De Graaf, a Person very inquisitive into the secrets of Nature, giveth an account of a Memorable Experiment, whereby he rendred the Lymphaeducts of the Testicles more evident, by fastning a Ligature upon the Spermatick Vessels with the Lymphaeducts, at the distance of four Fin∣gers breadth from the Testicles: And in Cattle new killed, a discovery may be made without a Ligature, because the Lymphaeducts do swell, as being full of Liquor, without the assistance of Art; and two days after the Cattel have been flain, the Preparing Vessels being tied, the Lymphaeducts were plainly enlarged upon a gentle handling of the Testicle: Whereupon it may be inferred, that the Lympha, moving upon the soft compression of the Testicle, doth flow from the inward substance of the Testicle.

And the Lymphaeducts being swelled (as this Learned Author hath inti∣mated in Libro de virorum Organis) if they be cut off above the Ligature near the Testicles, no Liquor contained in the Lymphaeducts will destil, be∣cause the Valves hinder the flux of it downward toward the Testicles, but if the Vessels be cut off between the Ligature and the Testicles, whatsoever is contained between the Apertion and the Testicles will ouse out; which plainly argueth, that the Lympha doth flow from the Testicles toward the common Receptacle, and not from the Abdomen toward the Testicles

And these Glandulous bodies, not only adorned with Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, but also with other more proper Vessels, then any of these, which make up a great part of the substance of the Testicles, and speak them much to participate of the nature of Glands, and are the princi∣pal ingredients of the Testicles, as being endued with a faculty chiefly pro∣ductive

of the Seminal Liquor, from whence they borrow the title of Se∣minal Ducts, and are a Systeme of many Minute Vessels, that are Colatories, by whose help the more gentle and delicate are separated from the Fibrous; and sharp parts of the Blood, in reference to the production of Semen.

These Seminal Tubes, are Nervous Ducts, taking their rise near the Albu∣gineous Coat, in the ambient parts of the Testicles, and are from thence propagated into then more inward substance toward the common Duct, in∣to which these Seminal Ducts do discharge their Liquor, and then into the Parastars, and Deferent Vessels; which being tied, the motion of the Seminal Liquor, is suppressed toward the Vesicles, the Repositories of it, whereupon the Seminal Ducts grow Tumefied, and offer themselves to the Eye of the Spectator.

Perhaps this Experiment may seem too mean, and unworthy of our Re∣mark, therefore I will propound, if you please, a more easie one, wherein the Seminal Tubes may be seen with less trouble and difficulty, by procu∣ring the Testicles of the greater Dormouse, in which through the Albugi∣neous Coat as being transparent, the white Seminal Vessels may be seen; which being dispoiled of the Albuminous Coat, and thrown into a Bason full of Water, a little stirred up and down, a prospect will present it self as full of pleasure as admiration. So that the whole Compage of the Testicles, seemeth to be framed of innumerable small white Vessels, which appear as clear as Light, without the assistance of Art.

If any Person shall be so curious as to demand the Original of these Se∣minal Ducts, Renowned De Graaf, will ingenuously inform him, that he could never arrive upon a diligent search to the discovery of them, because they are apt to break, when they are traced with a gentle Hand, near their Origen, by reason of their great fineness and tenderness; whereupon the best way to discern the beginning of these white Vessels, may be effected in the Testicles of a Dormouse, through whose transparent Albugineous Coat, you may see the first rise of these Seminal Tubes, near the inside of the albugineous Tunicle in the ambient parts of the Testicles, near the Ex∣treamities of the Spermatick Arteries.

The termination of these Seminal Vessels, are more obvious to the Eye, then their Origination, by reason when they have made many Circumvolu∣tions, they end into six or seven large Ducts, as De Graaf doth conceive. And as Doctor Wharton will have it, they terminate into one common Duct, and afterward make many Gyres, and Spires, resembling those of Serpents, or Eels, when they turn and wind their Bodies into divers Spiral Wreaths, to move from place to place.

The use of these various Maeanders attending the Seminal Vessels, is to bring the Genital Liquor by a slow Motion, performed in these various La∣byrinths of Vessels, to a great Consistence; which being accomplished, the numerous white Vessels discharge their Liquor (as I conceive) into one common Duct, through which it is transmitted into the neighbouring Para∣stats, wherein after some stay, it is receptive of a farther Maturity; whereup∣on it is dispoiled of its Ash-coloured hue, and clothed with a more white aray.

And the Testicles are many Minute Glandulous Bodies, as so many Sy∣stemes of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, and Seminal Tubes, in∣terlined with a white spungy Parenchyma.

Having already Treated of the Origen, Process, Divarications, of all the Vessels, my Concern at this time, is to speak somewhat of the Parenchyma, as an appendant to these numerous Vessels, the Channels of various Liquors.

Many Learned Modern Anatomists, will not allow any Parenchyma at all, asserting all Glandulous Bodies to be aggregated of many Vessels of se∣veral kinds; and because they are invested with a white attire, not wholly made up of Seminal, but of Blood Vessels, Nervous Fibres, and Membranes. But I humbly conceive it probable, which may easily be discovered, that there is another substance beside that of Vessels, which entreth into the composi∣tion of Glands, and is a soft white Affusion, or Parenchyma, a spongy Sub∣stance different from the various Tubes which are of a more solid nature, and also from the Parenchyma of the Viscera, and Muscles, endued with a firm Consistence, and a red Colour.

This Hypothesis of a Parenchyma, is opposed by many eminent Anato∣mists of this Age, and therefore I shall use my endeavours with their leave, to confirm it with some probable Arguments; at last begging their Pardon, if they be not satisfactory, to evince the truth of a Parenchyma, in the Glandulous substance of the Testicles: And though it be not accompanied with Fat, which would enlarge their Bulk to a discomposure, yet they are much lessened in Atrophies, the sad Consequents in Hectick Fevers, and Consumptions: So that the Extenuation of the Testicles, would not attend the Emaciation of the Body, were they not interspersed with a soft delicate substance, adhaering to the Interstices of the Vessels, called Parenchyma. And though I confess, that the Testicles may be lessened by the exhausting of Blood, and Nervous Liquor, caused by unnatural heat in Hectick Fe∣vers, whereby they lose much of their tenseness, and plumpness: Yet I humbly conceive, that the defects of Liquors, would not make so great a diminution of the substance of the Testicles, were they not dispoiled of their Parenchyma (else they would appear more full) which being Colliquated by extraordinary heat, groweth thin and fluid, fit for Motion, whereupon it is received into the Extreamities of the Spermatick Veins, and accompanieth the Blood in its Motion toward the Cava, and right Chamber of the Heart. And furthermore, it is worth our farther remark, that the Viscera (which hold much analogy with the substance of the Testicles as being Glands) have their Parenchyma much lessened in Dimensions in some Chronick Dis∣eases, which doth not proceed so much from the Extenuation of the Vessels and Fibrous parts, but from the Colliquation of the Vital Liquor, adhaering to the outward surface of the numerous Vessels, which being entertained into the Roots of the Veins, incorporates with the Blood to support its decay.

The Parenchyma of the Testicles, may be farther cleared up by the Ex∣periment of Excarnating their Vessels, wherein the Testicles will lose their Magnitude, Figure, and Beauty, when they are divested of their white tender Lining, and then they appear to be a naked Composition, made up of loose disunited parts; whereupon the Vessels growing flabby, and highly defaced, by reason they are stripped of their Union and Ornament, the tender white Pulp filleth up the empty spaces interceding the Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Seminal Ducts: This Experiment may be celebrated by the long Maceration of the Testicles in fair Water, and afterward they may be divested of their white pulpy Lining, by a gentle scraping, and by frequent washing the Testicles, whereby the Vessels may be parted from their tender allies; so that their compage appears uncouth in the change of Figure and Colour, as bereaved of its Parenchyma.

But it may be, some will inquire into the origen and nature of the Pa∣renchyma, belonging to the Testicles: To which this Reply may be given, That the beginning of this Parenchyma, is originally produced by a viscid Genital Liquor concreted, and accrescing to the sides of the several Vessels, which are the main constituent parts; and the Parenchyma is only a Com∣plement, whose tender Pulpy frame supplieth the place of a soft Bed for their repose.

The Parenchyma of the Testicles, as to the nature of it, is Mucilaginous, and of a clammy white disposition, whereupon it is easily agglutinated to the Testicular Vessels, whose outward surfaces it every way encompasseth, keep∣ing them safe and disintangled in a due position, to conserve the free Mo∣tion of the different Liquors, which would be much disordered, if the Ves∣sels were twined or displaced; which would lessen, if not obstruct the Ca∣vities of the different Tubes, and discompose, if not wholly intercept the Current of various Juices, which ought to move regularly in their different Channels.

And the Parenchyma being of a soft pliable substance, easily insinuates it self between the Vessels, and filleth up their Interstices, which flow from the roundness of their Tubes, whereupon they cannot be closely united, by reason they touch only in some small parts; whence follow those Spaces, which otherwise would remain empty, were they not supplied with this soft tender Matter, adhaering closely to the outsides of the Cylinders, and doth not only line the Interstices of the inward Recesses of the Seminal Ducts, and other different Tubes, but also faceth the ambient parts of the Testicles, and rendreth them even, smooth, and graceful.

But some may ask, How this spungy substance stuffing up the vacuities of the Vessels, is nourished and maintained? To which this answer may be returned, That it is supported by the same principles, or by somewhat ana∣logous to them, of which it is primarily Constituted, which are Particles of Genital Liquor concreted: And I conceive, the Nervous Juice, and the delicate part of Blood, much resembling the Seminal Liquor in nature, do repair the decay of the white soft substance interlining the Vessels; so that when the Serous parts of the Blood, and the Nervous Liquor do pass be∣tween the various Cylinders, some parts are left behind, and being Con∣creted, do Caement the Testicular Vessels one to another, and do detain every Minute Vessel in their proper place, as they are lodged in the easie pliable substance of the Parenchyma, as in a soft Bosome, which may be assigned upon good grounds, as one use of the Parenchyma of the Te∣sticles.

A second use of it may be fetched from the first Elements, as being ori∣ginally produced of Seminal Juice, and also from the Aliment, by which it is restored; the Nervous Liquor, and the more mild parts of the Blood, which do exalt the Parenchyma in their passage, with volatil saline Parti∣cies: So that the Vital Liquor, moveth out of the terminations of the Ar∣teries, into the soft and pulpous interspersions of the Vessels, where it recei∣veth new impraegnations of Spirituous and Saline Particles, whereby it is ren∣dred more fit for Seminal Liquor.

The third use of this delicate substance, interlining the various Tubes of the Testicles, is not only to exalt the gentle parts of the Blood, one In∣gredient of the Materia Substrata of the Semen, but also to give it the ad∣vantage in its Motion through the Parenchyma, to obtain a Secretion of the serous mild parts from the more sharp and fierce, and the more delicate

Minute Particles of the Nervous Juice, from its Recrements, in reference to the production of Seminal Matter, as the main end to which the Testicles are consigned by Nature.

CHAP. III. Of the Parastats, and Deferent Vessels.

THe great Nervous Channel, being a hard white Tube, ascending through the middle of the Testicles, from one Extreamity to the other, leadeth us to the Parastats, called by the Grecks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Quia testi∣bus imponuntur; and as it were small Testicles clapped upon the greater, and are derived from their upper Regions with broad Origens, where the Varicose Parastats are implanted, and do creep obliquely downward toward the bottom of the Testicles.

Learned Doctor Highmore, doth derive their Originations from a white Glandulous substance: His words are these, Parastatarum principium ex sub∣stantia alba, Testis instar Glandulosa, duriore tamen multo, nec Cavitate donata constituitur: Ex plurimis quasi Glandulis invicem per Membranas Connexas, constat. And I humbly conceive, That this solid white substance, to be no∣thing else but the inward Recesses of the Testicles, which is branched into many Minute Seminal Ducts, running in many Gyres, variously interwo∣ven with each other.

Wherefore it may seem strange, that this Learned Author, did not disco∣ver the multitude of small Seminal Cylinders, but only a hard Body, com∣posed of many little Glands, supposed by him to be the Origination of the Parastats: Which seemeth very improbable, seeing it is not endued with any manifest Cavity, which is very disagreeable to the Compage of the Parastats, which in its beginning is made up of many Ducts, conjoyned to each other by the mediation of many thin Membranes, and after a small space, do concenter into one common great Nervous Channel: Therefore I believe, the hard white body, as he stileth it, not to be Perforated with any manifest Cavity, and is a Systeme of many Glands, whose Vessels are so Minute, that they cannot be discerned, and a great part of the Parastats is made up of a white substance, or Parenchyma, interspersed with Vessels, which being fine and tender, are supported by it in their proper station, to render them serviceable to the better conveyance of their proper Liquor; and upon a good survey, it may discover the Compage of Seminal Ducts, to be fastned to this solid Coat, before they disperse themselves into the substance of the Testicles. And Renowned De Graaf, hath obser∣ved, That this solid white substance, assigned by curious Highmore, to be the principle of the Parastats, is not necessary for small Testicles, which are strengthened with many Membranes, passing every way through the body of the Pesticles, to keep the numerous Minute Vessels of various ranks in their due Positions, assigned by Nature, lest they should be twisted with each other, and lose their proper use of conveying different Juices, as ha∣ving their small Cavities either lessened, or obstructed.

The Parastats are very eminent parts, in reference to their rare structure, and great use of imparting a high accomplishment to the Seminal Juice, and therefore I will make bold to Treat more fully of them, in consider∣ing their Shape, Origen, Compage, Progress, Length, and Use, which is their perfection as subservient to the maturity of the Seminal Liquor.

As to their Shape, they are round and convex in their outward Surface, and when they are affixed to the Testicle, they are somewhat Concave: So that these Glandulous bodies of the Parastats, are somewhat Orbicular above, and hollow below, and take their rise from the outward side of the varicose Bodies, and make their progress toward their hinder Region, somewhat in∣clining downward, toward the Anterior, and are firmly tied to the Albugi∣nous Coat; and somewhat change their shape, during the whole course, while they are connected to the inward Coat, immediately immuring the Testicles; they retain the same thickness, unless it be in the place, where they are inflected upward, and begin their descent downward, where they obtain greater Dimensions: So that they seem to make a greater and less Protuberance, which De Graaf calleth the first and smaller, and the second and greater Globes of the Parastats.

The substance of the Parastats, according to Vesalius, participateth the nature of solid Nerves; which seemeth only true, according to their ambi∣ent parts, appearing to be somewhat solid, but their more inward Recesses are composed of a more soft substance, being integrated of many Minute Glands, which are again made up of numerous small Vessels, principally of Seminal Ducts, the main constituent parts of these choice Compages, in∣terspersed with a tender substance, framed of Concreted, Serous, and Ner∣vous Liquor, adhaering in their passage to the Coats of the Vessels.

The progress of these Seminal Ducts, is admirable, which Dr. Highmore describeth very elegantly: Statim ubi ab hac substantia duriore reliquum Para∣statarum recesserit ad infimas descendens partes, Tortuosum processibus vermifor∣mibus, in Cerebello simile est; Tortuosae autem hae Parastatarum Circumgyrationes nihil aliud sunt, quam corpora teretia Cavitate manifesta donata, Semen{que} conti∣nentia, mirifice Gyrorum Intestinalium, sen vasorune preparantium (supra de∣••criptorum) instar complicata, ac••involuta ad fundum Testiouli tendentia, quae Semen à duriori illa substantia capitis Parastatorum selectum, longo & Labyrin∣thino ut sic dicam, itinere devehunt, quae in progressu ampliora manifestim reddita, cum a fundo rursus reflectantur in unum meatum vasi deferenti continuum termi∣nantur, cui post longam deviam{que} in Parastatarum circulationem semen amandatur.

The best way to detect the curious and wonderful Compage of the Pa∣rastats, founded in the rare Maeanders of Vessels, is to divest the Parastats of the Membranes encircling them, and then the admirable Circumvolutions of the Vessels present themselves in a pleasant prospect, which may be divi∣ded from each other, by the violation of their Coats.

So that these Plexes of Vessels, made of numerous Flexures from side to side, being severed by Art one from another, may be drawn out into length, and the most thin Membrane, encompassing this straightned Duct, being taken away, you may discover other rows of Gyres, tending from side to side; which Flexures are so closely conjoyned, that these many Anfractus, have been thought by unexpert Anatomists, to be but one entire continued Body, which in truth, is made up of many secret turnings of Vessels, which may be disjoyned by a skilful Hand, especially if the Duct of the Parastats be rendred big with injected Liquor, and then these Vessels may be well traced to the Testicles; and the great Duct, as it is farther distant from

its Origen (which is implanted with many Ramifications into the top of the Testicle) groweth thicker after many Seminal Branches of Ves∣sels are concreted into it; which gradually is more and more enlarged, and then maketh the Deferent Vessel, which seemeth to be an Elongation of it.

The length of these disintangled Vessels, is worthy our Remark, and Ad∣miration, that being drawn out, when the Flexures are made straight, should be extended to many Ells in length, whereas they lie in a small com∣pass, when encircled in their own proper Sphaere, with a peculiar Mem∣brane: Whereupon it is manifest, that the Testicles differ from the Para∣stats, by reason those are Systemes of small Vessels, but these for the most part consist of large Ducts; and again the Parastats do not differ from the deferent Vessels, but only in manner of progress, because those have their Ducts wheeling in divers Flexures and Gyres, but these are carried in Arches, only without those numerous Circumvolutions.

The Deferent Vessels are a continuation, as I conceive, of the common Seminal Channel, beginning about the midle of the Parastats, being akin to Nerves, in hardness of their substance, but not in structure; by reason Nerves are Systemes of many Filaments, closely united to each other, by the interposition of fine Membranes; but the Deferent Tubes, are round, white Vessels, endued with manifest Cavities, to give a reception and con∣veyance to the Seminal Liquor, elaborated in, and transmitted by the com∣mon Ducts of the Parastats, into the deferent Cylinders; which when they wheel in Males from the bottom of the Testicles, they are carried upward Obliquely for a little space, and then ascend in a straight course, in company with the Spermatick Vessels, through the Process of the Peritonaeum, into the Cavity of the lowest Apartiment, from whence they are reflected, tending to the hinder region of the Bladder, between which and the Intestinum Rectum, they are inserted into the Neck of the Bladder, and Expanded as it were into many Cells, and afterward being lessened again, do with a close passage, terminate into the Seminal Vesicles.

If you have not Faith enough to give Credit to this Description, you may be pleased to immit some Liquor by a Syring into the Deferent Vessels, whereupon you may plainly discern the Seminal Vesicles to be lodged on each side of the Deferent Vessels, between the Bladder and the Intestinum Rectum, and are framed of many small Cells, interspersed with a Glandu∣lous substance, resembling a Bunch of Grapes, which are all conjoyned in one common Duct, terminating into the Urethra.

CHAP. IV. Of the Seminal Vesicles.

THe Seminal Vesicles are very large, and of a Transparent nature in Bores, and so closely united, that they seem but one Vesicle, but upon a strict enquiry, they may be discerned to be a pair of large Vesicles, consisting of many distinct Cavities; and each of them hath a peculiar In∣sertion into the Ʋrethra, and each Insertion endeth into many small Holes, through which, upon the compression of the Vesicles, a quantity of Semi∣nal Liquor doth flow into the common Urinary passage? And in a little Guine Bore, the Seminal Vesicles are adorned with two Horns, and are Py∣ramidal, and have many Spires, or Wreaths, resembling Worms, extending themselves as far as the Kidneys.

The Seminal Vesicles have a rare Structure, composed of great variety of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and many Branches of Lymphaeducts, ena∣meling a thin Membrane, enclosing divers small Apartiments, accompanied with many Glands, made up also of different Minute Tubes.

As to the Figure of these Seminal Vesicles, Ingenious De Graaf doth liken them to the Intestines of Birds, which have many Circumvolutions, and differ from them, in reference the Vesicles have many varices, which are dilated after a strange manner, according to their outward Surface, and are found to be much narrowed in their inward Allodgments.

These Repositories of Seminal Liquor, commonly obtain the length of three Inches, or thereabouts, and have not the same aequality in each side, by reason one exceedeth the other in greatness, and have the breadth of a Finger, and is not aequally proportioned on both sides, in which the thickness is greater and less: So that one side of the Vesicles, is disproportioned to the other in all Dimensions of Longitude, Latitude, and thickness. And if you take a survey of the more inward Recesses, they will appear in some parts more Dilated, and in others more Contracted. So that Nature pleaseth her self, as to these Receptacles of Semen, in great variety of different Dimen∣sions, which is rare in other parts of the Body, where they are rendred pairs by Nature, as having great affinity in Similitude, and Proportion, in which for the most part, they resemble each other in aequality.

They are made Twins by Natures wise Contrivance, composed of many Cells parted from each other, by Membranous Interstices, as by fine Walls, to make their various Partitions entire, as severed from each other; so that each Cell might discharge it self in relation to the Seminal Liquor, without the enter∣course of another: Whereupon they are immured with their proper Coats, as confining them within their peculiar Territories, and do emit Seminal Juice, by distinct perforations into the Urinary passage, that Generation might be the better accomplished, when one Vesicle is disabled, either by Cutting for the Stone, or by Contusion, Abscess, Ulcer, or any other Dis∣ease; the other performing its Office, might render the great work of Pro∣pagation successful.

These Minute Cisterns of Seminal Liquor, are not furnished only with a large single Cavity, but with many small Receptacles, seated as it were in

Clusters, running in divers Maeanders, to give a stop to the over-hasty Ex∣cretion of Semen; so that small Cavities aemulating the Cells of Pomegra∣nate Seeds in Figure, are so many Repositories of choice Liquor, wherein Nature hath wisely constituted so many reserves of it, to speak her self a good House-Wife, in the provident conduct of her Stock, by not turning Bankrupt, by the profuse expense of so excellent a Liquor in one act of Coition.

Great Galen, Learned Doctor Highmore, and many other Anatomists, do dedicate these rare Vesicles, the select Cisterns of refined Liquor, to the meaner office of rendring the Urinary passage smooth and slippery, by its Unctuous nature, to secure it against the acrimony of Urine, as impraegna∣ted with Lixivial, Saline Particles. But I conceive it more probable, with the pardon of those Renowned Authors, to assign the lining of the Urethra to some viscid Matter, which defendeth the Stomach, Intestines, Bladder, as well as Urethra, against the troublesome attempts of sharp Corroding. Matter. And to that intent, the surface of these greater and less Recepta∣cles, are anointed with clammy Matter, arising out of the Recrements of the Blood, perpetually destilling out of the Extreamities of the Capillary Arteries, by reason these Seminal Vesicles are the allodgments of excellent Liquor, which hath no constant efflux into the Urinary passage, performed only in the act of Coition, or when Nature is overcharged with too great a fulness of the Semen in Nocturnal Pollutions, or in more extraordinary cases of Gonorrhaea's.

The great Current of Anatomists, assign the use of the Seminal Vesicles, to be only the Repositories of Seminal Liquor, till the act of Coition; and to that end, most are of an Opinion, that the Deferent Vessels, do transmit the Semen, receiving its first rudiment in the Testicles, and afterward is more matured in the Parastars, into the Seminal Vesicles, therein to be re∣served in order to a farther use.

And in truth, it may be easily granted, that these Vessels are the Repo∣sitories of Semen: But a Question may arise, Whether they receive it from the Deferent Vessels? With which, as Doctor Wharton will have it, they hold no entercourse by any common Duct: And farthermore it is his Sentiment, that a Semen is Elaborated in these Vesicles, distinct from that of the Te∣sticles and Parastats; by reason these Vesicles being furnished with a Glan∣dulous substance, do produce a peculiar Spermatick Matter. Else if their office were only to entertain a Semen generated in other parts, then Mem∣branes only were sufficient, and there were no need of a Glandulous body interspersed with them; because meer Receptacles, as the Bladder of Urine and Gall, are composed only of Membranous Tunicles, fitted for the recep∣tion and entertainment of Humours: Whereupon these Vesicles, being not only a Membranous substance, but a Compage made up of a Glandulous nature, are designed to some more noble Office, to the production of some Seminal Liquor. Which seemeth to favour the Opinion of Learned Doctor Wharton, because a Semen may be seen in these Vesicles of a different na∣ture, from that of the Testicles and Parastats; as it appeareth more plainly in the Seminal Vesicles of greater Animals.

Of this, an Instance may be given of an Horse, the structure of whose Vesicles, is integrated of two parts; the one Membranous, the other Glan∣dulous; and the Vesicles being Dissected, were of far greater Dimensions, then those of a Humane Body, and if filled, would entertain a very much greater proportion of Seminal Liquor, which in a Horse doth resemble a

kind of Gelly hued with Ash-colour; and a Probe being immitted into an open Vesicle, it was carried obliquely toward the Urethra, and did termi∣nate into a Hole, common to the Deferent Vessel, and Seminal Vesicle.

The other part of the Vesicles, was accommodated with a Glandulous Texture, which had greater Dimensions, and were thicker and broader when they were in conjunction with the Urethra; in the place where the Deferent Vessels do terminate, the Glandulous substance is much more nar∣row and contracted.

This Glandulous Compage appertaining to the Vesicles, did much resem∣ble that of the Testicles in likeness, only it was not altogether of so bright a hue, but inclining somewhat to Ash-colour.

This Glandulous substance, hath its inside beset with many Minute Ca∣vities, which all concenter in one common Duct, before they arrive the Urinary passage; and a Brisle being immitted into any of these Glandulous Tubes, will easily pass into the common Duct, which doth not immediate∣ly discharge it self into the Urethra, by reason it was covered with a thin Membrane, pinked with Minute Holes, through which the Semen doth gush in the act of Coition. And it seemeth very probable, that the Geni∣tal Liquor, concocted in the body of the Glands, is transmitted through many Minute Vessels into the Cells, as so many Receptacles of Elaborated Semen, (of another nature from that of the Testicles and Parastats) which is of a more White, and greater Consistence, but this of the Vesicles is more thin, and endued with an Ash-coloured hue.

Learned De Graaf, doth oppose this Opinion to his utmost, Libr. de Vi∣rorum Organis (speaking of the Seminal Vesicles) Eas non Semini recipiendo sed generando destinatas esse, quod a veritate alienum existimamus, primo quod ita dispositae sint, ut semen per vasa deferentia affluens, & viam in Urethram per Carunculam clausam inveniens, necessario debet redire in earum Cavitatem, ibi{que} asservari, donec oportuno tempore & loco excernatur; secundo quia Vesiculae Seminales substantiam habent tenuem Membranaceam & nullis Glandulis visi∣bilibus Ductibus, aut aliis instrumentis seminis generationi idoneis praeditam. Ex dictis patet ait ille probabile non esse Naturam tam parvo apparatu tantae rei Generationem moliri, nisi dicamus tam Vasculorum Seminariorum, Epididymidum, quam deferentium longissimos Ductus frustra creatos esse, qui uti superius dixi∣mus nullum alium finem respiciunt, quam seminis Generationem.

Thus begging Pardon of this Learned Author, I shall take the boldness to speak somewhat in favour of my worthy Dead Friend, and Fellow Collegue, and to take the freedom to make this Reply, to the Reasons alledged against Doctor Whartons Opinion, by Famous De Graaf, who affirms, That the Seminal Vesicles are so ordered by Nature, that the Semen flowing through the Deferent Vessels, finding the passage shut up by a Caruncle, ought to return into their Cavity, and be Conserved there, till a fit time and place of Excretion. To which Argument, I give this Answer, That the Semen passing into the Deferent Vessels, is not transmitted into the Se∣minal Vesicles, but lodged in the But-end of the Deferent Vessels near the Urethra, into which a Perforation being made, the Semen is impelled in time of Coition.

And this Ingenious Authors second Argument, is this, That the Seminal Vesicles have but a thin Membranous substance, endued with no Glands, having no visible Ducts, or any other Instruments, fitted for the generation of Semen. Whence he inferreth upon the former Discourse, that Nature doth not attempt the production of so great a Matter, with so small an Apparatus,

as the Seminal Vesicles are accommodated withal. To which I make bold, with the leave of this worthy Author, to speak this return: That the Semi∣nal Vesicles are a fine Compage, made up of a Membranous substance, and many small Glands, which is manifest to Sense; and hath a Furniture com∣posed of many Vessels of different kinds: As he himself confesseth in the subsequent Language, in which he Treateth of the Seminal Vesicles. Con∣stant, ait ille, ex Membrana satis tenui per quam variae Arteriarum, Venarum, Nervorum, & dubio procul vasorum Lymphaticorum ramificationes excurrunt. To which I may Answer, That the Seminal Vesicles have not only Arteries, Veins, Nerves, but also some other small Vessels, which I conceive to be Seminal, consisting of many Minute Branches, terminating into one common Chan∣nel, which are found in the Testicles, and Parastats, which are undoubted Organs, subservient to the generation of Seminal Liquor; and these Vesi∣cles are furnished with the same Vessels, which the Testicles and Parastats have, and are Colatories of the Blood and Nervous Liquor, which these Vesicles may prepare as well as the other, though not in so great a quantity in order to the production of Semen, which is discovered in them, of a Colour and Consistence, manifestly divers from that of the Testicles and Parastats.

And it may be farther urged in defence of this Hypothesis, that Seminal Liquor, distinct from that of the Testicles and Parastats, is generated in the Seminal Vesicles, by reason a Man that had no Testicles (enjoyed a Wo∣man) whose Body being opened after he was Hanged, his Seminal Vesicles were found turgid with Genital Liquor; of which Learned De Graaf, gi∣veth an Instance out of Cabrolius, Lib. de Virorum Organis: Ait ille tertio fuisse Homines testibus carentes, qui nihilominus Vesiculas Seminales post mor∣tem semine repletas habebant, uti ex Cabrolio exemplo superius allegato convin∣citur: Ac in iis saltem necessario semen in Vesiculis Seminariis genitum fuisse. And Cabrolius saith further, Obser. Anatom. tertia. Viderit Adolescentem Intestatum, qui tamen Uxorem duxit, & complures liberos genuit. So that it is very plain, that this Learned Author, giveth an account of a young Man, destitute of Testicles, that Married and had many Children; which I conceive was ef∣fected by Genital Liquor, produced in the Seminal Vesicles.

The Prostats confining on these useful parts, are endued with a white spongy Substance (made up of many Minute Glands) and being flattish in their upper and lower region, and round on each side, are beautified with an Oval Figure, except in that part where they are somewhat hollowed about the entrance of the Deferent Vessels; and being about the bigness of a Walnut, are encircled with a strong thick Fibrous Membrane, spring∣ing from the Deferent Vessels, and the lower region of the Bladder of Urine.

These two fine Compages, the Receptacles of Seminal Liquor, are composed of many Glands of different shapes and sizes, lodged at the Root of the Penis, above the Sphincter of the Bladder, on each side of its Neck, without the insertions of the Deferent Tubes, and Seminal Vesicles; and are ordinarily of small Dimensions, except in Persons much indulging Ve∣nery, in whom they are much enlarged, as growing big with Seminal Li∣quor, before Coition; and if their inward Penetrals be inspected, many Hydatides seem to appear, as Vesicles full of Liquor, seated in the spongy substance of the Prostats, discharging themselves upon compression into Ducts, implanted into the Urinary passage.

Their Circumference is much greater in Hogs (then in Humane Bodies) and are thick, oblong, and somewhat round, adjacent to each side of the Urethra; and contain in their Cells, a thick, slippery, whitish Matter, of the consistence of a Gelly, which is transmitted by one large Insertion (ac∣cording to Doctor W••arton) placed Eight Fingers breadth below the termi∣nation of the Deferent and Seminal Vesicles, into the Ʋrethra; but most curious De Graaf, assigneth Ten in Man, and Ninety in Dogs

The Prostats are dressed with all kind of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphaeducts, running in great Divarications through the Ambient parts, and Coats of these Glandulous bodies †, and also enter into the inward Ca∣vities, in which many Ducts may be discovered, which do Exonerate them∣selves into the Urinary passage, where their terminations are covered with Minute Caruncles, putting a stop to their perpetual Efflux into the Urethra; or that the Particles of Urine should not insinuate themselves through these small Perforations of the Urethra, into the body of the Prostrats, lest they should vitiate the Seminal Liquor.

And if any Person shall be so Curious, as to make a farther search into these Minute Ducts, it may be effected by Blow-Pipes (when their Liquor is squeesed out, by which Breath being immitted into the Cavities of those small Tubes, seated in the spongy substance of the Prostrats) whereupon many elegant Divarications will appear, as also many little Perforations about the bigness of Mustard-Seed, which grow enlarged upon the Inflation of the small Ducts, terminating into these numerous Holes (as De Graaf hath Experimented) so that at the first sight it may be conceived, that the soft substance of the Prostats is composed of many Vessels, adorned with round, oblong Figures, in the manner of Cylinders.

And this most acute Author, hath made a farther Observation, which is worthy our remark, That these small Tubes (branched through the inward substance of these two Glandulous bodies) have no entercourse by Inoscu∣lation with each other, by whose Mediation, the immitted Particles of Air, are transmitted out of one Duct into another: So that the part only, into which the peculiar Tube is inserted, groweth Turgid, and the other part of the spongy substance being unconcerned, retaineth its native Lankness; whereupon, if it be intended to render the body of these soft substances big, it is requisite to immit Air into many Tubes, whereby the whole spongy compage of the Prostats, will grow equally Tumefied.

CHAP. V. Of the Penis, or Yard.

LAscivious Poets, Parasites, and other Persons in all Nations, sporting themselves in Venereal Froliques, and Drollery, being no better then gentile Stallions, have found out many Names to treat their frothy Phancy, about Mans more obscene part, stiled by the Latines, Penis, Veretrum, Coles, Membrum Virile, Mentula, &c. Which was in great veneration with the Egyptia••s, as some Petty God, and hath somewhat of Dignity, in reference to its nobler use of Propagation, which is performed by not indulging our selves in too frequent kind Embraces, which dischargeth Genital Liquor, be∣fore it hath acquired a due Concoction and Consistence in the Testicles, Se∣minal Vesicles, and Prostats; whereupon it being destitute of its Volatil and Spirituous Particles, is not conducive to the excellent end, designed by Na∣ture for the repair of Mankind.

The Penis is seated in the lower region of the third Apartiment of the Body, as the most fit place for Fruition, and taketh its rise from strong Bones of the Pubes, into which its Roots are firmly implanted.

Other Creatures, as Cocks, Crabs, Worms, &c. have a double Penis; and Man, except it be Monstrous, hath only one, to be a Monitor, that we should not please our selves in the indulgence of our sensual Appetite.

It hath an oblong roundish Figure, somewhat flattish upon the Back, or upper Region, and various dimensions of Magnitude and Length, in several Bodies; and a Mediocrity in both, is most acceptable to the Sex, and advan∣tageous to Generation.

The Penis is an aggregate Body, consisting of various parts, of which some are External, as the Cuticula, and Membrana Carnosa, which are so many Integuments, investing the body of the Penis.

The Internal parts, are two Nervous bodies, the Septum, the Glans, the Muscles and Vessels, which do import and export Blood into, and from the Penis.

The Nervous bodies do lean upon the Urethra, and are like two oblong, spongy Bodies, which are every way encircled with a thick, white, Nervous Coat; and do borrow their Origen from the inferiour Region of the Share-Bones †, and have their beginnings from different places, and do seem to re∣semble the Letter Y, as having two Horns; and when they part with the Share-Bones, they are both invested with a Membrane, and are afterward united by the interposition of the Septum, and grow less and less, as they approach toward the Glans, and when they arrive the middle of the Penis, they part with the Urethra, and climb up toward the upper region of the Yard; and when they pass nearer to the termination of the Penis, the Fi∣bres of the Nervous body are lessened, and disappear as conjoyned in the Septum, near the Glans, and both these spongy bodies do Coalesce into one: And hence it proceedeth that the Penis is equally erected, by reason the Yard is parted in the middle by a Septum, distinguishing one part of it from another; as I earned De Graaf, hath well observed. Whereupon the Impulse of the Arteries seated on each side, do equally fill the Nervous

bodies with Blood, and produce a uniform Erection of the Penis.

The Nervous bodies of the Penis, are endued with a spongy substance, composed of a great company of Fibres, passing this and that way, in an admirable Figure, which strengthen and confine those loose Compages with∣in their proper bounds, lest they should be too much discomposed in an over-great Distension.

Learned Doctor Wharton, conceiveth these Nervous bodies, to be lined with a Glandulous substance. Which Ingenious De Graaf denieth, affirm∣ing he could not discover any thing but Arteries, Vital Liquor, and Fi∣bres: As he hath expressed it in his Treatise, De Virorum Organis, &c. Page 101. Nos carnem hanc Glandulosam in Capsulis illis nunquam observavimus, nec praeter Arterias, sanguinem, & Fibras in illis quidquam notavimus, quod ut vestris Oculis nobiscum videre possitis, in hunc modum Penis preparetur: Expri∣matur primo leniter sanguis qui in eo semper magis, vel minus copiosus existit, & postea immisso Tubulo in substantiam spongiosam, eo scilicet in loco, ubi ad ossa Pubis proxime accedit, atque Penis Cavitas aqua beneficio Syringae ad dimidium impleatur, & cum ea blande agitetur: Aqua illa cruenta effusa, iterum nova adimpleatur, idque ter quaterve reiterando, donec non amplius cruenta prodeat, quo viso exprimatur blande inter duo lintea aquae quantitas, quae in corporibus Nervosis continetur, atque tandem flatu ita distendatur Penis, donec Naturalem magnitudinem acquirat; in qua ut conservetur, vinculum injiciatur oportet: Flatu sic distentum, exsiccatumve Penem pro libitu examinare potestis, ut omnia à suo situ Naturali, id est tali, qualem in Veneris actu obtinere solet, clare atque destincte conspiciantur.

Wherefore it may be inferred with good reason, that the Penis groweth less and flaccid, upon a small quantity of Blood impelled into the Capsulae Nervosae, which, if Tumefied with more free Rivulets of it, produce a great dissention of the Penis, upon a large proportion of Vital Liquor, lodged sometime in the Nervous bodies.

This Assertion may be farther proved, by the remarkable Instance of a Gentleman, who being inflamed with Amorous Desires, Courted his Mi∣stress in order to Fruition, and paid dear for his sport, as having his un∣chast flame quenched, before it was raised to a hight; by reason his unkind Mistress gave a speedy check to his Amours in putting by his Thrust, by taking his drawn Weapon into her Hand, whereby the Weapon and not her Hand, was wounded. So that the Arteries of the Nervous bodies, re∣lating to the Yard, highly distended with a great source of Blood, and vio∣lently crushed with a rough Hand, were thereby Lacerated, and a great effusion of Blood passed through the Urethra; whereupon the Yard grew immediately lank upon a free discharge of Blood out of the Arteries, furnish∣ing the Nervous bodies.

The Ʋrethra † is lodged under the Nervous bodies, and hath somewhat of the same composition with them, except the spongy substance which ad∣haereth to its lower Region †, as endued with smaller Pores, by reason of its more fine and plentiful Fibres.

The Ʋrethra is made up of a double substance; the one soft and spongy, and the other Membranous. The spongy part is clothed with a more thin Coat then the Nervous bodies, and accommodated with transverse Fibres, which contracting themselves, do assist the expulsion of Urine and Seminal Liquor, in time of Coition

The spongy substance of the Ʋrethra being blown up, hath the bigness of a Finger, which as it cometh nearer to the Glans, groweth less and less

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by degrees, and dieth in the Glans. And it is observable, That when the Nervous bodies are Tumefied with plenty of Blood, the spongy substance of the Urethra is forthwith enlarged, which speaketh the great entercourse the Nervous bodies, and the spongy Compage of the Urethra have with each other, made by the communion of various kinds of Vessels.

The Nervous bodies, and spongy substance of the Penis, are endowed with divers sorts of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, and Nerves, which being curiously interwoven with each other, do make a fine kind of Net-work.

The Arteries take their rise from the Arteria Hypogastrica, and Pudenda, and descending from it, do first enter into the root of the Penis, and after∣ward are divaricated in numerous Branches through the Back, or upper Regi∣on of the Yard, and then pass into the inward Recesses of the Nervous bodies and spongy Compage of the Urethra.

The Veins come from the Vena Hypogastrica, and Pudenda too, and are the associates of the Arteries, as having the same progress with them in nu∣merous Ramifications through the whole body of the Penis, which carry Blood into the Hypogastrick Veins.

The Nerves belonging to the Penis, do arise from great Nerves passing into the Thighs, and from the Vertebral Trunk, and do accompany the Blood Vessels, derived from the Thighs; some have fruitful Divarications of Fibrils running through the Nervous bodies, and loose substance of the Urinary passage, and do import a select Liquor, impraegnated with Volatil, Saline, and Elastick Particles, which running with the Spirituous parts of the Blood, do Tumefie the Nervous bodies and Urethra, in order to Erection.

The Internal part of the Urethra is Membranous, and is its more proper Integument, as covering the spongy substance, and is a Cylinder adorned with an oblong Concave Figure, of the same bigness from one Extreamity to the other, and is ordained by Nature, both to excern Urine; and Semen too, in the act of Coition.

The Glans, or Head of the Penis, is a soft fleshy part, appendant to the Nervous bodies and Urethra, exceeding them in bigness, and is endued with a different Figure, encircling the other parts of the Penis, in the man∣ner of a Crown, and inclineth somewhat more to a Cone in the top.

It is beautified with an oblong roundish Figure, being somewhat smaller in its Termination, and is parted by a Fissure in its lower Region, which leadeth into the Urethra; where this Appendix of the Penis is flaccid, it is coated with a kind of Blewish Colour, and with a Red hue, when rendred Tense by a quantity of Blood, impelled into its substance and Membranes, by the Arteria Pudenda, in time of Erection.

It is endowed with a peculiar, soft, spongy, fleshy substance, encircled with a most fine thin Membrane; which is produced originally (as Learned Diemerbroeck will have it) from the Urethra reflected, and expanded over the Glans, which is endued with a most exquisite Sense; which is so far hightned in Fruition, that it giveth us a kind of transport of Sensual De∣light, to court us and amase us in the meaner act of Coition, where we en∣gage into the Vagina Ʋteri, seated between two receptacles of Excrements, to which we are earnestly sollicited by the most acute Sense and Pleasure, seated in the Glans: Well described by Learned Andreas Laurentius, Ana∣tom. Lib. 7. Cap. 1. Hinc (Ait ille) obscaenarum partium titillatio & sensus exquitissimus. Quis enim per Deum Immortalem, Concubitum, rem adeo faedam sollicitaret? Amplexaretur? Et indulgeret? Quo vultu Divinum illud Animal, Plenum rationis & consilii, quod vocamus Hominem, obscaenas Mulierum partes,

tot sordibus inquinatas, & ea ratione in locum imum, velut sentinam Corporis, relegatas, attrectaret? Quae Foemina maris in amplexum rueret, cum & nove∣mestris gestatio laboriosa sit, & foetus exclusio diris cruciatibus molesta, saepe{que} exitiosa, & editi foetus educatio plena sollicitudinis, nisi incredibili voluptatis oestro percita essent Genitalia.

The Glans is covered out of Coition, with a Skin, which in some Bo∣dies, is easily drawn forward and backward, whereupon the Glans may be invested, or rendred bare by a gentle touch in most Persons, except where the Praepuce is so contracted in its Termination, that it cannot be slipped over the Glans, without offering a great violation to the body of the Penis; which sometimes it so strongly encircleth, in the manner of a Ligament, that it intercepteth the Current of the Blood, and rendreth it stagnant in the Nervous bodies, and spongy substance of the Ʋrethra: Whereupon I saw a monstrous Tumour of the Yard in a Gentleman, a Friend, whom I pre∣sently eased, by opening a Vein, and by an Incision made into the Prae∣puce; whereupon it being enlarged, and made easie to the Patient, the In∣flammation was appeased, and the Tumour disappeared upon the application of Anodine, Emollient, and Discutient Cataplasms.

The Skin covering the Glans, is called by the Latines, Preputium quod prae pudendis existit: And is much greater in Jews and Turks, (as some have reported) then in Christians, and hath grown to so monstrous greatness in Aegiptians, that it gave them the necessity of cutting off some part of it: Which the Jews do observe at this Day, in Circumcision, as a piece of the Levitical Law, which the Mahometans do imitate.

This neighbouring part, is appendant to the Termination of the Nervous bodies, which often clotheth the Glans as with a Duplicature, to whose lower Region it is affixed, by the interposition of a Bond, called by the Latines, Fraenum; which is a thin Membrane, and upon the retraction of the Praepuce, may be discovered in the form of thin Membranous Wedg, appearing Edgewise, in the lower part of the Yard, and is fastned in one Extreamity, to the inside of the Praepuce, and in the other, to the begin∣ning of the Fissure, running in the lower side of the Glans, and is an appendix of the inside, relating to the lower Region of the Praepuce; which being truly considered, is an elongation of the common Integuments of the Penis, to which it is so loosely affixed, that it may easily be removed from and to the Glans, which it serveth as a Covering for its fine tender Skin.

The Penis is not only furnished with Coats, Nervous bodies, and the Ʋrethra, but with Fleshy bodies too, commonly stiled Muscles, which are Four in number; Two of which are called by Spigellius Collaterales, by others Erectores, and have a Nervous origen, and are short thick Muscles, taking their rise from the appendix of the Coxendix, below the origen of the Nervous bodies, into whose thick Membrane they do Terminate, and so their fleshy Fibres disappear.

Two other Muscles are assigned to the Penis, called Acceleratores Urinae, from dilating the Urethra, and are long thin Muscles, derived from the Sphincter Ani, and are carried underneath near the sides of the Urethra, in∣to whose middle they are inserted: According to Diemerbroeck, and to De Graaf, into the thick Membrane, relating to the Nervous Bo∣dies.

The use commonly assigned to these Muscles, is to erect the Penis and to dilate the Ʋrethra. Which Learned De Graaf, contradicteth in his Tra∣ctate de Virorum Organis, Page 107. Ratio (Ait ille) propter quam, contra

omnes Anatomicos Musculis prioribus Penem extendendi, erigendi potentiam dene∣gamus, est, quod in omnibus Musculis, dum agunt id, ad quod destinati sunt, eorum ventres intumescunt, atque Extremitates ad se invicem accedunt. Quod cum ita sit, fieri non potest ut Penis hac ratione extendatur; quandoquidem Musculi actio, sit contractio, quae extentioni contraria est. Neque etiam horum Musculorum ope immediate Penis erectionem contingere posse, ex eorum accura∣tiori inspectione, & iis quae jam dicta sint, clare cognoscitur, quia Musculorum illorum Extremitates ad se invicem debent accedere, & cum principium quod Coxendicis ossibus firmiter implantatur propter illorum quasi immobilitatem mo∣veri non possit necesse est, altera corum extremitas appropinquet, cui cum affixum sit Membrum virile, necessario id sequi debet: Si vero sequatur, quid siet? Pe∣nis non Erigeretur, sed Deprimeretur; quia in inferna parte, sive sub Pene, ex Coxendicis appendicibus originem sumunt dicti Musculi, & inferiori Penis parti implantantur. So that these Muscles, called Erectores, do in their Contra∣ction rather depress, then erect the Muscles; and in the same manner, the other Muscles, called Acceleratores Ʋrinae, do rather in their action narrow then dilate the passage of Urine: As I shall more fully Discourse hereaf∣ter, about the erection of the Penis; which I humbly conceive, is Celebra∣ted after this manner. A quantity of Spirituous Blood, is impelled by the Hypogastrick Arteries, into the Nervous bodies of the Penis, and spongy substance of the Urethra, where it meeteth with the Liquor impraegnated with Spirituous and Elastick Particles, destilling out of the Extreamity of the Nerves, whereupon the body of the Penis is highly distended; which is caused by the Muscles of the Yard, which being rendred Tense, do com∣press the Nervous bodies, and spongy substance of the Urethra, whereby the Blood confaederated with Nervous Liquor, is detained in the loose Compage of the Penis, which groweth great and rigid, as distended with a large pro∣portion of Nervous and Vital Liquor, whence the Yard is hued with a high Red Colour in erection; caused by intercepting the retrograde motion of the Blood into the Hypogastrick Veins, which is produced by the Con∣traction of the Muscles relating to the Penis, compressing the beginning of the Nervous bodies, and spongy substance of the Urethra: So that the course of the Blood, receiving a check in its motion toward the Veins, is carried toward the Glans, and the whole body of the Penis Tumefied.

CHAP. VI. Of the Seminal Liquor of Man.

THe elegant frame of Mans Body is beautified with divers Apartiments, consisting of variety of parts, disposed in excellent order, situation, fine Figure, and due Magnitude and Proportion, answering each other in rare Symmetry, of which some are solid, and others fluid; the second are the Crown and Perfection of the other, as they give them Being and Life.

The select fluid parts of the Body are chiefly four, Chile, Vital, Nervous, and Seminal Liquor: Chyle is the Materia substrata of Blood, Blood of Ner∣vous juice, and both are the matter of Genital Liquor, as the result and com∣plement of them in order to the excellent design of Generation.

The Seed of Man is a white frothy Liquor, made up of spirituous and ela∣stick Particles enobled with a fructifying Spirit, generated of vital and nervous juice in the Testicles, Parastats, and Seminal Vesicles, instituted by Nature for the univocal production of Animals; whereupon the opinion of the Philo∣sopher is not worthy a reception, who held the genital matter to be an ex∣crement of the third Concoction, whereas in truth it is the most noble Li∣quor relating to the Body as it is made of blood and Animal juice, productive of living Creatures, preserving the Universe in its various kinds, of which it is constituted.

The opinion of the Antients was, That Seed was Propagated from the Brain, and in truth from all parts of the Body, as I humbly conceive, which is honoured by the Suffrage of great Hypocrates in his Book, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. At vero Viri genitura ex uni∣verso humido, quod in Corpore continetur, proficiscitur, ubi id, quod validissimum est excernitur, cujus rei istud est Argumentum, quod ubi rem Veneream exercemus, tantillo emisso, imbecilles evadimus.

This great Author backeth the assertion of Seed to be derived from all parts of the Body, by reason a universal weakness is the consequent of an o∣ver-free excretion of Seminal Liquor, flowing from repeated Acts of Co∣ition

Another Argument to prove this Hypothesis may be taken from the nature of Seminal Liquor, vertually containing the formation of all parts of the Body, which I apprehend may be deduced from the noble Liquors of Vital and Ner∣vous Juice, out of which the Seed is generated. Quoniam ex iisdem principiis generamur, e quibus nutrimur; By reason we are Generated of the same Prin∣ciples, of which we are Nourished, of Blood and Nervous Liquor. Where∣upon these select fluid Particles have recourse, by Arteries and Nerves, into all parts of the Body, as carried into the Interstices, of their Vessels; so that these Nutricious Liquors, in their Passage, do insinuate themselves into their numerous Cavities, and are assimilated into the substance of all the more or less solid parts, and the Nutricious Liquors conversing with them, and not turned into their nature, do borrow a likeness of disposition, and being re∣ceived into the extremities of the Veins, are returned by a retrograde motion to the Heart, and from thence carried, by the descendent Trunk of the Aorta,

through the Spermatick Arteries, into the Testicular Glands, wherein the soft parts of the Blood being separated from it, and associated with a choice Li∣quor, destilling out of the extremities of the Nerves, receive the first rudi∣ment of Seed, which is entertained into the extremity of Seminal Vessels of the Testicles, transmitting it into the Parastats, where it receiveth a farther elaboration, and greater Maturity.

The Seminal matter is a very considerable Portion (endowed with the I∣dea's of various parts) relating to the whole Body of Man; and it receiveth these Ideal Impressions, made upon the Blood and nervous Juice, in their per∣ambulation through all apartiments of the Body, wherein the Liquors are af∣fected with the nature of the parts to which they have recourse in order to Nutrition, and afterwards the relicks of those nutricious humours, not requi∣site for the sustenance of every part, are entertained into the Veins, and mix with the Blood, and are transmitted to the heart, and afterwards conveyed by the preparing Arteries into the Testicles, wherein they are framed into Seed.

These Ideal Configurations, made upon the soft nutricious parts, hold some Analogy with the visible resemblances of things, and are similitudes imprint∣ed upon the Seed, whose Spirituous Particles are modelled by the parts of the Body from whence they are derived,; and as from all visible objects are diffused an infinite number of Rays, Coated with the colour and figure of those Bodies from which they emane, so in like manner a great company of most subtle Atoms arise out of every Particle of the Body, and Imprint their Dispositions and Configurations on the nutricious Liquors, the Materia Sub∣strata of Genital Matter, which I will more fully Treat of in a Discourse of Generation.

The Materia Substrata of Genital Matter is composed of two parts; the one is the more mild substance of the Blood of its serous and Chymous Par∣ticles, not assimilated into Vital Liquor, separated from it in the Glands of the Testicles: These soft Atoms of the Blood are endued with Vital Spirits, and volatil Particles, exalting the Seed.

The other more delicate parts, less in quantity, and more in Vertue, are derived from the Nervous Juice, confaederated with the gentle parts of the Blood in the substance of the Testicles, acted with volatil, saline, and fine spirituous elastick Atoms, opening the Compage of the Serous and Chymous parts of the Blood, preparing it for Seminal Liquor, consisting of differing Liquors, made up of fermentative Principles, broken into small Particles in the Body of the Testicular Glands.

So that it may be inferred upon good reason, That the Seminal Juice is in∣tegrated of two parts, the one subtil and spirituous, as consisting of the more thin and active Atoms of the fine Particles of the Blood, and nervous Juice, impregnated with Animal Elastick Spirits, enobling the Seed, as made up of active fermentative Elements, chiefly conducive to the Generation of Animals, which are stiled Germinis Nomine, consisting in the more refined active parts of the Seed.

The other parts of the Semen are more gross, frothy, watry, and Earthy, which constitute the greatest and most bulky Portion of it, and as being less active, do enclose the spirituous and volatil Atoms within its more thick and gross Confines, not permitting them to evaporate.

These different Elements of Seed, being incorporated, do make a Mass, containing a double, an efficient, and material Principle; the first delineateth Prima Stamina, the very Rudiments of the Foetus, in which the Architeconick

power resideth; The second is the Alimentary Portion of the Seminal Mat∣ter, giving Support and encrease to the formed Parts.

These two Seminal Principles being confoederated, are rendred inefficaci∣ous, by reason the Material is so gross that it so depresseth the more Spiritu∣ous Particles, that they cannot exalt themselves into Act in a well dispo∣sed Uterus, whereupon if the material Principle be too much debased by fixed and Saline Earthy Elements, the Uterine Heat and Ferment, cannot exert themselves, and exalt the Spirituous and Volatil, and colliquate the gross genital Matter in order to Generation of the Foetus.

Great Aristotle attributeth a Coelestial temper to the spirituous part of the Seed, holding some Analogy with the nature of the Stars, in reference to its great Excellency, Lib. 2. de Generat. Animal. Cap. 3, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉? Inest enim in Semine omnium, quod facit, ut foecunda sint Semina, vide∣licet, quod Calor vocatur; id{que} non ignis, non talis Facultas aliqua est, sed Spiri∣tus, qui in Semine, spumoso{que} Corpore, continetur, & Natura, quae in eo Spiritu est proportione respondens Elemento Stellarum.

The Spirituous parts of the Seminal Liquor are produced out of its thin and delicate substance, assisted by the natural and ambient heat, relaxing the Compage of the grosser parts; and are nothing else but a most subtle fluid Matter, rendred volatil by heat, whereupon it would quit its station, and embody with Air, as near a-kin to it, was it not confined within the Walls of more fixed matter.

In the Seed of all Animals and Plants, is seated an inbred Spirit, endued with an efficient Plastick Faculty, consisting in the most subtl, volatile, saline, and sulphureous Particles, exalted by the natural heat of the Womb in Ani∣mals, and ambient Air in Vegetables, whereupon these thin restless Parts of the Seed would soon evaporate, were they not detained within the enclosure of more gross Matter; So that the Spirituous and Gross parts of the Seed do act the parts of Friends, in doing kind Offices to each other: The Spiri∣tuous parts do exalte the more Fixed, and the more Gross do conserve within their Embraces the more Fine and Volatil.

The most excellent Liquor (constituting the Spirutuous parts of the Seed) is transmitted through the terminations of the Nerves, inserted into the Glands of the Testicles, wherein it associateth with the Serous and Chymous parts of the Blood, full of many Saline, and some few Sulphureous parts, which the Nervous Liquor doth render thin and volatile, by exalting its more gross parts, as Colliquated by heat of the Testicles, which are thence trans∣mitted into the Parastats, to receive a farther Concoction, and so to pass through the deferent Vessels into the Seminal Vesicles and Prostats, as recepta∣cles of Seed, where it is reserved till the time of Coition.

The prime Elements of Seed are Saline, which are endued with a Balsamick quality, and render it fruitful, and much exceed those of Sulphur, and upon this account the Poets have feigned Venus to take her Birth from the Sea, and give Lascivious Animals the appellative of Salacious; and I humbly conceive that the several parts of the Body, being more or less solid, do owe their for∣mation to greater or less Concretions, made by different Seminal Salt, mixed with some Earthy and Sulphureous Particles, which being associated with a larger proportion of Saline, do impart a greater or less consistence to the various parts of the Body; of which I will give a fuller account hereafter in the Treatise of Generation.

CHAP. VII. Of the Parts of Generation in the Males of Beasts.

THe Testicles of a Lyon, which I saw Dissected, were covered with four Coats, and seated near the Penis, and adorned with an Oval Figure much resembling those of Man.

The Penis of a Lyon hath long and small Dimensions, and hath its Glans seated near the Anus, as in a Cat, Hare, Cunney, &c. and hath a straight Ʋrethra passing from the Bladder of Urine to the extremity of the Penis, which hath its body composed chiefly of two Ligaments, or rather Nervous Bodies, and is for some space distant from the Prostats, seated under the Neck of the Bladder, and is not stretched out above three Thumbs breadth without the cavity, near the Anus, in the time of Coition, which is celebrated backward.

The Testicles of a Castor, according to learned Webster, are not fastened to the Spine, but to the inward Region of the Os Pubis, or Share Bone, where a superficial Cavity is Engraven, confining on the Process of the Peritonaeum, and on each side may be seen half the Testicle, with the Parastat lodged in the said Sinus of the Share-Bone.

The Testicles of this Animal (if a regard be had to the size of his Body) are very small, about the bigness of a Pidgeons Egg; They are white and smooth in their outward Surface, and endued with a flattish oval Figure, ha∣ving their Body cloathed with a thick Nervous Coat: Their Glandulous Sub∣stance is white within, beset with many Fibrils, and have not the Oleagenous Substance, nor Foetide Smell of Castoreum, (very useful in Hysterick Parox∣ysmes, as we vulgarly term them) so that Castoreum is a distinct substance from that of the Testicles, and leaneth upon the upper part of the Bladder, (of which the learned Author hath given his Observations) and seemeth at the first sight to be a Glandulous Conglomerated Body, three Inches long, and an Inch and a half broad, and scarse an Inch in thickness, and resembled in Figure a long Pear dried, round on each side, and flattish in the upper and lower Region, and its Surface is somewhat like the Anfractus of the Brain, ha∣ving a grey colour, interspersed with red streaks.

The surface of the Castoreum was encircled with a Nervous Coate, enamel∣led with numerous capillary Blood-Vessels, which are easily discerned in new Castoreum, but hardly when it is dried, except it be Macerated in Water, whereupon it may be severed from the Coat, wherein may be seen the Gyres of it to be tyed together by the mediation of Fibrils, and the Anfractus being loosened by breaking the small Ligaments, the Capillary Vessels may be dis∣covered to pass between the Gyres; and the Castoreum being stripped of its upper Vest, another presenteth it self, very pleasant to behold, as endued with many thin Scales, which being held against the light do shine like Silver, and the upper Laminae being taken off, those underneath had a blewish colour, and according to their different situation, and various reception of Light, did seem to resemble the changeable Colours beautifying the Necks of Pidge∣ons. The outward Silver coloured Membrane, encircling the Castoreum, is besprinkled every way with a thin transparent Liquor, and hath a Chink leading into the inward Cavity, into which a Finger being immitted, ma∣ny

Folds or Gyres may be easily felt, and Air being injected, by a Pipe, the Castoreum is swelled like a Bladder, so that the Body that seemeth to be wholly Glandulous, is for the most part Membranous (endued with many minute Glands) contracted by numerous Fibrils into several Folds or Gyres: the bo∣dy of the Castoreum being opened, in its cavity may be seen a yellow friable substance, of the Consistence of Wax, divided into manny Globules, endued with a strong faetide Sent: The inside of the Anfractus, relating to the Coats and the Scales, were lined with this Oleagenous Matter, resembling a Wall painted with Ocker, and cleaveth so fast to the Gyres and Scales, that it can scarce be scraped off with a Knife, without breaking the Fibrils, which being taken off, many little Holes appear, as pricked with a Needle, which do import this faetide Liquor into the Receptacle of the Castoreum; which I humbly conceive is produced after this manner;

The Blood being impelled through the Arteries, curiously divaricated in numerous Branches and Ramulets, shading the Surface of the Castoreum, and piercing its outward Coat, do enter into the more inward integument, adorn∣ed with variety of Flakes or Scales, one Lodged within another, which are beset with a great number of small Glands, Systems of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, terminating into their substance, wherein the more serous and oily Particles of the Blood being secerned from the Red Crassament, and embodied with Nervous Liquor, impraegnated with volatil saline Particles, opening the Com∣page of the Blood, do dispose it in order to a secretion of some parts from the other. These contrary Agents are reduced to intestine motion, as con∣sisting of Heterogeneous Principles, much incited to action by a proper Fer∣ment seated in the Body of the Glands besetting the Coats of the Castoreum; whereupon the Liquor, severed from the red parts of the vital Liquor, and being Concocted, acquireth an oleagenous nature, and colour somewhat like wax, and being imported through small secretory Ducts into the Belly of the Casto∣reum, is coagulated into a more thick substance, consisting of divers con∣creted Globules

The Testicles of an Ape are encompassed with a close Scrotum, not pendu∣lous, as in Man, Horses, &c. and do confine on the sides of the Os Pubis, or near the top of the Spine relating to it, and are lodged out of the Cavity of the Belly, without the Aponeuroses of the Epigastrick Muscles; and the Ely∣throeidean Tunicle (immuring the Testicles) is adorned with fleshy Fibres, derived from the Cremaster Muscles, and the Spermatick Arteries sport them∣selves upon the back of the Testicles with various Spires, encircling them as with numerous Wreaths.

The Testicles are conjoyned in their Heads to the Belly of the Parastats, where it admitteth the Spermatick deferent Vessels, and in their other extre∣mities they emit their ejaculatory Vessels, and when they are separated from the Parastats many white Points may be discovered, which are the Channels of Seminal Liquor, passing through the Body of the Testicles.

And the ejaculatory Vessels pass behind the Bladder into hardish Bodies, full of several Anfractus (as in the Origen of Epididymids) under the Semi∣nal Vesicles, full of various Cells, which are so many Repositories of Semi∣nal Liquor, adjoining to the ejaculatory Vessels.

An Ape hath also, beside the Seminal Vesicles, two plump Prostats, which are glandulous Bodies resembling small Nuts, adhering to the Neck of the Bladder, above the Sphincter.

The Penis of this Animal is void of any Fraenulum, and thereupon the Prepuce may be put down to the Root of the Yard, and the Glans laid bare, as also the whole body of the Penis.

The Glans is like that of Mans, bating the Fraenulum, whereupon the Chink of the Glans groweth very much enlarged, as receiving no closure from the Fraenulum, where the Nervous Bodies do terminate, and the Glans is pro∣minent on each side.

Many Vessels, both Arteries and Veins, do expatiate themselves upon the ambient parts of the Penis, being derived from the Epigastrick Muscles by the Prominencies Ossis ischii, and the extremity of the Share-bone, and through the same place a Nerve is Propagated from the Os Sacrum, which accompani∣eth the Blood-Vessels.

The Testicles of a Hedg-Hog are lodged within the Abdomen, and are great as to the Bulk of this Animal, and are somewhat transparent; his Penis being inclosed within a thick Skin, as in a Bull, is about the bigness of the Little-Finger, and four Fingers long, and hath Seminal Vesicles of a Glandu∣lous Substance, full of little Receptacles of genital matter, and hath two Pro∣stats, adorned with an oval Figure, placed at the Root of the Penis, and eve∣ry way encompassed with the Sphincter of the Bladder of Urine.

The Testicles of a Hair also are enclosed within the Abdomen, as lodg∣ed under the common Integuments, and are almost three Fingers in length, one in breadth, and about half a one in thickness; and in that place where they are conjoyned to the Pampiniform plex, they seem to be much les∣sened in Dimensions, and to be tied by Ligaments to the Thighs, the more firmly to secure them in their proper places.

They are only covered with a proper albugineous Coat, as being seated under the common Integuments in the Abdomen, and consist of a glandu∣lous Substance, having so small Cavities, that they can scarce be discerned.

This small Animal hath also Seminal Vesicles, accommodated with many minute Cells, distinguished from each other by Membranes, and are so many little Allodgments of Seminal matter, in order to Coition, and are seated not far from the Neck of the Bladder.

The Prostats are two small plump glandulous Bodies, seated near the Root of the Penis, which is chiefly made up of two Nervous Bodies, interspersed with Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and is conical in its extremity, and somewhat crooked.

The Seminal Vesicles of a Horse plainly consist, as being very great, of a Glandulous and Membranous Substance, which doth very much confirm learned Dr. Wharton's Assertion, That the Vesicles have a Power productive of Semen, different from that of Testicles, which hath been more largely discoursed above. These Vesicles are almost six Fingers long, and three broad, and a Probe being immitted into these Seminal Receptacles, is obliquely car∣ried toward the Urethra, into which they have their insertion. The glandu∣lous part of these Vesicles is their more thick and broad Substance, which adjoineth to the Urethra, where the deferent Vessels are implanted; and the Substance of these Glands is somewhat like that of the Testicles, only it is hued with a more grey colour, and have many Perforations into the Ure∣thra, receptive of a small Probe, and are covered with a spongy Substance, giving a check to the perpetual efflux of Seminal Juice.

The Prostats are very large in this Animal, where we may very plainly see, upon a Dissection, the several Apartiments containing Seminal Liquor, which passeth by twelve or more holes into the Urethra, placed a Thumbs breadth without the insertion of the deferent Vessels, and every Perforation of these Prostats hath a little Teat or Protuberance affixed to it, to secure the Ingress of Urine into the Prostrats.

The Seminal Vesicles and Prostats of a Camel are near akin to those of a Horse, but hath a Penis much different, and is Conical in its extremity, where it is somewhat crooked, and hath a very large loose Praepuce, which doth not only cover the extremity of the Penis, but is also bent backward toward the hinder part of it.

A Dog hath Seminal Vesicles and Prostats, holding great Analogy with those of Man, and in its Penis too, as consisting of two Nervous Bodies, interspersed with the reticular Plex of Vessels, and differs from a human Yard, as its anterior part is composed of a triangular Bone, and hath large Prostats seated near the Root of the Penis, which grow so tumefied in Coition, that fasten the Penis to the Vagina Ʋteri, that a Dog cannot disingage himself from Venereal Embraces, without great trouble and violence offered to the Prostats.

A Bear also doth very much agree in its Seminal Vesicles and Prostats with other Animals, and hath a Penis endued with Nervous Bodies, and a Boney substance, like those of a Dog, and a Fox, which is crooked after the figure of an S.

A Weesel or Polcat hath very small Seminal Vesicles and Prostats, which in their Structure much resemble those of other Animals, and hath a hard Gris∣seley Penis, and is crooked and wreathed in its extremity, like a small Pier∣cer, and is perforated on each side of it like the Eye of a Needle: This hard Penis is rendred soft in its ambient parts, as cloathed with a Membrane, to gratifie the Female in Coition.

The Testicles of a Porcupine are hid within the Groins, of which the left is the smaller, and covered between the Coats of the Rim of the Belly in the cavity of it; the right Testicle is very much larger than the other, and is seat∣ed near the inguinal Glands. The Seminal Veficles in this Animal are ob∣long and transparent, and seem to be so many Lymphatick Vessels; in Man they are so many Cells, but here they resemble the Pancreas of Fish, as ha∣ving no distinct little receptacles of Semen, but are only Spongy Porous Bo∣dies, as I apprehend.

The Testicles of a Civet Cat are variegated with streakes of green and white, dressed with an oblong Figure, about the bigness of an Olive, seated between the receptacles of Civet, and are pendulous, as hanging within the Scrotum, above the Anus, near the great Fissure (shaded with Hair like a Vulva) leading into the Vesicles of Civet.

Two round Glandulous Bodies are lodged near the Root of the Penis, immuring it on each side, two Thumbs breadth in length, and one in breadth, and one and a half in thickness, and is composed of many small white Glands, hollow within, and invested with a thick fibrous Membrane, variously wreath∣ed, in the form of the cavities placed in and about the Ears.

These Glandulous Bodies, confining on the Penis, have many Divaricati∣ons and Plexes of Arteries, Veins, and Nerves, every way Enameling their Coats, and importing and exporting various Liquors into the substance of nu∣merous minute Glands, chiefly integrating the body of the Receptacles re∣lating to the Civet.

Between two Prominencies, resembling two Testicles, about the bigness of Hen-Eggs, is lodged a System of many minute white Globules, big with white Liquor, and are a multitude of Glands, as I conceive, which being cut cross-ways appear to be so many Channels of a Milkey Juice, (not unlike the small Tubes seated in the Breasts of Women) which is the precious Li∣quor of Civet.

These Glands are covered with the Muscles called Erectores Penis, and are furnished, with many Carnous Fibres (derived from the Epigastrick Muscles) which are circular, and encompass these Glandulous Bodies, and by their contractions do narrow the circumference of the Glands, and squeeze out the Civet toward the common Duct and Fissure.

These numerous Glands have as many little excretory Vessels as Glands, taking their rise from many white Globules, and are so many small Chan∣nels discharging themselves into one common Cistern.

The manner of production of Civet I conceive is made after this manner; The Vital Liquor is transmitted by the Hypogastrick Arteries into the sub∣stance of the numerous Globules, (belonging to these Glandulous Bodies, endued with a proper Ferment) wherein the Milky parts of the Blood, the Materia substrata of it, are secerned from the red Crassament, and mixed with some Liquor destilling out of the extremities of Nerves; whereupon the Bo∣dy of the Blood being opened and the Bond of Mixtion loosened, it is ren∣dred fit for the Secretion of the more soft and Chymous, from the red and sharp parts, so that the white Particles being commensurate in shape and size to the extremities of the excretory Vessels, are received into them, and carri∣ed into the common Receptacle of this Milky humour, commonly graced with the Appellative of Civet, endowed with a bitter Taste, a fragrant Smell, a whitish Colour, afterwards growing yellowish.

Between these Glandulous Prominencies of Civet is seated the Penis, Os∣seus within, and covered with a Membrane enclosing two Nervous Bodies as well as the Bony parts, and hath its Termination and Body invested with a Prepuce, as in a Dog, which are wholly unsheathed in the Act of Co∣ition.

Learned Blasius hath well described the Testicles, Parastats, deferent Ves∣sels, and Seminal Vesicles and Penis of a Dormouse. Ait ille, Partes hic va∣riae quibus Semen & Semini Analoga materia elaboratur, aut saltem deline∣tur; Prima earum Vasis Spermaticis unita, Testis est, ex variè Conglometratis Fi∣brillis, quas cavas Graefius alii{que} dicunt, imprimis constans, Arteria singulariter per exteriora substantiae ejus gyroso Ductu, antequam ad interiora transeat, distributa, facile separabili Gaudens.

Secunda, Epididymis, tortuosam ibidem Faciem exhibens, longitudinis insignis admodum, habetur haec Fibrarum dictarum testem constituentium continuatio.

Tertia. Epididymidis extremo illi quod est a teste remotius, continuatum Vas deferens vocari solitum, ad Ventris interiora procedens, ubi ad Latus meatus Uri∣narii occurrit.

Quarta, Vesica ampla, Cornu quasi exasperatum, varie{que} contortum, referens: Haec iterum Ductus subtilioris faciem assumens Gyroso quodam Ductu Urethram accedit, eo loco quo Vas deferens altero extremo exceperat.

Quinta, Capsula exigua, pyriformibus Musculis Penis incumbens, in Urethram pa∣tens. Materiam haec continet tenuiorem, minus albam, similiter ac Pars sexta, Glandula sat magna, foramine manifesto, circa Praeputii externi Extremitatem in∣terius praedita.

Penis non tantum Nervoso Corpore duplici constat, Urinario{que} Ductu, sed & Ossiculo singulari, similiter ac in Cane notamus, anterius leviter incurvato, tegitur hoc Praeputio quodam membranaceo, quod internum nominare placet, cum exter∣num ad hoc cutaneum omnino.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Parts of Generation in the Cocks of Birds.

BIrds have a Cavity lodged between the Rump and Intestinum Rectum, somewhat resembling a Prepuce, out of which a Penis discovereth it self, of a membranous nature, in time of Coition, the Corpora Nervosa, if any, being very thin in Birds, in some of which it cometh out of the Body a great length, after the manner of a small Gut in point of substance, only it is desti∣tute of so great a Cavity as is found in a little Intestine. In great Birds the Penis is more fleshy and big, as having the Nervous Bodies more thick and large, giving greater Dimensions to the substance of the Penis.

This is very remarkable in an Estridge, in which may be discerned with∣in the Orifice of the Pudendum, a large Glans, in which it is Lodged, as within a Socket, somewhat like the Prepuce of a Horse: The Body of the Penis is hued with red, proceeding from numerous Blood-Vessels, dissemina∣ted through the substance of the Nervous Bodies, which are much greater in this large Fowl than in small Birds, in which it is difficult to discover any fleshy Substance, so that the Frame of the Penis in most Birds seemeth to be membranous.

In this Fowl the Penis resembleth a Hart's Tongue in figure and bigness, as learned Dr. Harvey hath observed, who saw this Animal often first shake its Penis, and afterwards immit it into the Vagina Uteri (relating to the Fe∣male) without any motion, as if they were nailed together for some time in coition, accompanied with many little sportings of the Head and Neck, as so many expressions of Pleasure.

The Testicles of a Turkey (as in other Birds) are oblong white Glan∣dulous Bodies, seated immediately under the Renes Succenturiati, between the Originations of the Kidneys, resting upon the Trunk of the great Arte∣ry and Vein, out of which do arise minute Branches of Spermatick Vessels, which are distributed into the substance of the Testicles, where the Seminal Liquor is generated, and afterwards carried down by two Spermatick Ducts by the Spine, and are inserted into the long Membranous Substance, vulgar∣ly called the Penis.

The Testicles in this Bird are connected to the upper Region of the Kid∣neys, and in some part to the Spine, and to the Trunk of Blood-Vessels, to which they are fastened by the Interposition of the preparing Artery and Vein, arising out of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava, and are endued with a different size, by reason the right is larger and longer than the left.

The Testicles of a Swan, Goose, Duck, and other Birds, are Lodged near the beginning of the Kidneys, and are conjoined to the great Blood-Vessels, (passing down the Spine) and have preparing Vessels sprouting out of them, and are divaricated in numerous Branches through the Body of the Testicles, wherein the Serous and Chymous part of the Blood are embodied with a choice Liquor, dropping out of the Extremities of the Nerves, and trans∣mitted into the Origens of the Seminal Tubes, and conveyed through the deferent Vessels into the Penis, which is a soft membranous Compage, mixed with a thin loose spongy Substance, and is distended by Blood, brought

into it by the Hypogastrick Arteries, and by Animal Spirits, carried with the Liquor between the Filaments of the Nerves, inserted into the Body of the Penis, whereupon it is thrust first out of a Cavity running between the Rump and Intestinum Rectum, and afterwards immitted into the Vulva of the Hen, and bedeweth it with a thin Seminal Juice, whose Spirituous parts are conveyed into the Uterus, and from thence, by a Tube, to the Eggs, which are thereby gradually impraegnated through the Ovary.

CHAP. IX. Of the Parts of Generation in Males of Fish.

THe Testicles of a Porpess are lodged within the Cavity of the lowest Apartiment, and have Parastats too, which are affixed to one extre∣mity of the Testicles, seated about the Spine, and are affixed by the media∣tion of Spermatick Vessels, to the Trunk of the Aorta and Vena Cava; which do send Branches to the Testicles, and are divaricated through the Glan∣dulous parts of the Testicles, into and out of which the various kinds of Ar∣teries and Veins do import and export Blood for the preparation of Genital Liquor, formed out of the Albuminous part of the Blood, separated from the red Crassament in the Glands of the Testicles, and confoederated with Liquor, coming out of the Terminations of the Nerves, which various Juices are the Materia Substrata of Seed, more crude and watry than that of more perfect Animals; so that this Elixir being first generated in the Testicles, and more matured in the Parastats, is transmitted through the deferent Vessels, in∣to the Seminal Vesicles and Prostats, placed at the Root of the Penis, which is framed chiefly of two Nervous Bodies, called by some nervous Ligaments, of unequal bigness, the one being smaller than the other. The Penis is un∣der-propped by a soft Cartilaginous Bone, somewhat resembling the Os Hyoi∣des in Figure.

All Cetaceous Fish are very much akin to a Porpess in their Preparing Vessels, Testicles, Parastats, deferent Vessels, Seminal Vesicles, Prostats, and Penis, which hold great Analogy in their Structure, Situation, and Use, with those of more perfect Animals.

Cetaceous Fish, and those Armed with Shells, have Parastats, Prostats, and a Penis, and other Fish have only, as I apprehend, Spermatick Vessels and Milts in stead of Testicles, and are designed for the same end, viz. the Pro∣duction of Seminal Matter.

The Milts of Fish are adorned with a kind of Conick Figure, as begin∣ning and ending into smaller Extremities, and have a kind of Belly in their midst, by reason of a greater Protuberance.

They are seated on each side and under the Intestines, and are conjoined to each other in their lower Region by the mediation of a Membrane, and are fastened to the sides of Fish by thin Tunicles, adjoining to, and deri∣ved from the common Coat of the Milts.

The Milts of Fish are truly substituted by Nature instead of Testicles pla∣ced in other Animals, as having the same use in reference to the production of Seminal Liquor, whereupon they are furnished with divers kinds of Ves∣sels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, &c.

The Spermatick Arteries are derived from the descendent Trunk of the Aor∣ta (passing down the Spine, and imparting a Trunk, the whole length of the Milts) out of which do sprout fruitful Branches, elegantly divaricated through the outward Coat, and do terminate into the Milts or Testicles, into which they transmit Blood.

And the Spermatick Veins, arising out of the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava, do sport themselves in numerous small Branches through the Coats and Substance of the Milts, and are Companions of the Arteries, and have their Extremities also implanted into the Glands, relating to the Testicles of Fish, commonly having the Appellative of Soft Rowes, out of which, after a Se∣cretion is made of the Albuminous part, the more red is re-conveyed through the Trunk of Cava into the Liver, and so to the Heart.

The Nerves of the Milts or Testicles of Fish take their rise from the Ver∣tebral Nerves, sprouting out of the Spinal Marrow, the elongation of the Brain, and do impart their numerous Fibrils to many minute Glands: their Substance is an agregate Body, composed of many Spermatick Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Vesicles of Seminal Liquor, whereupon they may well be de∣nominated Testicles, as performing their Office, productive of Seed.

These Glands of the Milt are very small and numerous, and seem to be endued with an Oval Figure, which I discovered in the lower Region of a Skait or Thorn-back, and have many Extremities of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Seminal Vessels, implanted into their Substance; and every Gland is en∣circled with a proper Coat, beside the common Integument enclosing them all, and are accommodated with divers sorts of peculiar Vessels, transmitting various Liquors into its body, subservient to the great end of Propagation

The Milts also are endued with many little Cavities, attending their Glands, furnished with minute Pores, leading into these Cells, the Reposi∣tories of a kind of Milky Humour, which in truth is Seminal Liquor.

The great use of the Milt in Fish is to procreate Genital Matter, which I humbly conceive is produced after this manner,

The Blood, associated with Chyme, is imported by the Spermatick Arte∣ries into the Substance of the Glands belonging to the Milt, wherein the more soft and Chymous parts being not assimilated into Blood, are secerned from it, and do associate with a noble Juice, (destilling out of the extre∣mity of the Nerves, Impregnated with fermentative dispositions, exalting these Serous and Chymous Particles, which are farther Concocted by a pe∣culiar Ferment, the relicks of the Milky or Seminal Juice, adhering to the Coats of the Vessels, seated in the Glands of the Milt, whereupon the white Genital Liquor, being well prepared, is received into the secretory Pores, agreeing in shape and size with the Atoms of the Seminal Matter, and is reposed in many minute Cells, as so many small Receptacles of it, till it is discharged through a common Duct or deferent Vessel, upon the Spawn, (excluded the Female Fish of the same kind) and lodged upon some Sand or other convenient Bed of Earth bedewed with this choice Liquor, giving Life, Nourishment, and Enerease.

In great Cartilaginous Fish I have seen the Orbicular Glands of the Milt, wherein the Milky Seminal Liquor being Concocted, is carried out

of the Glandulous Substance into one common Receptacle, (emptying it self by deferent Vessels into the Intestinum rectum) which I could never dis∣cern in other smaller Fish, which have only many small Cells, as Allodgments of Seminal Liquor, which is exonerated by a deferent Vessel into a greater Receptacle, near the Anus.

CHAP. X. Of the Parts of Generation in Insects.

THe Seminal Vessels in an Ephemeron are seated on each side of the Stomach and Intestines, and are Tied to the sides of this Animal by the Interposition of small thin membranous Threads; they take their rise on the Confines of the Ventricle, and terminate near the Anus.

These Genital parts resemble the Seminal Vessels of Moles, Hedg-hogs, &c. and the Milts of Fish, and may be called the Testicles of this Insect, as being destined by Nature for the Production of Seminal Liquor, where∣upon these Seminal Compages are made up of a Glandulous Substance, com∣posed of Blood-Vessels and Seminal Tubes, and Vessels, carrying Air into the Vital Liquor, moving in this Insect.

The Milky Juice is produced, as I conceive, after this manner; The Vital Liquor, associated with Chyle and Air, is imported into the Substance of these Glands, wherein it is severed from the red Crassament, and received into the extremities of many small Genital Vessels, and carried into many Cells, the Receptacles of this Milky humour or Seminal matter.

The Air-Vessels, inserting themselves into the Glandulous Substance of the Milt or Testicles relating to this Insect, do impart elastick and fermentative Particles to the Blood, and open its Compage, and give it a disposition of making a separation of the Albumenous and Chymous from the more sharp parts of the Blood, in order to the production of the Milky or Seminal Li∣quor, lodged in the Seminal Vesicles of this Insect.

The Male Ephemeron dischargeth the Milky humour out of its Seminal Vesicles into a common Duct or deferent Vessel, ending about the Anus, through which the genital matter is thrown off, and cast upon the Eggs of the Female, cast out of her Body, and swimming upon the Surface of the Water, whereupon the Eggs being bedewed with this Milky Humour of the Male, receive an Impregnation, and acquire Life, Nourishment, and Aug∣mentation, till it is formed into a Worm.

The Silk-worm is a rare Insect, in reference to its Birth, Structure, and various Forms it puts on before it cometh to maturity, and then spendeth it self by laying numerous Eggs to Propagate others, and so Dieth, not long af∣ter it hath spun a Nest out of its own Intrals, interwoven with Silken Threads, into a yellow oval Figure, of which Artificers make rich Attire.

A Silk-worm hath various parts subservient to Generation, as Testicles, Seminal Vessels, Parastats, and Penis.

The Testicles of this Insect are seated about the middle of the Back, and do somewhat resemble small Kidneys, or Kidney-Beans, consisting of a Con∣vex,

and Concave Region: Their Fibrous part is furnished with many small Air-Vessels, whose elastick Particles open the Compage of the Blood.

The Testicles are furnished with numerous minute Vessels, supplying the office of Arteries and Veins; the first import a vital Liquor, associated with Chyle into the substance of the Testicles, where the Chymous parts of Blood are severed from the more hot Particles, and are mixt with Air, which gives it fermentative Particles, and dispose it for Seed, which is then carried through the Extremities of many small Tubes, ending into two Trunks, which creep out of the concave part of the Testicles, and convey the Genital Liquor in∣to the Parastats, which are largest in their Origen, and smaller in their Ter∣mination, about which they have divers Gyres. And as I humbly conceive the Parastats do give a farther Concoction to the Seminal Liquor, (after it hath received its first Rudiments in the Testicles) which is afterwards trans∣mitted into Seminal Vesicles, which being lengthened out, do constitute the ejaculatory Vessels, terminating into one Duct, near the Root of the Penis, which conveyeth Seed into it in the time of Coition.

Near the Anus is seated a Cavity, guarded with a kind of semicircular bony Sepiment; the extremity of the Penis of this Insect is placed about the ter∣mination of this bony Ring, which encircleth the Prone part of the Belly and the Anus: The Penis hath a Perforation, immured with Cartilaginous or thin Bony enclosures, through which the Seed is ejected in the time of Co∣ition.

The Extremity of the Penis is confined within a semicircular Bone (to which are affixed two Horns or Beaks) and hath a Glans enameled in various Wreaths, and hath a Praepuce sporting it self up and down the Penis.

The parts of Generation in a Fly, called a black Beetle, do much resem∣ble those of Man, although in a smaller Model; its Testicles are made up of Vessels, composed in numerous Flexures, from which are derived deferent Vessels; about their termination are seated six Seed-Vesicles, attended with divers Ducts, conveying Seminal Liquor, as Learned Swammerdam hath observed.

A Grashopper hath a Penis composed of two small Bones, whose Extre∣mities are rendred rough by many unevenesses, which constitute its termina∣tions or Glans, of which Learned Malpighius giveth an account.

CHAP. XI. Of the Diseases of the Scrotum and Testicles of Man.

THus having given a History of the Parts of Generation of Man, and the Males of Bruits, Fowl, Fish, and Insects, my Task at this time is to discourse the diseases and Cures belonging to the Genitals of Man.

The Scrotum and Testicles are afflicted with many sorts of Diseases, In∣flammations, Ulcers, several kinds of Hiernia's, Gangreens, &c.

Inflammations proceed either from a grosness, or a great quantity of Blood, lodged in the substance of the Scrotum or Testicles, brought in by the Spermatick Arteries to the Interstices of the Vessels, in so large a proportion that the Extremities of the Veins are not receptive of it, whence follow∣eth a Tumor of the Scrotum, or Testicles, or of both, accompanied with a beat∣ing Pain, a great heat, and a symptomatick Fever, derived from an exube∣rance of Stagnated Blood, whereupon the Serous and Chymous parts of it are often turned into purulent Matter, which being of a Corrosive temper, maketh its way through the more inward Recesses to the ambient parts, and dischargeth it self by way of Ulcer.

An Inflammation of the Scrotum and Testicles, as well as other parts of the Body, denoteth a free opening of a Vein in the Arm, especially in a Plethorick Body; as to inward Medicines, cooling Juleps and Apozemes are very proper to contemperate the Blood.

And afterwards, gentle repelling Medicines may be used, of Bean-Flower, Red-Rose Leaves, &c. boiled in Milk, and made into the Consistence of a Cataplasm with the Crums of White-Bread, &c. and to intercept the Flux of Blood into the Scrotum and Testicles, a defensative Medicine may be ap∣plied to the side of the Groins, made of Red-Rose Leaves, Bole-Armenick, Bean-Flower, boiled in Red Wine, or the Countesses or any other astringent Ointment may be administred to the said parts. If the Pains of the Parts affected be very urgent, Anodynes may be applied, mixed with Faenugreek and Lin-seed, boiled with Red-Rose Leaves in Milk thickned with White∣bread, to the consistence of a Pultice.

And if the humours, setled in the Tumefied Scrotum and Testicles, cannot be repelled nor discussed, gentle suppurating may be mixed with the said Medicines, as white Lilly-Roots, and a little Venice-Turpentine, dissolved with the Yolk of an Egg; and afterwards the Ulcer is to be treated with in∣ward Diet-Drinks, and outward cleansing, drying, and consolidating Appli∣cations, which do satisfie all the indications of Ulcers.

Many other Tumours discompose the Scrotum and Testicles, the Epiplo∣cele, Enterocele, Sarcocele, Hydrocele, Pneumatocele.

The Epiplocele and Enterocele are the Tumors of the Scrotum, as distend∣ed with the Caul or Intestines falling down into it, and proceeding either from the Rupture, which is very rare, or most commonly from the Relaxa∣tion of the Peritonaeum, in reference to its Process, through which the Sper∣matick Vessels do pass in their Progress to the Testicles.

In an Epiplocele I have seen one of the Testicles wholly encircled with the Caul, which highly tumefied the Scrotum, so that the Patient having

conversed with light Women, conceived the Tumor of the Testicles to be Venereal, and thereupon gave himself over to strong Purgatives, which spake a Period to his Life; whereupon I being sent for by worthy Mr. White, the Coroner of Westminster, to view the dead Body and see him Dissected, and his Belly being opened, we discovered many Pills in his Stomach undissolved, and afterwards his Scrotum being opened, a large Tumor appeared in one side of it, which was part of the Caul (encompassing the left Testicle) which being cut, the Testicle was found to have no greater Dimensions than the other, which were both duely proportioned.

Another kind of Hiernia is called Enterocele, which is the Swelling of the Scrotum upon the descent of the Guts into its Cavity, where the Pas∣sage in the Process of the Rim of the Belly, designed for the Entertainment of the Spermatick Vessels, is too much dilated, which may sometimes happen in persons upon going to Stool, whose Intestines are constipated with hard Excrements, whereupon the Guts being often pressed downwards, by frequent holding the Breath, are forced toward the Groin into the Origen of Process, relating to the Rim of the Belly, whose Cavity is thereby opened, and the Guts have freedom to pass into the Scrotum.

In order to the Cure of this Disease, the Guts are to be reduced into the Cavity of the Belly with a gentle hand (to avoid their Contusion) the Bo∣dy being placed in a supine posture, with elevated Thighs, which may be easily performed if the Intestines be empty, but if they be full of Excrements, or Wind, Cataplasms or Fermentations may be applied, made of emollient, discutient, and anodyne Ingredients.

When the Intestines are reduced into their proper place, vulnerary and consolidating Apozemes may be advised, compounded of Cumphrey, Sanicle, Ladies-mantle, Solomons-Seal, Pentaphyl, Tormentil, Mouse-eare the great∣er, boiled in water, and incorporated with Honey after the Liquor is strain∣ed.

Topicks also may be safely applied to the Groins, made of astringent and consolidating Medicines, to shut up the over-much dilated Cavity of the Pro∣cess, relating to the Rim of the Belly, as also Arnoldus de Villa Nova his Plai∣ster de Pelle Arietis, or the Plaister good against a Rupture, and astringent Ointments, as the Countesses Liniment, and the like.

If Apocemes be not pleasant to the Patient, Electuaries may be advised, mixed with astringent, vulnerary, and consolidating Medicines, taken in Posset-drink made with Rib-wort, Plantain, Horse-tail, &c.

Another kind of Tumor, belonging to the Testicles, is called Sarcocele. An∣tient Authors have various Sentiments concerning this Disease. Celsus, Lib. 7. Cap. 18. Raro, inquit, sed aliquando, Caro quo{que} inter Tunicas increscit, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Graeci vocant. Galenus, Lib. de Tumoribus. P. M. Testiculos vocat induratos, & Lib. 14. Meih. Med. eundem Scirrhis non improvide comparat. But the Mo∣dern Physitians give a more clear account of this disease, and do give it the Appellative of Sarcocele, when some fleshy substance groweth to the Testi∣cles within the Scrotum, of which Hildanus and other Physicians give many Examples, but most commonly when the Testicle is tumefied it proceedeth from the enlarged inward Recesses of it, and not from carnous matter adhe∣ring to the outward parts of the Testicle.

The cause of this disease proceedeth (as I conceive) from the softer parts of the Blood, and Succus Nutricius, the Alimentary Liquor of the Testicles, which being too exuberant, doth highly encrease the substance of them, com∣monly called Sarcocele. Olaus Borichius informeth us of this case, Observ.

97. Actor. Bartholin. Annor. 1671, 1972. Mercatori Samio ablatus Ferro Chy∣rurgi Ramicosus Testis, pendebat semuncias 34. Durus ille quidem toto Corpore, & Massae Carneae Nervosis hinc inde Gyris distincte similis, sed ne{que} ad Latus, ne{que} in Gremio suo ullum alium Testiculum naturalem complexus; Dissecta enim quaquaversum informi mole, ut Testiculus verus quem intus delitescere quidam sus∣picabantur, in conspectum veniret, deprehensum clarissime fuit, totum illud enorme Corpus Testem fuisse, sed Testem a Sanguine, ut conjicere licet, admisso, verum ob, vel Contusionem, vel Frigus, vel Pituitam nimiam ad superiores partes non remisso, eo{que} in Carnem degenerem coagulato distentam.

Mathiolus and Scultelus have persuaded themselves, that they have Cured this disease by the Powder of Restharrowe, but I humbly conceive, with the Pardon of these Learned Men, that it was not a true Sarcocele, but rather a Hydrocele, not proceding from a fleshy or glandulous Tumour of the Te∣sticles, but a quantity of watry Recrements, distending the Scrotum, or lodg∣ed in the Body of the Testicles, so that the said Powder being an excellent Diuretick, may much alleviate, if not wholly take away, the Hydrocele, by Purging the watry Faeces, the cause of this Disease, by the free excretion of Urine.

Bartholine, and other Physicians and Chyrurgeons, deem this Cure to be performed by cutting the Groin, and extracting the Testicle, or by the In∣cision of the Scrotum, as Bartholine hath it, Observ. 28. Sectioni (ait ille) Sarcocelis in Milite interfui faeliciter, & dextre Administratae: Aperta Cute In∣guinis dextri, Testiculus dexter, qui ad Capitis Puerilis magnitudinem excreverat, separato 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Scroto extractus & resectis Vasis Spermaticis, prorsus exemptus fuit, magno Militis, alias cordatissimi Ejulatu; ligatis Vasis, consutum Scrotum, & caetera ut Vulnus decet, Curata.

Dissectus sui dextri Testiculi Tumor, Glandulosam substantiam ostendit, ex mag∣nitudine auctam, ut Oneri esset Militi satis valido; infima vero parte Vesiculas in∣tra Membranam continebat, Sanguine plenas, qua parte de maximo semper dolo∣re, ob distentionem tunicae sensilis, conquestus fuerat; Tormentorum oblitus, ad Mi∣litares Functiones postea rediit.

Another kind of Hiernia may be called Varicosa, according to vulgar ac∣ception, though improperly, by reason no Hiernia can be truly so called, ex∣cept it proceed from the Rupture, or Relaxation at least, of the Process be∣longing to the Peritonaeum, but the Hiernia varicosa supposeth neither of these, but is derived from a quantity of Blood, stagnant in the Spermatick Vessels, whence ariseth Nodes or Varices in the Testicles.

And also another Hernia (commonly, and unreasonably so called) is sti∣led Hydrocele, which taketh its rise from a quantity of watry Faeculencies, discharging themselves, in Hydropick Bodies, by the preparing Arteries into the Glands of the Testicles, wherein the watry Liquor is stagnant some time in the Interstices of the Vessels, whereupon the Body of the Glands is tume∣fied, and other times the watry Liquor is carried by the termination of the Spermatick Arteries, inserted into the Membranes enclosing the Testicles, so that sometimes it is lodged between their Coats, and sometimes it destilleth into the Cavity, interceding the other Membranes, and the Scrotum, where∣upon its Confines are unnaturally enlarged.

Learned Dr. Horstius giveth an Instance of both these Hiernias in one Case, Observat. Anatom. 6. upon a Wound in the left Buttock. Nob. Ram∣saeus (ait ille) accepit in sinistrae natis partem superiorem & externam introrsum & deorsum leviter tendens Vulnus, ex quo statim concidit: Huic accessit Vulneri, inter alia Symptomata, sinistri Testiculi, cum Tumore & summo dolore, Inflamma∣tio,

quae tamen post magnam partem sublata, remanente solum levi duritie, rubore & dolore, vocatus deprehendo Herniam, non ventosam, ob defectum flatuum; nec simplicem aquosam, quia Scrotum nec lucidum, nec Aqua turgidum, nec Carnosum simplicem, ob dolorem, sed Herniam ex aquosa, carnosa, & varicosa conflatum: Aquosam quidem inculcat Tumor instar Ovi oblongus, cum Testiculi occultatione quoad tactum & visum: Accedit & hoc quod sinistro lateri aquosae Herniae sunt valde familiares, quod nempe Vena Spermatica sinistra oriatur ab emulgente; Car∣nosae Vulnus ad sinistrae natis partem superiorem vergens ansam dare potuit & cau∣sam; Generatur enim haec Hernia ex sanguine Testes & Scrotum obruente, ibi{que} in molem carneam mutato; cui affluxui Vulnus potuit, ut dixi, ansam dare, ut non solum in Principio statim Testiculi sinistri Inflammatio, sed & Dolor secutus fuerit: suppetias fert Sanguis adustus melancholicus a vitio lienis oriundus, Renis{que} sinistri debilitas: varicosam monstrat dolor, qui exacerbatur in distentione Vasorum Sperma∣ticorum, unde erectionem Penis cruciatus intensisimi comitantur: Omnia incassum Remedia, nam sequenti Mense moritur.

Aperto Corpore, Renum loco portionem pinguem quasi, Lienis vero loco Ovi Gallinacei quantitate nigrum frustum, sanguinis coagulati facie, inveniebamus: Cavitas (circa vesicam) Abdomenis, aqua erat repleta, ut & Scrotum circa sinistrum Testiculum potissimum, dextro longe minorem: Vasa Testiculorum varicum more consistebant; dextri Testiculi substantia spongiosa & putrida, Tunicae{que} adnata erat, in dextra Scroti parte Caro adiposa.

As to the Cure of an Hydrocele, I conceive it proper to advise gentle Hy∣dragogues, and Diureticks, propounded in the Cure of a Dropsie; and af∣terwards Fomentations may be applied, made of discutient and emollient In∣gredients, viz. Bean-flower, Bay-berries, Flowers of Chamomel, Melilote, Elder, of the Seed of Faenugreek, Flax, wilde Carret, Caroways, the Leaves of Penniroial, Calaminth, Wormwood, Centaury the less, Rue, &c. of these Ingredients may be made Ointments, Cataplasms, &c.

And if the Tumor of the Scrotum cannot be discussed, the Scrotum may be opened in the lower part, to let out the watry humours. Gulielmus Fa∣bricius telleth us, Cent. 4. Obs. 66. That John Grigton, a Chyrurgion, did e∣very Year make an Incision in the Scrotum of a Man, sixty Years old, and Cured the Ulcer, by cleansing, drying and consolidating Medicines, where∣upon the Patient lived long, and arrived to great Age by the Art and Care of this learned Chirurgeon.

Another Disease of the Scrotum is called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by the Latins, Hernia Ventosa, which is sometimes single, and other times is compli∣cated with a Hydrocele, and is produced by a flatulent matter, transmitted from the Abdomen, and neighbouring parts, by the Process of the Peritonae∣um, into the Cavity of the Scrotum, or by the Spermatick Vessels into the sub∣stance of the Testicles, whereupon their Body is puffed up and distended. This Distemper is more familiar to Children than to those of Riper Years.

This Disease may admit a Cure by gentle Purgatives, and by topick Applications of Fomentations, Ointments, Cataplasms, and Plaisters, made of emollient and discutient Ingredients, of which I have given an account in the Cure of the Hydrocele.

The Testicles are also liable to the Hydatides, which are little Bladders full of Lympha, distending their tender thin Coats, and are seated principally in the second Membrane, called Dartus, lodged under the Bursa, or Cod. These Lymphaeducts, if overcharged with thin Liquor, are Lacerated, where∣upon the Cavity of the Scrotum is unnaturally swelled, which is one kind of Hydrocele, in which, as well as the other kind, the Apertion of the Scrotum

is very beneficial (and taketh away the Tumor) except sometimes in an ill Habit of Body, wherein the Testicles are corrupted, and the Scrotum Gan∣greened, of which Learned Dodonaeus giveth an account, in Obs. Medi. 40. In Generoso quodam Viro (ait ille) quam omnis periculi plena sit Scroti, & Ery throidis Membranae in Hydrocele, Scalpello apertio, Teste non sublato compertum est: ab aliquot Annis sinistra parte Hydrocele huic molesta fuerat; frustra ata∣plasmata, ac aliis Remediis usus Crebro, tandem temerarii Chirurgi consilio ac∣quiescens, aperiri sibi Scalpello tumorem permisit: Effluxit cito omnis humor, Tu∣mor quo{que} subsidit; sed cum Testis ipse omnino esset corruptus, vicinas partes fa∣cile infecit: Subsecuta mox Scroti universi, ac etiam Penis, cum Tumore ac in∣genti Dolore, Gangraena: Delirium cum vehementi Febre, propter Doloris magni∣tudinem, supervenit, ac ita non multo post Mors successit.

The same Author giveth an Instance of a Spaniard, who had a violent Pain occasioned by a quantity of Seminal Liquor lodged in the substance of the Testicles, as not Imported by the common Duct, and the deferent Vessels, into the Seminal Vesicles and Prostats. Ait, Hispanus quidam Testis Dolore into∣lerabili diu vexatus, frustra tentatis omnibus, maluit sibi amputari Testem inte∣grum & incorruptum quam diutius in tormentis vitam trahere. Extractum Te∣stem cum adhuc calentem per medium Dissecarem, in faciem ipsius erupit & pro∣siliit Semen.

The Testicles are also highly affected with Tumors in Gonorrhaea virulenta, caused by an undue suppression of the tainted Semen, or rather purulent matter, upon the taking of astringent Medicines, whereupon the corrupted Semen, or rather Ulcerous matter, is detained in the Substance of the Glands relating to the Testicles, when the Seminal Vesicles and Prostats are filled with putrid matter, which seeing it cannot be discharged by the Ure∣thra, must of necessity clog the Seminal Vessels, and common Duct of the Testicles, whereupon their Dimensions grow very much enlarged to a mon∣strous magnitude.

As to the Cure of this Venereal Disease, it denoteth opening and Diure∣tick Medicines of Venice-Turpentine, mixed with proper Purgatives, and a Diet-drink of Sarsa, China, Lignum Sanctum, &c. as also Medicines procu∣ring Salivation, which taketh away the malignity of this Distemper; and in point of the Ulcer of the Testicles, Seminal Vessels, and Prostats, healing, cleansing, drying and astringent Medicines are to be advised, which, after the Blood is refined, and the Seminal Liquor rectified, do perfect the Cure.

CHAP. XII. The Diseases of the Penis, and its Cures.

THe Penis often transgressing the Laws of Chastity in the irregular In∣dulgence of Venery, hath its sensual Pleasure countermanded by se∣vere Pains, as a piece of Gods Justice and Mercy too, to give us a sight of our Prevarications, by making us reflect upon them in the Glass of Punish∣ment, whereupon this unruly little Member payeth dear for its Faults, and is made obnoxious to variety of Diseases; Now and then it is distorted and puf∣fed up, other times Inflamed, Ulcered, and Gangreened, which chiefly hap∣peneth to young Men, as most addicted to Venery.

A distorted Penis proceedeth from an over-long Coition, whereby the Nervous Bodies and spongy substance of the Urethra are filled with so great a quantity of Vital and Animal Spirits, in hot Plethorick Bodies: of this dis∣affection Arantius maketh mention, De Tumoribus praeter Naturam, Cap. 50. ••tenim Genitale distentum, ac Spiritu turgens tristi cum doloris sensu distorquetur, quo fit ut Semen in Uterum recte ejaculare nequat. And in the same Chapter the Author saith afterwards, Qui vero Veneri nimis indulgent, frequenter{que} & diu in Mulierculis placeant, distento sunt Genitali, in hoc Malum incidunt. Etenim Spi∣ritus ille inclusus in aliquam alterius Ligamenti Concavi partem impetum faci∣ens, ejus particulam ita impellit, ut eam relaxet, ac protuberare faciat, quo fit ut quantum latitudini affectae particulae adjicitur, tantum Longitudini Detrahi∣tur.

A Priapism is near akin to this Disease, as being an Inflation of the Yard, derived from a quantity of vaporous and flatulent Blood, distending the loose Compage of the Penis. This Disease, coming from a quantity of Blood, is Cured by opening a Vein, and by Apozemes contempering the Blood, and by cooling and emollient Fomentations, allaying the flatulent hot Swelling of the Yard.

Sometimes the Penis is afflicted with a red painful Tumor, vulgarly called an Inflammation, produced by a great quantity of Blood impelled by the Hypogastrick Arteries into the Spongy Substance of the Penis, so that the Extremities of the Veins cannot give a reception to the gross or too great quantity of Blood, which if it be not quickly discharged, de∣generateth into an Ulcer, proceding from the Chymous or Serous parts of the Blood, acquiring a Caustick quality, whereby it Penetrateth the Substance and Integuments of the Penis, causing a Flux of putrid Hu∣mours, which sometimes grow so corrupt, that they produce a Gangreen, and other times degenerate into a malignant quality, attended with a Can∣cerous Indisposition.

As to the Inflammation of the Penis, it denoteth Bleeding, and Cool∣ing and moistning Juleps and Fomentations, and if this Disease be attend∣ed with an Ulcer, having a gross and a Watry Excrement, the Indi∣cations may be satisfied with cleansing and drying Medicines, made of China, Sarsa Parilla, Guaicum, and Vulneraries of Ladies Mantle, Prunell, Mouseare, &c. and lastly detergent and drying and consolidating Topicks

may be administred to consummate the Cure, and if the Glans be Ulcer∣ed in the beginning, the Ulcer is to be cleansed with Plantain and Rose-Water, and Hydromel, or with Water in which Alom is dissolved, and af∣terwards with Wine, in which the Leaves of Brambles, Myrtle, Plantain, Nuts of Cypress, Pomegranat Flowers, and Alome, have been Boiled, and applied warm with Linnen Cloaths to the Glans; as also the white Oint∣ment Camphorated, Diapompholygus, Tutia, and others of Aloes, Lythargyrum, Ceruss, Saccharum Saturni, &c.

And if the Ulcers of the Glans be Sordid, or Virulent, it may be Anoint∣ed with Honey of Roses Strained, Ʋnguento Apostolorum, Ʋnguento Aegyp∣tiaco, and also with Medicines mixed with Precipitate, &c.

And if there be an imminent Danger of a Gangreen, a Defensative is to be applied, and the affected part is to be Scarified, as also Unguent. Ae∣gyptiac. Apostolorum, mixed with Honey of Roses dried, Turpentine, Dra∣gons Blood, Myrrh, &c.

If a Gangreen or Mortification hath seized the Yard, it is most safe to Cut off the Mortified Part, and to apply Medicaments proper to Heal an Ulcer.

The Yard is Subject in its Glans to Warts, Nodes, Schirrhus, and al∣so to many soft Spongy Excrescences, which may be taken away by Ma∣nual Operation; and afterward proper Topicks may be Administred, to Heal the Part.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Parts of Generation in a Woman.

THe All-wise Being, out of his Infinite Love to preserve Mankind, as well the Work of his Hands, as the Master-piece of the Creation be∣low, hath made a Woman, a fit Consort for Man, in reference to Converse and procurement of due Aliment to support his Person, and above all, to Propagate his human Nature.

Wherefore the First Principle, out of his unspeakable Wisdom and Good∣ness, hath Created Woman after his own Image and Mans Likeness, to gain his greater Esteem and Affection, which is very much founded in Similitude, wherein we Complace our selves in an agreeable Object, which speaketh our delight in another, as participating our own qualifications, which causeth us to step out of our selves to Court and Enjoy our like, so that Love en∣deavoureth to assimilate the Faculty and its Object, by espousing an union with it, to obtain the greater Perfection and Happiness.

The most wise Agent hath made a second Creature, according to his own Image, full of all Graces of Soul, and handsomness of Body, to render her lovely in her Husbands Eye, and hath given his Spouse a pleasant Frontis∣piece of Face, embellished with variety of parts, set together in great order and graceful union, which constitutes Beauty, as it is a Harmony of different parts elegantly conjoyned, and hath also adorned her Face with many un∣evenesses of Hills and Dales, Rises and Falls, to give it the advantage of Light and Shades, which speak a great sweetness to her Visage, (beautified with va∣riety of Features and Colours) attended with a round Softness, and Plump∣ness, as consisting of many small Muscles, invigorated with Purple and Ner∣sous Liquor, inspired with Vital and Animal Spirits.

And not only her Face, but her whole Body, is encircled with a white Vail, to render her Amiable in the Eye of her Lover, to invite him to enjoy those Sweets (which are forbidden Fruit, unless hallowed by the holy Insti∣tution of Marriage) in order to an excellent end of Propagation; where∣upon Nature hath prudently contrived many proper parts of Generation in Woman, distinct from those of Man, for the preservation of our human Na∣ture, which is our Province at this time.

Some part of the Genitals belonging to a Woman are the Pudenda, the outward parts, which easily accost our view without Dissection, the Hill of Venus, Labia, Fissura longa, and Nymphae, and sometimes the Clitoris, when great, hangeth out of them.

The Mons Veneris, or the Hillock of Venus Temple, is the superior part of the Pubes, and is more prominent than the rest, which People ascend in Sa∣crificing to Venus; its outward part is Skin, and the more inward substance (which rendereth it protuberant) is Fat, and may be stiled the soft Pillow of Venus, keeping the Share-bones of each Sex from grating against each other in Coition, and serve in a Woman for the Closure of the Rima longa.

The Labia, are the walls enclosing the Entrance of Venus Temple, and are made of a Spongy substance, enwrapped with Skin, and beset with

Hair, shading the Rima longa, which Nature endeavoureth to Conceal, as being ashamed of this mean part, often exposed to great Violation of Chastity.

The Nymphae, or the Goddesses of Waters as seated near the Egress of serous recrement, or rather Goddesses or Bridemaids waiting at the Gate of Venus Temple, and are lodged in the upper part of the Pudendum, and take their rise from the Clitoris, to whose Glands they are so firmly united, that they seem to be its processes, and do constitute a membranous production covering the Glans of the Clitoris in manner of a Prepuce; so that these, Nymphae are Processes derived from the Clitoris, descending on each side of the Urinary Channel unto the middle of the Vigina Uteri, where they manifestly disappear.

The Nymphs being productions of the Clitoris, have their dimensions more or less enlarged according to the magnitude of the Clitoris, and are sometimes so excessively great, that they hinder the freedom of Coition in experienced Women, and are small in Maids that have not been exercised

The Figure of the Nymphae seemeth to be Oval, as they are parted in the middle according to the length, and do somewhat resemble the red Flaps or Combs hanging under the throat of Hens or Cocks, and are endued with the same Colour in time of Coition, wherein by their agitation a great source of Blood is impelled into them by the Hypogastrick Arteries.

The substance of these parts is spongy and soft, not unlike the lips of the Mouth or those of the Pudendum, and are often distended in the manner of the Clitoris in the time of Fruition.

The use of the Nymphs is to cover the Urinary Channel, and in some sort the entrance into the Vagina Uteri, and being extended, do compress the Penis and speak a delight in the act of Coition.

The Labia pudendi being opened as folding Doors, (shutting up the pas∣sage into Venus Temple) The Clitoris appeareth within, as a protuberant part, taking its origen from the higher Region of the Pudendum, and hath a round body terminating in a kind of Glans.

This obscoene part is very small in Maids and greater in Women often en∣joyed, and is increased in magnitude, as being very tense and red in the time of Coition, flowing from a quantity of Blood carried into it by the Hypogastrick Arteries, its ordinary bigness, when not distended, is much like the Uvula not relaxed

The Clitoris † is a small round Body, composed of Nervous and Spongy parts, arising out of a knob of the Os Iskii, as out of two Thighs † meeting at the commissure of the Share-bone.

Diemerbroeck is of an opinion that the Clitoris answereth the Penis in figure, situation, substance, and differeth only in greatness and length, which I hum∣bly conceive is somewhat improbable, because the Clitoris is not perforated in its Glans, and is altogether destitute of a common passage, called the Urethra in the Penis.

Two Muscles are commonly assigned by Anatomists to the Clitoris, which are propagated out of the bones of the Coxendix, and making their pro∣gress over the Crura of the Clitoris are inserted into them, and do by their Contraction compress the Thighs of the Clitoris, and do by compression give a check to the motion of the Blood, and make thereby a distention of the body of the Clitoris.

Another pair of Muscles is attributed to the Clitoris, (coming from a pas∣sage between the Labia Pudendi within the Clitoris and its Retiform Plexe) and is so fastned, that it rather contracteth the entrance of the Va∣gina, then causeth an erection of the Clitoris, as Learned de Graaf hath observed.

The Clitoris is furnished with Vessels, Arteries, Veins, and Nerves, and hath the terminations of the round Ligaments, proceeding from the sides, belonging to the bottom of the Ʋterus, and ascending between the dupli∣cature of the Peritonaeum, and afterward creeping out of the Cavity of the Belly, do pass upon the Share-bones toward the Fat enclosing them, and afterward being divided into many parts, do terminate near, or into the Clitoris.

The Arteries and Veins are propagated from the Haemorrhoidal branches, and the Nerves from the par Vagum: The Blood Vessels † do take their rise from the Pudenda, where the Ligaments or Thighs of the Clitoris do Coa∣lesce into one and seem to constitute a third Body, upon whose upper Region they take their progress, and afterward descend to its sides, and enter into the parts of the Pudenda, and emit only small Branches into the inward re∣cesses of the Clitoris.

The Nerves climbing over the upper part of the Clitoris, have large di∣mensions, and do communicate Fibres into all parts of the Pudendum.

The Veins make many Inosculations before they descend to the sides of the Clitoris, and the Retiform Plexe, and afterward are dispensed into all parts of the Pudendum, where they hold mutual entercourse by nu∣merous Anastom••ses, which are more rarely found in the Arteries relating to the Clitoris.

The use of the Blood-vessels is to import Vital Liquor into the substance of the Clitoris, and of the Nerves to impregnate it with a choice Juyce in∣spired with Animal Spirits (full of Elastick Particles making it Vigorous and Tense) which impart a quick Sensation, principally placed in the Glans, whereupon it may be called the Seat of Love, Veneris Oestrum, &c. and un∣less these meaner parts of the Pudendum were affected with an exquisite sense of Pleasure to Court the Sex into Venereal Embraces, Women would not undergo the great trouble and discomposure of Child-bearing, and the unspeakable pains of Travail, which would speak a period to their Lives, were they not supported by a Divine Hand which giveth a power to Conceive, and bring forth.

Learned Diemerbroeck assigneth another use to the Clitoris, Anatom. lib. 1. Cap. 25. pag. 249. the emission of Seminal Liquor in Coition, Ita{que} certo sta∣tuendum Mulieris in Coitu semen etiam per Clitoridem excernere, at{que} hinc Clito∣ridi necessario inesse urethram semen eo deferentem, which seemeth very strange, seeing curious de Graaf and other most industrious Anatomists could not dis∣cover any Perforation or Channel in the Clitoris, which if in the nature of things, might be discovered by a strict search, and it is most probable if there be any passage it might be found out by Injection or Inflation by a Syringe or Blow-Pipe put into a little hole made by Nature in the termination of the Glans; and if this Hypothesis should be granted, it could be no use in point of Propagation, by reason the Semen emitted would flow into the external parts of the Pudendum and run away, and not be conveyed into the Vagina Uteri, in order to Generation.

Below the Termination of the Urethra in Maids, is found sometimes a thin Membrane (fastened circularly to the sides of the Vagina Uteri near its Origen,) interwoven with fine Carnous and Nervous Fibres, and Ename∣led with numerous small branches of Arteries and Veins, and is perforated in the Center, ordered by Nature for the transmission of the Menstrua: This Membrane was called by the Antients, Hymen, (hence they Feined a God called Hymenaeus, who governed the Marrying Virgins;) others styled this Membrane the Cloister of Virginity, and Girdle of Chastity, and flower of Virginity, and Vulgarly Maidenhead.

As to the situation of it in Infants new born, Learned de Graaf hath dis∣covered it to be lodged between the Nymphae and the Urinary Trunck and Perinaeum, in his Fifth Chapter of his Book de Organis Mulierum, &c. Pag. 37. In Junioribus & recens natis puellulis inter Nymphas, meatum Ʋrinarium, & Perinaeum locum medium tam exiguo foramine pervium invenimus, ut pisam, quamvis minusculam, difficulter admitteret.

In most Maids when the Labia, the Enclosures of the Pudendum being opened wide on each side, some Membranous folds may be seen (encircling the orifice of the Vagina Uteri) which are sometimes so much expanded, that there only remains a Membranous Circle, so narrow in compass, that it cannot give admission to the Penis without Laceration

And it is no infallible argument of lost Virginity, when this Membrane cannot be discovered, which is often broken by a Violent Flux of the Men∣strua and the immission of a Finger into the Vagina, and sometimes is so ten∣der, as some will have it that it may be lacerated by the attrition of Cloths fretting it.

The surest sign of Virginity in all Maids is not always a Hymen or thin Membrane adhering to the walls of the Vagina, but a straitness seated in the Orifice of it, and in greater maturity of Years there is less of Coarcta∣tion in the entrance into the Vagina, so that Coition in them may be made without any pain or effusion of Blood.

Some excellent Anatomists have enumerated Four Caruncles (which they call Carunculas Myrtiformes) because they resemble the Berries of Myrtle, and have placed them as leaning upon the Hymen in this order, that each of them take up one Angle; one of them, saith a Learned Anatomist, is larger than the rest, and seemeth in some part to be double, and is seated near the hole of the Urinary Duct, to close it after the Excretion of Urine: the second, as this Author saith, is placed as its opposite, and the other two Caruncles are placed Collaterally, and are Conjoyned by the interposition of thin Membranes, whose union some have taken for the Hymen or Membrane closing the entrance of the Vagina Uteri.

These Myrtiform Caruncles so much Treated of by most Anatomists, are nothing else (as I humbly conceive) but divers Unevenesses and Membra∣nous Folds lodged in the Orifice of the Vagina Uteri, which is nothing but the Contractions (as I apprehend) of the inward Membrane of the Vagina, making a great straitness in the passage of the Ʋterus.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Parts of Generation in a Woman.

Of the Uterus.

HAving Treated of the external parts of the Uterus, the Labia, and Nymphae, as the outward and inward Walls encompassing the En∣trance of Venus Temple, and of the Clitoris, which inviteth us by Pleasure and delight to make our Addresses in Sacrificing to this enamering Goddess of Love. My design at this time is to speak somewhat of the more inward Recesses of the Gallery and Body of Venus Temple, and the Appendages belonging to it, of the Vagina Uteri, and Body of it, and the Vessels, Li∣gaments, Fallopian Tubes, and Ovaries, commonly called Testicles by the antient Anatomists.

Man is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, not only from his Soul, the Image of God, tanquam Divinae Aurae particula, as a Ray of Gods Essence wonderfully effu∣sed into the Body of Man, ennobled by its various operations, as so many Irradiations darting forth Sparks of a Divine nature, and is called a Miracle of Nature, not only from the elegant Structure of his Body, beautified with variety of parts, disposed in perfect order, but also as it is admirably formed with great Artifice and Wisdom in the Womb, excellently descri∣bed by the Royal Prophet. And let us pay an homage of Wonder and Eu∣charist to our most Great and Glorious Maker, who hath covered us in our Mothers Womb.

O let us Triumph in Thee the God of our Salvation, by whom we are fearfully and wonderfully made. O how marvelous are thy Works O Lord, our Substance was not hid from thee when we were made in secret, and cu∣riously wrought, as with Needle-work, in the Lower Parts of the Earth. Thine Eyes did see our Substance, yet being imperfect, and in thy Book all our Members were written, which day by day were fashioned, when yet there was none of them.

The Temple (concerned in the Production of Man's Body) is seated in its lowest Apartiment, (much worthy our Remark) in which we ought to consider and admire, with deep and chaste Notices, the first and wonderful beginnings of our Life, and Formation of our Body part by part, ever thank∣ing and adoring the Omnipotence of the All-Wise Creator of Heaven and Earth, who hath made Man to speak the great Praises of his wondrous Works relating to the Structure of a Humane Body, and particularly of that of the Womb, to be handled at this time, in which we will speak,

First of the Vagina Uteri, (as the Entry or Gallery into the Temple of Venus) called by Vesalius, and others, the Neck of the Womb, but impro∣perly, by reason the Neck is seated nearer the Cavity of the Uterus; therefore the Vagina Uteri is called by Greek Physicians 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as a Bosom to give Reception to the Penis.

It is seated in the Hypogastrick Region, under the Share-bone, in the low∣er part of the Pudendum, and is so fastened to the Intestinum Rectum, as if they were enwrapped within one common Membrane, so that one being

torn or Ulcered, the other is exposed to the same Diseases, whereupon the gross Excrements of the Guts are transmitted through the Vagina Uteri, in case of Laceration and Exulceration of the Intestinum Rectum.

The Vagina Uteri is adorned with an oblong round concave Figure, hold∣ing great Analogy with the Penis in Dimensions, to which it doth conform, as being Membranous, and thereby can contract and dilate it self, according to the less or greater size of the Penis, wherein the Convex Figure of it is closely conjoined to the Concave of the Vagina Uteri.

Out of Coition, and Libidinous Inclinations, the sides of the Vagina Ute∣ri grow flabby, and nearly approach each other, and resemble the Figure of an empty relaxed gut: Its outward Orifice is more straight than the mid∣dle, and its Termination confining on the Cervix and Body of the Uterus, is most narrow of all.

The inward substance of the Vagina Uteri is Nervous, as being a contexture of numerous Nervous Fibrils (taking their Progress in right, transverse, and oblique positions, closely conjoined) which give this part a most acute sense, and render it liable to Pain and Pleasure, as it is acted with different, trou∣blesome, and grateful Objects.

The Orifice of the Vagina being opened, its frame appeareth full of Une∣vennesses of numerous Folds, somewhat resembling the rough Surface belong∣ing to the Palate of a Bullock, from which it differeth by reason the Folds of the Vagina are more irregular, and have not so streight a Passage. These Folds derive their Origen from the inward Coat of the Vagina, which being larger than the outward, is contracted into many Folds, which are evident in Maids, and grow less and less in Women, and wholly disappear after Child-Birth, by reason the outward Membrane is so highly extended, after Travail, that it is equal in Dimensions to the Inward, whereupon the Folds of the inward Surface of the Vagina are wholly obliterated.

The inward Surface of the Vagina is not only endued with many Folds and unevennesses, but Pinked with divers small holes, which are greatest and most numerous about that part of it that confineth on the termination of the Urinary Passage: Out of these various holes doth destil a quantity of Serous Liquor into the Cavity of the Vagina, which is very evident in the act of Coition, whereby the Vagina being much moistened, doth outwardly emit this thin watry Liquor, which some have conceived to be Seminal Liquor, by reason Women are affected with as great Pleasure in the Flux of this Serous matter through the Pores of the Vagina, as Men, with that thin Li∣quor flowing out of the Prostrats into the Urethra.

The Fountain of this Serous Juice is seated in the Glands of the Vagina, which being heated in Coition, do throw off the rarified fermentative Se∣rous Liquor, through many minute Meatus into the Cavity of the Vagina, and thereby rendreth its Passage very moist and slippery, which is pleasant in Coition.

About the Borders of the Vagina, the Clitoris being removed, the Sphincter Muscle presenteth it self, which with an expanded progress of Fibres climb∣eth up the sides of the Vagina, and encompasseth the lower Region of it, that it might contract its Orifice, chiefly in the time of Coition, it being pru∣dently contrived by the great Architect, that this part might have a power to contract and dilate it self, that it might conform to the different sizes of the Penis, found in great Variety in several Men.

There are other Carnous Bodies which appear when the Expansions are removed, and assist the constriction of the Orifice of the Vagina, (as in con∣junction with the Processes of the Sphincter,) and are seated in the lower part of the Vagina, on each side, near the Labia Pudendi, and do ascend to the Membranous Substance, (by which the Clitoris is fastened to the neigh∣bouring parts) and do terminate into it: The right and left side of these Bodies hold no entercourse with each other, which Learned Dr. De Graaf hath made evident by an Experiment, so that one side is blown up, and the other is no ways Tumefied.

The outward Substance of these Bodies (helping the Sphincter in contra∣cting the entrance of the Vagina) is cloathed with a thin Membranous con∣texture, and their more inward Racesses are hued with a deep red or black∣ish colour, flowing from a quantity of Blood, lodged in the inward substance, framed of many Ramulets of Vessels and Fibres, which often meeting, and parting again after a little space, make a kind of Net-work, which may be is ordained by Nature to straighten the Orifice of the Vagina, to give the more grateful Reception to the Penis, when every way encircled with the more close Embraces of the Orifice of the Vagina, by reason it being swell∣ed with a quantity of Blood in Coition, cannot expand it self upward, as compressed by the Processes or Wings of the Sphincter Muscles, and the two other adjacent Bodies, so that the Orifice of the Vagina must necessarily bend inward, and inwrap the Convex Surface of the Penis within its soft and plea∣sant Concave Enclosure.

The outward Region of the Vagina is composed of a soft loose flesh, as beset with divers carnous Fibres and minute Glands, (as I humbly conceive) which transmit a quantity of Serous Liquor through the Pores of the inward Coat of the Vagina into its Cavity, to gratifie the Penis in time of Coition with a Pleasant Moisture.

The Vagina Ʋteri being an oblong concave Body, (consisting of an out∣ward and inward Membrane, lined within with carnous Fibres, and many small Glands) is so closely united to the Neighbouring parts, the Intestinum rectum, and neck of the Bladder of Urine, by the interposition of many thin Membranes, that it cannot easily be parted from them without the help of an expert hand, assisted by a Knife.

This entry of the Womb is furnished within and Enameled without with many Blood-Vessels of several sorts, Arteries, and Veins, as also with many Nervous Fibrils, which constitute its outward and inward Coat, as a curious contexture of them.

The Arteries make many reticular Divarications through the outward and inward parts of the Vagina, and are derived from the Hypogastrick and Hae∣morrhoidal Branches; the last do make their Progress through the lower Re∣gion of the Vagina and the Hypogastrick Arteries do sport themselves in numerous Ramulets about the sides and other parts of the Vagina, which are so many inlets of Blood to render it warm and turgid in the Act of Co∣ition.

The Veins of the Vagina Uteri, being associates of the Arteries, do ob∣serve their Progress in various Divarications, and do take their Rise also from the Haemorrhoidal and Hypogastrick Veins; the first do impart fruitful Ra∣mulets to the inferior part of the Vagina, and the Hypogastrick do descend and furnish the sides of it with numerous small Branches, which encircle all parts of the Vagina, and do make many Inosculations with the Veins of the Uterus, in the upper Region of the Bearing-place.

The Nerves of the Vagina are Propagated from the Par Vagum, and from divers Branches derived from the Os Sacrum, and do transmit store of Fibres into the substance and Coats of the Vagina, which are the great Ingredients, integrating their curious contexture, giving them an exquisite sense, most e∣vident in Coition.

The action of this part is tension, derived from a great Source of Blood (huing it with redness) carried into it by the Haemorroidal and Hypoga∣strick Arteries in the time of Fruition, when the Vagina is full of great sense, by reason a quantity of Nervous Juice, impregnated with Animal Spirits, is dispensed into it. The tenseness of this part much contributeth to the emissi∣on of Seminal Liquor into its Cavity, wherein it is conveyed into the in∣ward Orifice, Neck, and thence into the Bosom of the Ʋterus.

The use of the Vagina, as a round, tense, membranous Substance, is to give reception to the Penis, and to convey the emitted Semen into the Cavity of the Uterus, and to be a Channel, through which the Menstrua are thrown out of the Body, and to be a Passage to bring the Foetus into the world when it arriveth to a due Perfection.

CHAP. XV. Of the Uterus.

THe Uterus is called Matrix, quod Matrem Referat, as entertaining the Foetus in the tender Embraces of its bosome, wherein it is secured from outward accidents, and cherished by Vital Heat, flowing from Blood, contained in the Vessels of the Uterus.

It is seated in the lowest Region of the third Apartiment, in a peculiar place, called the Pelvis, between the Intestinum rectum and Bladder of Urine, that the mean situation of the place of our Production, between two Recep∣tacles, the one of grosser, the other of thinner Excrements, might be a remem∣brancer of the mean condition of our first Propagation, and make us reflect upon our selves in low Apprehensions of our Primitive estate.

Nature, out of great discretion, hath lodged the Uterus in a most safe Re∣pository, guarded before with the Sharebones, and behind with the Os Sacrum, and on each side with the Bones of the Ilium, as encircled with strong walls, for its greater safety and preservation.

And the Cavity in Women (hemmed in with variety of large Bones) hath greater Dimensions than in Men, as making provision for the distention of the Uterus, in case of a Foetus.

The Uterus is not lodged exactly in the middle of the Pelvis, but some∣times inclineth to one, sometimes to the other side of the Hypogastrium, as learned De Graaf hath observed.

The Ʋterus, that it might be kept in its proper Seat, is fastened, in rela∣tion to its neck, (which is very short) to the Vagina, Intestinum rectum, and Bladder of Urine, by the interposition of many Membranes, and hath its bottom free from all Connexion with other parts, to have the advantage of

divers degrees of distention, as the Foetus obtaineth greater and greater di∣mensions; and as not being connected in its bottom to any neighbouring part, it hath liberty to contract it self upon the exclusion of the Foetus and its appurtenances, the Amnios, Chorion, and Placenta Uterina.

The Uterus is adorned with variety of Figures, in Maids it is endued with somewhat of a Pear-like figure, and not with a round or quadrangular, as some will have it; in Women great with Child, in the first month it some∣what resembleth the Bladder of Urine, and it becometh more and more ex∣panded according to the greater and greater Dimensions of the Foetus, the body of it (being considered without the Neck and Vagina) is adorned almost with an Orbicular Figure.

The Neck and Vagina of the impregnated Womb is not co-extended with the body of the Uterus, but reteineth the same figure and distention it had before its impregnation, which is observable not only in Women, but in Cows, Sheep, and in other Animals too.

Galen being only versed in the Dissection of Bruits, did assign Horns to the Uterus of Women, which is endued only with one Cavity and not with two, as in other Animals, who have distinct Cavities parted one from ano∣ther, who begin almost immediately after the termination of the Vagina and Neck, and pass afterward in a kind of Semicircles, endued with many incurvations somewhat resembling the horns of Rams, and in the Uterus of bruit Animals not impregnated, the horns are carried without variety of Flexures in a more even circumference.

The Ʋterus as some imagine, is parted into many distinct Cells (as so many different places of Conception) some are seated in the right side as peculiar to Males, and others in the left ordained for Females, and the se∣venth placed in the middle of the other six, as instituted for Hermophradites, which are Monsters of Nature, and therefore it is most improbable that she should contrive any place, or take any care of them, and as for the other six Cells, they oppose Ocular Demonstration, by reason I have seen Wombs often dissected and have very much inspected their inward Cavity relating to the Body of the Uterus, and have found it wholly destitute of Cells, as being one simple Cavity, which is very small in Maids, and not much grea∣ter in Women, unless it be distended with a Foetus.

The Womb may be said to consist of two Cavities, the one seated in the Neck, and the other in the body of it, which is somewhat oblong, and ap∣peareth more narrow in its beginning near the Neck, and is somewhat larger toward the bottom of the Uterus, whose inward Orifice is so strait, that it is not receptive of a small Probe, and therefore is not capable to admit the Glans of the Penis in Coition, as Learned Spigelius imagineth, and if this Orifice be overmuch relaxed, it hindereth Conception, which happeneth in an immoderate Flux of the Menstrua, which being over, the Orifice of the Uterus is shut up close to keep it from the coldness of the Air, which would else prove very offensive and prejudicial to the Ʋterus.

The Uterus is endued with an Orifice (as some say) resembling the mouth of a Tench: And Galen thinketh it to be like the Glans of the Penis in shape, upon this apprehension, that it doth enter in Coition into the Neck of the Ʋterus, conjoyned immediately to the body of it, which cannot be done but by a Penis of a Monstrous length, which giveth a high discompo∣sure to the orifice of the Uterus, as being very small in circumference, which is somewhat less in Maids than in Women having born Children; and if it be too much relaxed is one cause of Barrenness.

The Cavity with which the body of the Womb is endued, hath but small dimensions in Maids and Women not great with Child, scarce admitting a very small VVallnut into its bosom.

The Figure of this Cavity is somewhat Triangular, of which the most long angle is that of the Neck, and the other two relating to the bottom of the Uterus have two small holes through which the most thin and spirituous Par∣ticles of the Seminal Liquor are transmitted into the Tubae Fallopianae, the Oviducts leading to the Ovarys.

The inward Cavity, appertaining to the body of the Uterus, is encircled with a thin Coat, pinked with many minute holes, as well as the inward Integument of the Vagina and Neck, through which a serous thin Matter doth ouse into the Cavity of the Uterus, which speaketh great pleasure in time of Coition: This Matter hath been conceived by the Antients to be Seminal Liquor, which I intend to handle more fully in a subsequent Discourse.

The Magnitude of the Uterus in point of Dimensions is very Various by reason of Age, Temperament, indulgence of Venery, Child-bearing, &c. and its ordinary length from the Orifice to its superiour Region, commonly called the Bottom, is aequivalent to three or four transverse Fingers breadth, and about the Termination two and a half, and not above two about the Neck of it, and above all, the Uterus is endued with a very great thickness equalling a Fingers breadth, which is very much, if regard be had to small length and breadth.

The Uterus in Maids and VVomen not with Child, is confined within the walls of the Share-bones, Os Sacrum, and Bones of the Ilion, which are of a narrow compass, which the uterus impraegnated, doth not only fill, but extend it self to, and sometimes above the Navil, compressing the Guts by its great distention; and which is more wonderful, speaking the great VVis∣dom of the Omnipotent Protoplast, that when the Uterus is highly enlarged, that it increaseth in thickness as well as circumference contrary to the na∣ture of a distended Bladder and Stomach which grow thinner and thinner, as they are more and more expanded by a greater and greater quantity of Con∣tents, but on the other hand the Uterus when its Cavity is more and more amplified according to the greater and greater dimensions of the Foetus as it obtaineth more and more perfection of parts, then the substance of the Ute∣rus groweth more plumpe, and the Coats become thick and fibrous, and the Carnous and Nervous Fibres are made more great and strong to comport with the weight and motion of a sometimes heavy and vigorous Foetus; so that its strong and thick Fibrous Compage doth preserve it self secure against all danger of Laceration.

The inward substance, when the Foetus approacheth the Birth seemeth to be despoiled of its Membranaceous and Glandulous nature, as putting on a more fleshy habit, by reason it is endued with large Blood-vessels, and grea∣ter fleshy Fibres, much increasing the substance of the Uterus.

And I conceive there is another wonder as great as any, to whom the Womb is incident, that when it hath discharged its troublesome Guest and Attendants, she returneth to her former state of small Dimensions in a very short space, which is accomplished by the strong Fleshy Fibres of the Uterus, reducing its admirable and great expansion to a narrow circumfe∣rence confined within the strait enclosure of the Pelvis.

The Uterus is clothed with many Coats, the first is Membranous and is a common Integument borrowed from the Peritonaeum, a common Parent of all upper Coats enwrapping the Viscera of the lowest Apartiment, it is inte∣grated of Membranous interspersed with Nervous Fibres running in several Positions, so closely conjoyned to each other, that they seem to be one entire compage.

The outward surface of this Membrane is besprinkled with a serous Li∣quor, and the Uterus by divers thin Membranes sprouting out of this Coat is affixed to the Intestinum rectum, Bladder of Gall, and other neighbouring parts.

The second Integument may be called Carnous principally found in the superior Region of the Uterus, beset with circular, Long, and Oblique Fibres, which are very serviceable in contraction of the Womb, first performed in the bottom of it, whereby the Foetus is carried toward the Orifice and Va∣gina Uteri in order to its Birth; the Fibres do very much assist the motions of the Foetus commonly called Throws, in order to facilitate the parting the Child from the Uterus to which it adhereth, and to convey it through the Vagina into the World; These Carnous Fibres do also promote the flux of the Menstrua and Lochia, by producing after Pains, the good effects of a bad cause.

The third Coat is Nervous, and is composed of many Nervous Fibres, finely interwoven, which do give a most acute sensation to the inward surface of the Ʋ••erus; This Coat is derived from the inward substance of the Uterus, to which it is so firmly fastened, that it cannot be parted without La∣ceration.

The inward substance of the Uterus lodged between the Coats to which it firmly adhereth by the interposition of Vessels, and is a Composition of numerous small Glands so finely united to each other by many thin Mem∣branes, that they seem to constitute one entire substance, and in truth are several Glands (of which every one is encircled with a proper Coat) and are so many Systems of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts and Excre∣torys: This Substance is endued with a whitish Colour, and somewhat of a Spongy nature, much resembling the Glandulous Compage relating to other parts of the Body.

The common use of this Substance is to depurate the mass of Blood and Nervous Liquor, whose Recrements are transmitted into the Lymphaeducts which at last discharge their Liquor into the common Receptacle, and in ill habits of Body the vitiated serous parts of the Blood, and a great quan∣tity of gross Chyme not assimilated in Blood (which being associated with it) are sometimes carried down by the descendent Trunck of the Aorta and Hy∣pogastrick Arteries, into the Glands of the Uterus, where a Secretion is made of the Foeculencies from the more refined parts of the Blood, which are entertained into the extremities of the Hypogastrick Veins, and return∣ed toward the Heart, while the more Excrementitious parts of the Vital Liquor are received into Excretory Ducts, by which they are discharged into the Cavity of the Womb, and thence transmitted through the Neck and Vagina Uteri; so that the Glands of this part are so many Colatories of the Blood secerning the Recrements from it, and conveying them through proper Channels into the bosom of the Womb, and are called by the La∣tins, Fluor Albus, and by the English, the Whites.

This Glandulous Substance (as I humbly conceive) may claim to it self another use, which may seem probable during the time of Womens

Terms, or Menstruous Purgations, in which the Vital Liquor hath a more free recourse by the Hypogastrick Arteries into the Glands of the Womb, wherein a Secretion is made of the foeces of the Blood from the more pure parts, which are received into the roots of the Hypogastrick Veins, and the Recrements of the Purple Liquor are conveyed through the Excretory Ducts, into the Cavity of the Uterus, and are from thence discharged by the Carnous Fibres (contracting the capacity of the Womb) into the Neck and Vagina of it.

This Glandulous Substance hath great use in the time of Womens lying in, before which the course of the Menstrua is suppressed for many Months; whereupon the Blood contracteth many Impurities, which are separated from the Vital Juyce in these Glands, and carried through the Excretories into the Chamber of the VVomb, and thence expelled by the help of the fleshy Fibres straightning the Cavity of the Uterus, and squeezing the Lochia into its Neck and Vagina.

Between the Membranes of the VVomb when impregnated, is not only lodged a Glandulous, but a Carnous and Fibrous Contexture, which ob∣taineth with the Membranes a greater thickness, proceeding from a quan∣tity of Blood, having a more free access to the inward Recesses of the Ute∣rus, wherein this Carnous Substance is produced, interspersed with many strong Fibres, which highly contract the body of the Uterus in Child-birth, and much contribute to the exclusion of the Foetus.

The VVomb is furnished with variety of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts and Excretory Ducts.

The Arteries borrow their rise from the Spermatick and Hypogastrick branches † of which these are conceived to come from the upper Region and others from the under Region, and others make their progress toward the bottom of the Uterus †.

And many branches are dispersed into the Neck and Vagina Uteri, and the Artery derived from the Spermatick espouseth so near an association with the eminent branch of the Hypogastrick †, that their branches can hardly be distinguished from each other, and their Terminations are so mutually interwoven, that they cannot be clearly discerned from each other, by rea∣son they make such mutual Anastom••ses

Divers Arteries do accompany the sides of the VVomb with many Di∣varications which do sport themselves in numerous Ramulets, taking their progress in the fore and hinder part and inward substance of the Uterus in crooked Circumvolutions, and the Arteries of one side do entertain an enter∣course with the other by mutual Inosculations †, whereupon if you immit your breath by a Blow-Pipe into the Arteries of one side, presently will suc∣ceed an intumescence of the other, which affordeth a pleasant treat to our Eyes, which will be more happily performed if you take off the outward Coat of the Uterus, (propagated from the rim of the Belly) without any violation offered to the Vessels, whereupon you may most clearly see upon Inflation the various divarications of Arteries, relating to each side, and how they are carried in many Flexures, and where the several Inosculations of fruitful Branches are made in each side of the Uterus.

Perhaps it will be worth our inquiry upon what account so many Anasto∣m••ses of Arterial Branches are found in divers regions of the Womb, so that one side of it maintaineth a correspondence with the other in a mutual enter∣course of Blood, which is wisely contrived by Nature to prevent the Stag∣nation of it (as I conceive) in the Arteries endued with great Maeanders,

which much checketh the violent motion of the Purple Liquor, whereupon various Inosculations are instituted, that when some branches of Arteries are obstructed, the neighbouring branches being open, may supply their places as their Delegates; so that these mutual Inosculations of the Arterial branches seated in each side of the Womb, will readily transmit the Blood out of one side to the other.

Some curious Persons may ask a reason why the Arteries furnishing each side of the Ʋterus with various Branches, take their progress in many Flex∣ures and Circumvolutions, which is ordered (as I conceive) in great Pru∣dence by the Grand Architect, to prevent the Laceration of the Arteries, when the Ʋterus is highly distended by the increment and bulk of the Foetus; and upon that account the Vagina hath fewer Arteries, carried in more striat Positions than those of the body of the Uterus, by reason the Va∣gina admitteth no alteration in its Cavity in reference to Nature, when the bosom of the Womb is expanded to greater and greater degrees by the more and more enlarged dimensions of the Foetus.

The Veins are the associates of the Arteries in all regions of the Uterus, and a great branch of the Spermatick or preparing Vein (into which many Ramulets do Coalesce) doth descend to the Womb, Enameling the Body and Vagina of it with fruitful Ramifications †, And also each side of the Uterus is endued with a large Hypogastrick branch †, emitting many other Ramulets.

The Ramifications of the preparing Veins have mutual Inosculations (as well as the Arteries) so that they seem sometimes to be but one Vessel, by rea∣son they espouse so intimate a converse by mutual Perforations, carrying Blood out of one Vein into another, in numerous Divarications, to prevent a stop of the retrograde motion of the Blood in the Veins of the Uterus toward the Heart.

The Arteries and Veins of the Womb †, admit great alteration in Wo∣men great with Child, and then have their Dimensions much more enlarged and distended by a more copious quantity of Vital Liquor, so that the little Finger may be immitted into the cavity of the Vessels, when the Lochia do flow, which ceasing, the Arteries and Veins contract themselves and return to their former more small dimensions.

And it may seem very probable that the Arteries are more enlarged in time of the Menstrua, wherein the Blood hath a more free recourse than ordinary, by the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Branches, into the Vessels of the Womb, whereupon they acquire a greater Circumference, as distended with larger streams of Blood, whence Pains often arise, when the Source of Vital Liquor is restrained by the narrow Terminations of the Arteries, so that it cannot be freely impelled into the substance of the Glands, and afterwards by the excretory Ducts into the Bosom of the Womb.

The Uterus is furnished both in its Coats and substance, with a great com∣pany of Nervous Fibres, which impart a most accute sensation to the Womb, sufficiently evidenced in great pleasure in Coition, and in unspeakable Pain in Child-birth. These Nerves take their Origens from the Par Vagum, and from vertebral Nerves derived from the Os Sacrum, and dispense a great num∣ber of Fibres into all the Regions of the Womb.

The Ʋterus also is not only accommodated with Arteries, Veins, and Nerves, but Lymphaeducts too, which take their rise from the Glands of the Womb, and afterward pass towards its Circumference, and are branched o∣ver the Hypogastrick Veins, and pass from part to part, till they arrive at

the common receptacle, into which they discharge the Streams of Lymphatick Liquor.

The Vessels of the Womb are consigned to various uses; the Arteries im∣port Blood into the Membranes and Substance of the womb, and the Veins being their Companions, do assist the motion of the Purple Liquor, toward the Confines of the womb, and carry it on, making good its retrograde Motion toward the Center of the Body: The Nerves do convey Nervous Liquor, impraegnated with Animal Spirits, into the ambient parts and more inward Recesses of the womb; and the Lymphaeducts do transmit the Recrements of the Vital and Nervous Juice into the outward Coat of the Ʋterus, and from thence through various parts into the common Receptacle.

The use of the womb is partly to depurate the Blood, which is accomplish∣ed in the substance of the womb, made up of numerous Glands, wherein a Secretion is made of the more profitable Parts from the Recrements, which are carried through proper Ducts into the Cavity of the womb, in the time of its Monthly Purgation.

Another and the more noble use of the Uterus, is to be a place or Bosom to form and cherish the Foetus, which is done by degrees, as one part is fra∣med after another in Seminal Liquor, contained in an Egg (encircled with a thin Membrane) transmitted from the Ovary by an Oviduct into the Cham∣ber of the VVomb, where it is enlivened with Vital Heat coming from the Blood, and when the Seminal Liquor is concreted into various parts, and the Foetus perfectly formed, it is nourished with Alimentary Liquor, contained within the Amnion, enclosed with the Chorion and inward Coat of the VVomb, which enwrap it as so many Swadling Bands, cloathing the Foetus, and securing it from the Coldness of the Air, and the Danger of out∣ward Accidents.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Ligaments of the Womb.

NAture hath most wisely framed divers Ligaments as so many Appen∣dages of the VVomb, by whose Interposition it is contained in the Pelvis, as a safe Allodgment, every way immured within the strong Enclo∣sures of various Bones.

These Ligaments go in pairs, and the first may be stiled broad † Mem∣branous Expansions, which in their upper Region (according to Arataeus) do resemble the Wings of Bats.

These broad soft Ligaments borrow their first rise from the duplicated Rim of the Belly, as being Branches and Out-lets of it, and are not only affixed to the sides of the Uterus and its Vagina, but of the chief part of the Ligaments with the Vessels, Ovaries, and Oviducts, are lodged in them as in secure Reposi∣tories, guarding their soft and tender Compage from violence and laceration.

These expanded Ligaments derive their beginning from the Muscles of the Loins, and do terminate about the bottom of the Uterus.

They have a soft loose substance, composed of many Membranous Fila∣ments, curiously interwoven and interspersed with fleshy Fibres, to contract the Ligaments when they have been long extended in the time of the great distention of the womb, caused by the encrease of the Foetus.

The use of these Ligaments is to keep the Uterus from falling down into the Vagina, and out of the Body, by fastning the sides of the upper Region of the Womb, called the Bottom, by their interposition, to the Muscles of the Loins, and to the Os Sacrum, and Ilion, as some will have it.

The Prolapsus Uteri chiefly proceedeth from the Rupture, and greater or less Relaxation of the broad Ligaments, tying the upper Region of the Womb (to the Back) which is removed out of its proper place more or less downward, as the broad Ligaments are more or less relaxed by a moist Distemper, or strained in a difficult Child-birth by violent Throwes, where∣upon the Womb sometimes falleth by its own weight into the Vagina, and sometimes out of the Body, which is often produced by the Imprudence of an ignorant and over-hasty Midwife, pulling down the Foetus and after∣burden, firmly fastened to the Womb.

The Prolapsus Uteri is also often produced by a great and heavy Foetus, de∣pressing the Womb in the time of the Birth, or by lifting up some over-hea∣vy Weight, or by over-reaching or stretching the Arms and Body upward, or by a Contusion or Fall, a violent Cough, Tenesmus, &c.

If the Womb be dislocated, as enclining too much to either side, it is re∣duced by applying a Cupping-Glass to the well side, and if the Womb come out of the Body, the Patient is to be laid in a supine Posture, that the Ute∣rus may be the better reduced into its proper place, lest it should be offended by the cold Air, or be swelled by the Compression of the neighbouring parts, and I conceive it most proper first to advise a Clyster, ••o empty the Intestinum Rectum, and to besprinkle the Uterus with some astringent Powders, and then gently to put it up with a light touch of the Fingers, lest the tender Frame

of this soft part, being highly sensible, should be discomposed with a rough hand.

Fomentations (after the Womb is reduced) may be applied to the En∣trance of the Vagina, made of the Roots of Bistorte, Tormentil, Cumphrey, the Leaves of Oak, Bambles, Shepheards Pouch, Plantain, Ribwort, Mill∣foile, Myrtle, Cypress, Sumach, the Cups of Achorns, &c.

In a great case Cupping-Classes may be applyed under the Breasts with∣out Scarification, and the Countesses Ointment, as also the Plaister against the Rupture, and that of Caesar's may be applyed to the Belly and Back, and also Fumes of Foetides may be received into the Vagina Uteri, which keep up the Womb; as also Pessaries made of Cork, Sponge, and Bees∣wax, may be gently put up the Vagina, and are often very advantageous in this Case, if they do not give a great pain and trouble to the Patient.

The Round Ligaments of the Womb † do arise out of the sides belong∣ing to the upper region, or bottom of the Womb, as the Antients call it, near the place where the Oviducts are Conjoyned to the Uterus; and creep up between the Duplicature of the Peritonaeum (which I saw in a Woman lately Dissected in the Colledg Theatre) toward each side of the Groin; and these Ligaments come out of the Abdomen in Women as the Spermatick Vessels do in Men, whereupon Women are liable to Ruptures as well as Men, by reason the Rim of the Belly being over-much enlarged in the place where the round Ligaments creep out of the lower apartiment; so that the Intestines being carried downward by their own weight, do in∣sinuate themselves through the over-much dilated passage of the Peritonaeum into the Groin, whereupon it groweth tumefied; and this Disease is called Hiernia Intestinalis in Inguine, which is proper to Women.

The Round Ligaments after they have quitted the lowest Venter they make an oblique progress over the Share-bone toward the Fat, (Covering it,) into which they terminate near the Clitoris with many small Fibres.

If we nearly inspect the substance of these Ligaments, we may discover them to be composed of a double Membrane, of which the inward is ador∣ned with various kinds of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphae∣ducts.

They are more expanded near the Uterus, and are not only fastened to the sides of the VVomb near its bottom, but to its Neck too, and as they approach the Confines of the lower Apartiment and Groin their Ter∣mination have less and less dimensions in the Fat, facing the Share-bone, and at last disappear near the Clitoris.

The use of these Round Ligaments is to secure the womb in its proper place, which is more eminent in Women with Child to keep the Uterus from falling to each side, when it is more and more distended by the increase of Dimen∣sions relating to the Foetus, as it arriveth greater and greater Maturity; so that these Round Ligaments detain the Foetus in the Middle, lest over∣much inclining to either side it should give a trouble to the Uterus and Mo∣ther, and hinder the regular motion of the Foetus in order to Birth.

Learned Diemerbroeck hath found out another Use (which is more no¦ble, as this worthy Author styleth it) as being Vasa deferentia to convey Seminal Liquor from the Ovaries and Oviducts into the Clitoris, Lib. 1. Ana∣tom. p. 223, 224. Cap. 23. De Partibus Muliebribus. Ait ille, necesse erat, ut Mulieri aliqua pars inesset, quae ad libidinem eam fortiter stimularet, at{que} sicuti in viris stimulus iste & Glande Penis frictione suscitatur & seminis transitu ad summum augetur, ita in Mulieribus quo{que} stimulus iste in tentigine seu Clito∣ridis

Glande frictione suscitari, & seminis transeuntis titillatione ad summum de∣duci necesse fuit. Hinc codem modo ut viris per Veneream Cogitationem, ac Clitoridis frictionem, copiosi Spiritus Animales una cum Sanguine Arterioso ad obscaenas partes defluunt & illas multo, grato{que} Calore perfundunt, ac earum poros valde rarefaciunt, sic{que} Semen eodem Calore attenuatum aliqua sui parte è testibus & tubis per Vasa deferentia (illa scilicet quae antehac male Ligamenta uteri rotunda fuerunt appellata) Eliciunt, seu ad Clitoridem Defluxu faciunt, per cujus tentiginem summa cum voluptate Extillat.

The meaning of this Learned Author is, that Women (as well as Men) are gratified with a Venereal appetite seated in the Glans of the Clitoris into which the Semen is conveyed from the Ovaries and Oviducts, è Testicu∣lis & Tubis Fallopianis, as he calleth them, through the Round Ligaments as deferent Vessels into the Clitoris; to which I make bold to give my an∣swer, That I humbly conceive the Round Ligaments not to be Concave, and thereupon not fit Organs to convey Seminal Liquor into the Clitoris, but if this be granted, it will be difficult to apprehend how the Semen should be transmitted out of the Tubae Fallopianae into the Round Ligaments, which are affixed to the sides of the bottom of the Womb; so that the Se∣men sliding out of the Extremities of the Tubae Fallopianae into the begin∣ning of the Cavity of the Womb should there stop and not farther fall down into it, which is more ready and easie to receive the Seminal Liquor, natural∣ly tending downward into a larger Sinus, passing in a strait Course, than for the Ligaments to admit the semen into small holes (if any) seated in the sides of the VVomb; and above all, the Round Ligaments hold no commu∣nion or entercouse with the Clitoris, as having their Extremities inserted into the Fat, covering the Share-bone, and no where into the Clitoris, so that they cannot convey Liquor into it; of which I shall give a more full Discourse when I shall Treat hereafter of the Semen in VVomen.

Here a Question may arise, How the VVomb can move upward and make its approach near the Liver and Stomach, which seemeth to oppose Reason, because the broad and round Ligaments do detain it within the Pelvis, so that the Uterus cannot move upward in Hysteric Fits, as the Antients have conceived, and it is not a good Argument by reason the VVomb can move downward as the Ligaments become relaxed, and so fall down as oppressed by its own weight; that therefore the Ʋterus should move upward, con∣trary to the nature of solid Bodies, except they be forced by some external Cause, as the VVomb is driven upward by the bulk of the Foetus, distending it by degrees.

Again, The ascent of the VVomb (being empty) in Hysteric Fits, con∣tradicteth Ocular Demonstration, by reason VVomen dying of violent Con∣vulsive motions upon Hysteric Fits, having been Dissected, their VVombs have been found to be confined within the narrow bounds of the Pelvis.

And the hard Bunch or Globe that is found about the Navil or near the Stomach in Hysteric Fits, is not the body of the VVomb, but the Guts di∣stended (as I humbly conceive) by some great Flatus (puffing up the Guts in the form of an Egg) which is quickly discussed by Spirit of Castor, Harts-horn, Sal-Armoniac, either Simple or Succinated, which is the more milde, &c.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Menstruous Flux.

OUr most Gracious Maker and Judge, out of his infinite loving kind∣ness to VVoman, hath appointed a Monthly Sickness attended with Pain, as a frequent Monitrix of her primitive Aberration in the state of In∣nocence, to cause her to make often reflections upon her great Guilt in the glass of Punishment, To make repeated Confessions of her fault in Paradise, and crave Pardon of her Maker in the Name of the Holy Jesus, our Glori∣ous Mediator, who once offered himself upon the Cross as an All-sufficient Sacrifice for the Sins of the whole world

The Menstruous Flux (so much discoursed by Physicians as the cause of divers Diseases in VVoman) is very obscure how it is produced in the womb, and by what ways it is transmitted into the Cavity, and whether the Matter of this Flux doth offend in quantity or quality, and how the Fluor Albus differeth from a Gonorrhaea, which cause many Disputes among Pro∣fessors of our Faculty.

Some are of an opinion that the Flux is performed by the Arteries termina∣ting into the Vagina, and others, that it is managed by the Arteries ending into the body of the Uterus: And I humbly conceive, that both Opinions are true, by reason the Flux is made both in the Vagina and Body of the womb, and principally in the last, by reason it hath more numerous and grea∣ter Branches of preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries than the Vagina; and farthermore, if these fruitful Branches did not import Blood into the Glands of the Uterus, (wherein the gross parts are severed from the more refined and transmitted by the Pores of the inward Coat into the bosom of the womb) how could this Flux cause an Abortion, which frequently hap∣pens in the three or four first Months, when the tender Foetus floating in the Uterus (as not fastned to it by the interposition of the Placenta) is carried with the Flux through the relaxed orifice of the womb into the bearing place, and thence out of the confines of the Body.

The inward Coat of the Uterus is rendred unequal in divers places, and especially in the bottom of it, which is caused by the terminations of the Excretory Ducts (coming from the Glands) wherein streams of Purple Liquor flow into the Cavity of the Uterus in the time of the Menstrua and Lochia.

And as to the time of the Flux of the Menstrua, the Professors of our Art have various Sentiments, the great Master of Philosophy in his Second and Fourth Book de Generat. Animalium, consigneth the cause of this Men∣struous Flux to the motion of the Moon, others attribute it to the great quantity of Blood lodged for the space of a Month in the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Vessels, till they are so much solicited by their distention, that they discharge the great trouble of the Blood into the Cavity of the Uterus.

As to the Menstruous Flux it doth not depend upon the Change of the Moon, as the vulgar conceive, but happens sooner or later, according to va∣rious

Constitutions of Bodies, as they are acted with more hot or milde, or a more large or sparing mass of Blood.

And as to the other Cause of the Menstruous Flux, it doth not proceed only from the heat and quantity of Blood distending the Vessels, by reason it is not probable that such a proportion of it should be lodged a whole Month in the vessels of the Uterus, as is evacuated in one Menstruous Purgation, and when persons have died near the time of their Monthly Evacuation, upon Dissection, their vessels have not been found Turgide with Blood.

The Monthly Course doth not proceed either from the motion of the Moon or the plenty of Blood alone, but more probably from the efferves∣cence of the Blood as consisting of fermentative Particles, derived from He∣terogeneous Elements, causing Disputes with each other, whence ariseth a Fermentation; so that the Blood being upon a fret as acted with diffe∣rent and disagreeing principles, is carried down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries into the substance of the Uterus, Integrated of many Minute Glands, wherein the more troublesome and fermentative Particles of the Vital Liquor are secerned from the more fine and spirituous, which are transmitted into the Origens of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Veins, while the more gross and excrementitious are carried through the Excretory Ducts into the Cavity and Vagina of the Uterus.

And now I perceive it may deserve our Disquisition to know the Nature of this Ferment, making the effervescence of the Blood, and from whence it taketh its Origen, which I apprehend may be probably derived from the fermentative Matter acting the Blood in the Stomach, Guts, Pancreas, Spleen, Liver, and Glands, which being transmitted by proper Arteries in∣to Glands of the Uterus, may receive a new access of fermentative Parti∣cles, which I conceive may be a mucous or serous Matter (always found in the substance of the Womb when dissected) which being kept in the Glands the space of a Month, may obtain a fermentative nature, and in∣fect the Blood, when it is more freely impelled into the Glands in its Month∣ly Flux; so that the Blood having its Compage opened by the fermenta∣tive parts lodged in the Glands, is disposed for a Secretion; so that the more gross Parts may be more readily received into the Excretory Ducts, and conveyed into the bosom of the womb.

It may be objected, That this Conjecture of Secretion of the good from the impure part of the Blood in the Menstruous Flux is gratis dicta, as be∣ing a fancy of my own, without any foundation in Nature; to which I take the boldness to give this Reply, That Glandulous Substances are Colatories of the Blood in all parts of the Body, of Pancreatick Liquor in the Glands, of the Pancreas, of Bilious humours in the Liver, and of watry Recrements in the Kidneys, of Lympha in all the Conglobated Glands belonging to the whole Body; and of the Secretion of the more Foeculent blood from the more pure acted in the Glands of the Uterus, and conveyed by proper Channels into the capacity of the womb.

And it may be farther urged against this Hypothesis, That there is no Secretion made of the bad from the good Blood in the Glands of the Ute∣rus, but it is immediately transmitted by the terminations of Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries not terminating into the Glands, but into the inward Coat of the womb; to which I humbly beg the favour to give this An∣swer, That if this be granted, the good and the bad Blood will be promiscu∣ously

thrown off to its great prejudice, through the terminations of the Arteries, as having no Secretories adapted to the percolation of Blood.

But it may be farther urged in opposition to this Hypothesis, That the Uterus as well as the terminations of the Arteries is destitute of Organs fit for Secretion; of Glands and Excretory vessels, which seemeth to con∣tradict Ocular Demonstration, in the Glandulous inward substance, and the holes of the inward Coat of the Womb and its Neck and Vagina, which are all beset with them, and without doubt do convey the recrements of the Blood in the Fluor Albus, and the Serous parts of it in the time of Coition, into the Cavity of the Body and Vagina Uteri, which superfluities of the Blood were first Secerned in the Glandulous Compage of the Womb before they were transmitted into the bosom of it.

Another probable Argument may be brought to confirm this Conjecture of Secretion of the Foeculent Blood from the more fine, made in the Glands of the Uterus in the Monthly Purgation, is, That the Blood thrown off doth not only offend in quantity but in quality too, by reason it highly tortureth the Nerves of the Womb with high pains, and the Glans of the Penis is often excoriated, if Coition be celebrated in the time of the Menstrua, which plainly proceedeth from the ill Corrosive indisposition of them, fretting the tender Coat of the Glans. The Menstruous blood killeth the young Sprouts of Vines and other Plants, and being drunk by Dogs rendreth them mad, and being received into the Stomach of Man (which is very unnatural) doth produce the Falling-sickness, shedding of the Hair, and other Symp∣toms of an Elephantiasis, which clearly evidenceth this constitution of Menstruous Liquor to be very ill, as putrifying by Stagnation, or mixed with other depraved Recrements of the Blood, and is much different from the disposition of the purer part of the Blood, and is severed from its Foe∣ces in the Womb, which cannot be accomplished in any other part of it but in the Glandulous Substance, and conveyed from thence into the Ca∣vity of the Womb, and if any learned Person shall think meanly of these Sentiments, I humbly beg of him to assign some other Organs of Percola∣tion of the Blood in the Menstruous Purgation, and I shall account my self highly obliged to him for my better Information; in the interim, I humbly beg his Pardon, if my Sense prove disagreeing to his.

Another Question may arise, whether the Fluor Albus (flowing from the Serous Recrements of the Blood Secerned from it in the Glands of the Uterus) may be distinguished from a Gonorrhaea, which may be thus resol∣ved, That the Fluor Albus (as I conceive) is derived from the same Sub∣stance, and discharged by the same Ducts serviceable in the Menstruous Purgations, but the Humour flowing in a Gonorrhaea, is fetched from other Fontanels, from the Glands besetting the Meatus Urinarius by reason the Vagina and body of the Uterus are unconcerned in this Fowl Distemper in which the Postrates adjoyning to the Urethra, are chiefly, if not wholly disaffected; whereupon the Parties labouring with a Gonorrhaea do complain of Pains about the Urinary Duct, and Share-bone and of Acrimony of Urine, proceeding from a sharp Ulcerous Matter coming out of the Pro∣states, seated near the passage of Urine.

The Gonorrhaea differeth also from the Fluor Albus, because the Ulcerous Matter of the former is less in quantity (then the Serous Recrements of the other) bedewing the parts of the Pudendum, adjacent to the entrance of the Urethra, with a mucous Clammy Matter, but the Fluor Albus doth only be∣smear the neighbouring parts of the Origen of the Vagina.

CHAP. XVIII. The Pathology of the Menstruous Purgation.

THe Pathology belonging to the Menstruous Purgation in Women, is either abolished, diminished, too exuberant, or depraved.

The first is founded in a total Suppression, caused by a want of super∣fluous Blood, proceeding from external causes as defect of Aliment, &c. or from internal Causes, the small proportion of Chile not assimilated into Blood flowing from the ill temper of it, producing Chronick or acute Fevers; or from great evacuations of Blood by the Nostrils, Haemmorhoids, &c.

But the great cause of the suppression of the Monthly Flux in Women is the undue Fermentation of Blood, as not consisting of good Fermenta∣tive Elements in ill habits of Body, whereupon the ill principle, Vital Liquor doth not observe its Monthly times of Recourse by the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries into the Glands of the Womb, or if the Vital Liquor be impelled by the said Arteries in due times and Periods, yet it be∣ing not well disposed, as not having its Compage opened by due Fermen∣tative Principles, a Secretion cannot be made (in the body of the Glands) of the more fine from the grosser Particles of the Blood, so that it is re∣turned Confused, without any separation of the one from the other by the Preparing and Hypogastrick Veins toward the Heart, whereupon no part of the Menstruous Blood being disposed by due Fermentatives Prin∣ciples of Acides and Alcalies, of Volatil Saline, and Sulphurous Particles hath no power to open the extremities of the Excretory Ducts, to pass through the Perforations of the inward Coat, into the Cavity of the Womb; and the narrowness of its Cavity and Vessels is more rare, and the dyscrasie of the Blood is more common, caused by the want of a laudable Effervescence, whence the Blood becometh gross and thick, when the good Fermentation of the Blood is defective.

A Countrey Maid being of a Plethorick constitution, expressed in a Floride Countenance, and a Fleshy Body, was above twenty years old, and never had her Courses, whereupon she grew Sickly, and fell into a very acute Fever, of which she died the Fourth or Fifth day.

And afterward the Abdomen being opened the Viscera appeared very sound and the Ʋterus being Dissected, the Blood was found putrid, and the Cavity of the Womb wholly shut up by Nature, whereupon the Blood being Stagnant lost its due tone, and became Putrid, proceeding from a want of due Fermentation, whereupon the impure parts of the Blood (be∣ing not severed in the substance of the Uterine Glands from the more pure) were not discharged by the Excretory Ducts into the Cavity of the VVomb, so that the sides of it did close and take away its Concave-Surface.

This cause of the suppression of the Monthly course of the Blood re∣lating to the womb, and proceeding from the defect of a due Fermenta∣tion of the Blood, denoteth Antiscorbutick and Chalibeate Medicines which impart good dispositions to it, and repair its lost tone by exalting its gross fixed Saline and Sulphureous Particles, and rendring them Volatil and Spirituous, whereby the Vital and Nervous Liquor acquire a laudable Fer∣mentation,

consisting in due Acides and Alkalys, the true Principles of Ef∣fervescence, opening the Body of the Blood, (carried into the Uterine Glands) and disposing it for Secretion; so that the faeculent parts of the Blood are transmitted through the Pores of the inward Coat into the Bosom of the womb, whence it is expelled by the Vagina to the utmost Confines of the Body.

The suppression of the Menstruous Flux is caused by straitness of the Ves∣sels and ways of the Womb, by Constipation, Compression, Coalescence, Ul∣cers, Scirrhous, and Gangraenes of the Uterus.

As to the first, the preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries are obstructed by gross and viscide humours, by Blood rendred thick, as accompanied with crude Chyme, not assimilated into Blood, and stagnant in the Vessels, or in the Glands of the Ʋterus, causing a stoppage of the Flux into the Cavity of the Womb,

Learned Veslingius giveth an account of a Woman labouringwith a Sup∣pression of her Menses, in whom he found the Spermatick Vessels full of Pi∣tuitous Matter.

Sometimes the Neck and Vagina of the Uterus is shut up with the Hymen, imperforated, giving a Check to the Flux of the Menstrua.

Dodonaeus giveth an Instance of this case in a Cloistered Virgin. Monialis Virg. 55 Annorum, multo tempore circa Inguina & Pubem doluit, nullis interim ex Utero prodeuntibus Excrementis: supervenit tandem Ventris Tumor, quo inde majore facto, Mors tandem supervenit, &c. Hymen autem obstitit qui Naturâ Vir∣ginibus concrescit, nam hoc integro nihil ex Utero descendere aut deferri, vel hinc apparere potuit.

A Suppression also of the Menstrua may proceed from a white Concreted Matter, obstructing the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries, somewhat re∣sembling the Polypus of the Heart, and is produced in like manner from Chyme coagulated in the Vessels of the Womb, and hindering the recourse of Blood into the Uterine Glands and Cavity of the Uterus.

A stoppage of the Menstruous Course may proceed from the Constipation, dum Corpus Uteri densius redditur, or from the hardness and induration of the Neck of the womb, of which Cabrolius maketh mention concerning a Lying-in-Woman, whose Neck of her womb grew hard and grisly, and ever after lost her Menstrua; Mulier post Puerperium Menstrua amplius non habuit: Mor∣tuae Cervix Uteri spississima est reperta, ac velut Cartilginosa, quae transversi Di∣giti spissitudine coaluerat.

A Suppression of the Menstrua may be deduced from Compression by the Tumors of the womb, in Inflammations, Scirrhus, &c. whereby the Cavi∣ties of the Vessels are so contracted, and the extremities of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries so shut up, that the Blood cannot pass into the Glands of the womb, and after Secretion be conveyed through the Pores of the inward Membrane into its Cavity. These small holes may be also shut up by external Causes, by the cold Air, or bathing in cold Water during the Monthly Course, wherein the Humours are condensed, and the Pores of the inward Coat of the Ʋterus admit such a Contraction that the Purple Liquor cannot be conveyed into the Cavity of the womb.

A Coalescence may induce a stoppage of the Courses, wherein some fleshy or membranous substance groweth to the Inside of the Uterus and cover∣eth its Meatus, or when the Ulcered inward Coat is cicatriced, after a cured Ulcer of the womb, wherein the minute Perforations are closed up, which

happens also after frequent Abortions, wherein the little holes of the womb (to which the after-burden adhereth) are quite stopped up, intercepting the Current of Vital Liquor into the Cistern of the Uterus.

Another cause may be added Suppressing the Monthly Purgation, fetch∣ed from an ill Conformation of the Uterus, when its parts, the Body, Neck, or Vagina, are distorted, either naturally, or by some Stroke or Fall, which so perverteth the natural Position of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arte∣ries, that they cannot transmit Blood into the Substance of the Glands, and thence into the Bosom of the womb.

Ulcers and Gangreens of the womb often produce the stoppage of the Men∣strua, by reason in the last Disease a great Source of Blood being impelled by the Arteries into the Substance of the womb, wherein it stagnates, produceth first an Inflammation, and then a Gangreen, wherein the motion of the Blood being stopped, presently ensueth a Suffocation of the Heat, the immediate cause of a Gangreen; in this case there is often a great Plethora in the Ves∣sels, highly Tumefied with black discoloured Blood.

A young Maid, about fifteen Years of Age, near the time of her Courses was surprised with a great Disease, accompanied with horrid Symptoms of distortion of her Mouth, and many other Convulsions, loss of Speech, &c. so that she could not be relieved by the Power of Art, and Died in a small space.

Afterward an Incision being made into the lower Apartiment, the Visce∣ra appeared very sound, except the Uterus, whose Vessels were highly di∣stended with a great quantity of black Blood, and the Uterus it self was hu∣ed with a deeper black, as being Gangreened, and the Neck of it very much distorted, so that the streams of Blood were so intercepted in the substance of the womb, that they could not be transmitted into its Cavity.

A Suppression of Blood (proceeding from an Inflammation of the womb, often the Forerunner of a Gangreen) doth speak, first, a free Mission of Blood in the Arm once or twice, and when the Inflammation is cured, by de∣riving the Purple Liquor into other parts, and when cooling Medicines have been administred, as contemperating Juleps and Emulsions, a Vein in the Foot may be opened, with this caution, That the Inflammation is allayed, else bleeding below will have a sad consequence, in bringing down the Blood more freely to the Ʋterus, whereupon the Inflammation will be encreased, which I once saw in a Captain of a Ship's Wife, who labouring with an In∣flammation of the Uterus, was imprudently bled by Leeches applied to the Haemorrhoides, by the Order of an imprudent Pretender to Art; whereupon she growing worse and worse, and her Pains about her Back and Share-bone be∣ing very much aggravated, she sent for me; and after I had heard the Histo∣ry of the Disease and its Symptoms recounted by herself and the Standers by, I gave order for a plentiful Evacuation of Blood in the Arm, which was Celebrated two or three times, (as I remember) and then gave her contem∣perating vulnerary Drinks, and mild astringent Injections, which spake an Allay to the Inflammation, and cured the Symptomatick Fever.

In Suppressions of the Menses, flowing from the Obstructions of the Pre∣paring and Hypogastrick Arteries, and excretory Ducts of the womb, first, Purging Medicines may be advised, of foetide Pills, and Potions made of a∣perient and Purgative Ingredients, of the five opening Roots, mixed with Senna, Garick, and Syrrup of Buckthorn, &c. and aperient Apozems, made of Roots of Madder, Birthwort, Leaves of Mugwort, Motherwort, Penni∣roial, Rue, Savin, Chervil, Balm, &c. The Apozems may be properly drunk

by themselves, or upon Pills made of the Trochises of Mirrh, mixed with Castor, and the like.

Fomentations and Baths are very proper in this Disease, made with the Leaves of the former Plants, to which may be added the Leaves of Mallows, Marshmallows, Fengreek, and Line-seed, &c. and after Purging and O∣pening Medicines, bleeding in the Foot may prove very Beneficial near the common Course of the Menstrua, or in case they have been long suppressed, about the new and full Moons which is the ordinary time of their Flux, Pow∣ders of Galbanum, Frankincence, Styrax, Savin, and Bay-leaves, being cast upon the Coals, and the Fumes received into the entrance of the Vagina by a Funnel, proveth often very efficacious in bringing down the Suppressed Menstrua.

The diminished Flux of the Menstrua hath very often the same causes with the suppressed, only they are somewhat more low and mild, and therefore it is Cur••d by the same specifick Medicines, of which the mildest are to be chosen.

The super-abundant Flux of the Menstrua is easily judged, by reason when too great a quantity of them doth debilitate the strength of the Body, which is associated with these Symptoms, loss of Appetite, weakness of Concoction, Cachexy, change of Colour in the Face, appearing in a faint Aspect. This Disease is also often accompanied with an oedematous Swelling of the Feet.

The causes of an immoderate Flux of the Menses may be attributed chiefly to the quality of the Blood, or the too great apertion of the extremities of the Vessels belonging to the Uterus.

As to the ill qualification of the Blood, it is either hot or sharp, consist∣ing of bilious or saline pungent Particles, irritating the Vessels to an excre∣tion, and serous Blood, by reason it is thin may easily be transmitted through the Terminations of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries into the sub∣stance of the Uterine Glands, and thence freely pass through the Pores of the inward Integument of the Uterus.

The Orifices of the Vessels are too much dilated either externally, by hot moistning, and emollient Baths and Fomentations, when aperient, alterative, and Purging Medicines have been first too freely administred, or when the Terminations of the Arteries have been very highly opened by hot, sharp, and thin Blood, or sometimes when the tender Capillaries are broken by the exuberant quantity, or corroded by the Pungent Vitriolick quality disaffect∣ing the Purple Liquor, or when the Blood, long stagnating in the Vessels doth acquire a Putrid corrosive quality.

The immoderate Flux of the Menstrua, if it do proceed from too great a quantity of Blood, doth indicate a free Mission of it out of the Arm, and if from sharp and hot Blood, it is better to take away Blood often and little at a time, (to make frequent revulsions of it from the Ʋterus) by reason nature being weakened by too great a Flux of the Menstrua, the Blood can∣not be drawn off in a great quantity by opening a Vein at once.

Ligatures and Frications may be made in the Arms and Thighs, to hinder the Recourse of the Blood to the Uterus.

And in reference to Bilious and Salt Humors mixed with the Blood, gentle Purging Medicines may be given, made of Indian Mirabolanes, Rubarbe, Cassia, Tamarinds, &c. and Juleps made of destilled Water of the Spawn of Frogs, and Oak-Buds, and a little Cinamon Water Distilled with Barley, and Sweetened with Syrup of dried Roses. Apozems also speak a great Advantage to the Patient, compounded of cooling and incrassating Medi∣cines, of Wood-Sorrel, Purslane, to which may be added astringent Plants,

as Mouseare, Shepherds-Pouch, Plantain, Ribworte, Leaves of Oak, Myrtle, Horse-Tail, Mill-foile, &c. and let the Decoctions be sweetened with Syrup of Corall, Red Roses, &c.

Astringent Powders of Red-Saunders, Bole-Armen. Dragons-Blood, red Co∣rall, Powder of the Roots of Cumphrey and Tormentil, are very proper to stop the irregular Flux of the Menses, and Milk and Water boiled together, and Decoction of Calcined Harts-horn, are good for an ordinary Drink.

But a depraved Flux of the Menstrua may be termed when they are dis∣charged with great difficulty and high Pain, and many other great Symptoms, when a grievous Torture of the Loins ariseth, caused by a great distention of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Hypogastrick Arteries, compressing the Vertebral Nerves, and the Branches of the Par Vagum. This Discom∣posure is not quieted till the worst of the Blood is secerned in the substance of the Uterine Glands, and transmitted by the Excretory Ducts into the Chamber of the Uterus.

The Diagnosticks of the depraved Flux of the Menstrua are evident when the Patient complaineth, some days before the Menstrua appear, of the Pain of the Head, produced by a hot or sharp Blood, carried by the innate ca∣rotide Arteries, into the Membranes of the Brain, and of the Stomach, by offensive Purple Liquor, carried by the Coeliack Artery, and of the bottom of the Loins, and bottom of the Belly, proceeding from sharp Blood distend∣ing the Hypogastrick and preparing Arteries belonging to the womb, where∣upon its adjoining Nervous Fibres are aggrieved, made by a distention of the Neighbouring Blood-Vessels.

As to the Indications in this Disease, the cause is to be removed, and the Symptoms are to be alleviated; if the Humours be gross, they are to be at∣tenuated and incided, if hot or sharp, they denote contemperating Medicines, made up of gentle Purgatives, and of opening and cooling Emulsions.

And after Universals have been premised, emollient Fomentations and te∣pid Baths may be used to take off Pain, and the heat and sharpness of the Blood.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Fluor Albus, or Whites.

THe Menstruous Purgation is that of the purple Liquor, and other Hu∣mors with it evacuated, called by the Latins Fluor Albus, and in our Tongue the Whites, by reason Serous and Pituitous Recrements are dis∣charged by the Vessels of the womb, which is sometimes abused, and made as it were the Sink of the Body, whereby not only white, but also sometimes yellow and green, and other times a kind of Purulent and Sanious Matter, is excerned, and not at set times and Periods, but irregularly, sometimes dai∣ly, and other times at a greater distance, now and then anticipating, and other times following the Menses, and when they are suppressed too.

This Disease rarely afflicteth Maids, but most commonly Women, and sometimes those that are with Child.

The Fluor Albus differeth from the discoloured Menstrua, in reference these have a plain mixture of red instead of Purple Liquor, always associated with the Menses, by reason other Recrements have no shew of Blood, as being white, yellow, or green, and do not observe a regular Monthly Evacua∣tion.

Purulent matter is discriminated from the Fluor Albus, because it is greater in consistence, and more white, and less in quantity; and Sanious Matter is different from the Whites, by reason it is more gross, and blended with cor∣rupt Blood.

The Fluor Albus may be distinguished from a Gonorrhaea, the excretion of a Liquor somewhat resembling Semen, which is more white and thick, and eva∣cuated in lesser quantity than the other.

The next cause of the Fluor Albus is an Excrementitious Humour of diffe∣rent kinds, and very much distinct from pure Blood, sometimes white and pi∣tuitous, being of Chymous matter, not assimilated into Blood, and other times of a more thin Serous Liquor, made of acide and saline Particles, fretting the inward Coat of the Vagina Uteri; this Excrementitious Liquor is also Bilious, known by its yellow and green hue, and is blackish too, from its melancholy Nature, and sometimes seemeth to be Sanious, as mingled with some Particles of Purple Liquor.

So that the Fluor Albus is compounded of various kinds of Recrements (mix∣ed with the Blood) which are impelled with it down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and so through the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries into the substance of the Glands (belonging to the Ʋterus) wherein these Excrementitious humours are secerned from the Blood, and trans∣mitted through the Excretory Ducts into the Bosom of the Uterus, and thence conveyed through the Vagina out of the Body.

Platerus is of an opinion that the Fluor Albus is conveyed only into the Neck and Vagina Uteri, which have secretory Glands, percolating the Blood, and so hath the body of the Ʋterus, as it consisteth of many Glands as so many Colatories of the Blood as well as the Neck of the Vagina, which are en∣dued with many holes as Excretory Ducts, with which the inward Coat of the Uterus is perforated too, and chiefly in its bottom, beset with many

Asperities, as being the Terminations of the Ducts, conveying various Ex∣crements of the Purple Liquor (commonly called the Fluor Albus) into the hollowness of the Womb.

And now I suppose it may seem pertinent to discourse the manner how the Fluor Albus is produced in the Womb, which I conceive, may be ac∣complished after this manner; The Blood is Confederated with gross Chyle not well Prepared by laudable Ferments of Serous and Nervous Li∣quor in the Stomach, and afterward is not well Attenuated by ill Pancreatick and Bilious Recrements in the Guts; whereupon the Blood groweth gross and pituitous, and sometimes is also vitiated with Bilious Excrements, con∣veyed into it by the roots of the Cava, when the Ductus Choleductus is obstructed; so that the Purple Liquor being tainted sometimes with pitui∣tous, and other times with Bilious and Serous Recrements, (not severed from the Blood in the Renal Glands) is transmitted by the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries into the Substance of the Glands (belonging to the Womb) wherein the Blood being acted with Heterogeneous Particles of different ill Humours, causeth a great Fermentation, which is highly pro∣moted by the Nervous Liquor (destilling out the Terminations of the Par Vagum and Vertebral Nerves derived from the Os Sacrum) opening the Compage of the Blood, assisted by the ferments of the Womb, whereby its impure parts, the Pituitous, Serous and Bilious Recrements are se∣vered from the Purple Liquor, in the Uterine Glands (as its Colato∣ries) and thence transmitted by the Excretory Ducts into the Cavity of the Womb.

The Menstrua being associated with various ill Recrements, when they are suppressed in unhealthy Bodies (clogged with a fowl mass of Blood) do produce a Fluor Albus, wherein the Viscera tainted with the faeces of the Blood (not depurated in the Uterine Glands) do endeavour to free themselves from their troublesome Maladies by sending down Pituitous, Bilious and Serous Recrements through the descendent Trunck of the Aorta, and the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries into the substance of the Womb, wherein the Blood being not well Secerned from its ill Associates (its noysome Excrements) doth return by the Uterine Veins to the Cava, and thence to the Chambers of the Heart, where sometimes it being Pituitous ingenders a Polypus, derived from Concreted Chyme; other times it pas∣sing through the I ungs, maketh a difficulty of breathing, and afterward when it is impelled through the descendent Trunck of the Aorta and Coeli∣ack, and Mesentrick Arteries into the Stomach, Pancreas, and Guts, it spoileth the ferments of the Ventricle and Intestines, and perverteth their Crasis; this impure Bilious Blood is carried out of the tainted adjacent parts by va∣rious branches of the Porta into the Glands of the Liver, wherein the Blood, being not well separated from its Bilious Faeculencies, doth vitiate the Tone of the Liver and discoloureth it; and the Glands of the whole Body are often infected with this ill mass of Blood, as not being discharged by the Uterus in a due Menstruous Flux, whence often ariseth a Fluor Al∣bus, Corroding and Ulcerating the womb and its Vagina, which sometimes endeth in a Gargren.

To confirm this Hypothesis, I will give you the trouble of a long and admirable case of a Sick Person (labouring long with, and at last dying of a Fluor Albus) written in a Letter by Learned Muranto to Renowned Peier. Elizabethae Anglae quinquagesimum jam agenti aetatis annum, Menstrua

octennio ante fluere cessarunt, nunc inde ab anno redeuntia, sed inordinate: per tres menses eodem fluore Corripitur Albo, copioso, summa{que} cum virium debili∣tate: Sensim aucto, adeo ut stanti ambulanti{que} semper invitae quid destillet: Acrimonia humor is abditi Naturae loci multum oredebantur, urina{que} juxta suppre∣mebatur: unde grumi sanguinis prodierunt, ingenti cum dolore praesertim in Hy∣pocondriis: Alvus per dies quin{que} continuos adstricta erat: Adhibita autem incassum fuerunt à Medicis Excellentissimis Pharmaca, tandem supervenientibus intolerabilibus circa pubem & anum cruciatibus, & vomitu materiae Biliosae, Mortua est.

Dissecto post mortem Cadavere sequentia notavimus, 1. Omentum tenue sine pinguedine, 2. Ventriculum magnum, ac valde capacem Biliosi humoris plenum, interne Rubentem, & multis quo{que} Glandulis conspicuum. 3. Intestina tenuia in inguine sinistro contracta penitus, & crassa tum flatibus tum duris Excremen∣tis distenta, praeterea variis in locis veluti occlusa. 4. Pancreas cinerei coloris, durum tactu. 5. Lienem coloris nigricantis. 6. Hepar pallidum, ad flavedi∣nem Biliosam Vergens, nec sanguineo colore tinctum: Hujus vesiculae copiosa bi∣lis inerat: 7. Glandulae in regione lumborum plures, Conglobatae, at{que} aliae prope Ʋterum, valde durae erant, humorem crassum, sebaceum, flavescentem & pu∣ri analogum ex se fundente quo & vasa Lymphatica distenta turgebant. 9. Ve∣narum sanguis tenuissimus fuit, sero multo dilutus, 10. Cordi Polypus erat. 11. Pulmones sani, 12. Ren sinister duplici Cavitate, pelvim efformante, prae∣ditus. 13. Vesica Urinaria lotio adhuc turgebat: 14. Uterus arcte undi{que} par∣tibus Vicinis adhaesit, fundo ejus cum recto Intestino, vesica{que} Urinaria unito. 15. Circa Testiculos, utro{que} in latere, Hydatides sat magnae Conspiciebantur, Lympha turgentes insipida: Ipsi Testiculi purulenti & Ulcerati fuerunt, Tubarum processus rite apparuit: Liquor in Arteriam Spermaticam injectus, omnia Ʋteri & Vaginae Vasa implevit, inde{que} levi Compressione, tum ex Ʋtero, tum è Vagina manavit: Uterus magnus erat, intrinsecus rubens, Exulceratus, Excoriatus, pure farctus, in{que} Sinistrum magis latus inclinans: Ulcus extra Uteri Pomeria, in Vicinam quo{que} Vaginam serpsit, Nam ista quasi Gangraena tacta, prorsus nigricare visa est: Vasa Uteri omnia cruore turgebant.

The Cure of this disease is performed by the taking away the Causes, which being done, the Flux ceaseth; wherefore a great care must be had that we do not administer Astringent Medicines before the Viscera are freed from their Gross, Bilious, and Serous Recrements, by proper Purgatives.

Therefore we must consider whether the Fluor Albus be derived from the ill habit of the whole Body, or from some peculiar part, from the indispo∣tion of the Womb; if it come from a Cachexy of the Viscera, gentle Pur∣ging Medicines are to be advised of Cassia, the Lenitive Electuary Ruburbe, mixed with Chio Turpentine, which doth cleanse and heal the Uterus, often Corroded with sharp and salt humours.

A question may arise, whether Bleeding be proper in this Disease, to which I make bold to give this Answer, That seeing the Fluor Albus pro∣venit à Cachichymia, & non a Plethora, it doth denote rather Purging than Bleeding: Again, it doth not seem reasonable to call the foul humours of the Womb into the mass of Blood and Viscera above, which are best dis∣charged by the Uterus.

VVhen the gross humours of the Body have been prepared and evacuated in a great degree, Decoctions made of Lignum Sanctum, Roots of Sarsa parilla and China, and a dry and slender Diet is to be advised.

Learned Sennertus is of an opinion that Diureticks may be safely prescri∣bed after Purgatives have been premised; Quae reliquias Morbi (ait ille) ad renes divertant, & per Urinam evacuant; to which I take the boldness to give this Reply; That Diureticks do provoke the Flux of Humours by the Womb as well as Kindeys, and so do encrease the Fluor Albus; and there∣fore I humbly conceive it most reasonable to forbear Medicines provo∣king Urine, and insist rather upon gentle Purgatives, which discharge the Gross, Pituitous, Bilious, and Serous Recrements of the Blood by the Misenterick Arteries into the Guts, and so divert them from the Womb, and do lessen the purging of the Whites by the VVomb.

And above all, Baths may be very advantageous in this Disease, which do empty the Body of ill Humours, by Sweat and Stool, and thereby drane them off from the part affected, which is Corroborated by the Bath, and its cold, moist and flabby indisposition taken away.

And last of all to Consummate the Cure of the Whites, drying and astrin∣gent Medicines are to be advised after universals have been duly Administred, Apozemes made of the Roots of Cumphrey, Bistort, Tormentil, the Leaves of Plantain, Mouse-Ear the Great, Knot Grass, Self-Heal, &c. Sweetned with Syrup of dried Roses and Myrtle.

Electuaries also are very proper made of Conserve of Red Roses mixed with Powders of Red Coral or Red Saunders, Bole Armen. Dragons Blood, Sealed Earth, Powder of Pearl, Calcined Hearts-horn, &c.

CHAP. XX. Of the Testicles or Ovaries of Women.

THe Testicles of Women, so styled by the Antients, and Ovaries by the Modern Philosophers, are small in Bulk but great in Virtue, as con∣taining prima vitae stamina, as they are the Principles of Generation, and are two Caskets of pretious Stones, which are fluid in their first Origen and Principle, and are afterward Concreted into many parts made up of differ∣ent more solid Substances; or they may be styled Curious Minute Cellars, containing within them many small Bottles, or Vesicles of Liquor of Life, as giving the first matter and rudiments of Being and Life to the best of Ani∣mals.

These choice parts afford many Notices in reference to their situation, shape, size, substance, coats, and use, of which we will treat in the same method as they are propounded.

The Testicles of Women have a different situation from those of Men, which are placed in an Outlet of the body, but are seated in VVomen in a small allodgment (called the Pelvis) belonging to the lowest apartiments of the Body, within the Belly, two Fingers breadth from the bottom of the Womb, to whose sides they are affixed by the interposition of the Oviducts, better known by the Name of Tubae Fallopianae, and on the other hand by the Preparing Vessels, and by the Mediation of the Membranes encompassing the Spermatick Vessels; they are tied to the Peritonaeum about the Region of the Os Ilion, and seem to observe the same hight with the bottom of the Womb, in Maids; and in Women with Child they are seated much lower, when the Womb is highly distended by the bulk of the Foetus.

These Testicles are discriminated from those of Men, as being naked of the Cremaster Muscles, which are Attendants of the Testicles of Men, as hanging upon them, and are drawn upward by their Contraction, when the Penis is erected.

They are lodged within the circumference of the lowest Apartiments to preserve them from the coldness of the Air, and that they may be cherished with the more inward heat of the Body, as also are seated near the Ute∣rus, that the Impregnated Ova might have a more ready recourse by the Oviducts to the bosom of the Womb, as their Conservative and place of perfection, in which the parts of the Body are most wonderfully formed in Number, Weight, and Measure.

The Testicles of Women are endued with a shape different from those of Men, which are more round and Oval, and the other more flattish, and in their lower Region are somewhat Convex and have a Semi-Oval Fi∣gure, and in their upper part are more plain, and being severed from their Blood-vessels and Ligaments, seem to be furnished with a flattish half Oval Figure.

The Surface of Womens Testicles is more uneven than Mens, as having divers small protuberances seated in the Membrane, proceeding from the round Seminal Vesicles lifting up the Coats of the Testicles, and in some

places between the Vesicles, the Tunicles are Contracted, making as it were a kind of Wrinkles or Fissures in their Surfaces.

The Testicles of Women have great difference according to several Ages and Constitutions; in young Plethorick Bodies they are much larger than in old or Hectick Bodies, by reason the Vesicles are more distended, as replenished with Seminal Liquor, which is very deficient in Antient and Emaciated Bodies; and in the most Succulent VVomen in their greatest Maturity they have much less Dimensions than those of Males, and have a more flabby soft Compage in reference to the Vesicles of Liquor which give way to the touch of the Fingers Compressing them.

The Testicles of VVomen have a thinner Clothing, as encircled with fewer Coats than those of Men, as they are immured within the thicker walls of the lowest Apartiments, in which they are strongly guarded within Bony Confines, and secured against outward Assaults.

The Ovaries are encompassed with a double Coat, which seem but one, by reason they are so closely affixed to each other by the interposition of fine small Ligaments or Membranes.

The outward and first Integument is somewhat thicker than the other and derived from the Rim of the Belly, which is a common Parent of an out∣ward Coat investing all the Viscera contained in the lowest Venter.

The second and more inward Tunicle of the Ovaries is more fine then the other and is a curious Contexture of many Nervous Fibres so closely in∣terwoven, that they seem to be one entire piece, enwraping the Vesicles of Seminal Liquor; these Coats are instituted by Nature to preserve the Repositories of Genital Juyce from Laceration.

The Testicles being denuded from these Coats, a white soft Substance is presented to our Eyes of a different nature from that of men (which, accord∣ing to Learned de Graaf) is chiefly made up of many Seminal Vessels mutually conjoyned, which being drawn out, exceed in length forty Dutch Ells, as the same Learned Author affirmed. These Vessels cannot be any where discovered in the Testicles of Women, which have another, and no less admirable Structure.

The Ovaries of VVomen, as to their Substance, are a rare Composition, integrated of many Blood-vessels, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, Glands, Vesicles of thin clear Liquor.

The Blood-vessels belonging to these parts, are the Preparing or Sperma∣tick Arteries and Veins †, which are Ministerial to the Vesicles. The Ar∣teries do take their progress in greater Gyres than those of Men, which notwithstanding have greater length by reason they Expatiate themselves in∣to the Testicles seated without the Cavity of the lowest Apartiment in the bosom of the Scrotum. And I humbly conceive these Arteries have many Flexures in VVomen to hinder the over-hasty motion of the Blood into the Testicles.

The Divarication of the Spermatick Arteries in VVomen, is different from that of Males, in whom they are parted into two branches, of which one and the chief passeth into the Testicle, and the other as the least, goeth to the Epydidimides: In Women the first branch is carried into the Ʋterus, and Associates so with the Hypogastrick Arteries, that no Eye can discover their Terminations to be distinct; whereupon no man (saith Learned de Graaf) can certainly affirm that the Testicles of Women do receive Blood immediately from the Spermatick or from the Hypogastrick Arteries, which before they

terminate, do send two or three Branches into the Testicles. The Sperma∣tick Arteries are more numerous than the other, as they relate to the Ova∣ries, near which they are divided into two or three Branches, and are sub∣divided again into more and more Ramulets, at last inserting themselves, not only into the Coats of the Testicles, but into their Glands and Coat of the Vesicles, which these Arteries Enamel with fruitful Divarications, in the manner of Eggs of Fish and Yolks of Hens Eggs.

The Spermatick Veins are Associates of the Arteries, and sport themselves in various Divarications through the body of the Testicles, and no where In∣osculate with the Spermatick Arteries, by reason their Extremities are implan∣ted into the Parenchyma of the Testicles to receive the Blood and carry it to∣ward the Heart, after it hath bedewed the Substance of the Ovaries, which it could not effect if the Vital Liquor was transmitted immediately out of the Preparing Arteries into the Veins by mutual Perforations.

The Spermatick Veins are much shorter than the Arteries, as taking their progress in a more straight position without any Maeanders or Flexures, which are very observable in the Arteries,

The use of the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries is to import Blood into the Substance of the Testicles, in order to give life to them and prepare a Matter to propagate and repair the Spermatick Matter in the Vesicles when it is exhausted by Generation, by the transmission of the Impregnated Vesicles or Eggs through the deferent Vessels, the Fallopian Tubes into the bosom of the Womb.

The use of the Spermatick Veins is to reconvey the Blood (toward the Heart) not useful in the Glands of the Testicles, for the Generation and support of Genital Matter enclosed in the Vesicles of the Ovaries.

The Nerves of the Testicles are of two sorts, the one is derived from the Par Vagum, and the other from the Os Sacrum; both these kinds of Nerves do furnish the Ovaries with fruitful Rarifications of Fibres, which are in∣serted both into the Glands and Coats belonging to the Veficles of Seminal Liquor, called Ova by the late Anatomists

The use of these Nerves is to convey Succus Nutricius into the Substance of the Testicular Glands, where it incorporates (as I humbly conceive) with the more mild parts of the Blood, and enobleth it in order to generate the Seminal Liquor conserved in the Vesicles, until there be a use of it.

The Lymphaeducts relating to the Ovaries are made of a thin Transparent Tunicle, and have their roots arising (as I suppose) out of the Testicular Glands, and ascend and branch themselves into the Coat of the Ovaries, and from thence take their progress the nearest way (as I humbly con∣ceive) toward the common receptacle.

The use of the Lymphaeducts is to receive the thin Recrements of the Nerves and Arteries conveyed out of the substance of the Glands, wherein the more pure parts of the Nervous and Mild Vital Liquor is disposed of by Nature in order to the production of Albuminous Matter of the Ve∣sicles, and the thin superfluous Lympha is admitted into the Origen of the Lymphaeducts seated in the Glands of the Testicles.

The Globules of the Testicles appertaining to Women, are Bodies made up of many Minute Glands, and every one of them is encircled with a pro∣per Coat, and are so closely connected to each other by many fine Liga∣ments, that they seem to constitute one entire Glandulous Substance enter∣woven with the Vesicles of the Ovaries.

The Glandulous Substance is an Aggregate Body, consisting of Preparing Arteries and Veins, Nerves and Lymphaeducts, whereof some Import Li∣quor as the Arteries and Nerves, Vital and Nervous Juyce into the Paren∣chyma of the Glands, and the Veins and Lymphaeducts do carry Blood and Lympha out of them.

The use of these Glands adjoining to the Vesicles, is to be Secretories of various Liquors, Blood and Succus Nutricius brought in by the Extremities of Arteries and Nerves into the body of the Glands, that the more soft and fine particles of Blood and Nervous Liquor being severed from their Recre∣ments may embody and be transmitted by the most Minute Ducts of the Coats of the Vesicles, to beget and repair the decayed Seminal Liquor, encircled with the thin Tunicles of the Vesicles.

The Vesicles belonging to the Ovaries, are the end and perfection of the other parts, as Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts and Glands, by reason they are all ministerial to the Vesicles, as conducive to the propaga∣tion of the Seminal Liquor conserved in them.

These Vesicles, the nobler parts of the Ovaries, are replenished with di∣vers kinds of Liquors discriminated by various Colours, some Yellow, others Crystalline and Transparent like Water, and others are Wheyish or whitish in Hue; most of which are unkindly, and one only is natural, which is of a Transparent Colour, somewhat resembling the white of an Egg in Colour, and is somewhat thinner in Consistence, as the Semen of VVomen is more watry than that of Men, by which it is rendred more ex∣alted as endued with more active Fermentative Principles.

Whence may be easily inferred that the use of the Ova, lodged in the Testicles of Women, is to be a material Cause in the Formation of the Foe∣tus, which being exalted by the Seminal Liquor of the Male, is an efficient principle of Generation, giving an Effervescence to the Faeminine Vesicles, by vigorous Fermentative Elements, productive of Conception.

These Veficles of the Testicles may be truly styled Eggs in reference to the great Analogy they hold in likeness with the Eggs contained in the Ovaries of Birds, by reason these Vesicles are filled with Liquor (much resembling the white of an Egg) which being boyled is Concreted into a white solid Substance, the same in Tast, Colour, and Consistence, with the white of a Birds Egg, coagulated by the heat of Fire.

And it is of no great importance, that those of Women are not im∣mured within thick and hard Shells as well as those of Birds, appointed by Nature to secure them from outward violence of cold Air, as excluded the Uterus of the Fowl, whereas the Eggs of Women encompassed with a soft Membrane, are laid in the warm bed of the Uterus to preserve it against the severity of ill Accidents.

Eggs may be discovered not only in Birds but in all kind of Viviparous as well as Oviparous Animals, as all sorts of Fish, Fowl, Quadrupeds, as Cows, Sows, Bitches, Hares, Cunneys, Squirrels, Polcats, Hedghogs, Por∣cupines, &c.

Curious de Graaf hath made many good Observations upon Dissections, how the Eggs of the several Animals differ from each other, and that the Vessels of the Testicles relating to Cunneys and Hares do not exceed a Rape∣seed in Dimensions, and are so little in some Animals that they can scarce be discovered, and Coition and Age make great alterations in the Eggs of seve∣ral Animals, and though they be very minute in younger Creatures, yet they

grow much advanced in greatness in more mature age; and receive a high change after Coition, and resemble the Globules found in the Testicles of impregnated Animals, full of clear Water, and sometimes Albuminous Matter like the white of Eggs.

If any shall be so inquisitive as to demand a reason why the Vesicles of old and other barren Women cannot be impregnated; to which it may be replyed that Sterility may proceed either from the ill Conformation of the Testicles, or from the Indisposition of the Faeminine Seminal Liquor, not capable to be advanced to a Conception by that of Man.

But how may the difference be known between the Hydatides of the Testicles and the Vesicles filled with Seminal Liquor, to which it may be answered the first will grow hard in Coction like the white of an Egg, and the other will retain its Fluidness, and no way admit any Concretion by the heat of Fire: Again, The Hydatides are appendant to the Mem∣branes of the Testicles, as by a kind of Stalks, which cannot be found in true Vesicles belonging to the Testicles of Women.

When the Ova are impregnated by Coition, the Glandulous substance adhering to the Vesicles groweth more large, whence arise Globules made of great variety of Glands, which Secern the Albuminons part of the Blood from the more hot and fierce Particles, and the more refined Atomes of the Nervous Liquor from the Lympha to propagate the Seminal Liquor included in the Vesicles impregnated with the more Spirituous parts of the Genital Juice relating to the Male.

CHAP. XXI. Of the Deferent Vessels of Woman.

HAving treated how the Seminal Liquor of the Male ascends the Womb, deferent Vessels, and how it insinuates it self through the Fimbriae and Coats of the Testicles and Vessels, and how it encorporates with the Seminal Liquor contained in them; and how it is Impregnated by Masculine Semen; my Concern at this time, is, To shew how the Vesicles or Eggs being rendred fruitful, do part from the other Vesicles, and pass through the Coat of the Testicles and descend through the Tubes into the bosom of the Womb to participate a greater Maturity.

The manner and way how the Impregnated Vesicles of Seminal Liquor are parted from the other and excluded the Testicles, and received into, and transmitted through the Cavity of the Tubes, is of no less difficulty than importance to be understood; whereupon I humbly conceive, that the Ova when Impregnated, have an extraordinary Integument (Accrescing to the Membrane, encompassing the Albuminous Liquor) endued with an Ex∣pulsive faculty, founded in fleshy Fibres, excluding the Ova the confines of the Testicles.

Presently after the Coition is performed, a Glandulous Substance inter∣spersed with Vessels and fleshy Fibres, encircleth the Impregnated Vesicle, whose Membrane is Diaphanous before Coition, and afterward groweth Clouded and Opace, the first sign of Impregnation and Rudiment of a Glandulous or Fleshy Coat (Immuring the fruitful Egg and no other,) which after it cometh to perfection is Enameled with Divarications of Ar∣teries and Veins, striped with variety of Fleshy Fibres.

This Glandulous Compage enclosing the Ova and interposing it self be∣tween the Membranes of the other Vesicles doth part them one from ano∣ther by breaking their tender Ligaments, by which they were mutually fastned; So that the Impregnated Ova being loosened by the breach of their fine Bands is thrown out of the Testicles through a small Foramen, dila∣ting it self according to the capacity of the Egg gently conveyed through a narrow passage of the Testicle, which is accomplished by a soft Con∣traction of the fleshy Fibres, lessening the circumference of the Glan∣dulous covering, encompassing the parted Egg, whereby it is expelled the confines of the Testicle through a small hole, and entertained immediate∣ly after by the Fimbria, and from thence slideth into the Extremity of the Tube, and so descends through its Cavity, first into the botom, and af∣terward into the bosom of the Womb.

Perhaps some Ingenious Person may be dissatisfied how the Ova can creep through such a small passage of the Testicle; to which it may be replyed, that the Foetus (when come to Maturity) is brought into the World through straights of the inward Orifice, Neck, and Vagina Uteri, which all give way by being dilated according to the Dimensions of the Foe∣tus, and darted forward by its own motion and the strong Contraction of the Uterus made by its fleshy Fibres; somewhat after this manner the Im∣pregnated Eggs are excluded the Testicles through a narrow passage, which

being pliable, is enlarged according, the Dimensions of the Vesicle crowded forward by the Contraction of the fleshy Fibres straightning the compass of the Glandulous Coat, encompassing the Egg, whereby it is compressed and turned out of the bounds of the Ovaries.

Another Scruple may be raised how the Ova can be conveyed out of the Testicles when they are closely conjoyned to each other; to which this An∣swer may be given, That the Glandulous Coat immediately enclosing the Eggs, doth crowd between the Membranes of the Vesicles, and severs them one from another by cracking the tender Ligaments (by which the Mem∣branes of the Eggs are mutually fastned;) so that the Impregnated Eggs be∣ing set at liberty, are in a capacity to be thrown out of the limits of the Testicles, and to be conveyed into the expanded Fimbriae, ready to receive them, and to convey them into the Tubes.

Some may propound a doubt why the Eggs protruded through the small apertures of their Ovaries hanging in the Hypogastrick Region, do not fall into the Cavity of the Belly; to which it may be replyed, That to prevent this ill Accident, the Extremities of the Tubes are very much expanded and seated near the Ovaries to give reception to the Eggs immediately af∣ter the Testicles have discharged them, and to convey them into the Chan∣nels of the Deferent Vessels, in order to carry and lodge them in the soft and warm bed of the Womb to give them a further perfection.

Learned Diemerbroeck is of an opinion that all VVomens Eggs are Addle, or at least their Heads, that hold this Hypothesis, and thereupon offers di∣vers Arguments to evert it. Anatomes Lib. I. Cap. 23.

I. (Ait ille) Quod talia Ova ex eorum testibus per abditissimos Poros & Vias penitus inconspicuas in Ʋteri capacitatem integra deferri nequeant, because such Eggs without their Shells cannot be carried whole through secret pas∣sages into the Cavity of the Womb, to which (with this great Author's leave) I take the boldness to make this Reply; That the Impregnated Se∣minal Vesicles or Eggs (encompassed only with Membranes) may be gent∣ly excluded through a manifest dilated Cavity, as being of an Extensive nature, giving way to the Dimensions of the Protruded Bodies of Eggs, without any Rupture of Membranes (encircling the Seminal Liquor,) which consisting of divers Filaments finely interwoven, are capable to be distend∣ed or Contracted without any Laceration of their pliable Contexture; So that the Oval Dimensions of these Impregnated Eggs, being compressed by the fleshy Fibres of the Glandulous Body (encompassing them) may lose their more Protuberant Oval shape, and grow oblong and narrow to pass through the hole of the Testicles, which is dilated according to the size of the com∣pressed Vesicles of Seminal Liquor.

In a Minister, committed to my care, I saw in a Urinal many Vesicles filled (with a thin transparent Liquor) and were, as I conceive, Hyda∣tides, transmitted with the Urine through the small passage of the Urethra without any Rupture of the Membranes, and were as great as some Birds Eggs.

And farthermore, These holes through which the Eggs are excluded, are very conspicuous, immediately before and after their Exclusion, and do vary according to the greatness of the Animal, as Learned de Graaf hath observed: De Organis Mulierum, Cap. 14. p. 246. Foramen per quod Ovum expelli diximus, ante Glandulosam Globulorum Substantiam frustra quaesiveris; quandoquidem immediate ante & post Ovi expulsionem tantum appareat, cum ali∣quali prominentia, quam prae similitudine non inepte Papillam nominaveris; Cujus

foramen pro Animalis magnitudine variat; stilum in Vaccis, in Cuniculis vero tan∣tummodo Setum admittit.

The second Argument the Learned Author alledgeth against the Eggs of Women in this: Quod in Mulieribus lascivientibus inter medios nimios{que} Venereos Amplexus praenimia voluptate extinctis (qualis Patavii interdum ab Anatomicis Dissectae traduntur) nunquam vel Ova, vel aliquid Ovorum aliqua∣lem similitudinem habens, in Utero inventum fuisse a nemine notatum sit, cum tamen illi Oculatissimi inspectores, qui Semen in Utero invenerunt, aliquam saltem de hisce Ovis mentionem fecissent, si quid iis simile in eo observassent; Cum{que} Verisimile sit quod in copioso maxima{que} cum voluptate excreto Semine tale quid necessario inesse debuisset; because in Salacious Women killed by over-much pleasure in the middle of too high Venereal Embraces (which were re∣counted to be Dissected by the Paduan Anatomists) never either Eggs, or any thing having any likeness of Eggs, have been observed by no Man to be found in the Womb, when notwithstanding they being clear-sighted In∣spectors, who found Seed in the Womb, had made at least some mention of these Eggs, if they had observed any such thing in it, and when it is likely that in copious Seed Ejected with the greatest pleasure, some such thing ought to be in the Womb.

To which I take the freedom to speak these returns, that Lascivious Women indulging themselves in too frequent Venereal Embraces to death, are not likely to Conceive, effected by well Concocted Seminal Li∣quor, long reposed in Man's Seminal Vesicles, which cannot be frequently injected into the Uterus and ascend into the Tubes and Testicles, by reason it is not Spirituous, as not having been well Fermented by a due Stay in the Vessels; whereupon it being thrown into the Uterus, cannot Impregnate the Eggs, and sever them one from another, and exclude them through the holes of the Testicles and Tubes, into the bosom of the Uterus; and the Learned Author adds at last to inforce his reason against Eggs or Ve∣sicles of Seminal Liquor, if there be any such, they must appear in the Womb when the Seed is excerned with high delight; and this seemeth to have the greatest weight, if any Seed were immediately discharged out of the Testicles of Woman by Coition through the Tubes into the Cavity of the Womb; which hath more of Fancy than Truth, because the Liquor, giving so great a Pleasure in Venereal Enjoyments, doth not proceed from the Testicles, but (as I apprehend) from Glands seated near the Urethra, and in the Vagina Uteri, through whose Pores a great quantity of Humours are carried into it, and so out of the Body; and the Pudendum also is moistned about the Urinary Ducts with a source of Serous Recrements, which cannot flow from the Testicles and Uterus, but from Fontanels seated in the Ambient parts about the upper Region of the Pudendum.

A third Argument is this; Quod Harvaeus, accuratissimus Conceptionis per∣scrutatur, nunquam in Brutorum post Coitum dissectorum (dissecuit autem plurima) Uteris Ova, aut quid Ovis simile observaverit, ne{que} etiam à nobis aliis{que} inume∣ris tale quid unquam visum fuerit. That Harvey, a most Exact Enquirer into the Conception of Viviparous Animals, never observed in Bruits Dis∣sected after Coition (though he Dissected many) Eggs or any thing like Eggs in the Uterus; neither also such a thing was ever seen by us, and by many others. To which this may be offered, That neither Great Harvey, nor this Learned Author, nor any others, though never so In∣quisitive, could see any Eggs in the Uterus of Viviparous Animals Dissected presently after Coition, by reason some Weeks are required before the

Impregnated Eggs are excluded the Testicles and descend through the Tubes into the Bosom of the Womb, which was not discovered by Har∣vey; Bernardus non vidit omnia.

A fourth Argument is stated thus; Quod Mulieres consuetudine viri de∣stitutae nunquam Ova Subventanea deponant, sicut id faciunt Gallinae aliaeq, aves, cum tamen nonnunquam in Lascivis Cogitationibus & Nocturnis Pollutio∣nibus, ipsis non minus Semen (una cum Ovis si Ova adessent) è Testibus in Uterum, quam viris per Penem Effluat; As to this, I refer the Courteous Reader, to the last Paragraf of my Answer given to the Second Argu∣ment, and add, That Maids having not conversed with Man, have their Eggs so firmly fastned to each other, that unless they be Impregnated by Ma∣sculine Seed, they cannot be mutually parted and excluded the Testicles.

The fifth Argument followeth; Cum Ʋterus in Mulieribus idem sit quod Ovarium in avibus, quod hinc Ova (si modo talia in iis Gigni dicendum sit) saltem non in Testibus, sed in earum Ovario, id est, Utero necessario Gigni de∣berent ex Semine Muliebri eodem modo ut in avibus, id{que} non minus ante, quam post Maris Congressum, & sic necessario Ova Subventanea multoties deponi, quod tamen penitus inauditum est. When the Womb in Women is the same with the Ovary in Birds, that hence the Eggs (if it may now be said that such are generated in them) at least none in the Testicles, but in their Ovary, that is, they ought necessarily to be generated of Feminine Seed, after the same manner as in Birds, and that no less before than after Coi∣tion, and so necessarily Wind-Eggs must be often laid, which notwithstand∣ing is altogether unheard of: To which I humbly present the Learned Au∣thour with this Answer, That the Ovary or Vitellarium is much different from the Uterus in Birds, and is the place (where the Yolks are generated) to which they are first fastned, and when they arrive to a due Maturity, they are parted from the cluster of Eggs or Ovary, and descend through a Fun∣nel into the Womb (wherein the Yolks are first encircled with Whites, and afterward incircled with Shells) of which Harvey giveth an account, Lib. de Generat. Animal. Exercitat. 27. Pag. 105. Multo magis constabit animam ei inesse; Considerante, quo pacto, quove motore, vitellus rotundus, & amplus à vitellarii racemo abruptus, per infundibulum (exiguum nempe tubulum tenuissi∣ma Membrana Contextum, nullis{que} Fibris Motoriis instructum descendat, viam{que} sibi aperiendo Uterum per tantas Angustias adeat; ibidem{que} sese nutriat, au∣geat, Albumine Cingat: and farther Great Harvey adds, calling it the Ovary, where the Eggs are impregnated (and not the Uterus where they obtain their accomplishment, as it is expressed in the precedent words) Pag. 107 Denique, quoniam papula in Ovario existens, à Coitu foecunditatem accipit; so that the Ovary is called the Bunch of Eggs fastned together and rendred fruitful, and not the Uterus in which the Eggs are perfected; whereupon it may be reasonably inferred, that the Vesicles of Seminal Liquor seated in the Testicles, do resemble the Ovaries of Birds made fruitful by the Cock, as they are Impregnated with the Spirituous Particles relating to the Semen of Man.

The Sixth Reason which Famous Diemerbroeck bringeth in opposition to Eggs seated in the Testicles of Women. Quod Harvaeus quidem dixerit, omnia Gigni ex Ovo; Verum cum non voluisse hoc ex suis observationibus deduci, Ova scilicet aliqua Gigni in Viviparorum Testibus, sed in Utero, id{que} post foe∣minei Maris{que} Semen in eum Effusum; Cui mox duae Membranae (una durior In∣star Corticis exterioris Ovi, scilicet Chorion, Altera instar Tenuioris Pelliculae Ovi scilicet Amnios) Circumducuntur, & pediculo quodam Utero a nascuntur, sicut in

avibus Ovum Ovario, & sic voluit in Ʋtero quasi ovum efformari; & hominem quasi ex Ovo nasci. Because Harvey hath truly said all things to be generated out of an Egg, but this may be deduced out of his Observations, That the Eggs are not produced in the Testicles of Viviparous Animals, but in the Uterus, and that after the Seed of the Male and Female injected into it, about which two Membranes are drawn, the one more hard like the Shell of an Egg, and the other after the man∣ner of a more thin Tunicle of an Egg, as the Amnios; the thicker groweth to the Womb, by a kind of Stalk, as the Egg to the Ovary in Birds, and so he would have it that womens Eggs are formed in the Womb, and that Man is generated as out of an Egg: I confess that Learned Diemerbroeck hath truly quoted Harvey, who hath not spoke in favour of the late Hypothesis, as not found out in his time, that the first Conception is made by Impregnated Vesicles full of Albugineous Liquors (seated in the Testicles †) called Eggs according to the late Anatomists, by reason they resemble the White en∣wrapped only within a thin Tunicle before the Shel is formed; and I ve∣rily believe, that if most Ingenious Harvey had lived to this time, he would have been highly pleased at this new discovery of Eggs in the Testicles of Women, which being rendred fruitful by Masculine Seed, do quit the borders of the Testicles, and are transmitted through the Tubes into the bo∣som of the VVomb wherein the Eggs grow more mature as encircled with the Chorion and Amnios holding some Analogy with Shels and thinner Tu∣nicles, immuring the whites of Eggs in the Uterus of Birds.

Divers Learned Neotericks, Johannes Hornius, Theodorus Kerckringius, Regnerus Graaf, Johannes Swammerdamus, and Clarissimus Ruischius, &c. do affirm, That the Masculine Prolisick Seed doth not only bedew the bot∣tom of the womb, but its Spirituous Particles do ascend the Tubes † unto the Testicles and Impregnate the next Seminal Vesicle, that is disposed for Conception, which swelleth, as if it were after a manner Inflamed, and the next deferent Vesilce groweth red and distended, and the adjacent Fimbria † or jagged Extremity of the Tube doth closely embrace the neighbouring part of the Testicle as with contracted Fingers: This Redness, Distention, and tenure of the Tubes Famous Ruischius shewed publickly in a great Bel∣lied Woman Dissected after Death at Amsterdam, in the Year, 1673.

Three or four days after the Egg or Seminal Vesicle of the Testicle is Impregnated, the Egg is invested with a Glandulous substance, by which it is loosened from the neighbouring Vesicle, and exciteth the Ovary to exclude it, and although in Women not with Child, there appeareth no hole from the Testicle into the Tube, yet in a Woman newly Impregna∣ted Ruischius discovered an Aperture, receptive of a large Pea, and saw the place of the Ovary (in which the Egg had been lodged) after the exclusion to contain a thick spongy substance beset with fleshy Fibres: This exclu∣sion of the Egg into the Tube is the true reason, as I conceive, of the Nauseousness and Vomiting of Women presently after their first Concep∣tion: And when the Egg is entertained into the Tube, The passage is rea∣dy and easy into the Cavity of the womb, except upon an ill Formation the motion of the Egg should be intercepted in the Tube, which is very un∣kindly, and may be called Conceptio Tubalis, or Tubaria, which is fatal to the Mother, as the Foetus acquiring greater and greater Dimensions doth Lacerate the Tube, and fall into the Cavity of the Belly; but this unnatu∣ral Conception is very rare, by reason for the most part the Egg being dis∣charged the limits of the Ovary, passeth freely down the Deferent Vessel in∣to

the bosom of the womb, where the Foetus is formed, and by degrees ob∣taineth greater and greater perfection of parts.

But divers Persons not well pleased with any new Discoveries how ra∣tional soever, do propound Objections against this plain truth of Eggs lodged and receiving the first Rudiments of Conception in the Testicles. The first Objection is this, That seeing the Impregnated Egg is excluded the Testicle, how cometh it to be excluded, which I conceive, proceed∣eth from the Glandulous substance of the Egg (immuring it immediately after Impregnation) beset with fleshy Fibres, contracting the Egg and soft∣ly Compressing it; whereupon the Egg is gently protruded through the Aperture of the Testicle first into the Fimbria † or Extremity, and afterward into the body of the Tube. †

The second doubt propounded is, by reason the passage of the Oviduct or Testicle is straight, through which the Impregnated Egg is excluded, where∣upon a danger may arise of breaking the Egg: To which I answer, That it is first stripped of its Glandulous Coat, which much lesseneth the circumference of the Egg, before it passeth through the Aperture of the Ovary, which being of a Membranous nature can Dilate it self to give a free egress to the Egg, without Laceration of the Coat encircling the Egg, after the manner of an Eggs parted from the Ovary, which being received into the Extremity of the Tunnel, passeth through it without any rupture of the Pellicle encompassing the Egg, and is in some kind like the Foetus which pas∣seth through a small Orifice into the more free Cavity of the Vagina Uteri.

A third Scruple may be raised by reason there are two Ovaries, there∣fore Twinns should be conceived: but the answer is easy; The Eggs of both Testicles are seldom Impregnated at the same time, but now in one Te∣sticle and then in another, as the most near Egg to the extremity of the Tube is rendred fruitful, and it is rare, but that either there is a defect in the Seed of the Male, or the Egg of the Female; so that they are sel∣dom both so well disposed as to generate Twinns; which doth proceed from many Impediments of Nature, either by the error of Conformation, Ob∣struction, Compression, or from the distemper of the right or left Tube or Testicle, which I have often seen in the dissection of Women, in whom sometimes the one, and other times the other hath been found to be disaffect∣ed with the Hydatides and other Diseases.

The fourth Objection may be this; That in one Coition in Hens, all the Eggs of the Ovary are made fruitful by the Cock, and why by the same reason, may not all the Vesicles in the Testicles be at once impregnated by Man? To which it may be replied, That the Structure of Parts in Birds concurreth very much to the universal making of the Eggs fruitful in Birds, because the Oviducts in them is straight and more ready for the convey∣ance of the Spirituous parts of the Semen to the Eggs; whereas the Tubes in Man are full of Gyres and Maeanders, which intercept or retard at least the ascent of the subtle parts of the Masculine Genital Liquor into the Eggs lodged in the Testicles.

Thus in fine, I have endeavoured to solve some Objections propoundedin dis∣favour of the Eggs which are first formed and impregnated in the Testicles or Ovaries, whence they are thrust into the Tubes, in which a Conception may be made of a humane Foetus without the Cavity of the Womb; of which a memorable instance is given by de Graaf in his Treatise de Orga∣nis Mulierum, and by Bonnetus Anato. Pract. Lib. 3. Sect. 37. de Conceptione ex Ovo & Gemellis, pag. 1367.

Benedictus Vassalius Chyrurgus Parisiensis, aperuit die 6. Jan. 1664. Cada∣ver Mulieris 32. annos natae, temperamento sanguineo, & habitu corporis satis masculo praeditae: Repertae fuerunt duae Matrices singulari connexione à Natura tam bene dispositae, ut vera jam undecies concepisset, septem nimirum Filios, & quatuor Filias, justo omnes tempore, & debitae compositionis, at{que} habebant Fra∣terculum Embryonem, Conceptum in Adjutorio, sive adminiculo Genuini Ʋteri, & quidem in loco ad distensionem tam inepto, ut Foetus grandescens decem sep∣timanas sunestis Symptomatis Matrem exagitarit: tandem trium aut quatuor Mensium factus Foetus, Carcere effracto tumulum sibi paravit in ipsa Matre, excitando ingens sanguinis Profluvium in universam Abdominis Cavitatem, id quod tribus ultimis diebus vehementissimi Motus Convulsivi & deni{que} mors sub∣secuta fuit: which may be thus rendred in our Mother Tongue; Bennet Vassal a Parisian Chyrurgeon, did open the Body of a Woman thirty two years of age, endued with a Sanguine temper, and a Masculine habit of body: two Matrices were found, so well disposed by Nature in a singular Connexion, that the true one conceived Eleven times, that is, seven Sons and four Daughters, in a due time and shape, and had a little Brother an Embryo, conceived in an Inlet of the true Womb, and in a place so unfit for Distention, that the Foetus enlarging its dimensions, did torture the Mother ten weeks with dreadful Symptoms, at last became a Foetus of three or four Months; the Prison being broken, he made a Tomb for himself in his very Mother by raising a great Flux of Blood in the whole Cavity of the Belly, which was accompanied the last three days with violent Convulsive motions, and at last with Death it self.

I humbly conceive that there were not truly two Wombs, but one of them was a Deferent Vessel, in which the Impregnated Egg, ex∣cluded the Testicle, was unfortunately lodged, caused by some obstruction or compression of the Tube, intercepting the passage of the Egg into the Ʋterus, whereupon it tending to greater maturity by the heat of the Body, at last became a Foetus, and was confined within the Tube as in a straight Enclosure for three or four Months, untill the greater Dimen∣sions of the Foetus so much distending the Tube, did set it at liberty by making a Laceration (and discharging it into the more large receptacle of the Belly) which filled its Cavity with a torrent of Blood drowning the Foetus, ending the Tragick Scenes of the Mothers Life in troublesome storms of Convulsive Motions.

Which do confirm that the Eggs generated and impregnated in the Testicles as Ovaries †, do pass out of their Confines into their Tubes, and in this extraordinary case of Conception, the Egg was unnaturally detained in one of the Deferent Vessels, in which it was so nourished till the Child ungratefully destroyed the Mother.

The Deferent Vessels of a VVoman have a double use; the first is to con∣vey the Spirituous particles of the Masculine injected Seed out of the Uterus to the Testicles, in order to impregnate the Eggs or Vesicles of Albu∣gineous Liquor.

The second use the Oviducts is, to convey as Channels: The more subtle and spirituous parts of the Seminal Liquor (after it hath re∣ceived some Effervescence and Colliquation in the Ʋterus) into the body of the Testicles, where it bedews and impregnates the Vesicles filled with Albuminous Matter as so many Ova, which being severed from the other Vesicles (not Impregnated) are received into the Extremities of the Oviducts, and transmitted through their Cavities into the bosom of the womb.

But some questions may arise conducive to the better understanding of the use of the Oviducts: First, Whether the Masculine Seed may be in∣jected into the VVomb: Secondly, How it may arrive the Deferent Vessels, and from thence into the Testicles: Thirdly, How the Impreg∣nated Vesicles of Seminal Liquor, the fruitful Eggs can be parted from the other Eggs, and descend through the Tubes into the Cavity of the womb.

As to the first question, How the Semen relating to the Male, can move upward, being a heavy Body, and reach the VVomb, by reason the Internal Orifice in most Animals is so framed as not to admit the Semen? To which I answer, That though the Orifice is shut before Coition, yet the motion and heat of the Vagina will open the Orifice to give reception to the Genital Liquor, which though heavy, yet it may be moved by Im∣pulse, as ejected by force out of the Vagina; and in case it is injected only into the Vagina, yet it may be forced upward by fleshy Fibres contra∣cting it and sending up the Semen into the Cavity of the Uterus. And then another question may be started as difficult as this, How it can ascend from the Cavity of the Uterus into the Tubes; which may be solved after this manner, That the Seed hath been seen by Fallopius in the Cavity of the Tubes; but the difficulty still remaineth how it getteh up thither; which I humbly conceive, is effected by fleshy Fibres contracting the Cavity of the Uterus, and pressing it upward into the hollowness of the Deferent Vessels which is afterward lessened by its Fibres and thereby carrying up the Semen into the Testicles, which being Colliquated by motion of the Penis and the heat and ferments of the Ʋterus, giveth it a disposition to enter the Pores of the Coat of the Testicle and Vesicle encircling the Se∣minal Liquor; whereupon the Egg being rendred fruitful, is separated from the other, and received into the top of the Tube †, and afterward is pressed down through its Cavity by the fleshy Fibres into the bosome of the womb.

I earned de Graaf is of an opinion, That the Seed it self needeth not as∣cend, but only the Spirituous parts through the Cavity of the VVomb and its Tubes to the Testicles: Ait ille de Mulierum Organis, p. 243, Dicimus omnino necessarium non esse, quod Semen ipsum ad Uterum aut Tubas ascendat; sed sufficere quod Seminalis aura illa loca pertranseundo ad Testiculorum Ova pertingat.

The sense of this Learned Author is plain, That not the Semen it self in substance but only the subtle part of it, the Steams do ascend through the Cavity of the Womb and Tubes to the Testicles, permeating their thick Coat to the Seminal Vesicles or Eggs. This Hypothesis, though it seemeth to have much of Probability, yet it doth not speak a full Satisfaction to an In∣quisitive mind, by reason it opposeth Ocular Demonstration, if we may give credit to Fallopius a worthy Physician (of great Repute) that he saw most perfect Seminal Liquor in the Tubes, which he shewed to divers Spectators. And Ingenious de Graaf endeavoureth to confirm the Au∣topsy of Fallopius with Cogent Arguments, That the Masculine Semen re∣ceived in Coition, is not rejected in fruitful Women, but transmitted through the Aperture of the Tubes (adjoyning to the VVomb,) and from thence doth pass through their Cavities; as this learned Author affirmeth in his Book de Organis Mulierum, p. 239, 240. Cum vero Mulieres in Coitu Seminalem Materiam evidenter excipiant; ne{que} eandem, quando foecundae fiunt denuo re∣jiciant (uti vulgaris opinio est) necesse est eam alicubi secedere: sed in Ʋteri

fundo nulli meatus sive receptacula sunt, quae Materiam adeo crassam, ut Se∣men, recipere possunt, praeterquam Tubarum foramina in Uteri fundo hiantia: judicabant ita{que} virile Semen has Tubas subire, illud{que} liberius, cum Fallopius testetur se a iis fide dignis Spectatoribus praesentibus, in Meatibus illis Exquisi∣tissimum Semen reperisse, simile quid ab aliis quoque observatum sit; and farther adds, That this Seminal Liquor, found in the Tubes, cannot proceed from the Testicles, neither can it be generated in the Tubes, whence it may be well inferred that the Semen is injected into the womb by an external Prin∣ple, alias proveniret, quandoquidem à testibus non procedat, nec in Tubis gene∣retur. Non in Testibus generari patet ex Fallopii discursu (exquisitissimi Seminis titulo Insignientis) & sensuum testimonio constat, nullam similem Materiam in Mulierum Testibus contineri: Nec alia forma eo deferri posse per Membranas quibus Testibus alligantur, quia nulla in illis Semini Vehendo destinata Anatomi∣corum unquam detexit industria, ne{que} in Tubis ipsis generari, probatur inde, quod Organum illud pro Seminis generatione nimis simplex; And this Famous Author farther confirms the Hypothesis, That the substance of the Seminal Liquor not only passeth through the cavity of the womb and Tubes, but also the Fimbriae or Fringes (adjoyning the Testicles) with great pleasure, as insinuating it self (as I conceive) through the Minute Pores of the Fimbriae confining on the Testicles; Cum Membranosa Fimbriarum expansio blanda subeuntis Seminis titillatione, undi{que} sese Testibus applicet, ita ut Semi∣nalis aura aliorsum quam ad Testes properare nequeat; To which I cannot perfectly assent, because, I humbly conceive, that not only the Steams of the Seminal Liquor (which could not speak so great a pleasure to the en∣joyed Spouse) but a thin Substance is highly Impregnated with Spirits as it is first attenuated and colliquated in the Vesiculae Seminales of Man by the repeated motions of Coition, and afterward is farther exalted and rare∣fied by heat and ferments of the Bosom of the VVomb, and it being car∣ried thence through the cavity of the Tubes and secret passages of the Fim∣briae, doth afterwards insinuate it self through the Pores of the Membrane of the Testicles (as well as Sweat through a much thicker Coat of the Skin) and last of all transudes the thinner Membrane of the next Vesicle, and there embodies with the Seminal Liquor (contained in it,) where∣upon it acquireth r••w fermentative Elements, derived from the Masculine Semen, and thereby becometh more exalted and fruitful.

Having given an Account in the former Chapter of the Vesicles contained in the Testicles, called by the Modern Anatomists Ova, from the similitude they have with the Eggs of Birds and other Animals, my task at this time is to speak of the deferent Vessels through which the Impregnated Eggs of the Ovaries do pass down from the Testicles into the Bosom of the Womb to receive a greater Maturity.

Some Professors of our Faculty hold the Deferent Vessels to have one sin∣gle Origen near the Testicles, and afterward too in their progress, till they approach the bottom of the Womb, where they have two Branches, the broadest and more short is implanted into the Fundus Uteri, and the other Branch being more long and narrow, doth insinuate it self between the Mem∣branes, enclosing the sides of the Womb, and extendeth it self to the Neck of it: by the first Branch they imagined Women not with Child to inject Semen into the bottom of the VVomb, and by the other Impregnated Wo∣men to transmit their Semen into the Neck of the Uterus. I humbly con∣ceive, the cause of their Mistake might be the Division of the Spermatick Arteries near the bottom of the womb, which descend on each side of it:

Or rather, I conceive, that those processes, whether they be broader and more short, or longer and more narrow (wheresoever they be found run∣ning down the sides of the womb) to be Branches of the Ligaments (by which the womb is detained in its proper place, ) and no part of the Tubae Fallopianae conveying the Impregnated Eggs from the Testicles into the in∣ward Recesses of the womb, or any Seminal Liquor into it, by reason these Processes of the Ligaments are endued with no Cavity, in which any Liquor may be transmitted from part to part; and farthermore, these Ap∣pendages of the Ligaments are affixed only to the outward Integuments of the womb, and no where perforate the inward Coat belonging to the Ca∣vity of the Uterus, and if any hole can be discovered in the bottom of the Womb, a Probe may be put through it into one of the Tubae Fallopianae, or Deferent Vessels.

Other learned Anatomists do fancy Vessels (like the Lacteae) to pass through the Coats (by which the Deferent Vessels are tied to the Testi∣cles) and carry Seminal Liquor into the Tubae Fallopianae: To which I make bold to give this Answer; That the Membranes of the Womb are furnished with Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphaeducts, and have no other Ves∣sels through which the Semen may be conveyed from the Testicles to the Deferent Vessels: And I apprehend the Vessels, which the Learned Au∣thours say resemble the Lacteae, must be Nerves (divaricating themselves through the outward Membrane of the Womb) which cannot be Chan∣nels transmitting Semen into the Tubae Fallopianae, as having no proper Cavi∣ties fit for it, and are Vessels appointed by Nature for another use, to con∣vey Succus Nutricius between their Filaments.

Other Professors of Physick not well versed in Dissections, do think the Round Ligaments to be Deferent Vessels; which I conceive very improba∣ble, because they are composed of a solid Membranous substance destitute of any Bore; but grant them to be Pervious, yet they could be of no use to dispense Semen from the Testicles into the bosom of the Womb, by rea∣son the Round Ligaments are inserted into the Fat, covering the Share-bone (near the Clitoris) into which (if they were true Channels) they would transmit the Semen, and not into the Cavity of the Womb, which is the due place for Semen to be injected.

Having discoursed some Opinions of the Deferent Vessels of the Womb, which seem somewhat improbable, I will now present you with a descrip∣tion of them out of Learned Fallopius, (which is more agreeable to the Structure of the Parts) in his own words, Observat. Anatom. p. 472. Mea∣tus vero iste Seminarius, gracilis & angustus admodum internerveus ac Candi∣dus à cornu ipsius Uteri, cum{que} parum recesserit ab eo latior sensim redditur, & Capreoli modo crispat se donec veniat prope finem, tunc dimissis Capreolari∣bus rugis, at{que} valde latus redditus finit in extremum quoddam, quod Membra∣nosum Carneum{que} ob colorem rubrum videtur, extremum{que} lacerum valde & attri∣tum est, veluti sunt pannorum attritorum Fimbriae & foramen amplum habet, quod semper clausum jacet concidentibus Fimbriis illis extremis, quae si tamen diligenter aperiantur, ac dilatentur, Tubae cujusdam Aeneae extremum Orifici∣um exprimunt.

These Deferent Vessels called Tubae by Fallopius, are Seminary Channels according to his Sense, but in truth are called Oviducts, as conveying Im∣pregnated Vesicles of Albuminous Liquor into the bosom of Womb, they are Membranous as Contextures made up of many such Filaments, and Carnous as interspersed with fleshy Fibres.

These Tubes take their rise from the sides near the bottom of the Womb, and are very small in their first Origen, and afterward grow more enlarged and then have Flexures, like the Tendrels of Vines, twining this and that way, and near their terminations have broad jagged Expansions (encom∣passing half of the Testicles) somewhat resembling the Fringes of Garments, as they admit divisions into many Particles; whose elegant Figure may be plainly seen if it be put into water by the help of a Microscope.

In this Ornament Fringing the Confines of the Testicles, de Graaf recount∣eth many Hydatides to grow, as also hard Stones, which adhere to the ex∣tremities of the Fimbriae.

In Cows, Dogs, Cats, Cunneys and Hares, and in other Animals, these Fallopian Tubes take their Origination from the Horns of the Womb, and have no Fringes, as not being divided into many pieces, as in Women, but have entire Expansions seated near their Extremities, which shade half the circumference of the Testicles at a distance, and are no where affixed to the Testicles but by the interposition of a thin Membranous Expansion, as it ap∣peareth in Animals endued with a horned Uterus.

The Tubes are encircled with a double Membrane, the outward taketh its Origen from the Peritonaeum, and is one continued Membrane with that of the Uterus, and is free from all Asperities and Protuberancies, and is thicker toward the Uterus, and afterward groweth more thin; so that the wrinkles of the inward Coat in Brutes may be clearly seen.

The Bore of these Tubes is very various in several parts of them, and is very small in its Origen near the Womb, and afterward is more dilated, and where it is broadest its Cavity is so great, that it will admit the little Finger, and is much narrowed near the Termination about the confines of the Testicles.

The inward Coat of the Deferent Vessels is common to that of the Ute∣rus, but is much different in Structure, by reason the inward Membrane of the Womb is smooth, and that of the Tubes is full of Folds, most conspi∣cuous in both their Extremities, which (as I conceive) proceedeth from the greatness of the inward Coat as much larger than the other; whereupon the inward Coat contracteth it self into Folds to narrow it self, and comply with the capacity of the outward Integument, as being less than the other.

CHAP. XXII. Of Faeminine Seed.

WOman having an Apparatus of Organs somewhat resembling those of Man, in reference to the production of Seminal Liquor, cannot be said to be wholly destitute of this select Juice, lest Nature, who doth nothing but with great reason and wisdom, should make Parts holding Analogy with the Spermatick Instruments of Man altogether disserviceable to the same action and use.

Aristotle, A great Master of Philosophy, hath other Sentiments of the parts of Generation in Women, and concludeth them not to generate Seed as Men, but saith that Menstruous Blood supplieth the place of it, which is the Matter of Generation, as this Great Authour affirmeth Lib. 1. Cap. 20. de Generatione Animalium. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Quod si mas est ut movens & agens; faemina, qua faemina, ut patiens, sequi∣tur ut ad maris genituram, faemina non genituram, sed materiam conferat; quod & fieri ita videtur: Natura enim Menstruorum pro prima materia est.

This Position seemeth very improbable, That Menstruous Blood should be the matter of Generation, whereas it is thrown out of the Body Monthly, and therefore cannot passively contribute to the production of a Foetus, which it often washeth away and destroyeth; and therefore Blood-letting is advised with good success, to prevent the Menstruous Flux and Abor∣tion.

Hypocrates, the Great Father of our Faculty, hath a different sense from Aristotle, asserting that Women have Seminal Liquor as well as Men; as it is very plain in Lib. de Genitura: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Semen vero è corpore etiam emittit Mulier, interdum quidem in Uterum, ex quo hu∣midus redditur; nonnunquam vero foras, si plus aequo Uterus dehiscat: Here this great Physician giveth his Sentiments, that Women emit Seed into the Womb, and afterward backeth it with reason, that Children resemble their Mother as well as Father in likeness, which proceedeth from the Fae∣minine Seed, as may be found afterward in the said Book de Genitura.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Cun{que} plus ex Viri quam Mulieris Corpore ad genituram accesserit, Foetus ille patri magis erit similis. Cum vero plus ex Muliere prodierit, Matrem magis referet. Ne{que} fieri potest, ut per omnia Matri similis sit, Patrem nihil referat, aut contra, ne{que} alterum re∣ferat. Verum utrius{que} aliqua in re similem esse necesse est, siquidem ex utris{que} Semen ad procreandum Foetum provenit. The Sense of this Great Authour is, That Woman as well as Man doth contribute Semen in order to the procreation of a Foetus; which he proveth from the similitude Children

have with their Father and Mother; and I conceive he meaneth that Children more resemble their Father when the Masculine Seed is most pre∣valent, and when the Faeminine hath dominion, the Foetus is like the Mo∣ther; So that I conceive Children borrow their outward form from the Seed, which being derived in reference to its first principles from all parts of the Body, imparting their visible images to the Blood and Succus Nutricius in their passage through the Brain and all other parts of the Body: Whence it may be inferred, That seeing Children have not their likeness only from the ima∣gination of the Woman, but from her Seminal Liquor too (contained in the Vesicles lodged in the Testicles) derived from the same principles of Vital and Nervous Liquor, taking their progress through the Head and all other parts of the Body, communicating their likeness to the first Elements of Se∣men in Woman as well as Man.

Another Argument may be offered to prove that Women have Seed as well as Men from the Furniture of Organs, as Spermatick Veins, Arteries, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, Testicles, and Tubes ordained by Nature, for the importing by the Arteries and Nerves proper Liquors for the generation of Genital Juice in the Testicles; and to export those Liquors that are Recremental through the Lymphaeducts, and the redundant Blood by the Veins, and when the Seed is Elaborated in the Testicles of VVomen, it is there laid up as Natures treasure in proper Vesicles, as so many Cabinets, till they are suc∣cessively Impregnated by the Spirituous Particles of Masculine Seed, and af∣terward being parted from the Ovaries, do descend through the Tubes, as De∣ferent Vessels, into the Cavity of the womb, to receive a farther accom∣plishment.

Again, The Spaying of Women, which is the taking away their Testi∣cles, (whereupon they grow Barren) doth clearly demonstrate the use of these Organs, which is to procreate Semen, and afterward to lodge it in these Ovaries as in many Repositories till the time of Coition, whereby they are inspired by Spirituous Particles, and rendred fruitful in the first rudi∣ment of Conception, which is performed not by mixture of Seminal Liquor of both Sex in the womb (as the Antients imagined) but in the Ovaries, whose Pores are penetrated by the Volatil Particles of the Masculine Seed, till it arriveth the Faeminine (contained in the Vesicles) and Confederates with it in order to Conception, which is brought to greater Maturity in the bosom of the womb, wherein the Impregnated Egg descended from the Ovary, appeareth filled with so great quantity of Seminal Liquor; so that it cannot in reason be apprehended to flow wholly from the Masculine Seed, which is small in quantity and great in vertue, seeing only the Vo∣latil parts of it do ascend through the body of the womb and deferent Ves∣sels into Vesicles of the Testicles, great with Seminal Liquor, which being pregnant year after year are carried down the Tubes into the freer capacity of the womb.

Learned Fallopius is of an opinion that the Vesicles of the Testicles in Women are receptacles of watry humours, and not of Seminal Liquor. Ob∣servat. Anatom. p. 472. Omnes Anatomici uno ore asserunt in Testibus faemina∣rum Semen fieri, & quod Semine referti reperiantur, quod ego nunquam videre potui, quamvis non levem operam, ut hoc cognoscerem, adhibuerim. Vidi quidem in ipsis quasdam veluti Vesicas aqua vel humore aqueo, alias Luteo alias vere Lym∣pido turgentes. Sed nunquam Semen vidi, nisi in Vasis ipsis Spermaticis, vel dela∣toriis dictis, saith this Renowned Author, Modern Anatomists do assert with one voice, the Seed of Women to be made in the Testicles, and that they are

found full of Seminal Juice; which I could never see, although I took great pains, that I might know it: I have seen truly in them, as it were, cer∣tain Vesicles swelling with water, or watry humours, sometimes Yellowish, and sometimes Lympide, but I never saw any Seed, except in the Sperma∣tick Vessels, called Deferent. This may be replyed to this great Authour, That the thinner Seed lodged in the Seminal Vesicles of Man, may be en∣dued with the same colour and consistence with that of the Testicles of VVoman; I confess the Genital Liquor conserved in the Prostates, to be whiter and thicker than that which is seated in the Seminal Vesicles of Men or other Animals; And I humbly conceive that it is not the essence of all Genital Liquor to be of the same thickness, which is of less consistence in Wo∣men (then Men) who have a more thin watry Seed, and yet very service∣able to the production of a Foetus.

Here a Question may be started whether the Faemine Seed be not only requisite as the Matter of the Foetus, but also as an Efficient cause in which the Plastick Faculty is seated, as well as in the Masculine Genital Liquor; to which it may be answered, That the Masculine Seed is the principal Effi∣cient cause as Impregnated with the Architectonick Spirit, and the Faemi∣nine is the Instrumental Efficient cause, and being taken comparatively, as less active, may be said in some sort, a Passive principle in the formation of the Foetus, which is produced by the Seeds of both Sexes termented in one mass in the Impregnated Seminal Vesicle lodged in the Testicle of a VVoman, which being parted and carried down the Tube into the Cavity of the womb, the Active principle of the Faeminine is exalted by the more noble Architectonick Spirit of the Masculine Seed; So that these divers Genital principles having Fermentative Particles, do both concur to the delineation of the members relating to the Foetus; and this may be alledged to prove that the Faeminine Seed is not only a material cause, but an Efficient too, subordinate to the Masculine, as being inspired with its more Volatil Particles, by which it is much exalted and refined, the Causality of the Faeminine Seed may be demonstrated in the Formation of the Foetus, by reason the Child obtaineth a likeness with the Mother, which must be deduced from the actives Particles of the Seminal Liquor (belonging to the VVoman) imprinting the same Images upon the Face of the Foetus, and more especi∣ally forming the peculiar parts distinguishing a Female from a Male; where∣in the Semen of the VVoman is chiefly concerned as an Efficient cause, and not that of Man, as not having any Ideal Particles productive of the pre∣paring Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, belonging to the Uterus, Testicles, and Deferent Vessels.

Another Argument may be taken from the manner of Generation of Se∣minal Juice in the Testicles of VVomen, which I apprehend to be ac∣complished after this manner; The Vital Liquor being imported by the pre∣paring Arteries into the Glandulous substance of the Ovaries, wherein the more soft, the Chymous and Serous Particles of the Blood (being Secerned from the more fierce (the Purple Liqnor, as the Fibrous parts) are carried through the Secretory Vessels of the Glands) and Pores of the Membrane into its Cavity.

This Seminal Liquor is not only composed of the gentle parts of the Blood, but of the Nervous Juice too, Destilling out of the extremities of the Nerves inserted into the Parenchyma of the Glands (interpersed with the Seminal Vesicles of Women) wherein the finer parts of the Succus Nutri∣cius being severed from the more watry, do associate with the Serous parts

of the Blood are carried through secret passages into the bosom of the Ve∣sicles, by which the Lympha is received into the root of the Lymphaeducts, and the red Crassament into the extremities of the Veins.

And this Hypothesis of the production of Faeminine Seed in the Glands of the Testicles, may be farther confirmed, by reason many Globules, or Sy∣stems of greater Glands appear after Coition, (encircling the Vesicles of the Testicles) which are requisite to prepare a greater quantity of Liquor trans∣mitted into the Vesicles after they are Impregnated in order to the Forma∣tion of the Foetus.

The seat of the generation of Seminal Liquor in Women as well as Men, are numerous Minute Glands, (encompassing the Vesicles of the Ovaries) into which the extremities of all Vessels are implanted, Viz. of the Prepa∣ring Arteries, and Veins, and of the Nerves and Lymphaeducts, which render the Glands Colatories of the Vital and Nervous Liquor, which are brought into the Parenchyma of the Glands (by the Arteries and Nerves) where∣in a separation being made of the more proper Particles for the generation of Seeds, the more unprofitable are reconveyed by the Veins and Lymphaeducts.

The principles productive of Seminal Liquor in the Glands belonging to the Ovaries of Women are the more mild Albugineous parts of the Blood and the more select parts of Succus Nutricius, which being highly impreg∣nated with Volatil and Spirituous Particles of Nervous Juice, do associ∣ate with and exalt the more soft and Chrystalline humour of the Blood; So that the Seminal Liquor consisting of different Elements of Vital and Ner∣vous Liquor, are endued with Fermentative Particles, by which they are ren∣dred fit for the procreation of Seed.

These Elements of Blood and Nervous Liquor passing through the Cortex and Medullary processes of the Brain, and the bony Cartilaginous, Membra∣nous and Muscular parts of the whole Body, that they might impart to them Life, Sense, and Nourishment, do borrow from them their likeness, and communicate the same Images to the Seminal Liquor (produced in the Glands, and transmitted to the Vesicles) whereupon it is affected with a Plastick vertue productive of the several Liquors and more solid Integrals of the whole Body.

The Seed of Women is different in temper and qualities from that of Man, by reason it hath its propagation from Blood and Nervous Liquor which are more cold and moist in the Female than Male, whereupon the first principles of the Semen being of a meaner nature in Women, the Seed it self will follow their constitution, which is more Crude and watry, as less Concocted by a more faint heat, working upon lower principles of Vital and Nervous Juice.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Diseases of the Womb, and their Cures.

THe Womb being a noble Utensil, framed by Nature for the propaga∣tion of Mankind, is liable to many Diseases, various kinds of Swel∣lings, Abscesses, Ulcers, Gangrens, Cancers, &c.

The first Tumour I will treat of is an Inflamation, proceeding from too great a quantity of Blood, or from the grosness of it, derived from thick unassimilated Chyme, associated with Vital Liquor, impelled through the Hypogastrick and Spermatick Arteries into the substance of the Womb, in which it Stagnates, by reason the Extremities of the Hypogastrick and Sper∣matick Veins, being very small, are not able to give a reception to the ex∣uberant and gross Blood, producing a great heat and beating pain in the womb, which is more inward in the body of it; and if the Vagina be af∣fected, the outward Orifice may be discerned to be tumefied and red, as be∣set with divers turgid small Veins resembling Cobwebbs; and the Inflama∣tion of the Body and Neck of the Womb, is ever attended with a Sympto∣matick Fever.

In order to the Cure of this Disease after an Emollient Clyster hath been administred, Bleeding is to be celebrated in the Arm, to divert the course of the Blood from the womb, and for derivation of the Blood to the neigh∣bouring parts, Cupping-glasses may be applied under the Breasts and to the Loins.

In Cachochymick Bodies gentle Lenitives may be given, as Syrup of Peach-flowers, Cassia, Tamarinds, Syrup of Roses-Solutiv. Violets, Cichory with Rhubarb. The Lenitive Electuary, &c. and strong Purgatives must be forborn, lest the Flux of the Menstrua be provoked and the Vitious humours have a violent recourse to the womb, whereupon strong Vomitories are dan∣gerous, as making a great agitation of humours whereby the inflamed womb is highly discomposed.

Alterative and Cooling Medicines are very proper to give an allay to the high Effervescence of the Blood in reference to the Fever; and in want of Rest dormitive Potions may be safely advised, as giving repose and a check to the Inflamation.

This course of Physick proved very successful to the wife of a Captain relating to one of the King's Ships, who had a pain in her Groin and Back, accompanied with a Symptomatick Fever and other symptoms belonging to the Inflamation of the womb.

The Patient had been first treated Emperically by a Man-Midwife well versed in his own Profession, but ignorant in the practice of Physick, who first gave her a strong Vomit, which highly irritated the sharp humours, and ap∣plied Leeches to the Haemorrhoides, making a greater Flux of Blood to the parts affected, whereby the Inflamation and Fever grew higher, whereup∣on I thought it proper to draw Blood from the Ʋterus by opening a Vein above in the Arm, and also by advising Cooling and Atemperating Deco∣ctions, allaying the unkindly Fermentation of the Blood, and by prescribing proper Medicines to be injected into the Vagina Uteri; and Cataplasms may

be applied made of Purslain, Endive, Plantain, Night-shade, Water-Lil∣lies, and Vine-leaves: This method of Physick gave ease and recovered this sick Patient, who hath lived many years in health since she hath been resto∣red by the mercy of the Great Physician.

Sometimes the womb is affected in the Neck, and other times in the Body of it with a hard indolent Tumour, proceeding from gross Chymous Blood, imported by the Hypogastrick and Spermatick Arteries into the substance of the womb, where the Chymous Particles not assimilated into Vital Liquor, are concreted by Saline Particles into a hard Swelling, commonly called a Scirrhus.

A Saleman's wife being much aggrieved with a Tumor in the Vagina Uteri, easily discerned by the Finger of an Artist immitted into it, was Cured by alterative and purging Diet-drinks, cleasing and sweetning the Blood, and by Emollient Decoctions injected into the Vagina Uteri, which abated, and by degrees took away the hard Swelling.

The womb is also obnoxious to a Carnous Swelling, mixed with a quan∣tity of ill humours lodged in the body of the Uterus, between its Mem∣branes.

An Instance of this disaffection may be given in a Plump Woman about forty years old, who felt a great weight in the Hypogastrick Region, wherein after Death a great fleshy Tumor (upon a deep Incision made into the Cavity of the Abdomen) was discovered in the substance of the womb, which was accompanied with thick Membranes, Tendons, and other diffe∣rent Substances, lodged not in the Cavity, but in the Interstices of the Membranes encircling the body of the Ʋterus.

The Uterus is also liable to Abscesses and Ulcers, from a quantity of Blood lodged in the inward Substance upon the laceration of the Vessels in Women over-lifting themselves by taking up some great weight beyond their strength, whereupon a great quantity of Blood is setled in the Glandulous parts of the womb, first producing an Inflamation, and afterward an Ab∣scess terminating into an Ulcer, (which sometimes Corrodes the womb and neighbouring parts) which is easily known by a Purulent Faetide Matter, inflicting great pains on the tender Compage of the womb, which is after∣ward Excerned by the Vagina Ʋteri.

A Semstress in taking up a great weight, found something as it were to crack within her, whereupon she was sensible of a high pain about the Loins, with a great heat about the Hypogastrick Region, and after some time she avoided a quantity of Faetide discoloured Matter through the Vagina Uteri; and two or three Months after she discharged the same Matter through the Anus; This Disease got a great head, as being a sordid inveterate Ulcer, before she sent to me for my Advice, which I gave to her, gratis, as being a Woman of a mean Condition, and attempted by all probable means to re∣lieve her, but without success; so that at last she concluded her miserable Life in a comfortable Departure, as being a Person of great vertue and pa∣tience.

And afterward she being opened by a good Chyrurgeon, the posterior part of her Womb was highly Ulcered, and its substance corrupted, and the In∣testinum Rectum adjoyning to it was rendred Putrid, having a great hole in it, through which the stinking corrupt Matter was discharged through the Anus, which was formerly Excerned through the Vagina Uteri.

An Ulcer of the womb is sometimes produced by strong Purgatives en∣raging the Acrimonious humors of the Body, which having recourse to the Uterus, do produce an Ulcer in it.

A Gentlewoman, my worthy Friend, having her Courses suppressed, had sharp Medicines given her by a Midwife, which highly disaffected the Ute∣rus, whereupon she discharged a thick Purulent Sanious Matter, which highly tortured her, in its evacuation through the tender passage, relating to the neck of the womb, as composed of many Filaments: In order to allay this great Storm in the Uterus, caused by improper Medicines, advised by an ignorant Person; I prescribed Medicines of Sarsa Parilla, and Cooling Alteratives, which attempered and sweetned the enraged sharp Humors; and I also advised Cooling and Restringent Decoctions to be injected into the Vagina Ʋteri, which gave her Ease, and perfectly restored her to her Health. Laus Deo.

Sometimes the Womb laboureth with a Gangreen the unhappy consequent of an Inflamation, arising from a Contusion, Lacerating the small Hypo∣gastrick or Spermatick Vessels, whereupon so great a quantity of Blood is lodged in the Glandulous substance of the womb, that the natural heat of the womb is Suffocated, as being oppressed with too exuberant a pro∣portion of Extravasated Blood, which could not be turned into Pus, whence ensueth a Gangreen speaking sudden Death to the Patient.

Learned Thomas Bartholine giveth an Account of this sad Disease, Cent. 2. Observ. 28. Faemina Veneta an. 40, an. 1645, ex casu quodam dolores Uteri acerbissimos passa est, adeo{que} graves, ut ipsam se tunderet, mille{que} modis affli∣geret: frustra omnibus adhibitis auxiliis, causa latente, septimo die dolores cum vita cessarunt.

Cadaver apertum statim dolorum causas prodidit, Ʋterus quippe capitis pue∣rilis magnitudine in tumorem carnosum degeneraverat, Gragraenosum sine exulce∣ratione, ut discissus Pilam aemularetur Carnosam: Cavitas angusta vix aureum numerum ••episset plenum Concreto sanguine: Praeterea omentum Ligamenti vicem sustinens firmissime externo Uteri fundo, alligatum erat, à quo sursum tracto do∣lores forsan aborti.

A Cancer sometimes assaults the womb, derived from a high Scorbutick Indispostion, infecting the mass of Blood with a Venenate Nature, which being carried by the Uterine Arteries into the Glands of the womb, pro∣duceth a hard painful Tumor, ending sometimes in a fordid Ulcer, Corro∣ding the Membranes encompassing the bosom of the womb.

Sometimes in an ill Constitution of Body abounding with hot and acide Recrements, degenerating into a corroding poysonous Disposition, upon a suppression of the Menstrua, an Inflamation first ariseth, and afterward a sordid Faetide Carnous Ulcer of the womb, attended with a great pain and an evacuation of stinking Matter, thrown out by the Vagina Uteri, which is rendred Carnous.

Fabritius Hildanus giveth a memorable Instance of this case, in a Person of Honour, C. 2. Obs. 63.

An. 1586, Cum nobilis quaedam Matrona Lausannae suppressione mensium tri∣mestri spatio laborasset, tandem exortus est dolor & inflammatio partium genita∣lium: Morbo propter verecundiam neglecto, abscessus & ulcus in collo Matricis sequutum est, cui multa abs{que} fructu à variis adhibita fuere: Biennio post cum D. D. J. Auberto Vindone, ut de curatione instituenda consultaremus vocatus fui. Adhibito Matricis speculo, ulcus Callosum, Faetidum, inaequale lividum{que} & ut verbo dicam, Cancrosum, invenimus, quod minime nobis tangendum Judica∣vimus.

Vocatus postea Empiricus mira pollicitus est, sed adhibitis medicamentis acribus auctus est dolor, aucta & Febris, Inflammatio, Vigiliae, cibi Fastidium & Syncope, ut deinde paucos post dies è vita discederet, accersitus denuo cum dicto Medico, dissecaremus cadaver, totum collum Matricis, plane Cancrosum & exulceratum offendimus.

The Womb also, as well as the Liver, Bladder of Gall, and other parts of the Body is infested with Stones, proceeding from the Serous parts of the Blood, (ousing out of the secret Pores of the inward Coat of the womb) impregnated with Saline, and mixed with Earthy parts, which are concreted into Stones lodged in the Cavity of the Uterus.

The womb also is incident to a Dropsy, derived from Serous Recrements of the Blood, passing down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and after∣ward through the Hypogastrick and Spermatick Arteries into the Glandulous substance of the womb, wherein the watry humours being severed from the Blood, are carried in a large quantity by degrees through the secret passages of the inward Coat into the Cavity of the womb, whereupon it groweth much distended, called vulgarly a Dropsy of the womb.

A German Emperess being afflicted with divers disaffections of the womb, did complain of a great weight about the Share-bone, as if she had been with Child, and after Death her Body being opened; her Womb was discovered to be highly Tumefied, into which an Incision being made, a great quan∣tity of gross Faeculencies gushed out, and about its sides and body appeared many Tumours, consisting of a white mucous Matter, resembling Nervous concreted Liquor.

Crucius de Quaesitis Cent. 1. p. 21. giveth the more full History of this Case August. Imperatrix. M. omnia signa verae gestationis tribus fere annis ante obitum habuit, ut omnes Doctissimos Medicos, & expertissimas Mulieres decepe∣rit us{que} ad nonum mensem, cum motus non ita fortis, ut par esse videbatur, de∣sideraretur, & lac in mamillis, quibus de causis post decimum exactum mensem, licet optima si qua alias frueretur valetudine, ad sanguinis missionem (ipsa qui∣dem invitissima, cum omnino crederet se gestare) & ad alia oportuna remedia de∣ventum sit, sicut & reliquo tempore cum doloribus ventris per plures dies torqueretur, & aliis Symptomatibus quibus pro necessitate varia Medicamenta fuerunt praescripta us{que} fert ad secundum annum, quo tempore à pluribus communicatis consiliis ad for∣tiora Medicamenta, pro mali expulsione properavimus, demum serenissima Augusta, jam ab anno ante obitum satis manifestam corporis maciem, excepto ventre, excepit, cum alias esset satis pinguis: Post istam corporis maciem, & pulcherrimae figurae jacturam, frequentibus Lypothymiis, laboravit, ventris doloribus, Uteri affecti∣bus, gravitate circa pubem, mensium suppressione, stomachi torsionibus & Car∣dialgia, Convulsionibus plerum{que} & aliis symptomatibus fuit saepe correpta, una cum vomitu frequentiore materiae phlematicae & biliosae; & hujus per unum aut alterum mensem ante obitum, post magna animi deliquia, post magnum Stomachi ardorem, & inexplebilem sitim, per vomitum ad libras fere quindecem pluribus vicibus fuisse rejectas referunt; mensium suppressionem passa diu fuit.

Hujus defunctae aperto thorace, Pulmones reperti flaccidi & semiputridi, ac sanguine atro referti: in Cordis Ventriculo dextro repertum fuit corpus Glandu∣losum separatum omnino à circumstante substantia Cordis, oblongum ad ovi co∣lumbini longioris Crassitiem, foris obductum pinguedine, intus vero contineba∣tur sua Membrana Glandulosa substantia alba satis & mollis; reliquam capa∣citatem Ventriculorum occupabat sanguis ater Concretus ad uncias quatuor: Sep∣tum transversum sublividum erat, & quasi totum corrosum: Fellis Vesicula satis magna erat, cum multa bile, & duobus Lapillis durae & Tartareae substantiae,

qui casu confracti splendebant: Unus superabat magnitudinem ciceris, alter aequa∣bat, Hepar erat satis magnum, coloris subrubri, aut potius livescentis: Lien erat satis magnus, sed substantia naturalis erat: Per ejus vero longitudinem substernebatur Vesicula plena humore flavo, crasso; Intestina naturaliter se ha∣bebant, sed Mesenterium fere totum computrescens visebatur; & quasi Succubus cum longo collo Utero incumbens, oppletus magna copia Phlegmatis Crassissimi, Lividi, non valde faetentis, quod etiam totam regionem hepatis, & latus dex∣trum Offarciebat; Cavitas Abdominis etiam oppleta humore ichoroso flavo, qui una cum supradicto Phlegmate ascendit ad Lib. 24. Uterus vero erat valde mag∣nus, plenus humore Crassissimo, albo: Circa ejus latera & corpus, substantiae ejus adhaerebant quin{que} corpora satis magna, ex substantia quadam Mucosa Ner∣veam materiam referente, valde Concreta & satis solida, ita ut Complicationes Nervorum viderentur habere: In Uteri vero capacitate, inter dictam materiam, & humorem Crassissimum innatabat, ut ita dicam, quaedam substantia alba Nerve∣am materiam albam referens & similis supra dictis quin{que} Corporibus.

In this case are recited many sad Symptoms of Convulsive motions of the Stomach, and great Gripes of the Belly, and fainting Fits, attended with violent Vomitings, the plain expresses of different parts disaffected, proce∣ding primarily from obstructions of the womb, hindring the Flux of the Menstrua, which tainted the mass of Blood and Nervous Liquor, and spoiled the Ferments of the Stomach and Guts, as mixed with sharp acide Recre∣ments, causing Convulsions and Vomitings in the Stomach, and great pains of the Guts; whereupon the Chyle being ill Concocted, and gross, could not be assimilated into Blood, which passing through the Ventricles of the Heart, was Concreted into a Polypus, whence frequent Lypothymies did arise from the gross Blood ready to Stagnate in the chambers of the Heart, and the Lungs grew Flaccide, and ready to be Putrefied upon sharp Corroding humors, and the Liver was despoiled of its native Array, and put on a mourning deep Purple or Livide Colour, caused by a vitiated mass of Blood; upon the same account the Midriff grew discoloured, and Coa∣ted with a Livide hue, and last of all, the Blood accompanied with gross Chyme, had a recourse to the womb by the Hypogastrick and Spermatick Arteries, which carried the unassimilated Chyme into the substance of the womb, where the Menses being stopped, the gross Serous and Chymous Liquor being Concreted, did Tumefy the Uterus and parts adjacent, where∣upon divers Protuberancies did arise, and the more thin parts of the Chy∣mous and Crystalline liquors of the Blood being Secerned from it in the Ute∣rine Glands, did insinuate through the secret Ducts of the inward Coat in∣to the Cavity of the womb, where it being extravasated, grew more thick, and as it were Concreted, and being much in quantity, did highly distend the womb, causing a Dropsy in it.

Many of the Antients had a fancy that the womb doth very much ascend above its natural Sphaere in Hysterick Fits or Suffocations of the womb, at∣tended as they conceived, with violent Convulsive Motions, of which the Mesenterick Plexes, the Pancreas, Stomach, Intestines, are guilty, and not the Uterus.

And I cannot gain so much upon my self as to believe the Uterus to climb up to the Hypocondres; Though Hypocrates did affirm that a dry womb was elevated to the Liver the Fountain of a select Liquor. And Fernelius doth back this Opinion with his Suffrage, asserting, That he hath discerned by his touch, that the womb was carried up toward the Stomach, where it appeared like a small Globe, which I conceive, was a round Tumor of the

Mesentery, proceeding from the Convulsive Motions of the Mesenterick Plexes of Nerves, and not from the extravagant motion of the Womb, which hath not the liberty of playing upward, as affixed to its proper station of the lower Region of the Hypogastrium, by the mediation of the round and broad Ligaments; As also tied to the Intestinum Rectum, Bladder of Urine, and Pudendum, by the Interposition of the Vagina.

Again, it may be farther urged that the Uterus is not capable of extend∣ing it self so high as the Stomach, by reason of its small Dimensions, which do not exceed the bigness of a Goose Egg, or thereabouts, and can by no means, when the Body is opened by Dissection, be forced up by strength of the Hand to reach to the Midriff, as some imagine it to ascend in Hy∣sterick disaffections. And in opened Bodies, the Globe which is felt about the Stomach or Navil, is not the Womb nor the Testicles or deferent Ves∣sels; which Learned Riolan conceiveth to be swelled with putrefying Seed, whereupon the Ovaries and Tubes are hurried up and down with impetuous motions: But my apprehension is, That this Orbicular swelling is derived either from some malignant Vapour affecting the Nerves and Membranes of the Mesentery, or from great distention of the Intestines, caused by some high Flatus puffing them up.

And farther, I humbly conceive, That many Convulsive Motions and Hysterick Fits are attributed to the Pancreas, as proceeding from its Vitiated Juice; which Hypothesis Learned Sylvius seemeth to assert, which highly opposeth Autopsy, by reason many persons labouring with these sad Di∣stempers, are no ways guilty of any Disease belonging to the Pancreas or its ill-affected Liquor; of which Learned Diemerbroeck giveth an account, Lib. 1. Anatomes, Cap. 24. p. 236. Ait ille, Hic obiter notandum, quod Fr. de le Böe Sylvius modo dictam Hystericae Suffocationis causam non agnoscat, sed longe aliam commentus sit, scilicet succi Pancreatici peculiare vitium, & ab eo Hy∣sterica symptomata modo dicta suscitari doceat sic{que} hac de re Dogmata omnium antiquorum satis animose rejiciat, uterum{que} & partes spermaticas à talium Symp∣tomatum inductione humaniter excuset. Verum etsi multoties symptomata quaedam, cum hystericis aliquibus symptomatibus quasi similitudinem aliquam habentia, vi∣tio quodam Succi Pancreatici induci posse negare nolim (quamvis attenta obser∣vatione satis ab his distingui queant) ea{que} ego ipsemet subinde, in viris non mi∣nus quam in faeminis, animadverterim, tamen super hac re Misellum Pancreas semper accusare, nimis durum ac iniquum videtur, cum à me aliis{que} instituta ca∣daverum Mulierum Sectio multoties docuerit, Pancreas ab Hystericis affectioni∣bus prorsus insons extitisse, optime{que} valuisse, at{que} interea in testibus, modo valde tumidis (interdum alterutrum, raro utrum{que} ad semi ovi magnitudinem intumu∣isse, demonstravimus) modo male coloratis, virulento{que} liquore repletis, tanto∣rum symptomatum causam latuisse.

Whereupon it may be inferred with good reason, That Hysterick Fits cannot be derived from the disaffections of the Pancreas and its Liquor, but from indispositions of the obstructed Uterus in suppressed Menstruous Purga∣tions, and from the Vesicles of the Testicles or Ovaries, Turgid with too great a quantity, or from ill qualified Seminal Liquor which is most frequent in Hysterical distempers, accompanied with violent Convulsive Motions.

CHAP. XXIV. Of the Diseases of the Testicles or Ovaries of Women.

THe Ovaries of Women being composed of many Parts, Arteries Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, Glands, and Vesicles full of Seminal Liquor, are capable of as many Diseases as Parts.

This rare System being in its own nature of small Dimensions, is some∣times highly Tumefied and so disguised by the strange alteration of its Glan∣dulous Substance and Seminal Vesicles, that it is turned into a Mole con∣sisting of divers Concreted Substances; some being Clammy and Gluti∣nous, others resembling Milk Coagulated; in some places Vesicles appeared full of clear watry Substances, other Parts were Cartilaginous and Bony. Learned Bonnetus giveth an instance of this case, Anatom. Pract. Lib. 3. Sect. 21. p. 1145, 1146. Anno (Ait ille) 1675, 18. Decembris. Cadaver puellae 14. circiter annorum, cui nomen Magd. Croesen, cultro nostro exposuit Vir Celeb. D. Vischerus. Ante menses 18. incepit laborare ventris intumescentia, sensim in intio, ast ultimis mensibus subito augmentata: decubuerat ante annos decem periculose, ad Septimanas 13. per aliquot dies vocem nullam edens.

Aperto ventre offerebat se omentum, ante undi{que} moli cuidam insigni totum ven∣trem occupanti, superius connatum, vasis insignibus mire scatens: Omento hoc dissecto, molem illam, mobilem omnino è corpore auferre annitebamur, ast obstitit arctissima ejus copula parte inferiore cum vasis Spermaticis, uteri{que} tuba dextra: His vero dissectis eam integram tabulae imponere licebat; Tuba haec loco illo toto qui inter fundum Uteri, & Molem hanc interjectus, octo ad minimum digitorum transversorum longitudinem habens, exilis valde, vix straminis crassitiem ha∣bens, angustior multo sinistra, cui testiculus adsitus bonae notae, qui in hoc latere affecto desiderabatur: Molem hanc dissectam ex plurimis colore, figura, consisten∣tia, toto genere diversis particulis, majoribus, minoribus compositam inveniebamus: Vesiculae hic erant multae, quarum quaedam materiam continebant aqueam, cla∣ram, tenuem; aliae subrubram, viscidam, Glutinosam, Concretae variae quasi Parenchymaticae, quarum tamen plurimis Cartilagineae, aliae Permixtae: Cavitates aderant innumerae substantiae Cartilaginosae insculptae, quae apertae pinguem quan∣do{que} medullarem, cerebro simillimam materiam exhibebant: Nonnullae lacti Coa∣gulato, modo consistenti modo granuloso admodum, modo instar stercoris Gallinacei albidioris, fluxili omnino: At quod omnium admirationem movebat, summa erat variis locis durities, non Cartilaginea, sed omnino ossea, adeo ut ne cultro quidem dividi potuerit: Nec tantum substantia hac per totam massam dispersa, sic ut variis locis particula talis se exhiberet, verum continua occurrebat non uno loco, im∣primis circa posteriorem molis partem, imo offerebant se particulae variae, in qui∣bus diversis locis pilorum saepius sat longorum, notabilis copia: vasa totam mas∣sam curioso spectaculo pererrabant, partim ab omenti vasis, partim ab iis quae Testis sunt, procedentia, Hepar ubi{que} lateri dorso{que} filamentorum ope adhaerebat, inferiore sui parte Tumefactum ac suppuratum: Lien, Ventriculus, Renes, Ve∣sica, bene se habebant.

This admirable case relating to the right Ovary, is not one, but a compli∣cation of many Diseases derived from a quantity of Seminal Liquor, con∣sisting of many distempered humors flowing from a depraved mass of Blood

and Chyme, carried by the Spermatick Arteries into the Glands and Vesicles of Seminal Juice belonging to the right Testicle, whereupon it grew very much Tumefied, and so disfigured, that the Author calleth it a Lump fast∣ned to the preparing Vessels and the right Tube, which can be nothing pro∣bably but the right Testicle (situated and connected to the said Vessels) highly swelled by a congestion of divers Substances, made up of a mucila∣ginous clammy Matter, accompanied with a substance like Coagulated Milk and the medullary substance of the Brain, which I conceive, proceeded from the serous parts of the Blood, mixed with a gross unassimilated Chyme, Con∣creted in the Glands of the Ovary.

This Glutinous Coagulated Matter, was associated with a Cartilaginous and Bony Substance, which was formed by the Seminal Liquor of the Testi∣cle, consisting of saline and earthly Particles, Concreting the Genital Juice into these solid substances by reason of its various nature, propagated from all parts of the Body in order to the formation of the Foetus.

The Ovaries are liable to many Diseases (to several sorts of Tumors pro∣ceeding from variety of humors) as Inflamations, Abscesses, Ulcers, Gan∣greens, Dropsies, Steatomes, Atheromes, &c.

Inflamations of the Testicles proceed from a quantity of Blood, or as of∣fending in grosness, imported into the Glands and Membranes of the Ova∣ries by the Spermatick Arteries; So that the Extremities of the Veins were not able to recovey it toward the Vena Cava, whereupon the Testicles grow first Tumefied, and afterward the Stagnant Serous, or Nutricius part of the Blood is turned in a purulent Matter, productive of an Abscess, which at last dischargeth it self in an Ulcer by breaking the walls of the Testicles, by throwing off the putrid Matter of the Ovaries into the cavity of the Abdo∣men; an inveterate Ulcer derived from malignant putrid Matter, degenerates into a Gangreen, manifested in a black humor contained in, and discolouring the Vesicles of the Ovaries.

Of this case Learned Riverius giveth an instance, Cent. 1. Observ. 60. Vi∣dua Dn. de Seielori, affectibus hystericis valde obnoxia, subito concidit in terram exanimis: Aperto Cadavere, inventus est Testiculus sinister Exigui Ovi magnitu∣dinem aequans, colore nigricante, eo{que} aperto substantia illius spongiosa nigra & veluti grangraena affecta visa est, &c.

An Inflamation of the Ovaries proceeding from a fulness of Blood in a Plethorick Constitution, doth denote Bleeding with a free hand, as also Emulsions of the Cooling Seeds, Ptisanes, Apozemes made of Cooling Herbs contemperating the hot mass of Blood.

In reference to Abscesses and Ulcers, Vulnerary Drinks may be advised made of China, Sarsa Parilla, Sassafras, Lignum Sanctum, Pilosella Major, Prunella, Ladies Mantle, &c.

Another Disease relating to the Ovaries, may be called a Dropsie, coming from a watry mass of Blood (in ill habits of body, carried by the preparing Arteries into the Glandulous and Membranous substance of the Ovary, where∣upon the Serous Recrements of the Blood being in some degree Secerned from Purple Liquor, are transmitted by secret passages of the Membranes into the Cavity of the Vesicles, wherein these watry Particles embody with and vi∣tiate the Seminal Liquor; whereupon the Vesicles grow much enlarged by reason of the access of the Limpide Serous Liquor, and thereupon are ren∣dred Hydropick.

This case I saw in a Hanged Woman Dissected in the Theatre belonging to the Colledg of Physicians in London, who had one Testicle very much

distended, as having its Vesicles rendred big with a quantity of excrementi∣tious watry Particles, making its dimensions far exceed the due limits of Nature.

The Hydropick disaffection of the Vesicles relating to the Ovaries, doth indicate gentle Hydragogues, purging the watry recrements of the Blood, as also gentle Diureticks and drying Apozemes of China, Guaicum, Sassafras, mixed with Pine, Firre, Watercresses, Brook-Lime, &c. as also Medicines prepared with Steel.

The Testicles of Women are also obnoxious to Steatomes and Atheromes, which take their rise, as I conceive, from the Chymous and Serous parts of the Blood conveyed into the Glandulous and Membranous parts of the Ovaries, and thence by their Minute Pores, into the Cavities of the Vesi∣cles, wherein the said Chymous and Serous parts are Concreted into a thick Substance, resembling sometimes a fatty, and othertimes a Pultaceous Matter.

Bonnetus giveth a History of this case, Anatom. Pract. Lib. 3. Sect. 33. Obs∣quarta. Ait ille, Puella quaedam ante pluris annos corrupta à Veneris usu forte diu abstinuit. Varia affectionis Hystericae Symptomata sensim successerunt: Tan∣dem immanes in Hypogastrio dolores, Tumores duri, Vagi, nucis referentes, im∣primis dextrorsum, nullis pacandi medelis pullularunt: Die 3. Octobris accersi∣tus, tabidam inveni decumbentem, tumidum ostendebat crus dextrum, vestigia comprimentis digiti circa malleolum retinens, sinistro quod prius intumuerat, ex∣treme emaciato: Inflatum etiam erat Abdomen, obliteratis prioribus extuberantiis, Sceleton dixisses: Die septimo Octobris Anni 1660, Circa horam quartam matu∣tinam, Annos quadraginta novem nata obiit.

Aperto Cadavere, Hepatis convexum, Intestina crassa, Livida & Grangrae∣nosa apparuerunt, in durato Stercore plena Vasa Spermatica preparantia Semine Albugineo, Viscido, Subcaeruleo plena erant: Testes, Uteri Tubae, Vasa defe∣rentia Vesicae Seminales, omnes inquam illae partes Semine inflatae mirum in mo∣dum turgebant, ita ut in quibusdam incoctum, in aliis omnino excoctum, cras∣sum Album & Naturale in aliis situ ita induratum esset ut Steatoma referret.

This Learned Author giveth not only a History of the Ovaries clogged with an Indurated Seminal Liquor, producing a Steatome, but also of a Com∣plication of Diseases appertaining to the parts of Generation, as the prepa∣ring Vessels stuffed with a white viscide and blewish Seed, and the Tubes or Deferent Vessels were overcharged with it.

Sometimes the Ovaries, the Preparing and Deferent Vessels are rendred Turgid, with a highly Concreted Liquor (in Gypseam duritiem Coagulato) resembling Plaister by reason of its hard Consistence, which is attended with violent Hysterick Fits, and a great Delirium.

The Lady of a Person of Honour was highly afflicted with great Suffo∣cations of the Womb, and high Convulsive Motions, much discomposing the Brain, as accompanied with a Delirium, and Death.

And afterward her Body being opened, the Organs of Generation were highly disaffected, so that the Testicles and the Spermatick Vessels and Tubes of the Womb, were discovered to be overburdened with a Seminal Liquor, in Gypseam soliditatem Concreto, which I conceive, proceeded from some Chy∣mous and Serous parts of the Blood (confederated with the Seed) as con∣sisting of saline and earthy Atomes, cemented with viscide Matter.

CHAP. XXV. Of the Principles and Manner of Generation.

THe Omnipotent Creator out of a generous diffusive Principle of doing Good, in Communicating himself to another, hath made Man ori∣ginally like himself, by imprinting on him a divine Character of his own Image, and hath not only enobled Man in Creating him like himself, but hath endued him with a Communicative Nature in giving him an Appetite and power to procreate his own Image in begetting somewhat like himself, in imparting his Being to another, wherein he becometh Aemulous of Eternity by Propagation, in perpetuating his Essence to his Progeny in a continued Series of Generation, which could not be accomplished by Man alone; whereupon the All-wise Agent out of kindness to him, made Wo∣man as a fit help for him, not only for Converse, but Enjoyment too, to Compensate the death of one by the propagation of another, which is ef∣fected by choice Liquors proceeding from both Sex mutually associating and assisting with various Fermentative Elements exalting and serving each other as efficient and material Causes, cooperating in mutual embraces, ministerial to the conception and formation of a Foetus.

The chief Seminal Liquor is that of Man's, which is white and frothy, (impregnated with Spirituous and Volatile Saline Particles) proceeding from Blood impelled by the terminations of the Spermatick Arteries into the sub∣stance of the Testicles, wherein the more milde serous Particles of the Vi∣tal being embodied with the Nervous Liquor, and elaborated in the Pa∣renchyma of the Testicles, are afterward received into the Roots of Seminal Vessels, and from thence carried through the Parastats and deferent Vessels into the Seminal Vesicles and Prostats, as the receptacles of Genital Liquor.

This Seminal Liquor is compounded of two parts, the one thin and spi∣rituous, impregnated with Volatil Saline parts, and inspired with Animal Spirits, which are the efficient and Architectonick cause; the other parts of this Liquor are the material cause the more gross saline, sulphureous and earthy Particles, which do confine the more Spirituous and Volatil Atomes from quit∣ting the bounds of this choice Elixir.

The Seed of Woman is more cold, watry, and crude than Man's, as de∣rived from the crude Chymous and Serous parts of the Blood, (separated from the red Crassament in the Glandulous Substance of the Testicles,) wherein the Albugineous Particles of the Vital Liquor do associate with the Succus Nutricius, and compleat the body of the Seminal Liquor, which is highly exalted by the Animal Spirits, giving it fermentative dispositions; So that the Crystalline parts of the Blood being enobled by the association of the Nervous Juice ousing out of the termination of the Nerves in the Pa∣renchyma of the Glands, are received through the Pores of the Vesicles into their Cavities, where they are preserved as in safe Repositories, till they be∣come impregnated after Coition by the more Spirituous parts of Man's Semi∣nal Liquor, rendring it more exalted and fruitful.

Having given a short description of the Seminal Masculine and Faemi∣nine Liquor by themselves, I will now shew how they confederate with

each other upon Coition, which is performed after this manner, as I hum∣bly conceive, The Seed is rendred hot and spumous by the repeated agita∣tions of the Penis; whereupon it groweth thin and prurient, giving brisk Appulses upon the Seminal Receptacles, composed of Nervous Filaments (full of acute Sense) which draw the Carnous Fibres of the Seminal Vesi∣cles into Consent, causing them to contract the Cavities of their Cells with a kind of Convulsive Motions, squeesing out the Seminal Liquor out of their Receptacles through small Meatus into the Ʋrethra, and from thence into the Vagina Uteri (in time of Coition,) which being irritated by the heat of the Semen, doth contract its Bore caused by the fleshy Fibres, and force the Seminal Liquor through the inward Orifice and Neck into the bo∣som of the Womb, which being contracted through its fleshy Fibres, pro∣trudes the Semen into one of the Tubes, which then ascendeth through the Fimbria and Pores of the Membranes, relating to the Testicles and adjacent Vesicle of Seed, which is impregnated with the Spirituous parts of the Mas∣culine Liquor; whereupon the Egg hath its Coat first rendred Opace, and afterward encircled with a fleshy substance full of numerous Fibres, which being aggrieved by the swelled impregnated Egg, do contract themselves and propel it through the hole of the Testicles into the neighbouring Fim∣bria and Tube, into the bosom of the Womb.

Here some Curious Person may demand a reason how the Seminal Liquor can move upward (contrary to its natural inclination to descend as a heavy Body) from the Vagina Uteri (into which it is first injected out of the Pe∣nis,) through the Cavity of the Womb and Tube, into the Egg lodged in the Testicles? To which this may be humbly offered; That the Seed is carried upward not by its own instinct, but by proper Organs of fleshy Fibres sea∣ted in the Vagina Uteri and Membrane of the Womb and Tubes, which all contracting themselves one after another, do protrude the Genital Li∣quor by narrowing their several greater and less Cavities into the Vesicle of Albuminous Liquor lodged in the Ovary.

Another question may be propounded why the Seminal Juice is first in∣jected into the narrow confines of the Vagina Uteri, and not into the more open Cavity relating to the body of it? To which it may be replied, That the Vagina Uteri exceedeth the Penis in length; So that it cannot inject the Seed into the bosom of the Womb, which is wisely instituted by Nature, lest the length of the Penis should offer a violation to the inward Orifice of the Womb, which is so straight in Virgins, that it cannot admit the little Fin∣ger, and so closely shut up in impregnated Women, that it cannot receive a Probe. Again, If the Penis were endued with so great a length as to penetrate into the inward Orifice of the Womb, through this narrow passage, it would Lacerate the Capillary Blood-vessels seated in the mouth of the Womb, and produce a Flux of Blood, and cause an immediate Abor∣tion in great Bellied Women; whereupon it is wisely ordered by the grand Architect, that the Seminal Liquor should be first transmitted to the Vagina Uteri, and from thence through the Womb and Deferent Vessels into the Vesicle of Liquor placed in the Ovary, wherein the Masculine Liquor being embodied with that of the Female, is the cause of the first rudiment of Conception, appearing in the increase of the Egg encircled with a new Mem∣brane, to which a red Glandulous substance accresceth, which interceding the membrane of the impregnated Egg and other Vesicle, doth break the Ligaments by which they are conjoyned to each other; So that the parted Egg grow∣ing great, doth irritate the fleshy Fibres of the Glandulous substance (im∣muring

the Vesicles) to contract themselves and thrust the Egg through a narrow hole of the Testicle, dilated accordingly, into the neighbouring Fimbria the jagged Extremity of the adjacent Tube, through which the Im∣pregnated Seminal Vesicle is conveyed into the soft nest of the Womb to receive a greater improvement, made by the Vis 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which is made up of four powers.

The first Plastic or Formative power may be styled Distinctive, by which one part of the Genital Liquor is severed from another, in order to Forma∣tion, performed by Fermentation arising out of various Elements, of which most are Saline and Spirituous, and some Sulphureous and Earthy, exalted by Juice impregnated with Animal Spirits, destilling out of the terminations of the Nerves, which embodieth with the Serous part of the Blood, sever∣ed from its red Crassament in the Glandulous substance of the Womb. This fine mixture of Albuminous Matter of the Blood, is farther exalted with Nitroaereal Particles inspired with aethereal Atomes received with Breath into the Lungues, where they associate with the Vital Liquor, and are carried with it through the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle of the Heart, and from thence through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Hypoga∣strick and Spermatick Arteries into the Glandulous substance of the Womb, wherein the Serous Liquor of the Blood confederated with these Aethereal and airy Particles (derived from Inspiration) and Nervous Juice ousing out of the Nerves, is carried through the secret passages of the inward Coat of the Womb into its Cavity, and thence through the Pores of the Membrane en∣circling the Egg into its Albuminous Liquor, which is nourished and exal∣ted by the fermentative Matter acted with the Vital heat and imparted to the Seminal Juice of the Egg which is Colliquated, as endued with various active principles.

This select Elixir of the Egg lodged in the bosom of the Womb, is made up of various choice Liquors, the one Masculine, Colliquated by Motion in the Vesiculae Seminales, and thence transmitted by many stages into Al∣buminous Liquor of the Egg more and more exalted by the Uterine Fer∣ment composed of the serous part of the Blood and Nervous Liquor inspi∣red with aethereal and airy Atomes, which being endued with Elastick Par∣ticles, do insinuate themselves into the Compage and inward Recesses of the Albuminous Matter of the Egg, whose intestine motion is much impro∣ved by the Uterine Ferment, (making an expansive dispute) and highly promoted by its own disagreeing Elements founded in a mixture of both Seeds consisting of different Acides and Alcalies, of various Volatil, Saline, Sulphureous Serous, and eathy Particles, whereupon these Heterogeneous principles do make a great Effervescence, and endeavour by mutual disputes to subdue these different Particles; whereupon the Homogeneous parts do associate and preserve each other, and sever themselves from the Hete∣rogeneous: Hence ensueth the distinction of several parts of Seminal Li∣quor which first form the many similar Integrals of the Body; as Liquors, Membranes, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, Ligaments, Cartila∣ges and Bones.

The second kind of Plastick power belonging to the several parts of the Body, may be called Concretive, as the various particles of the Seminal Li∣quor are more or less indurated by different sorts of Concretion: Where∣upon some parts are rendred more or less solid as they participate different kinds of Salts, Concreting the several Atoms of Seminal Liquor: So that the more soft parts of the Body, as Membranes, Arteries, Veins, and Lym∣phaeducts,

are Concreted by more tender and friable Salts; whereas the Nerves, Ligaments, Cartilages and Bones, as they are more or less hard, are formed by different Concretions of more or less strong Salts, mixed with more or less earthy Particles.

If any shall make a strict enquiry into the manner of several Accretions relating to the Formation of different parts of the Body, they may be found not in pure Salts, but Compages made most of Salt variously mixed with other principles in small quantity; and soft parts partake somewhat of watry, mixed with a greater quantity of saline particles: So that in modelling the various Figures of the parts relating to the Body, the Spirituous Atoms do expatiate themselves sometimes in right, and othertimes in crooked and cir∣cular lines through the Saline Particles, rendring different Configurations of similar and dissimilar parts.

The Seminal Liquor having all parts of the Body actually contained in it, consisteth of several kinds of Salts, shooting themselves one after ano∣ther according to softer or harder Concretions, into different substances of more soft or solid consistence.

The Organick parts of the Body being a System composed of many si∣milar Integrals, are formed of a Seminal Liquor made up of divers parts impregnated with several Acides and Alcalies, and many Saline dispositions, by which the Seed being fluid in its primitive nature, is Concreted by the Architectonick Spirit into soft and hard parts of a more or less solid sub∣stance, making up the Viscera, Trunk and Limbs of the Body.

The third kind of Plastick Vertue belonging to Seminal Liquor, may be named an Assimilating Power, whereby the Foetus becometh like its Pa∣rents in the outward form of different parts, of which Great Hypocrates gi∣veth an account in his Book 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as deriving the cause of it from the diverse quality and quantity of Seminal Liquor of both Sexes commixt, the greater quantity and nobler quality of Masculine Seed maketh it resemble the Father, and the same proportion and qualification of Faeminine Liquor causeth the Embryo to be adorned with the likeness of the Mother: but I humbly conceive, with the leave of this Great Master of our Faculty, this may proceed from other more probable reasons, as the first and chief cause may be deduced from the Plastick Power seated in the more spirituous particles of the Seminal Liquor, which is the first natural Agent and Principle of the Formation of the Foetus, working upon the less active Particles of the mingled Seed, in which the innate Spirit, taking its rise and origen from their more thin and Volatil Saline and Sulphureous Particles (elaborated by the ambient heat of the Womb) is detained within the confines of more gross Particles, exalted by the more Spirituous, which are the primary ef∣ficient cause in the delineation of the parts, as giving them their first Rudi∣ments and External form both in the Formation of the Foetus in Man and other Animals.

This Architectonick Spirit containeth in a small quantity the Idaeas of all parts, relating to the whole Body, in order to their Formation; So that these Spirituous Plastick Seminal Atomes, assisted by the Uterine heat, do influence the gross and more dull mass of Seed, and thereby give it Fer∣mentative dispositions flowing from Elastick Particles of Air and Animal Spi∣rits impregnating the Seminal Matter, whence it receiveth Intestine Mo∣tion productive of the likeness of external Forms and Distinction of parts in the Foetus, resembling those of the Father and Mother.

The reason of this Plastick Assimilating Power, resident in the Seminal Matter, taketh its rise from the external forms and dispositions of all parts of the Body, as it is a select Extract of them made of the Vital and Animal Liquor as its first principles.

The Blood taketh its Perambulation through the Membranes, Ligaments, Cartilages, Bones, &c. and all other similar parts, as also the Viscera, Trunk and Limbs, to give them Life, Heat and Nourishment, as the Albugineous Particles of the Blood are received into the innumerable Pores of the Simi∣lar and Dissimilar parts (Compounded of them) into which they are assi∣milated and become the same with them by Accretion: The Serous parts not Assimilated having conversed with the parts of the whole Body in or∣der to Nutrition, do borrow their peculiar Disposition and Images, Portrai∣ctures of the whole Body, both in reference to the Face, Head, Trunk, Viscera, and Limbs; so that these Nutricious parts not Assimilated, having penetrated the inward Compage of the whole Body, do receive the Signature of their External Form, and are reconveyed back to the Heart, and from thence impelled through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Hypoga∣strick and preparing Arteries, into the substance of the Testicles, where the Albugineous Particles of the Blood (having received the Ideal impres∣sions of all parts) are severed from the red Crassament, and become one principle of the Seminal Matter: And the other is the finer part of the Nervous Liquor generated in the ambient parts of the Brain, made up of Cortical and Medullary Processes, and thence transmitted through all regi∣ons by the Fibres of it; and afterward some part of the Succus Nutricius is conveyed by the Par Vagum and its Branches; and other Animal Liquor is carried through the Fibrous parts of the Medulla Spinalis into the Verte∣bral Nerves, implanted into the Testicles, wherein the Nervous Liquor (sig∣ned with the Images of the Brain, Spinal Marrow and Nerves) doth em∣body with the Albuminous Matter of the Blood, signed with the Ideas of other parts, (through which it passes) constitutes the Seminal Liquors of both Sexes, which do mutually contribute to the formation and likeness of the Foetus.

The Seminal Ideas (as I humbly conceive) are Spirits modelled and confi∣gured by those parts from whence they derive their Emanation, after the manner of infinite subtile visible Rays, expressing the Colours and Images of those Bodies from whence they are reflected. In like manner some fine Atoms, as so many Effluxes coming out of the small particles of the Body, do affect the Spirituous part of the Vital and Nervous Liquor, the principles of Seminal Juice, by giving them the propriety and figures of the parts through which they pass.

These Ideal dispositions of Parts seated in the seed of Man and other Animals, do not exist as separate, but are coincident to every part of the Semen, and again expand themselves in the formation of an Embryo, not unlike many visible Rays of Light are coincident into one Looking-glass, which are so unfolded afterward, that the Eye can distinctly discern the figures and co∣lours of several visibles Objects. And from hence it is that every Particle of this Architectonick Spirit in the Seed hath a faculty of forming an Ani∣mal, by reason the Images of all parts are imprinted upon every particle of the Seminal Liquor; which is very conspicuous in Birds, by reason the seed of the Cock, which is very small in quantity, but great in vertue, being in∣jected in Coition, doth ascend into the Ovary, and impregnates every Egg come to maturity with a few Spirituous Particles, which being acted with Heat, are the efficient cause Delineating every part of the Chicken.

Here a great doubt may arise, how out of the Seed those parts can be formed, of which the Parents are destitute before the generation of Foetus, by reason no Architectonick Spirit can be derived from them, as having no existence in the nature of things: To which Learned Diemerbroeck giveth this answer, That the imagination of the Parent Compensates the defect of parts, by reason Women who have lost some Limb, do by a strong imagi∣nation make such impressions of Figures upon the Spirituous parts of the Seed, and thereupon have well formed Children in reference to all their parts, as well Modelled as if the Seed had been imprinted with the Images of those parts affecting the Albuminous particles of the Blood and Nervous Liquor, the principles of Genital Juice.

It is very evident how prevalent a strong Imagination hath been in Wo∣men with Child, which hath wrought wonderful effects of Shapes, Colours, which have proved very Monstrous in a Woman terrified with a horned Beast, which made such impression upon the Foetus, that he grew deformed by the accrescence of a Horn: And perfect Women in Shape and Limbs, have brought forth defective Children caused by deep thoughts and a fearful imagination, making ill impressions upon the Seminal Liquor.

But some inquisitive Person may ask a reason, how this strong Imagina∣tion can produce such strange effects by configuring the Seed, and make ad∣dition of things to the Foetus, which differ in their whole nature, as it ap∣peareth in the production of Monsters by strength of Imagination; which I humbly conceive, proceedeth after this manner: The Portraicture of vi∣sible Objects, or things (though not existent,) being constantly and deeply thought upon by Women with Child, do make an impression upon the Succus Nutricius in the Brain, which is afterward carried by the Par Vagum and Vertebral Nerves into the Testicles, where it meeteth with the Albu∣minous part of the Blood and giveth it the same Signature; whereupon these Elements of the Seed being configured by a powerful Imagination, do produce the same Ideas in the Foetus, and do supply the defect of Parts in those that want their Limbs, and communicate the Ideas of them to the Em∣brio by a potent Imagination, as if they really enjoyed them.

The fourth kind of Architectonick Power, resident in the spirituous particles of Seminal Liquor, giveth a due magnitude to the Integral parts; and a decent Conformation, which compreh••••deth first a con∣venient Figure, accommodated to celebrate the action of the Organ; Se∣condly, Cavities and Pores, obtaining their just number and magnitude: Thirdly, Its Conformation requireth a proper surface, as endued with such a smoothness and roughness as the nature of the part requireth. Fourthly, Conformation is affected with a due situation of parts, as they have a pro∣per place and connexion with the adjacent parts: So that the Plastick Power of the Seed doth constitute all parts in weight, number, and measure, and unity too, which aggree to similar and dissimilar parts, and dispose them in an excellent order of situation and production, in which the similar parts do claim the Primogeniture, as the Vital Liquor, Membranes, Veins, Ar∣teries, Ligaments, Cartilages, Bones, and afterward the Dissimilar parts in∣tegrated of the Similar, as the Viscera and Muscular parts.

The Impregnated Egg being excluded the Testicles, and sliding through the adjoyning Tube into the Cavity of the Womb, is closely immured within its inward Membrane (contracted by fleshy Fibres,) to enliven and cherish the Genital Liquor, which in a short time is encircled with a thick and fine Coat, and is altered and colliquated by the moist warmth of the Womb; So that

the more thin and Volatil Particles of the Masculine Seed insinuating in∣to the secret Pores of the more gross and fixed Particles of the Faeminine Liquor opens its Compage, and by an expansive motion of Spirituous and Elastick airy Particles, do set the Volatil Particles of the Faeminine Seed at liberty, whereupon the Seminal Liquor of both Sexes is united and put upon Fermentation.

The Plastick Vertue seated in the more thin and Spirituous Particles, doth first exert its operation in the more Colliquated and Crystalline part of the mixed Seminal Liquors; which being acted with Intestine motion, are Concreted here and there into various shapes, and hollowed into many greater and smaller Cavities, and so by degrees the Delineation of all parts of the Body is produced.

The Genital Liquor when well concocted in the Testicles, is thence conveyed by the Deferent Vessels into the Seminal Vesicles, wherein it being reposed a due time, acquireth a laudable consistence, and becometh fibrous as being made up of many white Filaments, which I humbly conceive, are the first rudiments constituting the parts of the Foetus.

In these fibres (which are the chief integrals of the Semen) being of a di∣verse disposition and configuration, as more or less solid, and as modelled in several shapes, the Plastick vertue is seated, and are the first stamina productive of the various parts of the Embryo.

The numerous Vessels, which are so many Tubes, framing the Compage of the Muscles and Viscera, are composed of these numerous Seminal Fibrils, which being united in a round figure with a concave surface, do make the Cy∣lindres of Arteries and Veins, containing the Vital Liquor; and the Nerves being systems of many Filaments (curiously lodged one within another, in which the Nervous Juice is conserved) are framed also of a company of these Seminal Fibrils, curiously conjoyned.

And some of these Filaments being impregnated with saline Particles, have a concretive power by which the Seminal Fibres are first made Membranous, and then Cartilaginous, and afterward Bony: So that I most humbly con∣ceive, That all the more or less solid parrs have these various Seminal Fila∣ments, (acted with different Salts) as so many rough draughts, out of which the Limbs of the whole body of the Embryo are delineated and finished by va∣rious saline Concretions.

And now I will endeavour to Explicate the order that Nature observeth in the Formation of Parts one after another, among which the Blood doth claim the priority, and is framed out of the most hot, spirituous, volatil, sulphureous, and saline parts of Colliquated Seminal Liquor. From this most prime and principal Particle the Vital Spirit, the innate heat is propaga∣ted to the whole Body, and from this choice Elixir of Life all other Liquors receive their birth and perfection.

This is that pure Vestal Flame, ever burning, and imparting Heat and Life in its perpetual motion through all the apartiments, relating to the state∣ly fabrick of Man's Body.

The Blood is first formed in the ambient parts of the Seminal Liquor, as most colliquated and inspired with attenuated and volatil Particles by the heat of the Womb, and is afterward carried from the circumference to the Center, and is generated before the Liver, Heart, or any Viscera are formed, and is carried first by Veins into the Punctum Saliens, and afterward by Arteries into all parts of the Colliquated Seed.

The Blood is first arayed with a white palish colour, and afterward is clothed in Scarlet, which proceedeth from Motion and Heat, giving the Blood a red tincture as by an Intestine Motion causing an Effervescence in it, as Fruits by long Coction acquire redness much resembling that of Blood, especially those that are pregnant with an abundant Succus Nu∣tricius.

And the rare method of Nature is very remarkable in the production of the different parts of the Body, wherein She beginneth with most moist and soft, as next a kin to the fluid Seminal Liquor, which is liquid, is best disposed for immediate formation of moist parts, whereupon the Vital liquor being Fluid, is first generated in the ambient parts of the Seminal Matter, as it is colliquated by the heat of the Uterus, and afterward transmitted into the more inward Recesses, when the Vein is formed as soft and membranous, and so is the first formed solid part, as having much affinity with the nature of Se∣minal Liquor.

CHAP. XXVI. Of the Generation of a humane Foetus.

THis most noble part the Blood, is first formed in the Seminal Liquor, by whose influence and irradiation of Spirits, The system of all parts belonging to Animals are first animated as by a Vital principle, much constituting them, and giving vigor and heat to the Seminal Liquor in re∣ference to the delineation of all Similar parts, successively produced, out of which all Organick, as the Viscera and Muscles are formed, which com∣pleat the Animal, and give it a power of augmentation, and nutrition, which is a kind of second and continued Generation, quoniam ex iisdem principiis animal nutritur, ex quibus generatur; and the Blood much assisteth the Genital Liquor in its Architectonick Spirit in distinguishing one part from another, and is that first Particle in which the Soul doth chiefly reside, the prime Au∣thor of Life, Sense, and Motion.

Some Professors of our Faculty do give the primogeniture to the Brain, Heart, and Liver, arising together out of three Bubles or Vesicles, but this Hy∣pothesis contradicteth Autopsy, which is clear to those that curiously have inspected the several Processes of the Generation of a Chicken, in which the prerogative of Primogeniture is due only to the Blood, whose rays first dawn in the outward circumference of the Albuminous Orb, and afterward diffuse themselves through all regions of it, which is evident, not only in an Egg, but in the first Conception of every Animal.

The Blood first generated in the ambient parts of the Seed, is carried by Veins into the center of it, where the red Point, or beating Vesicle is ge∣nerated, (the first rudiment of the Heart) from which many Fibres or Ca∣pillaries do proceed, the first origens of Arteries, and the roots of the Veins take their roots in the outward parts of the Seminal Liquor, wherein the Vital Liquor beginneth its motion toward the beating Vesicle, from whence it is impelled by Arteries into all parts of the Seminal Liquor.

The Vital Liquor may truly assume to it self the privilege of the first Genital Particle, because it appeareth first in the circumference of the Seed, before any Veins or beating Point can be discovered in the center of it, and it is very agreeable to reason, that the Blood should be generated before the Veins, beating Point, and Arteries, as the part contained is the princi∣pal, and therefore the first in the order of Nature, because the other parts are subservient to it, and are propagated, enlivened, cherished and nourished by it, as by a principle of Life and Heat; as also Intestine and Local Motion; and the beating Point, Sanguiducts, and Viscera, are so many Or∣gans ministerial to the motion and depuration of the Blood, which is the first Genital Part, and the beating Vesicle, its first instrument of motion, plainly visible in the first conception of all Animals, and appeareth less than a spark, lifted up and down according to the reception and exclusion of Blood, cau∣sed by Diastole and Systole, distending and narrowing the Ventricles of the Heart, and the Systole maketh the Pulsation produced by Contraction, causing a Vibration of the Heart, which is the same time imparted to all Arteries of the Body, commonly called the beating of them.

So that the first step or period in the Generation of a Foetus, is the Blood with its receptacles, The Punctum Saliens, The rough-draught of the Heart and Vessels, the Veins and Arteries; but the substance of the Heart, (consisting of two Auricles, Ventricles, and Cone, with Vessels and Fibres lodged in the Compage of it, is found in the third procedure of Generation.

The second period in the formation of an Embryo, is manifested in the production of a kind of Worm or Maggot, and as it groweth into a clammy substance, it seemeth to be divided into two parts, the upper is Orbicular, and seemeth to be distinguished into three Vesicles, the Brain, Cerebellum, and one of the Eyes.

Another part of this Mite (the first rudiment of the Body relating to a Foetus) resembleth the Keel of a Ship, and is a Superstructure leaning upon or accrescing to the Trunk of the Vena Cava all along its length; And in the formation of the Head, the Eyes first may be first discovered, and the De∣lineation of the Body is made immediately after, and out of the rough draught of the Spine the sides do arise (as those of the Ship are built upon the Keel) being formed of one similar substance adorned with white lines expressing Natures design of the Ribs, as the first rudiments of them; and out of the rudely Delineated Spine the Trunk doth grow, and afterward the Bones, Muscles, and Limbs, are distinguished into Joints.

These two rough Delineations of the Head and Body appear, and may be distinguished at the same time, and afterward when they receive greater de∣grees of increase and perfection, the Body doth far exceed the Head in di∣mensions.

In the first formation of the Trunk there is a great disproportion between the Body and Limbs, which in time grow longer and longer; and Children new born have long Bodies and short Limbs, and would go upon their Hands and Feet as Bruits upon their fore and hinder Feet, were they not supported and kept upright by others and taught to go in an erect posture.

In this second period of Generation, the Architectonick Power doth exert many acts one after another, the Similar being first formed as subservient to the production of Dissimilar parts, which do proceed from a clammy Albumi∣nous Matter, and do alter in Consistence and Colour as they arrive to higher degrees of perfection; And Similar parts begin in softness as prevous to grea∣ter solidity, as they are first formed Membranous, and then Cartilaginous,

and afterward Bony; and those parts which first appeared Similar as of one Consistence, are afterward distinguished, and being conjoined by the inter∣position of fine thin Membranes, do constitute Organick parts, which be∣ing united by a mutual continuation, do form the whole Body.

In like manner the thicker Cover encircling the Brain, is of a Membra∣nous soft nature, and after acquiring a greater Consistence, is made Cartila∣ginous; and last of all is Concreted into a Bony Substance, commonly called the Skull; and after the same manner the Albuminous Liquor being of a soft fluid nature, is turned into the more solid substance of Muscles, Liga∣ments and Tendons; and the Brian and Cerebellum are out of a clear tran∣sparent Liquor Concreted into a white Curd-like substance.

In the third period of Generation after the Delineation of the Body, the Viscera are formed at one and the same time, Viz. the Liver, Lungs, Cone of the Heart, Kidneys, Stomach, and Intestines. These Viscera do accresce to the Veins, as so many Appendages of them, and they first appear arayed in white and clammy, till they are made fit to be Colatories of the Blood: The Stomach and Guts being very slender in their first formation, seem to be white Filaments, running in many Gyres all along the lowest Apartiment to the Anus, and about the same time the Mouth and Gulet are framed, and one continued Duct reacheth from the entrance of the mouth to the Anus, and immediately after the parts of Generation, the Penis, and Testes, and all the parts belonging to them, are formed.

The Viscera and Intestines are not yet wholly immured within the bosom of the middle and lowest apartiment of the Body, but may be discovered without any Dissection, as not being encircled with the common integu∣ments as so many walls of the Trunk and Belly; So that the Viscera and Guts are Pendulous, as appendant to the Vessels to which they are affixed, and look like a House unwalled in some places, by reason the Thorax and lowest Venter are destitute of the anterior parts of the Sternon and Ab∣domen.

The Sternon being formed, the Heart and Lungs are safely lodged with∣in the walled Cavity of the Thorax: Afterward the Liver, Stomach, and Guts, are encircled within the soft enclosures of the Hypocondres, and the Epigastrick and Hypogastrick region.

In this order all the inward parts are delineated in the several apartiments of the Body, in which in the second, third and fourth Months, the Heart, Lungs, Kidneys, Spleen, Stomach, and Intestines, first receive a rough draught, and afterward obtain a more perfect substance, figure, and colour, which is white at first and after groweth red, as the Vessels are more re∣plenished with Purple Liquor.

The Umbilical Arteries are formed after the Veins, and can scarce be discer∣ned in the first Month, and take their rise from the branches of the Crural Arteries, which Learned Harvey believeth not to be formed before the pro∣duction of Limbs, in which they have their Origens, but the Umbilical Veins, saith this worthy Author, were very Conspicuous before the Deline∣ation of the Body.

In the second Month (for in the first no formed Conception appeareth) may be discovered an Oval body (much resembling a Pidgeons or Partridges Egg without a Shell) immured with a thick Membrane, which I appre∣hend to be the Chorion faced with a white viscide Liquor, chiefly found in the more obtuse extremity of the Egg, which being opened, an Albuminous Li∣quor gusheth out, lately lodged in the Cavity of the Coats, encircling the Conception.

In the latter end of the second Month, the Egg acquireth greater dimen∣sions, which hath been often seen upon Abortions, and is sometimes broken and othertimes cometh whole out of the Uterus, and its surface is be∣smeared with bloody particles; in the Egg being opened, sometimes may be discerned the delineation of a Foetus, and other times a minute red Vesicle or point of Blood (which I have seen in Abortions) seated in the center of the Albuminous Colliquated Liquor: Toward the close of this Month the Conception resembleth a Goose Egg in size and shape, in which a Foetus ap∣peareth, having its parts Delineated in a rough form, viz. the Head, the Eyes, and short Limbs, without any formation of Muscles, and Bones, of which the rough Draught, the white Membranes, or tender Cartilages may be discerned; as also the white substance of the Heart (hollowed into two Ventricles of like greatness and thickness) terminating into a double Cone, like twins of Nuts growing together (Parvos nucleos gemellos diceres) as my most worthy Friend, Learned Sir George Ente ingeniously phraseth it in his most elegant Translation of Dr. Harvey's Book, de Generatione Anima∣lium. In this Abortion the Liver was very small clothed in white array, and yet no appearance of any Secundine, or After-burden, as it is vulgarly called.

In all Conceptions excluded the Womb by Abortion, may be clearly seen a thick Membrane encompassing a Crystalline Transparent Liquor, in which the small Embryo swimmeth as in a lake of Succus Nutricius, which some of the Antients have taken for Urine or Sweat, but in truth (as this more Learned Age and chiefly Dr. Harvey hath discovered) is the nourishment of the Foetus, taken into the Mouth first, and afterward transmitted by the Gulet into the Stomach.

And in a Conception of three Months Existence, no part of it can be dis∣cerned to be affixed to the Womb, which is performed by the mediation of the Placenta, which is not formed till the fourth Month, in the third may be discovered only in the more blunt part of the Egg a kind of rough∣ness proceeding from a mucous Matter adhering to it, which I conceive, is the first rudiment of the Secundine.

In the fourth Month, as in another period of Generation great Dr. Har∣vey (an Honour to our Faculty) observed the Foetus to have larger di∣mensions, about a span in length, in which all the Limbs were clearly deli∣neated, so that they may be distinguished from each other, and put on their red apparel as coated with Blood, and in this process the Muscles (and Bones) have their rudiments, by whose various contractions, the Embryo sporteth it self in its Nutricius Juice every where encircling the surface of its Body; the Head seemeth large, and as it were, monstruous, if compared with the Body, and the Face seemeth in some sort disguised as being destitute of Lips, Nose, and Cheeks; The Mouth is endued with a large Fissure, through which the Tongue may be discovered; The Eyes appear small and naked as having no Eye-brows; The whole Head and Forehead is clothed with a Membranous substance, which afterward groweth Cartilaginous, and lastly Bony, compleating the more solid compage of the Skull, which first ap∣peareth to be Grisly in its hinder part, called Occiput by the Latines, which is afterward concreted into a more solid substance.

The Testicles are formed in this process, and are obscured in the cavity of the Abdomen, and the Scrotum is found altogether emp∣ty. And the parts peculiar to Women have a rough Delineation, the Womb with its Tubes seemed to resemble the shape of a Lambs Ʋte∣rus, as consisting of Horns affixed to the body of the Womb, which

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about the fourth Month is encompassed with a red Glandulous substance in∣terspersed with variety of Vessels, dispersed through its whole Compage, into which many Umbilical branches do sport themselves in numerous di∣varications, by whose intercession the Foetus is fastned to the inward Cavity of the Womb.

The fine Compage of the Brain formerly consisting of a lympid clear Liquor, hath its fluid nature turned into a Curdly substance, beset with a great company of several kinds of Vessels.

The Thorax, seemeth to be endued with three Cavities, as so many small Apartiments, the allodgments of the Viscera, the uppermost is furnished with a Gland, called the Thymus or Heart Gland by the Buchers, as adjoyning to it, the middle Cavity is filled with the Heart covered with a loose Membrane, named the Pericardium; and the lower allodgment of the Breast is adorned with the bloody Lungs being endued with the same dark colour of the Liver and Kidneys.

The Stomach is bedewed with a thin Serous Liquor (resembling that in which the Embryo swimmeth) and is lined also with a kind of mucous substance not unlike the clammy Matter, (besmearing the skin of the new born Foetus) washed away by the Midwife. The upper region of the In∣testines is besprinkled with Chyle and some thin excrements, and the lower parts of the Guts are fowled with more gross Foeculencies; The Bladder is somewhat distended with Urine, and not the Urachus as in other Animals, as Dr. Harvey will have it; but I humbly conceive, that the Urine passeth out of the Bladder by a very small passage into the Urinary Membrane found in Man as well as other Animals.

The Coecum commonly is found destitute of Excrements in an Embryo as well as in persons of riper age, but in some other Animals it is so distended as if it were another Ventricle for the largeness of its Cavity.

The bladder of Gall is also filled with yellow Excrements; and the Caul encircleth the parts of the lowest apartiment as with a fine Vail, (made up of most Minute Filaments curiously interwoven,) which is so thin, that it seem∣eth to encompass the Viscera of the lowest story as with a transparent Cloud, through which the confined parts may be clearly discerned as through some fine Tiffiny.

The Kidneys appear in an Embryo as not having an even surface, but full of many Asperities, of divers Globules parted from each other by many Intersti∣ces, in some manner resembling the Liver lodged in an Embryo of a Cow, and seem to be so many distinct Kidneys made up of Glands (beset with numerous Vessels) Urinary Ducts, Papillary Caruncles, &c. which termi∣minate into the Pelvis; two Glands discovered first by Bartholomaeus Eusta∣chius, a most excellent Anatomist of his time, do lean upon the Kidneys, and are called Capsulae atrabilariae & glandulae renales by the more Modern Physicians, they are endued with Adipose Vessels, dispensed clean through their Compage. The Liver and Spleen appear much fairer in this pro∣cess than in the former, and are hued with red, as having greater Vessels filled with a larger proportion of Blood, giving its compage and surface a scarlet hue.

And it may be worth our remark and admiration too, That in a healthy Foetus that part of the inside of the Body is besprinkled with a milky or rather wheyish Liquor derived from the Stomach by the Venae Lacteae into the Glands of the Mesentery, and by the Thoracick Vessels into the Thymus and Subclavian Veins, and not into the Pancreas, as a Learned Anatomist will have it, by reason

this Gland is not furnished with milky Vessels, and the small Breasts of a Foetus are sometimes bedewed with Milk, which some conceive to be a good sign of health and strength.

In the last period of the generation of a Foetus, the parts of the lower rank have their production, which are not absolutely requisite for the preser∣vation of its life, but for its ornament, or greater security to protect the Foetus as a defence against outward accidents.

The Skin is not only made for a grace, but is of great use to the Body in point of depurating the Blood in its Glands, whereupon the recrements of Sweat and fuliginous vapours of the Vital Liquor are entertained into the Excretory Ducts and discharged the confines of the Body: the Cuticula ari∣seth out of the Skin, and is not only ornamental to the Body, but useful too, as it covereth the Extremities of the Vessels and the more sensible inward Skin, which would be discomposed with pain upon the least appulse of any outward object, had it not been invested and guarded with the more thin warm vail of the Cuticle.

All the outward parts of the Cuticle, Nails, and Hair, which are of great advantage to the Foetus after its birth, are last formed, as not so neces∣sary as the other noble parts in the time, while the Foetus is lodged in the bed of the Womb.

Man being created by God as a person of love and peace, is not fur∣nished with natural arms of Horns, long and sharp Teeth, Clawes, Beaks, &c. which are found in other Animals as wisely formed by Nature for their guard and defence, which great Harvey hath expressed in his Book de Generatione, Elegantly worded by Learned Sir George Ente, a worthy Member of the Colledg of Physicians, after this manner; Nascitur certe ho∣mo nudus pariter & inermis utpote quem natura Animal sociale, politicum, ac pacificum voluerit; ratione{que} duci voluerit, quam vi trahi. Ideo{que} manibus & ingenio eum dotavit, ut acquisitis necessariis, semet ipse vestiret, & defende∣ret. Quibus enim animalibus natura robur concessit, iis arma quo{que} viribus con∣sentanea attribuit: quibus autem illud denegavit his ingenium solertiam, mi∣ram{que} injurias evitandi dexteritatem largita est. Man is born naked and unar∣med, by reason Nature hath designed him a sociable, political, and peace∣able Creature as led by reason, and not drawn by force, and therefore hath endowed him with Hands and Ingenuity, that he might provide necessaries and Cloth and defend himself, by reason to those Animals Nature hath given strength, she hath appointed Arms agreeable to it; but to those he hath not granted Arms, he hath given Ingenuity, or Craftiness, and an admirable dexterity of guarding themselves against outward assaults.

CHAP. XXVII. Of the Placenta Uterina.

HAving Treated of the Formation of the Foetus and of the order of Delineation of its parts one after another, my Task at this time is to discourse the Confines, the various Integuments, with which the Foetus is encircled in the Womb, which being opened, the Placenta Ʋterina pre∣senteth it self to the Eye of the Spectator, and taketh its origen from the Albu∣minous or Serous parts of the Blood percolated in first the substance of the Chorion, (which is beset with very Minute Glands, which are more or less in all Membranes) and afterward destilleth through its Pores into the outward surface where the Placenta appeareth in many downy Hairs, the first rudiment of the After-burden, which is afterward filled up with a soft red substance, by degrees growing more solid, as furnished with Vessels de∣rived from the Womb (and at length frame the Navil.) Whereupon it acqui∣reth the nature and substance of a fleshy Bowel, ministerial to the Foetus in reference to Nutrition.

The Placenta most times is single, and sometimes double, which I plainly discerned in the After-burden of my first Twins, wherein the peculiar After∣burdens belonging to each Child were parted from each other by a Seam or Fissure passing between them, but my Twins born a year after, had but one After-burden, which was one entire substance (without any Seam) which grew very thin as distended by the enlarged dimensions of the two Foetus near their time of birth.

Learned Dr. Walter Needham affirmeth, That Twins have always but one After-burden, and though the After-burden seemeth to be parted by a Line passing through it, yet it is truly but one entire substance, saith this Judi∣cious Author, by reason the Umbilical Vesicles of the right Foetus are trans∣mitted into the left side of the Placenta, and so vice versa from the left Foe∣tus the Vessels of the Navil are branched into the right region of the After-burden.

The Anatomists have various Sentiments concerning the situation of the Placenta, some affirm it is seated about the forepart, and others about the hinder part of the Womb, some about the left, and others about the right side of it; but in truth it encircleth one of the Tubes near one angle of the Ʋterus, which is the Center of the Placenta: So that the Womb having two Angles, which are the holes into which the Tubes do terminate, and now and then the Placenta is placed all round about the right Termination, and now and then the left.

This Coat of the Foetus is clothed with Red somewhat brighter than the Spleen, and darker than the Liver, and seldom with a pale colour.

The Placenta, in reference to its whole Circumference, is adorned with a circular Figure, and hath various dimensions of greatness and thickness in reference to the different magnitude of the Foetus, and is so small, that it scarce appeareth in its first origen, and by degrees is more and more enlarged till it arriveth its utmost perfection, wherein it obtaineth a Foot in breadth, and is endued with the thickness of three Fingers in the middle, and with less in the Circumference.

The Placenta is endued with a Convex surface (as it faceth the Womb) that it may the better comply with the Concave surface of the Uterus, and be lodged close in its bosom to receive Blood and warmth from it, and is rendred uneven by many Protuberancies, by which it is affixed (as learned Diemerbroeck will have it,) to the inward Cavity of the Womb.

This integument of the Foetus is adorned with a Concave surface as it con∣fineth on the Convex of the Chorion, that they may be reposed near to each other, to take up the less room, and more easily transmit nourishment from the Placenta through the Chorion to the Foetus.

The Placenta hath a peculiar substance which is loose and soft in some parts and in other respects Fibrous, as made up of innumerable Filaments and Fi∣bres, interwoven with an infinite number of branches of Vessels sporting themselves through the whole compage of the Placenta, whose Parenchyma somewhat resemsembleth concreted Blood adhering to the outward surface of the Vessels, and is not much unlike the loose Parenchyma of the Liver, (which may be taken away from the fibrous part by frequent washings or by gentle scraping with a Knife) only it is more viscid and hath somewhat of the Albuminous nature relating to the white of Eggs, or to the Concre∣ted Liquor belonging to the Parenchyma of the Glands, which is less friable than that of Blood.

The Placenta is furnished with many Minute Glands, appendant to the extremities of the Sanguiducts, and are divers collective bodies of Arte∣ries, Veins, and Nerves, as so many Colatories of the Vital and Nervous Liquor, to prepare a fit Aliment for the Foetus, during its abode in the Womb, and do resemble the Glands of the Breast both in substance and use.

Learned Dr. Wharton assigneth a double glandulous substance to the Pla∣centa: saith this worthy Author in the 36. Chap. de Placenta: Haec substantia glandulosa duûm generum est; etenim ipsa placenta duplex est; Altera ejus medie∣tas pertinet ad Ʋterum: Altera ad Chorion: At{que} hae medietates inter se apte committuntur, seu potius inosculantur. Constat enim ex inaequali superficie, ni∣mirum, alveolis & protuberantiis sibi mutuo respondentibus; ita ut alveolus uni∣us medietatis protuberantiam alterius in se excipiat, & undi{que} amplectitur. The glandulous substance of it is of two kinds, by reason it is double, of which one half belongeth to the Womb, and the other to the Chorion; and these two halfs are conjoyned to each other, are rather inosculated, by reason the Placenta is made of an uneven surface, vid. of Cavities and Protuberancies, answering each other; so that the whole of one half doth entertain the protu∣berance of the other, every way encircling it.

This disposition of Nature is more evident in Bruits, whose many Oval substances affixed to the Chorion do participate a double nature, the one more white and glandulous, and the other redder and carnous, as it appear∣eth in the numerous Placentulae of Sheep and Goats, whose upper region is white, and exterior surfaces looking toward the Uterus are Convex, and their inward Concave, which receive into their bosom the convex surfaces of the Carnous substances (affixed to the Chorion,) which is died red by the great quantity of Blood transmitted into them by the Umbilical Arteries, which are more numerous in the Carnous substances below, than in the Glandulous above; and in truth both these above and below (I humbly conceive) are of a Glandulous substance, though of different colours, and the lower part participates the nature of the Glands belonging to the Liver and Kidneys, which are red as they are filled with many streams of Purple Liquor.

Now a question may be started, whether impregnated Women have any Cotyledones in reference to the Placenta; but before a reply be given, it may not be amiss to explain the word: The Greeks have called some parts within the impregnated Womb, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from a double likeness, first from that they have with the Herb Cotyledone, in Latine Umbilicus, whose Leaves are thick and round, and somewhat uneven in their circumference, and somewhat hollow in the middle. Secondly, They are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from the similitude they have with the cavity of the Os Coxendix, which is called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and by the Latines Acetabulum, (and is truly so named ab aceto continendo,) in English, a Saucer; so that it is plain that Hip∣pocrates, and the Antients did not mean by Cotyledones, any protuberancies of Vessels, or any fleshy or mamillary processes of the Womb, but some parts within it with manifest Cavities, somewhat resembling those of Saucers.

Learned Diemerbroeck is of an opinion, That the Cotyledones are found, not only in Bruits, but in Women too, as may be read in Lib. 1. Anatomes, de Ventre inferiore, p. 328. Quippe in mulieribus, si rem cum attentione conside∣remus, non multae, sed unica tantum (interdum in gemellis duae) est Cotyledon, scilicet tota placenta Uterina, quae versus Uterum convexa versus Chorion vero concava, tota laevis, Crassiuscula, succi plena, rotunda, & in ambitu inaequalis, exacte refert folium bulbiferae Cotyledonis herbae, vel etiam figuram parvae scutellae in qua acetum, aliudve Condimentum ad intinctus in mensa apponitur. In Wo∣men, if you seriously consider the thing, is found not many but one Coty∣ledone, (sometimes two in Twins) vid. the whole Placenta Ʋterina, which is convex toward the Womb, and hollow toward the Chorion, and wholly smooth, and somewhat deep, full of Juice, round and uneven in its circumference, exactly resembling the Bulbiferous plant called Cotyledone, or else the figure of a little Dish, in which Vineger or any other liquor is set upon the Table for Sawce.

Most judicious and ingenious Dr. Walter Needham hath other Sentiments, and conceiveth, That the glandulous substances of Sheep and Goats may most properly be called Cotyledones, in his second Chapter de Placenta & Glan∣dulis p. 28, 29. Dici quidem illas glandulas perperam Cotyledonas vocari. Quod ego vocabulis solis ovibus & capris primario deberi existimo: Ubi glandulae Ute∣rinae praeter loculamenta, praedicta etiam Cotylam majusculam obtinent, quae totam ipsis superficiem excavat instar cupulae glandis, saith this Learned Author, That the Glands of some Bruits are ill called Cotyledones, which word agreeth only to Sheep and Goats, where the Uterine Glands have Cavities (like those of Sawcers or small Dishes) which enclose the convex carnous sub∣stances, as the Cup encompasseth some part of the Acorn. And I humbly conceive, That Cotyledones or Acetabula, are not in all Animals, and much less in Women who have but one Placenta, not resembling the Cavity of the Coxendix or Sawcer.

The Placenta is accommodated with Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphae∣ducts too, if Dr. Wharton may be believed; it deriveth Arteries from the Womb, which it imparteth to the Placenta where it adhereth to the Womb, which is also furnished with Umbilical Arteries (propagated from the Trunk of the Aorta according to Dr. Needham, and from the Crural Artery according to Dr. Harvey, and most Anatomists,) which do adorn the Pla∣centa with numerous divarications of branches, carrying Vital Liquor from the Foetus into the Placenta.

The Veins of the Placenta as well as Arteries, do in some part proceed from the Womb, and others and the most are Umbilical Veins taking their ori∣gen from the Liver, and by their numerous extremities do receive Blood from the Placenta, and carry it into the substance of the Liver belonging to the Foetus, and the terminations of the Uterine Veins implanted into the sub∣stance of the Placenta, do reconvey Blood brought in by the Uterine Arteries into the Womb.

The Placenta is also accommodated with Nerves, derived to it from the Womb, when it is fastned by the interposition of many Vessels; and I most humbly conceive, That the Parenchyma of the Placenta as well as other Glandulous bodies are adorned with Nerves, which import, as I apprehend, a select Liquor, which embodies with the chymous and serous parts of the Blood, constituting that wheyish Liquor, the aliment of the Foetus du∣ring its abode in the Womb.

The Placenta also is accommoadated with a great Apparatus of Fibres, which some conceive to be Capillary Blood-vessels; and learned Dr. Walter Needham, hath seen a very great number of such Vessels in the Placenta of a Woman, which he afterward discerned to be Arteries and Veins: And on the other side, this Learned Author saith it is manifest to Autopsy, That these innumerable Fibres found in the Placenta of a Woman, as often as they associate, do make a greater Trunk, which is constituted by many bran∣ches implanted into it, which is the structure of Veins and Arteries; but these Fibres being conjoined in a confused order, do make Plexes resem∣bling the rowls of Nerves, and do approach the Veins and Arteries of the Pla∣centa, and twine about them, and are affixed to them without any ingress into their substance, and perhaps are framed by Nature to compress the Arteries, to give a check to the overhasty motion of the Blood into the substance of the Placenta; and perhaps another use of these Fibres may be to strengthen the tender substance of the Placenta to preserve it from Laceration in vio∣lent motions of the Body: And I humbly conceive, That there are many other small true Nervous Fibrils which are propagated from the Nerves of the Womb into the Placenta, which is affected with sense in the violent mo∣tion of the Foetus, and in great throwes, in order to Paturition, as Doctor Wharton conceiveth, and have this use (as I apprehend) to transmit Ner∣vous Liquor (impregnated with Animal Spirits) into the Glands of the Placenta, wherein it confederates with the Chyme or milder particles of the Blood to prepare a Succus Nutricius to support the Foetus in reference to for∣mation, growth, and nourishment.

The Placenta is fastned to divers regions of the Womb, sometimes in the left part, and othertimes in the right, and now and then in the bottom of it, and as the Placenta receiveth greater dimensions, it is more firmly affixed to the Womb in the first Months; and afterward when the Foetus is more and more enlarged, and acquireth a due formation and perfection of all parts, the fruit groweth ripe, and then the Placenta may be more easily parted from the less firm embraces of the Womb, as the Foetus is ready for the birth.

The use of the adhesion of the Placenta to the Womb, is to keep the Foe∣tus firm to its bosom (where it is lodged as in a soft warm bed) lest in great and overhasty motions and Girks of the Body, the Foetus should be dislodged and excluded the confines of the Womb and Vagina Uteri, before its due time of birth.

The second use of the Adhesion of the Placenta to the Womb, is to hold an entercourse with it by mediation of Nerves, Arteries, and Veins, fastning it to

the inward surface of the Uterus; by the Nerves, the Nervous Liquor is impor∣ted into the substance of the Glands, and by the Arteries the Vital Juice is conveyed into them, to give life, heat, and nourishment to the Foetus, and the superfluous Blood is returned from the Glands of the Placenta into the Uterus, and thence toward the Vena Cava in order to be transmitted into the Heart.

These uses of the adhesion of the Placenta to the Womb, do lead us to the design of Nature in the formation of this useful part in reference to the preservation of the Foetus, which is performed by the Spermatick and Hypo∣gastrick Arteries propagated from the Womb and transmitting Blood into the glandulous substance of the Placenta, wherein the Chymous and Albu∣minous parts are severed from the Purple Liquor.

The Nerves also do contribute much to this separation of the soft parts of the Blood by reason they convey an active Fermentative Liquor into the Glands of the Placenta, where it meeteth with the Blood and openeth its Compage, and assisteth the separation of the mild parts of the Blood from the more sharp, which cannot be ministerial to the Nutricion of the Foetus, and therefore they are returned by the extremities of the Veins (implanted into the Glands of the Placenta) into the Ʋterus, and thence toward the Vena Cava, and right Ventricle of the Heart.

Another use of the Placenta is to be a warm integument of the Foetus, and to give reception to the Umbilical Vessels consisting of two Arteries (and one Hepatick Vein) which dispense Blood from the Foetus into the Glands of the Hepar Uterinum, wherein it meeteth with the Vital Liquor destilling out of the extremities of the Uterine Arteries, and with the choice Liquor, (coming out of the terminations of the Nerves) which exalteth the various confederated Blood coming from the Mother and the Foetus; So that these various Liquors, consisting of different Elements, are endued with Fermen∣tative dispositions, which colliquate the Blood and sever the more mild parts from the red Crassament, and constitute a sweet wheyish humor fit for the nutricion of the Foetus.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Membranes encircling the Foetus.

THe Foetus is immured within many Coats, the most outward is fleshy or glandulous, which I have already spoken of. The second inte∣gument is the outward Membrane, called the Chorion very thick, and con∣sisteth of a double Tunicle, whose outward surface is uneven and rough, and its inward smooth; its exterior surface is convex, lodged within the soft concave bosom of the Placenta; and its interior region Concave embracing the outward surface of the Amnios, and the humors contained in the other Membrane.

The figure of the Chorion is orbicular in Women, in Cunneys it resem∣bleth the shape of a Kidney; in Mares the inward surface is like a long Bag, according to Dr. Harvey; in Sheep, Cows, and other Cloven-footed beasts, whose Uterus is divided, it is shaped in the manner of a Wallet extended to both Horns, and so filleth the whole Uterus, in Cunneys, Hares, Dogs, Cats, Mice; Rats, and all Animals that have Teeth above and below, have a Bipartite Ʋterus, it doth furnish but some part of the Uterus.

The Foetus is covered in Woman for some Months with the Chorion, as with an outward Coat, and about the fourth Month a small downy sub∣stance appears through delineation of the Placenta, which afterward grow∣eth into a red glandulous substance, encompassing with its Concave, the convex surface of the Chorion.

The Chorion is a thick Coat consisting of a double Tunicle, between which are seated many divarications of Arteries and Veins derived from the Umbilical Vessels, made up of two Arteries and one Vein, which carry Blood to and from the Chorion.

These Vessels have also many ramifications passing through the Glands of Bruits, which making many associations, produce first red spots, and after∣ward many round glandulous prominencies, by whose interposition the Cho∣rion is affixed to the Uterus.

This Membrane in the first delineation of the Foetus, is free in all Animals, as not being in any part of it fastned to the inward Membrane of the Uterus, till all parts of the Foetus are formed.

The Chorion in Dogs, Cats, and some other Animals, is distinguished as with a Girdle, that it seemeth to be a double Coat, but in truth is one en∣tire Membrane, which is a very thin substance the first Month, and after∣ward groweth thicker; its inward surface is smooth and ssippery, and its out∣ward is rough and uneven, as in Women.

The use of this Integument is as a Fulciment to sustain the Umbilical Ves∣sels, transmitting Vital Liquor to give warmth to the Foetus, and to convey Succus Nutricius, derived from the Placenta, to support the Embryo, which it enwrapeth and defendeth against outward assaults, and also serveth as a Base upon which the red Caruncles do lean in Beasts, and the Placenta in Wo∣men.

In Bruits another Membrane may be easily discerned, lodged between the Amnios and the Chorion, called by the Antients 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Farciminalis, so

called from its figure, like the Guts of which Puddings are made, and is a very thin and transparent Pellicula almost like the Vitrea or Crystallina in thinness; it is very smooth, hollow, and soft, and dense in its substance, (else it could not contain Urine, which is of a piercing nature) not encompassing the whole Foetus (from one Horn of the Ʋterus to the other) to its utmost extremity, and groweth less towards the terminations of the Horns, and endeth in a kind of Point, and is different from the other membranes enclo∣sing the Foetus, as very thin, and having no Blood-vessels.

It hath a diverse figure and size in divers Animals, in some it hath the form of a Gut, in others a broad Swadling-band, as in a Cow, and much broader in a Mare, in which it is every where fastned to the Chorion, and encloseth the whole Foetus with the Amnios.

The great difficulty may be raised, whether the Allantoides be found in all Animals, and chiefly whether in Women: Aquapendens saith, Men, Dogs, Cats, &c. are destitute of this Membrane, and that the Urine is contained in no peculiar Vessel (belonging to the Foetus) but is excerned from the Urachus between the Chorion and Amnios, and there is detained till the birth of the Foetus.

But the Modern Anatomists have discovered it in Bruits, and yet Harvey and others deny it in Women; but Learned and Ingenious Dr. Needham (to whom the commonwealth of Learning is much indebted) hath disco∣vered it in Women too; in his seventh Chapter de Embryotomia Comparata, p. 197, 198. Quae tamen in secundinis observata à nobis sunt exhibere non gra∣vabimur. Illa àutem quum ab obstretrice receptae fuerint, ad situm naturalem, quantum fieri potest reducantur. Tum prehenso funiculo eundum us{que} ad Amnion persequere. Haec suniculo paulo infra placentam affigitur, caetera libera pendet. Ad modum recentem si obtinueris invenies ipsius venulas; aliter effuso san∣guine, & refrigerata membrana evanescunt. Hac circa funiculum relicta ad proximam membranam perge, quam si vel externe prope placentam vulneraveris, vel ad extremas fimbrias digitis laceraveris, videbis in duas facile dividi: qua∣rum exterior porosa est & spongiosa, venulis{que} scatet. Interior lubrica admodum est, & dura, summe{que} pellucida, Venis Arteriis{que} vacua, illam pro Chorio habui, hanc pro Tunica Urinaria; prioris duplicatura dici non potest ob dissimilitudinem substantiae, sed sive locum ipsius, sive figuram, aut substantiam spectemus, pror∣sus eadem est cum niembrana Urinaria placentiferorum & equi, forma vero minime Allantoeidis est: ne{que} membrana illius figurae in homine datur, saith this Re∣nowned Author, Notwithstanding we will not be loath to shew what hath been observed by us in Secundines, which when they have been received by the Midwife, we have reduced as much as may be to their natural position, then take the Navil-string and follow it to the Amnios: This is tied to the string a little below the Placenta, and the rest remaineth free: If the Se∣cundines be very new, you may discover their Veins, otherwise the Blood being shed, and the Membrane cold, they vanish. This being left about the Navil-string, passeth to the other Membrane, which if you either outwardly wound near the Placenta, or tear with your Fingers to its utmost limits, you may see it easily divided into two Membranes, of which the outward is po∣rous and spongy and full of minute Veins. The inward is very slippery, and hard, and most transparent, and destitute of Veins and Arteries; That we took for the Chorion and this for a Urinary Membrane; it could not be called a Duplicature of the former by reason of the unlikeness of its sub∣stance; but if we view either its place, or figure, or substance, it is altoge∣ther the same with the Urinary Coat of those having a Placenta, and of a

Mare, but hath not the form of the Ailantoides, neither a membrane of that figure is found in a humane Foetus.

But some curious Anatomist may make a doubt how can the Allantoeides be made partaker of life and nourishment, as having no Arteries nor Veins to import and export Vital Liquor? to which it may be replied, That in it be∣ing a most fine transparent Membrane, the Blood-vessels are so minute, that they cannot be discerned as in the Cornea, outward Coat of the Uterus, and proper membrane of the Muscles, which being subject to Inflamations pro∣ceeding from Blood (setled in the substance of the Membranes) do plain∣ly evince the necessity of Blood-vessels, as the Channels of Vital Liquor, giving life, heat, and nourishment to the fine contexture of the Allantoides; which being seated in Cunneys between the Foetus and Placenta at the sides of the Umbilical Vessels, is not endued with a farciminal figure (as Learned de Graaf hath well observed) but seemeth to be made up of diverse Cavities or Cells, confining on the vessels of the Navil, as it may be made manifest by immitting a Blow-pipe or Tube through the Placenta into the cavity of the Urinary Membrane, in which, being blown up, you may see a Serous Liquor of Urine contained in its Cells.

The Use of the Allantoides in the Foetus of Woman as well as other Ani∣mals, is to be a repository of Urine, which is first received by the Ureters into the Bladder, and thence by an Excretory Duct into the larger Cavity of the Allantoeides, as into a great Cistern, in which the Urine is detained, till the Partus is accomplished, and afterward the Urine is discharged by the Blad∣der and Urethra.

The Amnios is the third Membrane immediately encircling the Foetus, and hath its outward surface lodged within the confines of the Allantoides, and its inward adjacent to the Foetus, and is fixed only in one little upper part to the Chorion. This Membrane is a fine Compage made up of small Umbilical Arteries, Veins, and Nervous Filaments, curiously interwoven, and is a smooth, soft, and transparent Tunicle, not at all affixed to the Foetus, to give it the freedom of distention caused by the plenty of Nutricius Li∣quor.

The substance of this Membrane is much thinner and whiter than the Chorion, as being furnished with smaller and fewer Blood-vessels, which not terminating into the Placenta or Chorion, do perforate them, and are implan∣ted into this fine Membrane.

The curious Contexture of the Amnios is beautified with an Oval figure in it, resembling the Chorion, with which it is encompassed, as a safe∣guard for the tender structure of this fine Tunicle.

These Membranes of the Chorion and Amnios are commonly reputed to be productions propagated from the Integuments relating to the belly of the Foe∣tus, by reason the Umbilical Vessels coming out of the Abdomen of the Em∣bryo are enwrapped within two Membranes, of which the inward and thin∣ner is conceived to proceed from the rim of the Belly, and the exterior and thicker from the Membrane Carnosa, to which it may be replied, That these Membranes are formed before the parts of the Foetus are delineated, and do proceed from Filaments, coming out of the center of the Colliquated Se∣minal Liquor; Moreover these Membranes do not come from those encom∣passing the Umbilical Vessels, because they were perfectly generated before any the least Rough-draught appeared in the Colliquated Genital Juices; neither could any Lineaments be discerned in it to be derived from the Um∣bilical Vessels (when Delineated) and from thence propagated toward the

Membranes immuring the Seminal Liquor, in which the Foetus did swim without any fibres relating to the Ambient Membranes confining it; where∣upon I humbly conceive, That these Membranes enclosing the Seminal Mat∣ter, to be immediately formed out of the viscide ambient parts of it, as pre∣pared and concreted by the heat of the Womb, without any reference either to the Membranes belonging to the belly of the Foetus, or to the Umbilical Vessels, by reason these Membranes of the Chorion and Amnios are produced, before any Delineations of the Vessels of the Navil, or other parts of the Foetus could be discovered.

The use of the Amnios (as I conceive) is to enclose the Nutricious Li∣quor, first severed in the Glands of the Placenta, and transmitted through the Chorion and Amnios into the Cavity, in which the Foetus is lodged, for its nourishment and increase.

O Omnipotent Lord (in whom we live, move, and have our being) our Soul triumpheth in thee the God of our salvation, who by breathing into us the spirit of life, hath created us after thine own Image.

The first rudiments of our Members were written in thy book of Prescience, as in a most faithful Register.

And the naked Idaeas of our Parts being lodged in thy understanding, as in a safe Repository, were fashioned day by day when as yet there was none of them.

O most glorious Creator, how wonderful are thy works, that we were most finely wrought like Needle-work in the narrow confines of the Womb, as in the hidden bowels of the Earth.

And the glimmering rays of our life, dawning out of the thick vails of darkness, would have immediately vanished, had not they been brightned by the light of thy Countenance.

O most holy Jesus, Thou, who art the Way, and the Life, the Truth, Graciously vouchsafe, that in the glass of thy Works, and light of thy Truth, we may see the light of Life, that out of the more obscure twi-light of thy grace, we may see the great brightness of thy Glory.

CHAP. XXIX. Of the Uterus of Beasts.

WOman being the most excellent Female in this lower Orb, hath the proper part relating to her sex in greatest perfection, and is endowed with a Uterus as the rule and standard of it in all other Ani∣mals; whereupon the Uterus of a Mare may challenge a dignity above many other Bruits, as holding a great Analogy with that of Woman, as having the body of the Uterus large, in which the Foetus is generated, which belongeth also to an Ass as well as a Mare, and to few other Ani∣mals, in which the Cornua are the allodgments of the Foetus; And a Mare and Ass have not only the Cavity of the Uterus large, but the Horns very small, and somewhat resembling the Deferent Vessels of a Woman.

A Mare and Ass have the Foetus floating in the Uterus, as not having any fixation to the inward Coat of it in the first Months of Gestation, as then having no footsteps of any Placenta (or Glands) by whose mediation the Chorion is in conjunction with the Uterus, after the Chorion groweth thick, and the Placenta is formed in the last Months, which hath its first rudiment in many small Caruncles, and afterward grow greater, uniting themselves in one continued substance called the Placenta, which fastneth the outward membrane of the Foetus to the inside of the Uterus.

This part in a Mare and Ass as well as Woman, is invested with many Coats, the first is a common Integument, (taking its first rise from the rim of the Belly) made up of many membranous Filaments interwoven with Nervous, and running in several right, oblique, transverse postures, are so closely conjoyned, that they seem to be one entire substance.

The second Coat of the Uterus of a Mare and Ass, may be called Car∣nous, as chiefly integrated of divers fleshy straight, oblique, and circular Fibres, which being put into motion do narrow the Cavity of the Uterus, and by degrees exclude it by forcing it toward the Vagina and outward Orifice.

The third Integument relating to these Animals is Nervous, as composed of many Nervous Filaments passing up and down in several positions, which do make up this fine contexture of the inward Coat, endued with a very accute Sensation, which draweth the Carnous Fibres into Consent, as con∣fining on the Nervous Tunicle which is first importuned by the troublesome sollicitation of the grown Foetus, and afterward communicated to the Car∣nous Fibres putting them into action.

Between the Coats of the Uterus in these Animals, are lodged many small Glands, into which the terminations of Arteries, and extremities of Veins are implanted, and are so many Colatories of the Blood.

The Coats of the Ʋterus in these Animals, is adorned with great variety of Vessels, as the Hypogastrick Arteries and Veins overspreading the Inte∣guments of the Ʋterus, which is also endued with many Nervous Fibrils, coming from the Vertebres of the Spine. And I humbly conceive, the Ute∣rus in these Animals hath Lymphaeducts too, as well as that of Woman.

In a Hinde and Doe no Clitoris Nymphae, or Labia can be discovered about the Pudendum, but only two Orifices, one about the Urinary passage, and another about the Vagina Uteri, as also a Membrane enclosing the passages of the Urine and Uterus, which supplieth the defect of the Nymphae and Labia.

The Vagina Uteri, which is extended in these Animals from the first en∣trance to the inward Orifice of the Matrix, is lodged between the bladder of Urine and the Intestinum Rectum, and answereth the Penis of the Males in figure, greatness, and length, and the inward surface of the Vagina is ren∣dred unequal with many folds and furrows, and groweth more smooth when it is more highly distended, and is lined with a clammy mucous Matter.

The body of the Uterus hath a most narrow Orifice belonging to its Neck, through which the Contents may be discharged, and the inward Pro∣cess or Neck is much longer and rounder, and more strong and fibrous than that of a Woman, by reason the Coition of other Animals is more rough and violent than that of Man; whereupon Nature hath made the Vagina Uteri more thick and nervous to oppose the forcible attempt of the Male, and to prevent a Laceration.

Learned Dr. Harvey giveth an account of the great closure of the inward Orifice of the Womb in these Creatures, and its firm Conglutination; So that it cannot give a reception to Aer, and to that end Nature hath placed five closures of parts one succeeding another, as this great Author hath it in his Sixty fifth Exercitation, in his Book de Generatione. Cervice hac secundum longitudinem rescissa, videas non modo ingressum ejus exteriorem, in Vaginae fundo conspicuum, arcte connivere, firmiter{que} conglutinari, adeo ut ne aer qui∣dem inflatus, in Ʋteri cavitatem penetrare queat; sed & quin{que} alias, consimiles angustias ordine collocatas, firme{que} contra omnem extraneae rei ingressum constrictas, & mucagine glutinosa sigillatas, quemadmodum & Mulieris Uteri orificium fla∣vescente glutine obstruitur. Talis etiam angustiae in cervice Uteri ovilli, vac∣cini, & Caperni (Fabricio quo{que} observatore) reperiuntur, arcte omnes conclusae, & ingressum quemlibet praecludentes, quin{que} autem recessus, distinctissime in cerva & dama conspiciantur, cen totidem orificia Uteri constricta & Conglutinata; quae merito credas munimenta adversus cujuslibet rei introitum; us{que} adeo Natura videtur providisse, ut, si quid casu, aut vi reliqua foramen primam perrumperet, idem, tamen in secundo sisteretur, & sic porro in caeteris cautum est, ne quippiam omnino Uterum subeat, stylus tamen è cavitate Uteri foras emissus, dicta foramina facile reludit, & egreditur. Debuit nempe flatus, sanguini menstruo aliis{que} hu∣moribus excernendis via patescere, rerum autem externarum, etiam minimarum (aeris puta aut seminis) ingressus, omnino praecludi.

The Cavity of the Uterus in red Deer and Does, and most Animals, is very small, and its substance is not much in thickness, by reason the body of the Ʋterus is only a Porch, or passage that leadeth into the Cornua, which is different in Woman, whose body is most large and considerable, and the Neck is very short, and hath no Horns, but only Angels which confine on the Tubes or Deferent Vessels: And in Deer and most Animals except an Ape, a Mare and Ass, the Horns are the apartiments in which the Concep∣tion is made; and upon this account have the appellatives of Uterus, as be∣ing the chief parts of it, and are called Horns, from the resemblance they have with them in likeness of figure, and are most large in their Base, and somewhat Protuberant forward, and seem most crooked and less backward where they are reflected toward the Spine, and about their anterior part ap∣pear uneven, and about the lower part seem to be affected with many Cells resembling those of the Colon, and above toward the Spine are very smooth, and grow crooked and small after the manner of Horns.

In Woman the body of the Uterus and Deferent Vessels and its Appen∣dages, are fastned to the Share-bone, the Back, and adjacent parts, by broad and fleshy Membranes, which the Anatomists call the Wings of Bats, and by round Ligaments; So in like manner the Horns of the Uterus, with the Ovaries, in Deer and other Animals, are tied to the Back and neigh∣bouring parts by the interposition of broad Membranes or Ligaments.

A great part of the substance of the Horns relating to the Uterus, is made up of a treble Coat, the first is Membranous, composed of various Fila∣ments finely interwoven, the second Integument is Carnous, as framed of many fleshy Fibres, which do not only give strength to the horns of the Uterus, but give them a power to contract and move the Foetus first into the Body, and then into the Vagina Uteri, to free it self from the importunity of a troublesome guest: within this Coat is lodged a number of small Glands, in which a separation is made of a Serous Liquor from the red Crassa∣ment of the Blood, and transmitted through minute Pores to bedew the in∣ward Coat of the Horns, which is Nervous, as made up of a company of nervous threads, which render it very sensible.

These Coats are furnished with various kinds of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, and Lymphaeducts too (as I conceive) which are found in the Uterus of a Woman as well as other Animals.

The Arteries take their rise from the Crural branches, the off-spring of the descendent trunk of the Aorta, and are much enlarged in the time of Im∣pregnation or Gestation of the Uterus, and are more numerous than the Veins, by reason the Arteries do much contribute to the support of the Foe∣tus; So that a great part of delicate Liquor, associated with the Blood im∣ported by the Arteries, is spent in Nutrition of the Foetus, and not recon∣veyed by the extremities of the Veins, which are derived from the Vena Cava, and are divaricated through the Coats belonging to the horns of the Uterus.

The horns of the Womb belonging to Animals are also endued with a great number of Nerves, which impart many Fibrils to the Coats of the Uterus, and are derived from the Vertebral Nerves coming from the Spine.

A Sheep hath a large Orifice belonging to her Pudendum, which is more inwardly endued with many folds, which in the beginning are Semicircular, and afterward are long and straight, and where the neck of the Uterus doth terminate, is found a kind of grisly Body, about the length of three or four fingers, which may be distinguished into many Valves, which do oppose the immission of a Probe from the neck toward the body of the Uterus: These Valves are disposed in such an artifice, that every one is furnished with two Semilunary points; The Valves do somewhat resemble the Epiglottis both in colour, substance, and hardness.

The Ʋterus and its neck is made up of many Membranes, between which are lodged numerous Carnous Fibres, and Vessels sporting themselves in many divarications.

The neck and valves of the Uterus being open, its greater Cavity dis∣covereth it self, which after some little space is parted into two Ca∣vities, as into a right and left allodgment, and when they grow crook∣ed, receive the appellatives of Horns, which afterward have less and less dimensions, till at length they do not exceed the bigness of a Vein.

The inward Membrane of the Uterus in this Animal is besprinkled with a clammy liquor, and rendred rough with many small Protuberancies to the extremities of the Cornua.

The Uterus of a Sow not pregnant, hath its body longer than that of a Sheep, and hath its Horns much more extended, and hath many Tunicles, the first Membranous, the second Carnous, as consisting of many fleshy Fibres; the third Nervous, as made up of numerous Nervous Fibrils curiously interwoven.

The mouth of the Uterus in this Animal hath Anfractus or Gyres somewhat resembling those of a Cow.

The Vagina of the Uterus of an Ape is made rough by many folds, and hath a large Protuberance seated in the middle of it, and many Papillae all over it somewhat resembling those of a Humane Tongue or Palate, and the inward Orifice is very firm and solid, and the inward part of the neck of the Uterus is very hard, and in some part of a Cartilagi∣nous substance.

The Uterus of a wild Goat is endowed with a double Horn, and is furnished in their inward Membranes with many Prominencies somewhat like those of very small Maillae, and hath a Caruncle covering the in∣ward Orifice.

CHAP. XXX. Of the Ovaries of Beasts.

ALL kinds of Animals, I humbly conceive, have Ovaries, and not only Birds and Fish and all sorts of Viviparous but Insects too, do propagate by Eggs, and all more perfect Animals, as Cows, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Dogs, Foxes, Hares, Cunneys, &c. have Testicles, full of Glands and Vesicles turgid, with a kind of Albuminous Liquor, the Materia sub∣strata of several Foetus in various Animals.

The Eggs of different kinds of Animals, I mean the variety of Matter found in their Testicles, is near akin in similitude to the Albuminous Liquor of Eggs relating to Birds, by reason the different Liquors lodg∣ed in Vesicles of several Animals, do receive alike induration or Concre∣tion being held over the fire.

And it may be observed that Animals according to their different mag∣nitudes, have Testicles of divers dimensions; So that those of Hares and Cunneys do not much exceed the seeds of Rape; and Sheep, Hogs, Peas; and Cows the bigness of Cherries.

And it may be worthy our remark, that in these Animals besides greater Eggs, also lesser may be found, of which some are so small, that they can scarce be discerned, and other Eggs do very much increase in greatness by reason of age and Coition; in young Animals the Ovaries are very small, and acquire greater dimensions in more mature age, in which they are re∣ceptive of so great alteration, that they resemble large Globules, as being Vesicles replenished with Crystalline Liquor; these Eggs are so fruitful, that twenty or more may be discovered in one Testicle, which prove pregnant one after another by Coition.

Learned Steno hath observed the Testicles of a Beare to be composed of ma∣ny round white bodies resembling the Eggs of Fish. His words are these; Testiculi in ursa constant plurimis granulis albicantibus instar ovarii piscium, tu∣barum extrema expansa illos adeo undi{que} includunt, ut parvulum duntaxat fora∣men in Abdomen pateat, quo dilatato sponte elabuntur testiculi.

In a Castor may be discerned two Testicles (confining on the horns of the Uterus) which are integrated of many small Vesicles, resembling Eggs without shells.

Ingenious Steno making a curious inspection into Testicles of Animals, gi∣veth a very good account of variety of Eggs, upon the Dissection of divers Does. Quater in Damis (ait ille) in Testiculorum Ova inquisivi. Prima Ju∣nior erat, nec praegnans, ubi plurima Ova albicantia humore transparente plena erant. Secunda praegnans quidem erat, sed nullum foetus principium extabat, tumentibus duntaxat interioribus partibus Uteri: hujus alter Testiculus insignis magnitudinis Ovum continebat, pars testiculi substantia glandulosa constare vide∣batur. Tertia senior Foetum integrè formatum gestabat, licet Chorion Ʋtero non nisi quam levissime adhaereret. In Quarta nutrum{que} Uteri Cornu humorem Albugi∣neum continebat, qui coctus Albuminis instar induruit, quo modo Testiculorum Ova coctione indurescebant simul & Albicabant. Erant in iisdem Testiculis quae∣dam cavitates omni humore vacuae, aliae humore Cornu ad instar Diaphano repletae. Et hic substantia Alba Parenchymatodes conspicua erat.

CHAP. XXXI. Of the Uterus of Birds.

THe Anus in Birds is not circularly contracted, as in other Animals, but is parted somewhat crosways with a depressed Orifice, and is closed with two little Lips, of which the upper taketh its rise from the root of the Rump, and doth cover, as the upper Eye-lid the Eye, the three Orifices of the Pudendum of Birds, vid. those of the Anus, Uterus and Ureters: So that these parts being guarded by this soft Vail, cannot discharge the Excre∣ments out of the Cloaca, nor any Seminal Liquor can be immitted into the Uterus, unless this Cover be lifted up.

This fine Lip confining on the Rump, resembling in structure that of the upper Eye-lid, is composed of a Membranous substance interpersed with many Carnous Fibres, taking their progress from the Circumference to the Center, which contracting themselves, do cover the Orifices belonging to the Pudendum of Birds.

This fine part hath in its Margent a Semicircular Tarsus, after the manner of the Eye-lid, and is endued with a grisly Interstice, passing between the membranous and carnous part of it, and ariseth from the root of the Rump.

The three Orifices, obscured under this fine Vail, are seated so near each other, that they seem to make but one Cavity, called the Cloaca, common to Serous and more gross Excrements, through which also the Egg is ex∣cluded the body of Birds, when expelled the Uterus.

Of this Cavity Learned Harvey giveth this account in his Book de Gene∣ratio. Anim. Exercitat. quint. Hujus cavitatis (ait ille) ea fabrica est, ac si in Vesicam utrum{que} excrementum descenderet, & natura Ʋrina, pro Clystere natu∣rali abuteretur. Ideo{que} Crassior paulo & rugosior, quam Intestinum, est; at{que} in egestione & Coitu, foras provolvitur (sublato, ut dixi, velabro, quod ipsam tegit) & tanquam interior Intestini pars prolapsa, prominet: eodem{que} tempore omnia foramina distincte apparent; quae statim in ejus reductione, quasi in unam bursam collecta reconduntur.

The situation of the Orifice of the Vulva and Vagina in other Animals, is different from those of Birds, in the first they are lodged between the Ve∣sica and Intestinum rectum, and in the other, there being no Vesica, they are seated next to the Rump and Spine between it and the Intestinum Rectum.

Having discoursed the outward Orifice and confines of the Uterus, I will now apply my self to its more inward Recesses, to the Repository in which the Egg is brought to perfection, as encircled with its white and shell; the passage to the Uterus is called the Vagina in other Animals, in which the Pe∣nis is immitted in the time of Coition. In Birds this entry toward the Cavity of the Matrix is very loose and full of folds, which are rendred more smooth and plain, when it is distended upon the exclusion of an Egg; but on the other side the Penis or Seminal Liquor cannot pass into the body of the Uterus, as it is difficult to immit a Probe into it. And Fabritius is of an opinion, That Aer cannot be injected into it; whereupon it is not easie to conceive that the Cock can throw in the grosser but only the spiritu∣ous particles of Genital Matter into the Cavity of the Matrix, by reason there cannot be discovered any manifest difference between an impregnated,

and another Egg, which would be discerned if the fruitful Egg were embo∣died with some Seminal Liquor.

The body of the Uterus is lodged below the Stomach or Gizard, be∣tween the Loins, Kidneys, and Intestinum Rectum, in the bottom of the lowest Apartiment, not far distant from the Anus; so that when the Egg is immured with a Shell, and lodged in the Cavity of the Matrix, it is easie to feel the Egg with the fingers, as placed near the Anus.

The Uterus in Geese, Turkeys, and all other Hens of Birds is very dif∣ferent in dimensions and structure, by reason in a pregnant Hen the Uterus is much more fleshy and of an Oval figure, and hath greater and longer folds, as fitted for the reception and entertainment of the Egg, and is ex∣tended much farther according to the progress of the Spine; then in a Mai∣den Pullet, which is round and less fleshy, and endued with a very small Cavity, scarce capable to entertain a large Bean, and is endued with much shorter and less wrinkles, and more small Arteries and Veins, which render the body of the Uterus lank in a Maiden Pullet.

The Uterus is composed of many Coats, the first is Membranous, as framed of many Filaments of the same substance, finely spun and closely struck to each other.

The second is more thick and Carnous, as made up of numerous Carnous Fibres, some straight, others circular, and some oblique, which being put into motion, do narrow the cavity of the Matrix, and exclude the Egg.

The third and inward Coat is narrow, as integrated of a company of Nervous Fibrils, (making their progress up and down in several positions) which being conjoyned, do constitute this fine texture endued with acute sen∣sation; whereupon the Egg after it hath acquired a due maturity, groweth troublesome to this tender Coat, and thereby draweth the neighbouring fleshy Fibres into consent, and so dischargeth the importunate guest.

Between the middle and inward Coat are lodged a company of small Glands, which are so many Colatories of the Blood, and prepare a Materia substrata for the production of the white and shell of the Egg.

The Uterus of Birds is furnished with numerous divarications of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, and Nerves.

The Arteries are derived from the descendent Trunks of the Aorta, and have more numerous Ramulets than those of the Veins, and grow much greater in impregnated Birds, and the Arteries do exceed the Veins in number, by reason, as I humbly conceive, they import a Seminal and nourishing Liquor, which is absumed, in the formation and nutrition of the white, yolk, and shell of the Egg. The Veins of the Uterus are fewer in number than the Arteries, and do take their rise from the Trunk of the Vena Cava, and re∣convey the Blood from the Ʋterus toward the Heart.

The Uterus also is accommodated with Nerves derived from the Spine, which do associate the Arteries, and contribute a choice Liquor, which may claim a share both in the Generation and nourishment of some parts.

The use of the Glands is very great, because as the Colatories of the Blood, they are fine minute aggregated Bodies containing various kinds of Vessels; The Arteries import Blood mixed with Chyme into the body of the Glands, where the soft albuminous and serous parts are severed from the Purple Juice, and confederated with a Liquor destilling out of the Nerves, and carried by secret passages into the cavity of the Uterus, where it makes an accretion to the yolk of the Egg, and formeth the white and shell, and also, as I apprehend, this fine liquor of the Blood and Nerves,

doth insinuate it self into the Pores relating to the yellow Compage of the Yolk, whereupon it enlargeth its dimensions in the cavity of the Matrix.

CHAP. XXXII. Of the Ovaries and Eggs of Birds.

ALthough Learned Harvey, the wonder of his time for his great dis∣coveries of the secrets of Nature, hath made a great inspection into the structure of Ovaries and Eggs of Birds, yet I will take the boldness, with your permission, to speak my meaner sentiments, that I might con∣tribute my Mite in order to the fuller Explication of this Subject, to declare the Situation, Connexion, Figure, Substance, Vessels, Carnous Fibrils of the Ovaries, and the manner of production of their Eggs, their increase, and the nature of their several Liquors.

The Ovary of Birds is seated a little below the region of the Liver near the Spine, upon the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Vena Cava, to which it is fastned by the interposition of Vessels sprouting out of these great Trunks and divaricated through the body of the Ovary and the Mem∣branes encircling the Eggs; the origen of the Ovary is lodged near the place, where the Caeliack Artery entreth into the Mesentery, and where the Emul∣gent and Spermatick Vessels do arise out of the greater Trunks.

The Ovary is adorned with an oblong round Figure, after the manner of a Cylinder, and hath a small Origen but a large Body, which like a Belly or Matrix encompasseth the clusters of new-formed Eggs, to secure them against the assaults of the neighbouring Guts, when distended with Excre∣ments.

This useful part of Birds is made up of a various substance, partly Mem∣branous and partly Glandulous; the surface of it is Membranous, compo∣sed of right, transverse, and oblique Nervous Filaments, curiously interwo∣ven, and so closely adapted to each other, that it is impossible to discern the inter∣stices of the most minute nervous threads running in variety of positions up and down, directly, obliquely, and crossways, in order to frame this fine Contexture.

The more inward part of the Ovary is composed of a soft, porous, spon∣gy substance, made up of numerous Glands, beset with the terminations of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and numerous Perforations, through which the Seminal Liquor destilleth into the cavity of the Ovary, giving the first ru∣diment to the Eggs.

This rare Compage, integrated of a Membranous and Glandulous sub∣stance, is accommodated with Spermatick Arteries and Veins (arising out of the Trunks of the Aorta, and Vena Cava) by whose mediation the Ovary is kept close to the Spine: These divers preparing Vessels do spread them∣selves in divers Ramulets through the membranous and glandulous part of the Ovary, into, and out of which they import and export Vital Liquor to give life and heat to this choice Fabrick the repository of the origens of Minute Eggs.

The Ovary of Birds is not only furnished with the Blood-vessels of Arte∣ries and Veins, but with Nerves too, propagated from the Spinal or Verte∣bral

Nerves, imparting many Fibrils to the membranous and glandulous sub∣stance of the Ovary into which their terminations do convey Nervous Li∣quor, which meeting with more delicate part of Blood in the body of the Glands, do embody, and make a Seminal Juice, in which the first lineaments of Eggs are contained.

The Ovary of Birds is not only framed of Nervous Fibres, but very small Carnous too, which are straight, oblique, and circular, and are consigned to divers uses of strengthenig the contexture of Nervous Fibres, and to give it the power of Contraction, when it is aggrieved by the greatness of the Eggs brought to due maturity and severed from the Ovary, whereupon it contracteth it self, and presseth down the loosened Egg out of its confines into the beginning of the Oviduct.

The Eggs affixed by stalks to the inside of the Ovary, are so many pro∣ducts, coming from Seminal Liquor made of the mild parts of the Blood and Nervous Juice confederated.

The fruitful Glands of the Ovary have a choice furniture of divers Blood-vessels, as Arteries dispensing by their extremities Vital Liquor, whose Com∣page being opened by an active Juice destilling out of the terminations of Nerves, is disposed for Secretion, whereupon the more delicate parts of the Blood being associated with the Nervous Liquor in the body of the Glands, is carried by secret passages into the cavity of the Ovary, whereupon it is Concre∣ted into numerous minute Eggs, resembling Mustard-seed in their dimensions.

These rudiments of Eggs, formed of Seminal Liquor (conveyed through the holes of the Glands into the cavity of the Ovary) are composed of a palish yellow Liquor, encircled with a thick Coat coming from the mem∣brane of the Ovary, and a more thin proper Vail immediately enclosing the Seminal Liquor, out of which I taketh its birth; and by the narrower con∣fines of the common Integument, resembling stalks of Plants, the Eggs are affixed to the Ovary, and afterward are parted from it, when they arrive a due magnitude.

These Coats immuring the choice liquor of the rough delineated Eggs, are enameled with branches of Spermatick Arteries and Veins, first imparted to the Ovary, and from thence communicated to the common Coat of the Eggs, (as proceeding from the Coat of the Ovary) to give them heat and life.

In the Ovary are lodged a great company of Eggs, adorned with an Or∣bicular figure and different magnitudes, the greatest are placed about the Circumference, and the smaller about the Center, which is very conspicuous in the Ovary of an Estridge as well as in those of other Birds: The first ori∣gens of Eggs are as small as the seed of Mustard, and afterward acquire the greatness of a Wall-Nut, and are all appendant by many stalks to the Ovary, and hang near one another like a cluster of Grapes, all endued with a round figure and with different sizes.

If any person be so inquisitive as to know the manner how the rudiments of Eggs are nourished and increased in the Ovary; this satisfaction may be offered, That the more delicate parts of the Blood are brought by the Sper∣matick Artery into the Glands of the Ovary, wherein they are separated from the red Crassament by Nervous Liquor, impregnated with volatil and saline Fermentative Particles, disposing the Blood in order to Secretion; whereupon its more soft and oily Particles being severed and concocted into a yellowish colour by the peculiar ferment of the Ovarian Glands, are re∣ceived into secret Pores relating to the Coat of the Ovary, and carried by Proper stalks, endued with Cavities, (commensurate in shape and size to

the particles of the Succus Nutricius) into the body of the Eggs, and assi∣milated into their substance, whereby they grow gradually greater and grea∣ter, till they receive their due magnitude, and then they are parted from the Ovary, and pressed downward by its Carnous Fibres into the top of the Oviduct.

The Rudiment of Eggs, commonly called the Yolk, adorned with a di∣vers colour, some part is of a more deep yellow, and another more pale, and different in consistence from the white, as being more solid and delicate in substance and taste, by reason the albuminous part of the Eggs is more thin, especially as Colliquated by a gentle natural heat, and the Yolk more oily, and hath a power of dissolving Terpentine as its proper Menstruum.

CHAP. XXXIII. Of the Generation of a Foetus in Birds.

EGgs being the first rudiments of the Foetus in Birds, it may not be im∣proper briefly to delineate their parts of which they consist, the White, Yolk, Tredles, and a white spot, containing in it a Vesicle big with a pure Crystalline Liquor, as the first Origen of the Chicken.

The White (every way immuring the Yolk within its soft bosome) is encircled with a thin Membrane, made of many fine spun Filaments curiously interwoven, and is a white crystalline substance, out of which, as a Seminal Liquor, all the parts of a Chicken are first formed and nourished.

The Yolk is lodged in the centre of the Egg, every where encompassed with a transparent Albuminous Matter, in which it swimmeth; and is en∣dued with a more gross and firm consistence (hued with yellow) than that of the white, and is rather a Nutricious than Seminal Liquor; supporting the Chicken when brought to some perfection of parts within the confines of the Shell.

The Tredles of the Egg, vulgarly so called, as they are conceived to be the seed of the Cock, which is only a fancy, by reason these parts are found in Eggs not pregnant; and one is seated in the obtuse and the other in the more acute angle of the Egg, and are most of all lodged in the white, and strong∣ly affixed to the Membrane, encircling the yolk.

The greater Tredle is composed of many knots or little round Globules, called Grandines by the Latines, as resembling Hail stones: This larger Tred∣dle doth encline toward the greater extremity of the Egg, and the less con∣sisting of fewer Globules bendeth toward the more acute angle of the Egg.

The Treddles are the more solid parts of the white, being white oblong bodies, less diaphanous than the more thin parts of the Albuminous Liquor, and are ordained by Nature as two Poles to conserve the white, yolk, and white speck or Cicatricula (encircling the Vesicle of transparent Liquor) within their proper sphaeres.

The Cicatricula, the white spot of the Egg, is its most considerable part, as the chief Seminal Liquor, productive of the Foetus; and a white small cir∣cle affixed to the outward surface of the Membrane, enwrapping the yolk;

and is adorned with a smooth Orbicular figure, somewhat resembling the pupil of the Eye, relating to Birds; within the narrow confines of this mi∣nute Orb is lodged a small Bladder, (made up of minute Filaments) as a fine Vail, enclosing a delicate transparent Matter, the first rudiment of all the in∣tegrals, constituting the rare compage of the body of a Chicken.

Having discoursed the several parts of the Egg, as the Seminal and Nutri∣cious parts of the Foetus; I will now take the freedome to give a brief History of the diverse processes and steps of the generation of Birds, how the Ci∣catricula admitteth many alterations, and the order of production of parts, how they are successively formed, and the Foetus receiveth its due perfection.

When the Egg is enlivened with the kindly heat of the Hen, the great change is first discovered in the Cicatricula or speck of the White, adjoyning to the Yolk; so that this spot is more and more dilated, as the Egg cometh to more and more maturity in order to the production of the Chicken.

After five or six hours, when the Hen hath sate upon an Egg, the Spot or Cicatricula beginneth to be expanded, and the Vesicle encompassed with a Membrane, (as I conceive the Amnios) is filled with a fine Diaphanous Liquor, in which appear the first glimmerings of the Head and Spine, somewhat resembling the Keel of a Vessel, swimming in the Seminal Liquor, lodged in the Amnion, immured within a circle of the Cicatricula.

After twelve hours sitting of a Fowl, the Cicatricula is receptive of a greater Expansion, and the Lineaments of the Spine and Head appear more distinct; so that the Head is designed as adorned with divers circles, and the Spine seemeth to consist of two tanks of Vertebres (guarding the first rudiment of the Spinal Marrow) floating in the transparent Seminal Liquor, enclo∣sed within a fine Membrane; and afterward the first draught of the Umbi∣lical Vessels doth seem to be formed in the Genital Matter, after the manner of an obscure reticular plexe.

After eighteen hours, the more imperfect Delineation of the Foetus climb∣eth up toward the obtuse angle of the Egg, growing more distinct, and the Head appeareth greater, and the oblong Spine is made more conspicuous in the Colliquated Seminal Liquor (fenced in with a circle, which is not yet obliterated) whose ambient parts are interspersed with Rivulets, confined within Minute Vessels, tending toward the Amnion.

When the Hen hath sate a day and night, the Cicatricula is very much en∣larged in the obtuse part of the Egg, and the draught of the Chicken grow∣eth more conspicuous, and is lodged in the Colliquament, endued with a long Head and many Globular rudiments of the Vertebres, making up the Spine, which now beginneth to be made hollowed and fit for the entertainment of the Spinal Marrow, and the Wings do seem to discover themselves in the manner of a Cross, and three larger Vesicles may be discerned to be seated in the extremity of the Spine, which are the first lineaments of the Brain, and also two Globules, the rudiments of the Eyes, as Learned Malpighius hath observed.

About thirty and thirty six hours, the Vesicles seated in the top of the Spine, and the Globules (the ruder draught of the Vertebres of it) ap∣pear more evident, and the Umbilical Area is shaded with Varicose Vessels, which are first Coated with a yellowish, and afterward with reddish hue: In the Head furnished with two Appendages, the Eyes discover themselves, and many Circles immuring other several Areae, do contain within them five Vesicles, (the uppermost is filled with a dark and crystalline Liquor) the rudiments of the Brain.

After the Hen hath sate fourty hours upon an Egg, the circles im∣muring the Seminal Liquor in the Cicatricula, make a greater and more clear shew, at which time they are elegantly painted with variety of colours somewhat resembling the Rain-bow, and the figure of the Eye, as having a protuberance not unlike that of Cornea; this Prominence encircleth a most transparent Colliquated Liquor, somewhat akin in colour to that of the wa∣try humour of the Eye. This fine sight of the Cicatricula is very elegantly described by great Harvey, Secunda ovi inspectione, Exercitatione decima sexta. Ait ille, Praeterito die secundo, dicti Cicatriculae circuli conspectiores at{que} am∣pliores fiunt, ad magnitudinem unguis digiti annularis, & interdum medii, qui∣bus tota macula in duas regiones (aliquando tres) eas{que} diversis sane coloribus obscure distinctis dividitur, oculi figuram plane referens, tum protuberantia ali∣qua qualis in Cornea tunica visitur, tum magnitudine, tum etiam humore transpa∣rente, & lucidissimo intus contento; Cujus centrum pupillam repraesentat, sed puncto quodam albo in centro existente, tanquam aviculae alicujus ocellus suffusionem sive Cataractam (ut vocant) in medio pupillae pateretur: ob quam similitudinem oculum ovi nominavimus.

Now the fine compage of the little Foetus beginneth more clearly to sport it self in the pure Crystalline Liquor, in which the Spine cometh to larger dimensions, and the Orbicular Globules relating to the Vertebres are more completed, and the Vesicles of the Brain approach nearer to the substance of it: and the lineaments of the Eyes consisting in two little Orbs, arrive greater perfection, and the Beating-point, the first draught of the Heart now beginneth to discover it self in manifest different motions

The outward Margent of the Umbilical Area is walled in with a Venous Circle, which hath an Aperture bending toward the Heart, or Dancing-point, which in its contraction doth impell the whitish liquor into the right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart, and from thence into the left, and is then transmitted into the Aorta, from whence one Trunk is propagated into the Head, and another all along to the extremity of the Spine, transmitting many Ramulets into the Umbilical region, wherein they often associate and part again in the manner of a reticular plexe, which is also very eminent in the numerous branches of other Blood-vessels.

The Beating-point being endued with successive motions of Constriction and Dilatation, which doth plainly evince it to be the Heart, whose ambient parts are enclosed within thin Muscular walls, not as yet clothed in Red, which is its best and native aray when brought to due perfection.

The Vital Liquor first arayed in whitish and afterward in a darker and reddish colour appeareth first in the terminations of the Umbilical Vessels be∣fore it is transmitted into the right auricle and ventricle of the Heart not formed, whence it may be inferred with great probability, that the Blood receiveth its first rudiment in the ambient parts of the White, and is afterward impar∣ted to the Heart lodged in the center of the Body; and I humbly conceive, That the first draught of the Vital Juice, is a kind of the Colliquated Se∣minal Liquor, which after some Fermentation, is endued with a yellowish and afterward with a reddish hue, before it is transmitted from the Circumfe∣rence toward the center of the transparent Liquor, in which the Beating-point playeth up and down, as sporting it self in successive motions: So that Vital Liquor is by divers steps clothed with Purple, before the Heart beginneth its Pulsation.

And like as in the production of Seeds, the Eggs of Plants, a Sap or transparent Seminal Liquor, is first conveyed out of the Earth (as out of a fruitful Womb) impregnating the Seed, out of whose bosom the Germina, the first Shoots, Trunks, Leaves, and Flowers are formed by variety of Sap and Air-vessels, big with several fermentative, concreting Elements, which produces the dif∣ferent Integrals, making the curious compage of Plants; in like manner the Foetus of other more perfect Animals and Birds too is generated of many Juices, consisting of different principles, producing several Intestine motions, by which the various parts of Animals receive their first draughts, and after∣ward their more admirable finishings, wherein we may see and adore the great works of God and Nature in the divers processes of Generation; where∣upon we may plainly perceive the Foetus of Birds to have its parts gradually sprouting out of the Seminal Colliquated Liquor, made up of many fermen∣tative Elements, by whose opposite motions the Blood arriveth greater and greater degrees of perfection, at last putting on its purple robe before it maketh its perambulation in several gesses through all the parts of the Body.

After the Hen hath sate three days, the Chicken acquireth greater dimen∣sions, and its parts grow more distinct, and is lodged in the Genital Liquor, with a crooked Head and prone position of body, and the Vesicles of the Brain enameled with Blood-vessels are attended with the small orbs of the Eyes adjoyning to the ambient parts of the rudiments of the Brain; and the Spinal Marrow is lodged in the hollowed Vertebres of the Spine, and the external parts of the Colliquament begin to grow Opace, encompassing the ambient parts of the Seminal Liquor as with a Rayment, and the Vessels taking their rise from the left Ventricle of the Heart, begin their course to∣ward the middle of the Abdomen, and emit many branches of Arteries.

The Vesicles which before were discovered to be five, are in after-days divided only as it were into two; in the Occiput seemed to appear a Vesicle beautified with a triangular figure, and the lower region of the Synciput, is endued with a kind of oval shape; near this Vesicle doe appear two other, which I conceive, are the rudiments of the Eyes, whose parts now become more distinguishable, in which the Pupil (hued with Black) may be discerned, and the Crystalline humor is encircled with the Vitreous; and now the Auricles, Ventricles of the Heart are more matured, and the di∣stinct motions of the Ventricles are rendred more conspicuous.

The fourth day being past, the Chicken becometh more mature, and the Vesicles of the Brain are more enlarged, approaching nearer each other, and the Globules of the Eyes receive greater dimensions, not changing their shape; and the Spine and its Vertebres appear more fair, and the Wings and Thighs grow more in length, and the Spine receiveth the addition of the Rump, and the whole Body is clothed with a mucous Matter, as an imper∣fect flesh, interspersed with great divarications of Vessels, and the Cord of Umbilical Vessels begins to creep out of confines of the Belly, and the Blood is clothed with a deeper Scarlet, as impelled through the Arteries, and re∣turning by the Veins is hued with a paler red, and the Stomach is formed in some part, and the Intestines are made up of a kind of mucous Matter, as their first rudiment; and in Eggs arriving greater maturity, the Heart is immured within the confines of the Thorax, by reason of a thin Membrane enclosing it.

The fifth day being past, the Vesicles of the Brain, the Globules being the Vertebres, constituting the Spine, receive greater distinction, the Heart admitteth more rivulets of Blood, clothed with a deeper red, and the am∣bient

parts of the Umbilical Vessels encircling the Yolk, do make frequent inosculations with each other; the Brain now beginneth to be curdled and filled with a Filamentous substance, to which the Cerebellum is adjoyned, and the Viscera become more conspicuous, and the Lungs may be discerned, as arayed with a pale Red.

After the sixth day, the Bill begins its formation, and the Spinal Mar∣row is divided into two equal parts, and the Wings are enlarged, and the lower Limbs lengthened by the addition of Feet, and the Inte∣stines and other Viscera being enwrapped in Integuments, are so protube∣rant as if the Abdomen was disordered by a rupture of the Navil, and the Umbilical Vessels do insinuate themselves through the White and Yolk, and the ambient Amnion, and the Arteries appear less than the Veins their asso∣ciates. The fabrick of the Liver also becometh conspicuous, as consisting of variety of Vessels to which the miliary Glands are appendant, and the empty spaces of the Vessels are filled up with a kind of Parenchyma, which is some part of the Vital Liquor adhering to the Vessels in its passage from the Arteries to the Veins: The Liver is not yet tinged with Red, but with a kind of brown colour, and the ambient parts of the Body are clothed with Skin, enduced with many ramulets of Vessels, often joyned and divided again after the manner of Network.

After the Hen hath sate seven days, the Chicken hath its parts more per∣fectly Delineated, and is lodged in the Amnion encircled with the Chorion connected to the Membrane encompassing the Yolk, near the margent of the Umbilical region. The Head and Eyes receive larger dimensions, and the Vesicles of the Brain are covered with a Fibrous substance, as the rudiment of a Membrane enwrapping the more tender compage of the Brain, which beginneth to be Filamentous, or Fibrous, and now the Cerebellum and the origen of the Spinal Marrow do appear: The Heart is covered with a thin Tunicle, which I conceive to be the Pericardium, and is furnished with two Ventricles, of which the left exceedeth the right in dimensions and redness, and both Ventricles are immured with Muscular Spiral Fibres, which consti∣tute the fleshy part of the Heart; and the Auricles of it are rendred rough and unequal by the plexes of Carnous Fibres, which do as it were form ano∣ther Heart made up of two Cavities, as small Ventricles. The Thorax is encircled with white lines, the rudiments of Ribs. The Viscera of the low∣est Apartiment grow more perfect: The Gizard and Intestines are well configured; and the Liver appeareth hard sometimes with a yellowish Coat, and other times with ash colour, with the appendant miliary Glands (beset∣ting the terminations of the Vessels) endued not with a perfect round, but somewhat oblong figure. The Kidneys are invested with an ash coloured hue; The first lineaments of the rim of the Belly may be descerned to be mucous, and the whole body may be seen to be vailed with a thin Skin.

The eighth and ninth day of sitting being accomplished, the compage of the Brain groweth more solid, as the fibrous parts of it arrive to grea∣ter maturity, and the many vesicles of the Head seem to Coalesce into two protuberancies, as the Hemisphaeres of the Brain, which are hollowed into two Ventricles, and the Thalami, or Origens of the Optick Nerves begin to shew themselves with the appendant Cerebellum, and the beginning of the Spinal Marrow: The ambient parts of the Body are made unequal by many little protuberancies through which the Feathers are emitted, which are most eminent about the Back and Rump; The Liver is hued with a kind of brown colour, and divided into Lobes.

And the tenth and eleventh day being finished, all the Viscera receive grea∣ter maturity: The Coats vailing the White and colliquated Yolk, are sha∣ded with branches of Umbilical Arteries and Veins, of which the latter ex∣ceed the other in greatness, and the White is also encircled with a thicker Coat, as with a Chorion, adorned with divarications of Vessels, endued with numerous inosculations. The Yolk being rendred more fluid, is hued with a yellowish colour and lentous disposition, and hath lost somewhat of its di∣mensions, and the bulk of the White was very much lessened, as being ex∣hausted in the formation of the Chicken, which is clothed with Skin and Muscular parts, and beautified with a robe of Feathers, and a bony Beak, and furnished inwardly with more accomplished Viscera, among which the Liver hath its appendant vesicle of Gall, which sheweth the Liver to arrive more ripeness, as endued with more mature Glands fitted for the percolation of Blood from its bilious Recrements, of which the bladder of Gall is in some part a Repository.

The twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth days being past, the Chicken, was beautified with a plume of Feathers, and the bladder of Gall, big with a greenish humour, tinging the neighbouring Gut, which was beset with the rudiments of Glands; and the compage of the Lungs began to discover themselves, and the Ribs encircling the Thorax grew more solid, and the Muscular parts more firm, being lodged under the Skin: and the Viscera ha∣ving obtained their due circumference, were confined within the lower Apartiment as externally clothed with Skin and Flesh. The fleshy Stomach had somewhat of Chyle contained in it, and the Guts were big with a mu∣cous Matter, and in the fourteenth day they had Glands interspersing their Coats: The Chicken did swim with a crooked Spine, in the Amnion, which was enameled with divarications of small Vessels; its liquor held over the Fire was Coagulated, like the serous part of the Blood, the Chorion was also shaded with Blood-vesses (and encompassed the White and Yolk) termina∣ting into reticular plexes: The Talons and Beak grew more solid and bony, and in the fifteenth day the bladder of Gall became greater, and arayed in a kind of blewish colour, as Learned Malpighius hath observed, who hath exactly described the various processes of the Generation of the Foetus, re∣lating to Birds.

In the 15^th. 16^th. 17^th. and 18^th 19^th. and 20^th. days being accomplish∣ed, the Skin and Muscular parts beautified with Feathers, received grea∣ter perfection, as also the Heart and other Viscera, and at last the Shell grew tender and friable when the Foetus approached the birth, and the Cho∣rion grew thicker and almost bloody, as decked with a blush of red, and the Coat of the Allantoeides, as Malpighius conceiveth, carried streaks of Urine, made after a reticular manner, bending toward the Navil, which had an appendant Urachus, furnished with an Aperture leading into the Cloaca. Last of all the Chicken near its coming out of the Egg, doth peep, and peck upon the Shell till it maketh its way through it, after the Membranes are lacera∣ted, or else the Hen doth assist the weak Foetus to make it free, in breaking the wall of the Egg confining the Chicken.

And if the Chicken be Dissected four days after the Egg is broken and the Foetus set at liberty, you may discover a kind of Call covering the Viscera of the lowest apartiment, and the greatest part of the Yolk exhausted which had a short passage into the Guts, wherein the oily colliquated reliques of the Yolk might be transmitted into the Intestines to give nourishment

to the Chicken, as I humbly conceive, or else to be discharged as an Excrement through the termination of the Intestines, and adjoyning Anus.

CHAP. XXXIV. The parts of Generation in Fish.

THe instruments of Generation in Fish of a cetaceous kind, are near akin in structure and figure to those of Beasts, and are furnished with Spermatick vessels, Ovaries, Tubes, a Womb, and Pudendum; the pre∣paring Vessels in a Porpess consisting of Arteries and Veins sprouting out of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and ascendent of the Vena Cava, do make their progress toward the Ovaries and Cornua, which are shaded with greater divarications than the body of the Womb, and afford a pleasant prospect upon the Dissection, and do import Vital Liquor into the parts of Generation in this cetaceous Fish, to give life and nourishment both to these parts, as well as the Foetus.

The Testicles or Ovaries in this Animal †, are not large in dimensions resembling in greatness the fruits of Jujubs according to Dan. Major, and did not exceed an inch in length, and the bigness of a Goose quill, as Learned Dr. Tyson hath described them, and are endued with an obtuse conick fi∣gure †, and may be styled, as to their frame, compositions of many small Eggs, confined with proper Tunicles, closely conjoyned to each other by the mediation of the Membranes, and have one common Coat encompassing all the minute Eggs, big with Seminal Liquor, derived from the serous part of the Blood imported by the preparing Arteries into small miliary Glands (besetting the common Membrane) in which the more soft particles of Vi∣tal Liquor, are severed from the more fierce, and being embodied with a select liquor, destilling out of the terminations of the Nerves (inserted into the substance of the testicular Glands) are carried through the secret pores of the proper Tunicles into their fruitful bosomes in order to the production of the Foetus, receiving its first rudiment in the Ovary, and is afterward dis∣charged by Fibres, contracting the Ovaries, into the Fallopian Tube, seated between the Ovaries, and the † Cornua Uteri, running in length all along the Testicles with many Indentments or small Meandres, and then being reflected, do end into a large entrance near the Cornua Uteri.

These Deferent Vessels, as well as the Ovaries, are furnished with many Carnous Fibres arising out of the Peritonaeum, and are implanted into the Fal∣lopian Tubes †, which narrow their Cavities by the contraction of these fleshy Fibres, and expell the impregnated Eggs into the Cornua Uterina, which are furnished with many divarications of Blood-vessels † in a Porpess.

The Womb of a Porpess is a Composition made up of many Coats inter∣lined with variety of fleshy Fibres seated both in the Body † and Cornua Ute∣ri †, which are narrow in their Origen and afterward more enlarged, and are the prime parts of the Womb, in which the Foetus is lodged, till they arrive a due maturity.

The Uterus being opened, the Vagina, the inward Orifice and Bottom may be discovered: The Vagina is beset with many wrinkles or folds, which may be seen toward the bottom to pass in a transverse posture overfolding each other, that they seemed almost to fill up the cavity of the inside of the Ʋte∣rus, and rendered the entrance into it so narrow, that it is very difficult to immit a Probe into it.

The Womb in its inward surface is endued with many long Fibres; be∣tween the folds may be discerned a quantity of viscide Matter, which came out of the small Glands besetting the inside of the Womb; and as I hum∣bly conceive, is much of the same nature with the Petuitous Matter found in the Intestines, Ventricle, and Ʋterus of other more perfect Animals.

The Pudendum of this Fish is endued with a long Fissure or entrance into the Vagina Ʋteri, and the Rima being somewhat dilated, the Clitoris (as Major calleth it) which is a hard body shading the Meatus Urinarius, as lean∣ing upon it, and the passage into the Ʋterus was much lessened, by the Mem∣branes contracted into many folds; this part and the Vagina is furnished with Muscles or Muscular Fibres, which contracting, do narrow the passage, and assist the exclusion of the Foetus.

The Cramp Fish hath preparing Arteries and Veins arising out of the Trunks of the Aorta and Vena Cava, which are divaricated into many bran∣ches overshading the Ovaries, and do impart Vessels to every Egg contain∣ed in them.

The Ovaries are seated near each side of the Liver, and have numerous Eggs of several sizes and colours, some White, others Yellow, and are en∣dued with several figures, some round, others flattish, as being compressed by the neighbouring parts; when the Eggs are matured they are conveyed by the Deferent Vessels (contracted by Muscular Fibres seated in them) into the Cloaca.

The Amsterdam Physicians in their Dissections give a very good account of rare structure of the Ovaries of a Pike, after she had shot her Spawn. Aiunt illi, in Lupo recens a partu mense Aprili Ovarium jam ab omnibus ovis liberum, apertum & aquae immersum admirandam suam exhibebat structuram: exterius glabrum est, interius villosum ex multis quasi laminis se invicem subsequentibus compositum (propemodum ut in ventriculo tertio Ruminantium) Hae laminae sunt membranae tenuissimae quibus ova annectuntur. Ovis vero excretis iisdem laminis adhaerebat substantia quaedam Glandulosa punctis aut granulis notata, quae videbantur esse ovorum rudimenta. Non tamen laminae hae per totam ovarii in∣ternam superficiem extenduntur, sed à tergo incipiunt vasa sanguinea, quae re∣punt per membranarum substantiam digiti fere latitudine dein se invicem acce∣dunt uti sit in Mesenterio, & sic ad laminas, quae ibi primum oriuntur, pergunt.

Whereupon it may be clearly inferred that Ovaries of a Pike, and of other Fish too, are composed of one common Membrane interlined with various thin Tunicles (to which the Eggs are affixed) endued with Minute Glands, into which the preparing Vessels are inserted, whereupon the Vital Liquor, being imported into the substance of these small Glands, hath its more gentle and serous parts (severed from its more sharp and hot red Crassament) which being embodied with some choice juice dropping out of the extremi∣ties of the Nerves, do make the Seminal Liquor, the Materia Substrata of the Eggs of Fish.

The Ovaries of a Thornback are shaded with numerous branches of Blood-vessels †, and are very eminent, as consisting of many greater and lesser † Eggs, and are seated on each side of the Intestines, and affixed in their

hinder region to the Spine, by the interposition of a thick Membrane, as also to the middle of the Cloaca or Uterus.

The common Membranes of the Ovary have many small thin Mem∣branes appendant to them, by which the Eggs are fastned to the Ovaries, as well as to each other. These Tunicles have divers Minute Glands annex∣ed to them, which are the Colatories of the Blood and the Seminal Matter in order to the production of Eggs.

The Ovaries of this Fish are stored with a great furniture of Eggs of dif∣ferent sizes † and colours, some being whitish, and other yellowish, as they come to greater maturity.

The Eggs grow in clusters, and every one is encircled with a proper Coat, and are smallest in their origen near the top of the Ovary, and acquire grea∣ter dimensions as they approach nearer the Oviducts.

The Yolks on each side, when they have arrived a due perfection, are parted from the other smaller neighbouring Yolks, and Concreted (as I humbly conceive) into a white curdely substance, environed with thick white Membranes, and are afterward received into the Oviducts, wherein they are Colliquated by heat, and invested on every side with a white viscid Crystalline Liquor, overcrusted with grisly Integuments, which supply the places of shells in the Eggs of Birds, and are the true Chorion encompas∣sing the more fine inward Coat or Amnion of the Egg.

The numerous Eggs constituting the Cluster, are fastned to a white Mem∣brane †, accommodated with many Glands, in whose compage the more mild part of the Vital Liquor is severed from the more fierce Purple, and is conveyed by Pores to the yolks of the Eggs, whereby they are nourished and encreased.

The Oviducts † are very large in this Fish, and begin near the Ovaries, and end into the angles of the Cloaca or rather Uterus.

About the beginning of each Oviduct is seated a semicircular white body † covered with a thick Membrane, containing within it a concreted white Liquor. These semicircular bodies have outwardly a convex, and in∣wardly a concave hollow surface.

The Oviducts of this Fish as well as its Ovaries are cloathed with three Coats, the first or outward is Membranous, composed of many small Fila∣ments of the same kind.

The second is fleshy, as made up of numerous Carnous Fibres, lodged be∣tween the two Coats, which strengthen them, and by their contraction do crowd the Eggs into the Cloaca or Uterus.

The third Coat of the Deferent Vessels or Oviducts of a Thornback, is Nervous, framed of many minute threads finely interwoven.

The use of these Oviducts is to give a reception to Eggs, when thrust out of the confines of the Ovaries, and to convey them to the Cloaca, or rather Uterus.

The Oviducts have their more sine inward Ash-coloured Coats beset with numerous small Glands, in whose substance the Albuminous part is separated from the red Crassament, and conveyed by secret passages into the cavities of the Oviducts, making the whites of these Eggs, on each side immuring the yolks, as it is found in the Eggs of Birds. At last the grosser part of the Albuminous Matter (which I saw bedewing the inward part of the Ovi∣ducts) being made of more viscid and gross saline Particles, is concreted into a Cartilaginous shell, encompassing the Albumen and yolk of the Egg.

In the Oviducts near the middle of them, I plainly discerned through the transparent Coats two Eggs † (seated over against each other) invested with dark coloured Cartilaginous shells, beset with small hairs; and in ano∣ther Fish, I saw one of these matured Eggs after it was taken out of the Cloaca or Uterus, cloathed after the same manner.

The Oviducts are inserted into Angles seated in the top of the Cloaca, as it is thought by some Learned Anotamists; but I humbly conceive, with the leave of these renowned Men, That it is rather a true Uterus, as having all the Coats belonging to it, beset with many Glands, and is also endued with many Plicatures, or folds, which are found in the Uterus of other Animals.

And last of all, which most induceth me to be of this opinion, is, be∣cause the termination of the Intestinum Rectum is not inserted into the body of the Cloaca, but hath its extremity seated on one side of the Uterus in this Animal, which doth not discharge the Excrements into the cavity of the Ute∣rus, but through a particular hole ending in the Anus.

After the yolks of Eggs relating to a Thornback are rendred somewhat ma∣ture, they are received into the Oviducts, where they acquire a greater perfe∣ction, till they are encircled with a Crystalline humour, endued with a tran∣sparent clammy substance, resembling the white of an Egg; and these various crystalline and yellow Orbs of various Liquors reside in the Oviducts, till they are immured with brown Cartilaginous coverings, and then are discharged successively through the confines of the Deferent Vessels into the larger cavity of the Uterus in which these quadrangular Eggs come to greater maturity, and then are expelled the body of the Uterus, and are afterward bedewed with the milky humor of the Male: So that the impregnated Seminal Liquor by various processes is productive of a Beating-point, Heart, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Intestines, Kidneys, and other Muscular and Membranous parts, which are gradually formed by Nature in an admirable order; which speaketh the infinite wisdom and power of the Omnipotent Agent.

The Fish (called in the Latine Tongue Canis Charcaria, which is of a Ce∣taceous kind) is stored with many kinds of Genitals, Ovaries, Oviducts, divers sorts of Eggs, &c.

Each side of this Fish is accommodated with an Ovary, beginning and ending in smaller dimensions, and is endued with a membranous and nervous Coat, interlined with Muscular Fibres, assisting the exclusion of the Eggs into the Oviducts.

And the Ovaries are not only invested with a membranous, nervous, and car∣nous Integument, but are also adorned with many small Glands, as so many streiners, separating the more soft from the fierce parts of the Blood, which serve as Seminal and Nutricious Juice, forming and supporting the Eggs.

The Ovaries are furnished with many Eggs of various figures, magni∣tudes, and colours, some long, others round, some small, others great, and a third of a middle size; and as to variety of colour, some Eggs are white or wheyish, and others yellow.

Each Ovary hath an appendant Oviduct (beginning at the termination of the Ovary) inserted at last into the Cloaca, as a common recepta∣cle of the Eggs, relating to both Oviducts, which ascend in this Fish be∣tween the Liver and Diaphragm, and afterward being reflected toward the lower region of the Abdomen, are fastned to the middle of it, which is cal∣led Linea Alba in more perfect Animals.

The lower part of the Oviducts being opened, (somewhat resembling the Guts in figure and magnitude) a milky humor gusheth out, in which some long bodies did swim, as being the rudiments of the Foetus, nourished and matured in these Oviducts, as I humbly con∣ceive.

The Oviducts as well as the Ovaries, are cloathed with various co∣verings, interspersed with fleshy Fibres; the upper Coat is more thick and rough, and the surface of the inward Integument is more smooth, and besmeared with a Crystalline Liquor.

The outward and thick Coat may be called the Chorion, and the more inward and fine the Amnion (as some will have it,) or rather these Oviducts in this Viviparous Fish, may in some degree have the use of the horns of the Womb, as being full of a Seminal Nutricious Liquor, which com∣pleateth and nourisheth the parts of the Foetus.

Where the Oviducts are more small, they have a kind of ring, which serveth (as I humbly conceive) in stead of a Sphincter to contract the Oviducts, and by it to hinder the return of the Eggs to∣ward the Ovary; this may be seen in Skaites and Serpents, as well as in Dog-fish.

That the substance of the inward Recesses, relating to the Oviducts of the Fish, may be discovered; it is requisite to open them, wherein may be discerned the inward surface of the Oviducts, beset with divers ranks of little Prominencies placed in parallel lines, which are so many minute Glands, furnished with Excretory vessels, carrying a milky humor into the cavity of the Oviducts, to give increase and nourishment to the Foetus lodged in the bosom of the Oviducts.

The white liquor of the Oviducts being held over the Fire, may be con∣creted like the white of an Egg; So that it seemeth to be an Albuminous Matter, proceeding from the soft parts of the Blood, secerned from the other in the Glands of the Oviducts.

The Uterus of a Dogfish (called Galaeus Laevis by the Antients) is dou∣ble, one lodged in the right † and the other in the left side †, and each of them hold a perfect Analogy in figure and magnitude, and hath their ter∣minations very small in a kind of Cones, (near the Anus) and are more and more enlarged, and begin near the upper part of the lowest aparti∣ment, about the Diaphragm.

This elegant structure of the Uterus is composed of many Coats, the out∣ward is white, thin, and membranous, made up of numerous Filaments finely spun, closely struck, and curiously interwoven with each other; and the inward is endued with many Glands and fleshy Fibres, excluding the young Foetus when they have arrived a due maturity in the Uterus.

When I opened the Abdomen of this Fish, and removed the Intestines, I discerned each Uterus to be bigg with young Fish, swimming in a Serous Liquor, of a sweet taste, which if exposed to the fire, may be Concreted into a solid substance resembling the white of an Egg.

These Foetus were covered, next to the outward integument of the Uterus, with a Chorion, (and Amnion) fastned to the Uterus, in which the young Fish were lodged in an elegant order, in two or three ranks, the upper had four in number †, of which two lay belly to belly, and the other back to back, with their Tails turned up † for their convenient position in the Uterus.

The Chorion seated within the Uterus †, is adorned with a most excellent texture, made up of many Filaments, shaded with divarications of branches of Arteries and Veins, importing and exporting Vital Liquor into this fine Compage.

This Fish had also (beside the Ʋterus great with Foetus) an Ovary (pla∣ced near the Diaphragm, between each Uterus) full of Egs of different sizes †, as coming to greater or less maturity, which were carried down successively through the Oviduct into the origen of the Uterus, when it had discharged its former guests, and left free for the entertainment of the Eggs, the young Rudiments of Foetus, which were conveyed out of the termi∣nation of the Oviducts into the Origens of the Uterus, and afterward into its body, to receive the advantage of greater and greater perfection.

The Ovary of this Fish was attended with a long Oviduct † † † passing un∣der the Guts all along between each Uterus, which I discovered by immitting a Pipe into its Extreamity, that the whole body of the Deferent Vessel grew Tumified with Breath, forced into it by a strong inspiration.

The Eggs, when received out of the Oviduct into the bosom of the Ute∣rus, are first encircled with an Albuminous Liquor, severed from the Purple Juice in the Glands, and conveyed by small passages of the inward Coat into the cavity of the Uterus, where it penetrateth the integument of the Egg, conjoyned to the outward surface of the Yolk, and afterward the Fish is generated part by part in many processes, till it acquireth a due per∣fection.

CHAP. XXXV. Of the Parts of Generation in Insects.

INsects are a select Compendium of Animals, wherein are a great com∣pany of different Parts bound up in a small Volume, which speaketh the great artifice and contrivance of the most Noble Architect, who dis∣poseth all things out of His infinite wisdom and goodness in wonderful order, whereby the numerous fine parts of these Minute Animals are made service∣able to each other for their mutual advantage.

And these minute models of Creatures are very worthy our remark, as be∣ing furnished with a great Apparatus of Genital parts, having a mutual de∣pendance, in which they have very much Analogy with those of greater Animals.

The Males of Insects are endowed with a great stock of Genitals, as pre∣paring Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Air-vessels, Testicles, Parastats, Seminal Vesicles attended with a Penis.

The Females also are adorned with a furniture of variety of parts ministe∣rial to Procreation, as Spermatick Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Air-vessels, Ovaries, Oviducts, Uterus, and Pudendum.

The confines of the Guts in a Silk-Worm, are immured with a bony Circle, and shaded as it were with Hair and Doun; This hard ring (being outwardly foftned with a more tender Membrane) is composed of three bony flakes winding in circular postures, guarding the terminations of the Bowels, among which the entrance of the Uterus is seated, endued with a more deep colour and a more firm substance, and adorned with a semicir∣cular figure, and in its middle hath a Fissure, leading into the Vagina, into which the Penis hath a reception.

The space, interceding the confines of the Bony Circle, is encompassed with a Membrane, which being beset with Muscles, and the Belly compres∣sed, is turned outward, and rendred Tense, making many Protuberancies about the Anus, and in the middle of them two oval Tumors may be seen, interspersed with Hair, and near it is a common Cavity, as in Fish and Fowl, in which the Foetus and Eggs are some time detained before they are ex∣cluded.

Near the termination of the Ovary is placed a Bladder about the lower re∣gion of the Abdomen, which passing crossways, doth climb over the Trunk of the Ovary, being attended with long Productions, which being Membranous, and of a fine texture, do somewhat resemble in Figure, the Cornua of the Ute∣rus in more perfect Animals.

The body of the Womb is beautified with a kind of Orbicular figure, and is furnished with two Ducts, the one is above the Womb into which the Eggs are transmitted out of the Ovaries; The second Duct is below the body of the Ʋterus, which is the Vagina, into which the Penis of the Silk-Worm and its Seed is immitted, and through which the Eggs are car∣ried to the Vulva.

The Ovaries in Silk-Worms have eight Productions, which do Coalesce into two longer Trunks, ending in one common Duct, through which the Eggs (arriving to a due maturity) are discharged near the Anus.

These various Processes are acommodated with several Cylindres, impor∣ting a different Matter into the membranes of the Ovaries, rendring them fit for Generation, the production of numerous Eggs lodged in divers Membranes, the outward being more thick, resembleth the Chorion and the inward the Amnion.

The Ovaries also are composed of divers Tunicles, beset with numerous minute miliary Glands, the Colatories of the Blood, secerning the finer part of it in order to the procreation of Seminal Liquor.

The Ovaries of Insects are endued with many branches of Air-vessels shading the various Tunicles, into which their Terminations are inserted, importing Air into the substance of the Minute Glands, wherein a Secretion is made of the more delicate part of the Vital Liquor from the gross.

These fruitful parts have their Integuments furnished with many Carnous Fibres, giving strength to the Tunicles of the Ovaries, and a power to con∣tract themselves in order to the exclusion of the Eggs.

Insects have other Genitals, as Oviducts, and an Uterus, in which the Eggs are lodged sometime, and receive greater maturity before they are transmit∣ted into the Vagina in order to exclusion.

All these various parts are formed by Nature for the production of Eggs, which I humbly conceive, are generated after this manner; The Vital Liquor is transmitted into all parts of the Body to give life and nourishment, where∣upon it insinuateth it self by secret Pores into every minute Particle: So that the remains of the Blood (not serviceable to Nutrition) receive the signatures of various parts they have conversed withall, and being carried to the Heart by Veins, are thence impelled by pulsations into the Aorta, and afterward by the preparing Arteries into the substance of the Glands (seated in the Tunicles of the Ovaries) whereing the more fine and gentle part of the Blood is severed from the more sharp, and there meeteth with Nervous Liquor and Air (brought in through the terminations of proper Vessels in∣serting themselves into the glands of Ovaries) which inspire it with fermen∣tative Particles, which are afterward carried through the small passages of the inward surface of the Ovaries into their Cavities, where numerous small pro∣portions of Seminal Matter are kept separate, and afterward encircled with Coat produced out of the more viscide concreted Particles of the Genita Liquor.

The Eggs of Silk-Worms big with Seminal Liquor, derived from the more delicate liquors of the Blood and that of the Nerves, inspired with Elastick Particles, are invested with a thick Membrane Coated with Yellow for two days or more, and some space afterward the pregnant Eggs grow blewish in reference to the Foetus contained in them, which appear through the transparent Membranes encircling the Genital Juice.

The Eggs of Silk-Worms are beautified with an oval Figure somewhat flat∣tish †, as having two lateral Cavities; in addle Eggs a much greater depression may be seen, as if they had been crushed or bruised.

These Eggs of Insects are not immured within a hard friable Shell, as those of Birds, but have a Diaphanous and flexible Coat, like the shavings of Horns; So that they may be divided into many Laminae; and the out∣ward surfaces of these Eggs are rendred rough with many minute Promi∣nencies.

The cavities of the Eggs, relating to Silk-Worms, are filled with Liquor (hued with a yellowish colour) which being held over the fire, loseth much

of its fluid temper, as admitting Concretion, somewhat resembling the yolk of an Egg.

The yellowish liquor is encompassed with a thick Membrane, upon which divers blewish bodies are divaricated, not after the manner of Blood-vessels, whose Ramulets grows less and less, but somewhat resemble the branches of Ivy, which begin in smaller stalks, and afterward become grea∣ter in broader dimensions as having Leaves annexed.

Thus I have given a History of the Parts of Generation both in the Males and Females of Insects, and more particularly of Silk-worms; I will now with your permission, give an account how Generation it self is performed in these Minute Animals, which is wonderful in Nature, how so many fine Or∣gans should be contrived for the production of such small Creatures.

Insects as well as more perfect Animals, are generated by the blending of the different seeds of Males and Females, the later (as being the Mate∣ria Substrata) is impregnated by the former, the more Nobler Liquor; which I conceive, is procreated by several instruments. The Blood being transmitted by the preparing Arteries into the substance of the most minute glands of the Testicles, the sharp parts are severed from its most soft and Serous Liquor, which is embodied in the interstices of the Vessels, with a choice Juice destilling out of the terminations of the Nerves, as also with Air flowing out of the extremities of proper Vessels: So that these different principles being confederated in one body, are received into the origens of the Seminal Vessels of the Testicles, and thence conveyed into Seed-vesicles seated near the root of the Penis, which may be clearly seen in the bodies of Silk-worms and other Insects, when laid open by Dissection and inspected by Glasses.

The Eggs of the Palmer-worm, Locusts, Betel, Grasshopper, Silk-worm, and many other Insects, are furnished with a Seminal Matter, (enwrapped within Shells or Coats) consisting of the fine parts of Vital and Nervous Liquor, inspired with the Elastick particles of Air, conveyed through the terminations of the proper Vessels and secret Pores, with the said Juices, in∣to the cavities of the Ovaries, into which the spirituous particles of Mascu∣line seed (injected by the Penis into the Vagina Uteri) do ascend and im∣pregnate the Eggs lodged in the several productions of the Ovaries, which are very numerous in Insects.

The different Seeds of Male and Female Insects consisting of divers prin∣ciples, made of Vital and Nervous Liquor, impregnated with different Ele∣ments are made up of Fermentative dispositions, as acted with volatil, sa∣line, and sulphureous Particles, inspired with active, aethereal, and airy Atomes, which much exalt the Vital and Nervous Liquor, and raise the fer∣mentation of Seminal Matter productive of the Foetus of Insects.

The formations of the Foetus (caused by a gentle heat Colliquating the Seminal Liquor in a Silk-worm) after it is excluded the coat of the Egg, beginneth in a black minute Body, containing the Rudiments of the parts of this Animal in the bigness of a Pins head, and afterward groweth more oblong, hued with a brown colour, and then assumeth the shape of a Ca∣terpiller, beset with two slender Processes † about the Mouth, with which it taketh Aliment into the mouth, and is composed of divers Rings or Inci∣sures †, to which many Legs † are affixed about the Belly.

When it hath obtained half its dimensions, it casteth its brown Coat, and is arayed in white, shaded with a greenish colour; and after some time the body groweth transparent, which proceedeth from a Cristalline Liquor

(shining through its Skin) out of which being Concreted, the Silk-threads are finely spun, and conveyed through the mouth, and curiously wrought into three Coats as so many fine walls.

The most inward or third Coat is very thin, beautified with white, and made up of many small threads †, closely interwoven, and is conjoyned in many points, and afterward parted again, causing it to be interspersed with many minute Areae † (less than those of the middle Coat) of several shapes and sizes.

The middle Coat † hath a more lax frame (than the inward) hued with a pale yellow, and affixed to the contexture of the inward Coat, and is made up of yellow Filaments, having greater Areae † than the former Compage

The outward Coat is adorned with a deeper yellow than the middle, and hath a more loose Contexture †, as having plexes of Filaments (not so closely interwoven, and interpersed with larger empty spaces †) framed of greater threads, making a more open and rough Texture than the other Coats, from which it may be easily parted.

Within the bosom of these soft Compages (composed of divers kinds of Network, decked with an oval Figure) the Worm resembling a Maggot, is lodged, till it arriveth greater perfection, and then it is clothed with a joynted Case (composed of five or six Incisures or Rings) (growing less in circumference about the Tail) yellowish about the Belly.

This Insect hath a brownish shade, running along the middle of the back †, and is encircled on each side of the Head like a Coife †, where this Case is narrow in its Origen, and groweth more enlarged about the Body, and end∣eth into an obtuse Cone.

When the Worm cometh to more maturity in the Silk apartiment, it breaketh by degrees its Particoloured joynted Coat, through which the Horns, Head, Eyes, Thighs, and Legs first appear, and afterward the Wings and whole Body; and when it hath quitted the Case, it eateth its way through the various Silken Coats, and putteth on a new dress after the fi∣gure of a Moth, beset on each side with double wings, of which the upper are the largest †, covering the lower, and both of them are curiously wrought with fine Fibres, shading the thin Contexture of the wings, and is endued with two Horns (seated crossways near the Head) framed of a dark brown Trunk, out of which do sprout a rank of Comb-like Fibrils †.

The Body of this beautiful Insect is hollowed with divers Incisures or Rings, of which two or three near the Head are Semicircular †, and those lower in the Body are endued with perfect Circles, which become less and less in Perimiter as they appear nearer and nearer to the Tail.

The Wings of this Silk-moth being fastned to each side of its Head, are invested with a white Plume, made up of many fine Feathers; and the Thighs (attended with the Legs, Feet, and Claws) are conjoyned to the lower region of the Incisures of the Breast.

The Thighs, Legs, Feet, and Claws †, are made of three joynts tied toge∣ther by the interposition of fine Ligaments, and these curious Limbs are be∣set with Down as a beautiful whitish covering.

This excellent Insect, after it hath acquired its due perfection, often busseth up and down with its wings for three or four days, and after the Male hath coupled, turning its Anus to the Anus of the Female, she is impregnated, and layeth its fruitful Eggs, by which she perpetuates her self in a numerous Progeny, and then dieth as ambitious to live no longer, after it hath made it self as it were immortal by Propagation.

CHAP. XXXVI. Of the parts of Generation in Plants.

DIvers ranks of Plants grow young every year, and to that end Nature hath provided Seminal instruments to render them fruitful in order to propagation.

The gay Spring is expressive of its Joy in putting on new apparrel, as cloathed with several Greens, and beautified with fine Frondage and Foliage, and the Plants have their heads crowned with Flowers, adorned with variety of colours and smells; the first court our Eyes with pleasant prospects, and the other treat our Nostrils with a grateful fragrancy.

Flowers, the finer dress of Plants, and the Heralds of the teeming Spring, are made by Nature to guard the tender first-draughts of Wombs and Seeds, wherein fruitful Venus seemeth to frolique her self in various births of Plants, (as full of delight as admiration) which speak the infinite wisdom and power of the Omnipotent Parent.

Flowers, the ornaments of Plants, and the preservatives of the fine Ru∣diments, relating to the Organs of Generation, are made up of divers parts: The first that accosteth our Eyes, is the Cup, as the Base, guarding and under∣propping the Flower, and is adorned in several Plants, with a different shape and size, which is more single in Olives, Auranges, and Limons, whose Flowers springing out of tender shoots, are encircled with Cups as with ra∣diant crowns, composed of many small Fibres, and little Vesicles, besetting their Interstices, and when the Flowers are withered in these Plants, the Cups remain affixed to the Fruit, as Malpighius hath observed.

In Plants endued with Cods, the Cups are more indented, and have deeper incisures, and more numerous Leaves, as in Shepherds-pouch, and the like; in Bugloss, Primroses, Borage, Mallows, &c. the Cups are adorned with one rank of Leaves (different in number, magnitude, and figure) but some other Plants have divers rows of Cups seated within one another, and do spring from a double circle, as in Arborescent Mallows, in wihch the lower rank is intigrated of less Cups, and the next of greater; and in Plants, which are framed of very minute Flowers, the Cups have various ranks, lying within each other like so many flakes, and in Daysies, Blew-bottles, &c. as Malpighius hath discovered.

And Hartichoacks have divers ranks of Leaves set one above another, which are so many rows of Cups ordained by Nature to preserve their Flowers, and out of the stalks first arise the thick Leaves, and afterward thinner and smal∣ler, which are seated in such order as to make a body somewhat resembling a Pine-Apple, which do shade the flower contained in the middle.

Cups are instituted by Nature as the supporters of Flowers, and these again are fine contextures, overspreading the delicate principles of Wombs and seeds of Plants, which are their end and perfection as the first fruits, and earnest of propagation: Nature being aemulous of a kind of Eternity, as ambitious to preserve it self in all orders of Entities, by innumerable re∣peated acts of Generation.

Flowers, the finer walls encircling the curious begun fabrick of the or∣gans of Generation in Plants, are embellished with various colours, magni∣tudes, and figures, some have a round concave shape beginning in a smaller origen, and afterward are more and more dilated after the manner of a Bell, as in Fox-gloves, and all sorts of Bell-flowers, whose upper margents are adorned with equalities, as not divided into jagged partitions.

But the flowers of Hyacinth, described by Mathiolus, are many, crown∣ing a long stalk, out of and upon which they spring and lean, and are beau∣tified with a round hollow figure, and composed of a thick substance coated with Purple, somewhat inclining to Green, and in its upper confines, are parted into six scolops, as so many small Leaves; within the covert of these Flowers are enclosed the stamina and stylus of the Plant, which are the rudi∣ments of the instruments relating to its propagation.

The Flowers of Milkwort have a curious frame, and have many Leaves, in whose center ariseth a Tube (cut into two Leaves) in which springeth up a Compage made up of many fine threads; sometimes the flowers of this Plant are severed from each other in more deep incisions, and all take their rise from one Cup.

Sometimes the Flowers of Plants are crowned with many ranks of Leaves which give them a great ornament, as is conspicuous in a double Primrose, whose upper extremity of the stalk growing more enlarged, hath the Cup sprouting out of it, and after the double leaves of the Flower are rendred crisped, and the more long leaves of the Flowers are divided in the top into many partitions, and this Plant is adorned toward its lower region, with doubles Flowers, and hath no stamina nor stylus, which spring up out of the stalks in most Plants within the enclosures of Flowers; but in this the lower parts of them are hued with Yellow, where the stamina sprout out in other Plants: And Flowers are not only furnished with a fine contexture of Leaves, but with stamina too, which are a kind of Filaments surrounding the stylus, the rudiment of the Uterus in Plants.

The Cuckow-pintle hath a Flower endued with a rare structure, in re∣ference to its stamen, and many small Flowers the origens of Seeds (by which they are nourished) above which divers styliform processes shoot out, about them; a little higher, are seated some small bodies, composed of double Leaves, in which many minute, yellow, round bodies are contained, and at last an oblong, straight, yellow body shooteth up, made up of many Globules.

This fine Pintle is concave, integrated of many reticular Fibres passing through the systems of many little round Compages.

The structure of this Plant in reference to its Seminal Organs, is excel∣lently described by Learned Malpighius, The Honour of our Art. Anat. Plantar. p. 49. In Aro insigne est stamen, à Cauliculo supra Calicem, qui totum ambit florem, plura seminum inchoamenta seu flosculi eminent, qui tandem exa∣rescente pericarpio, turgent, & semina fovent; superius erumpunt styliformes ap∣pendices, supra quas exigua quaedam turgent corpora, quae geminis quasi foliis com∣ponuntur, quibus lutei quidam orbiculi, veluti stamina, continentur; tandem oblongum attollitur luteum corpus, globulis excitatum; hujusmodi perlongum, rectum, concavum est, solis{que} ligneis fibris, reticulariter implicitis, occupatur; reliquum vero ligneis fistulis, in globulorum congeriem productis, pervaditur.

Turgentibus orbicularibus corporibus, quibus staminum capitula replentur, ex∣siccata{que} continente Capsula, foras prodeunt globuli minimi, & disperguntur.

The stamina or threads are not the meanest parts constituting the Flowers of Plants, and are various in number, size, shape, and origination. Long

Birthwort hath a round Body (arising above the Cells of the Seeds) in which the yellow heads of the stamina are seated (without any stalk) from which many Globules are derived.

In Bell flowers, Narcissus, Fox-gloves, and almost in all tubulous leaves of Plants, the stamina sprout out of the leaves of the Flowers, with short little stalks, which is most manifest in a Primrose, in which the stamina (sup∣ported by a short stem, do spring out of the inward part of the leaves of the Flowers) have their tops adorned with yellow little heads.

In other Flowers their stamina or Filaments, which are many, do spring out of the substance of the Cups, and are beautified with peculiar heads, as in Plums, Cherries, and Almonds; and almost after the same manner in the flowers of Pomgranats, the divers ranks of stamina, do sprout out of the thick substance of the Cups.

In Blew-bottles, many little stalks do arise out of the inward substance of the Flower, and being united, do form a blew Tube, in which that of the Style is preserved, and the top is divided into many parts, out of which the Globules of the stamina do break forth, and are enclosed between the Tube and the Capsula of the Filaments, as in a proper repository.

In Plants endued with appendant Cods, as in Peas, Beans, &c. The Fi∣laments enclosed within the leaves of the Flower, are very short, and do arise out of a Capsula encircling the Style. In these Plants (as curious Mal∣pighius hath discovered) the little leaves of the Flowers being plucked off, an oblong hollow Body (integrated of thin parts) appeareth whose extremity is divided into many stalks relating to the stamina of their Flowers.

So that the stamina lodged within the flowers of different Plants, are de∣rived sometimes from the stalks or Cups, and other times from the inner part of the Flowers, or Capsula, and are endued with different colours, shapes, magnitudes, and numbers; and sometimes they have divers Loculaments, big with numerous minute Globules, resembling Atoms, and other times the stamina have divers small Hairs of divers magnitudes, which are nume∣rous Capillary Filaments, besetting the interior part of the Flowers like a Crown.

Thus I have discoursed the frame of the several parts of the Flowers made by Nature in favour of the Style or Wombs of Plants (in which the Seeds are lodged and cherished) as the perfection of the other.

So that the Style is that part, which possesseth the center of the Flower, which encircleth the Seed in its bosom, and riseth up with a Process seated between the stamina or Filaments placed within the confines of the leaves appertaining to the Flower; and I humbly conceive, that the Style hath some analogy with the Tubes of the Womb belonging to Animals, or rather the Style is a rough-draught of one or more Loculaments or Cells in which the Seed is embraced, and every Womb is a broad Body, enclosing the Eggs of Plants, and may be called a short Tube, furnished with divers Hairs or small Cylindres, derived from the stalk, and seated between the Filaments, sprouting up within the leaves of the flowers.

In Garden Fennel many Wombs may be discovered, whose body is adorn∣ed with some streaks, accompanied with many Filaments and Leaves, and hath a body resembling a Vech in figure, cut into a deep Fissure, and is made up of many tender yellow Pipes, full of a clammy humor, which Malpighius calleth Turpentine.

And after the same method Nature taketh its progress in the flower of Grapes, in which the Style rising up doth give the rudiment of many Cells,

made for the bosoms of Seeds, and is furnished with a short Tube beset with many small Filaments, and about the lower region, where the stamina sprout out are seated a system of Vessels or Pipes containing a viscid humor like Tur∣pentine.

The Flower of Poeony is endued with a double Uterus, somewhat resem∣bling a Cod, above which are seated the various origens belonging to the leaves of the flower, and a double Style ariseth, furnished with crooked Tubes out∣wardly covered with minute Capillary Filaments, and inwardly are placed many little allodgments of Seeds.

In Plants adorned with Cods, as Beans, Peas, &c. beginneth a Womb consisting of an oblong Tube (interspersed with hairy Filaments) in which the rudiments of Seeds are conserved as in a safe Receptacle.

An elegant Style or Rudiment of a Womb may be seen in the center of Flowers (belonging to Auranges, Limons, and the like) and about its rise a yellow Body is affixed, made up of an oblong Tube, endued with an open Head, and the whole Style is beset with little Bladders full of Oyl.

And all other Flowers of Plants have one or more Styles seated in their center, as having one or more Tubes (interspersed with hairy Filaments) in which the first draughts, or origens of Seeds are lodged as in a Tender Bo∣som, wherein they are preserved and nourished with proper Liquor.

Flowers (the Beauty of Plants, finely adorning their heads) are en∣dowed with a furniture of manifold parts, as a rare contexture made up of Cups, fine Leaves, Filaments, and a styliform Process; So that the top of the shoot or stem is expanded into the compage of a Flower, and the ambient part of the Rine is propagated into a Cup, often cut into various Scolops, endued with divers sizes and shapes, as the Styliform Process need∣eth greater or less nourishment.

Plants have their Cups somewhat answering the Flowers in number, be∣ing framed by Nature as preservatives of their tender Compage. And the Flowers are furnished with all kind of Vessels, having Pipes of Air and Li∣quor propagated from the inner substance of the stalk into the leaves of the Flowers, stamina and Styliform Process, the first principle constituting the Womb of Plants, and the various Pipes divaricated in reticular plexes have divers ranks of Bladders of Liquor, seated in their Areae, to confer Nutri∣ment on the several parts of the Flower.

Divers stamina or Filaments encompassing the Styliform Process, do arise near the origen of the Leaves (relating to the Flowers) out of the inward recesses of the stalk, and have a proper Sap lodged in little Vesicles, which discharge themselves by an Aperture into little Globules.

In the middle of the stamina or oblong Filaments is placed the Styliform Process as the Womb (propagated from the inward parts of the stem) in which is lodged a Vesicle of Liquor, Colliquated by the heat of the Sun, the first rudiment of the Seed.

The structure of Plants in point of the parts of Generation holdeth some similitude with that of other Animals; Birds are furnished with one Ovary containing numerous Eggs, which are transmitted by one Tube or Oviduct into the Womb, but viviparous Animals are endued with two Testicles or Ovaries attended with two different Vessels or Tubes; but Flowers have sometimes only one Ovary or Tube, and other times many whose Compages are endued with Apertures, and their terminations are dressed with many Capillary Filaments, out of which, as so many minute Pipes, a clammy

Liquor like Turpentine destilleth, which depurateth the aliment of Flowers, as Learned Malpighius conceiveth.

In fruitful branches the Pipes of Air and Sap are so many preparing Ves∣sels, seated in the Cups and leaves of the Flowers, and stamina, wherein the Liquor being concocted by the heat of the Sun, is refined, and afterward the purer part is conveyed to the Styliform Process, in whose bosom the first elements of Seeds are formed, and by degrees they and the Womb acquire greater and greater perfection.

Having described the Seminal Organs of Plants, the Cups and Flowers, consisting of Leaves, Filaments, and Styliform Process, in its first origen or draught; my design at this time is to give you a farther delineation of the womb of Plants, how it arriveth a greater maturity, in which the Eggs or Seeds of Plants are conserved.

In a Fig, called by the Italians Fico gentile, The Fruit or Womb is made up of a pulpy reddish Matter, which is the Liquor (embodied with Air, destilling out of the Sap and Air-vessels) concreted into a soft and sweet sub∣stance, filling up the Interstices of the numerous Pipes, in which many round or oval whitish Seeds are lodged: This delicate substance of the fruit of Figgs is enclosed with a thick Ash-coloured or light Brown Membrane, se∣curing its tender frame, and that more firm osseous Compage of the Seeds against outward accidents.

When the Styliform Process originally seated in the flowers of Cherries and several sorts of Plums, acquireth the perfection of a Womb, discovered in the matured fruit, made up of many pipes of Air, and Sap transmitting their pleasant Juice into many little Bladders (seated in the Areae between the fruitful Vessels) its purer particles are conveyed through the chinck of the Stone to the increase and nourishment of the Seed (which is lodged in the cavity of the Stone as in a Chorion rather than a Womb) which I con∣ceive to be the fruit of these different Plants, encircled with divers Mem∣branes, as having greater or less dimensions, and hued with several colours.

The womb of the Seeds of Peaches, Apricocks, Nectarins, and the like, is the fruit more firm than that of Cherries and Plums; and is integrated of many Tubes of Air and Sap, attended with many little bladders of Liquor, annexed to the ramification of Vessels, having frequent Inosculations after the manner of Network; The substance of these choice fruits proceedeth from the well concocted Liquor (derived from the Sap-vessels) concreted into a more solid Parenchyma, than that of Plums and Cherries.

The Pear called by the French, Beur de Roy, The Butter-Pear of the King (as I apprehend) hath many wombs, the one common, which is the fruit of the Pear invested with a Membrane, enclosing many vessels of Air and Sap, which being conveyed into the body of the Pear, is indurated into a white substance, beset with many minute grisly, stony Particles, which take their rise from the earthy and saline parts of the Sap petrifying it into this hard substance of the Pear; which hath many proper wombs (enclosing divers Seeds, coated with a deep brown or blackish colour) and are many Cavi∣ties, seated in the center of Pears, to whose lower region the Seed have their matter, parts, or stalks conjoyned, and thereby receive nourishment from Vessels conveying nourishment through the pores of Cartilaginous Coats, which are so many Wombs encircling and cherishing seeds of Pears.

Apples have many Rines, some sweet, other soure, among which they that being styled fragrant, as Pippins, Pearmains, &c. are most excellent and useful in Physick, for which our Nation is very eminent. This fruit is very large, and adorned with many vessels of Air and Sap (derived from the branches, to which they are fastned by the interposition of stalks) which being concreted into a white pulpy substance, maketh the body of the Apple en∣closed within a thick Coat, which may be called a common womb, as con∣sisting of a company of Tubes, to which are appendant many little bladders of Liquor, of which the more refined Particles are transmitted to the Seeds, which are of a brownish colour and endued with a Conick figure, the and obtuse Cone lying upward and the more acute downward, is fastned to the lower part of the proper Womb; which indeed is manifold and seated about the center of the Apple near each other; and these proper wombs are divers, being greater, the seeds contained in them, which sometimes one or two, and sometimes three, are lodged in one womb, endued with a firm Cartila∣ginous Coat.

In most Plants adorned with Fruit, it is seated in the outward parts en∣compassing the seed lodged in wombs in the middle of the fruit, but in Strawberries the order of Nature is inverted, by reason the Seeds and the containing Wombs are placed near their circumference, and are furnished with many divarications of different Vessels, climbing up from the stalks into the ambient parts of the Strawberries, which have also many minute Bladders of delicate Liquor affixed to the Tubes, accommodating the exterior parts of this select and wholsom fruit, made up of many Seeds enwrapped within a fine thin Tunicle.

Grapes are enriched with the most generous juice of Plants, which being carried out of the stem by various stalks, accommodated with many Air and Sap-vessels (interspersed with bladders of Juice) accompanying each other into the body of the Grape, in whose center are lodged two or more seeds of a stony disposition, and are formed of the Tartar, severed from the soure Liquor, and turned into Stones or Seeds, encompassed with peculiar Cavi∣ties or Wombs, which with their many Tubes and Vesicles of Liquor, are encircled with one common Coat, conserving the whole fine Compage of this delicious fruit.

A Quince hath a double womb, the one is the Flesh or Parenchyma, (fur∣nished with divers ranks of vessels and bladders of Juice) and made of soure concreted Liquor, beset with many small stony bodies, borrowing their birth from earthy and saline Particles, indurated into stony substances; The body of this choice fruit is immured within a thick Coat, and in its center are many proper cavities or wombs of Seeds, endued with an obtuse Cone in one ex∣tremity, and with an acute in the other, which adhereth to the lower re∣gion of the Womb encircled with a Cartilaginous Coat.

Oranges, Limons, and Citrons, are most excellent fragrant fruits, con∣sisting of many parts, the Rine, the juicy part, and the Seed, as the com∣plement of the rest.

The Rine hath a thin fragrant part which is yellow and more firm than the pulpy substance, as more soft and white, both do encircle the juicy Compage and Seeds as their common womb.

These choice fruits have many proper Wombs, which are a kind of thin membranous substance fastned in their ambient parts to the pulpy part of the Rine, from whence it is derived, as I conceive, and transmitted to the cen∣ter which is a round Cortical Process, into which it is inserted.

The numerous common wombs of Seeds, are made up of many vessels of Liquor, divaricated through these fine Coats, which are so many allodg∣ments of the Liquor and Seeds.

The colour of these Apartiments relating to the Juice and Seeds, are whi∣tish, and are fine thin Contextures made of many tender Sap-vessels (in∣terspersed with Air-pipes) taking their progress in a reticular position, as making fruitful Inosculations with each other, and do carry Liquor into the juicy part.

These several Apartiments, as I conceive, are so many wombs of Seeds, adorned with a kind of semicircular figure, and have their Convex parts to∣ward the Rine, and their more Concave toward the center, and are smaller in both Extremities, and thicker in the middle toward the Rine, and more thin toward the center of the Orange, about the round Cortical Process, into which they are implanted.

In these Membranous Apartiments are juicy Compages lodged, as nume∣rous Vesicles (big with Liquor) which being cut or broken, do discharge their pleasant Liquor for use.

The Seeds are seated in these Allodgments, in many small Cells, as so many wombs, placed between the Vesicles full of Juice, and have their more acute Cones fastned by little stalks to the parts of wombs near the round Cor∣tical Process.

The Seeds of these juicy fruits are endued with a Conick figure; Their upper extremity hath an obtuse Cone, and the lower an acute, which is af∣fixed to the womb (about the Cortical Process) by a stalk which is beset with many Sap-vessels, conveying nourishment to the Seed, which is en∣wrapped within two Coats, the first is the thicker, supplying the place of the Chorion, and the inner and thinner is instead of an Amnion, immediately enclosing the Seed, and transmitting nourishment to it.

CHAP. XXXVII. Of the Seeds or Eggs of Plants.

HAving formerly described some of the Instruments of Generation in Plants, Their Flowers made of Cups, Leaves, Stamina, as being en∣dued with many Sap and Air-vessels, subservient to the Styliform Process, the first rudiment of the tender Womb; My task at this time is to shew how it is accomplished by degrees, and how the Seeds, the Eggs of Plants are Generated, and then after what manner they are receptive of many succes∣sive alterations in the Infant Womb, as the Eggs of other Animals both Fowl and Fish in the Ovary.

The leaves of Flowers and their Filaments do wither, and shed when the Styliform Process is enlarged, and the Colliquated Liquor, confined within a Vesicle, is matured, as embosomed in the cavity of the Womb, adorned with a Tube (arising out of its body) full of Perforations, and is crown∣ed in its head with little Capillary Filaments, out of which destilleth a clammy liquor somewhat resembling Turpentine. And as the Womb recei∣veth more maturity and hath greater dimensions, the Tube is more and more lessened, and at last is wholly decayed; And the Womb in its flourishing estate, is beset with a kind of Down or Hair in its ambient parts, and con∣taineth two Vesicles in its bosom, in whose center is lodged a minute bot∣tle of Colliquated Liquor, as the ruder draught of the Seeds or Eggs of Plants.

The Styliform Process or womb of Plants is furnished with variety of Ves∣sels, sporting themselves in numerous divarications (running in reticular plexes) proceeding originally from the stalk of the flower first of all, and afterward of the fruit, these various Ramulets, united in frequent Inoscula∣tions, have many Vesicles seated in their Interstices.

The Sap carried into the body of the fruit by many Tubes, is by degrees more and more concreted into a pulpy substance, and the earthy and saline particles of the Sap are petrified and turned into a Stone, consisting of two Laminae, or flakes clapped together, and enclosing the Seed; and as the Womb groweth bigger, the Vesicle or Secundine (in which the Colliquated Liquor the origen of the Seed is lodged) is more expanded, and is out∣wardly accommodated with many Tubes of Air and Sap, taking their pro∣gress after the manner of Network.

The inward recesses of the womb of Plants being inspected, a Vesicle may be discerned, accompanied with minute Cells, big with somewhat of Co∣agulated Liquor, and through the middle of the little Bladders may be seen, a straight Tube climbing upward that may be styled an Umbilical Vessel, be∣set with numerous Air and Sap-vessels arising out of the stalk, and importing some choice Liquor in the Vesicle, the first origen of Seeds.

And when the Tube disappeareth, as the Womb and its Eggs, the Seeds more and more increase, the fruit encompassed with a Membrane, beginneth to discover it self, and is made up in some part of crude concreted Liquor, brought into the body of the fruit by many branches of Tubes, interspersed with Vesicles, which do constitute a great part of the fruit, which enclo∣seth

its Stone, produced by a Lapidescent Juice, consisting of saline and earthy Particles.

The Stone of the fruit is more soft in its first production, as being as it were Membranous, and after groweth Cartilaginous, and at last being more firm∣ly Concreted by Tartar, is turned into a Stone, encircling as a Chorion the more tender origination of Seed, immediately immured within a thin Coat, as with the Amnion.

Afterward the Umbilical Vessel passeth within the Chorion, into the Ve∣sicle big with Colliquated juice, whereupon it acquireth a greater expansion, and is modelled into various new forms; So that the lineaments of the Eggs or Seeds begin to display themselves in the upper region of the Amnion, as hued with white, and consisting of a mucous substance, adorned with a double Process, as with two expansions somewhat resembling wings.

After some little space of time being passed, the Secundine (immuring the Amnion and new formed Seed is more enlarged and is attended with di∣vers vessels of Air and Sap, whose void spaces are interspersed with Vesicles of Liquor supplying the Secundine, Amnion and tender Seed with nourish∣ment.

This new Foetus or draught of the Seed hath a new access of dimensions; So that the Juice groweth more exhausted in the Chorion, and the Amnion is rendred bigger with Colliquated Liquor, and the Umbilical Vessel remain∣eth in the same vigor, and the Amnion is furnished with many bladders of Liquor, (somewhat like the vitreous humor of the Eye) and is adorned with various figures, and encompassed in the semicircular concave figure of the Chorion; and at last when the Seed groweth more firm, and arriveth its perfection of parts, the Liquor of the Chorion and Amnion, are very much lessened, and almost wholly absumed, as the Seminal Matter is more and more Concreted into the substance of the Seeds, The end and perfection of Flowers and Fruit which are made by Nature for the propagation of Plants.

After the same method the Seeds of Apricocks, Peaches, Plums, Cherries, and Apples are produced, in which the Navil passing in length, is somewhat expanded toward the top, wherein the first rudiment of the Seed discovereth it self, and the Amnion immediately encircling it, is more enlarged, and so by degrees the Seed is receptive of divers forms and altera∣tions, as it cometh to greater and greater maturity, and as the Amnion grow∣eth more big with Liquor, the Chorion and Tube is lessened, and the Seed increased, as the Liquor contained in the Styliform Process or Womb, is first rendred mucous, and afterward is gradually Concreted into Seed.

The same Progress may be observed in the generation of other Plants, as Melons, Pumpions, and the like, in whose Secundines, rendred plump with Li∣quor, a broad Umbilical Vessel may be discerned as being turgid with Col∣liquated Liquor, whose confines growing greater, are turned into a Chorion, admitting various successive forms, and afterward the first origen of the Seed appeareth in the upper region of the Amnion, (as adorned with two leaves or wings) which is furnished with divers little Vesicles of Liquor, affording nourishment to the new formed Seed, and afterward the Liquor besprinkling the Amnion being absumed, the Chorion loseth its self, as the Seed cometh to greater perfection.

In all sorts of Peas and Beans their wombs are attended with long Tubes, giving support to the first rudiments of Seed, whose rougher draughts are endued with wrinkles, and their wombs being cut in length, have concave inward Recesses, filled with Vesicles of Liquor containing the first deli∣neation

of Seeds discovering themselves in the top of the Amnion, and in its lower region may be discerned a greenish body, somewhat resembling a lit∣tle Cup; in the middle space holding Analogy with the Chorion, is found a kind of Colliquated Liquor, and the Secundines being enlarged, the new framed Seed acquireth greater maturity, as adorned with two little Leaves and a Root, and receiveth nourishment from a Liquor seated within the con∣fines of the Amnion, and afterward as the Seed increase in bigness, the Cho∣rion decayeth; and all the time of the growth of the Seed, its Leaves grow more thick, and keep themselves close without expansion.

In a Chesnut, the Cup being taken off, and the Flowers, with the stami∣na and Styliform Tubes remaining, three wombs may be discovered, in which every one being cut long-ways, a Cavity may be discerned having ma∣ny Vesicles (containing a Colliquament) beset with many hairy Filaments.

Within the Secundines a Bladder is seated big with Liquor, in which the first Lineaments of the seed do appear in the upper part of the Amnion, ador∣ned with a Conick root and two leaves swimming in a greenish humor some∣what resembling the vitreous Liquor of the Eye; And the new formed Foetus of the Seed as it receiveth greater maturity, is endued with different forms; and last of all, when the Sap, derived from Vessels springing out of the stalk, beginneth its Concretion into fruit, the double leaves grow more thickned, and being outwardly rough, are formed into an orbicular Compage, which being opened, some Angular Excrescences may be discovered, lately endued with a hollowness, and the leaves, which in their first draught were very fine and thin, grow gibbous, and the Liquor contained within the Amnion is more incrassated, and the Seed arriveth greater perfection.

The Generation of seeds of Plants holdeth much Analogy with that of Animals, and the Navil appeareth as perforated; and the Liquor is ga∣thered together in a Vesicle (in which the Seed is first delineated) seeming to resemble the Amnion, and not long after, the first rudiment of the Seed discovereth it self like a Foetus seated in the upper region of the Amnion, ac∣companied with two little leaves like wings, from whence a little Body did arise of a like substance, endued with an acute Cone: So that the origen of this Seed consisteth in the Root, Trunk, and two Leaves.

And as the Amnion acquireth greater dimensions, the Seed cometh to more maturity, and the Amnion is encircled with divers ranks of Vesicles (as with a Chorion) which are big with Liquor derived from the Sap-vessels, and as the Amnion groweth greater, the Vesicles of the Chorion seem more and more lank; and last of all the Amnion, into which the Liquor is transmitted from the Chorion, is wasted; So that it is very probable the Seminal Liquor is first borrowed from the Stalk by proper Vessels passing into the Secundines and Navil, and afterward into the Vesicle in which it is more and more Concre∣ted into seed, as it is master of greater degrees of perfection, till it cometh to be fully accomplished.

Thus having treated of the first rudiments of the Seeds or Eggs of Plants, how they were first formed out of Liquor in the Vesicle contained in the Sty∣liform Process relating to the Flower, and of the Chorion and Amnion (sub∣servient to the formation of the Seeds, (which do wither when they have ob∣tained some perfection: My aim at this time, is to speak of the Eggs of Plants and their parts, and attendants, when they come to maturity.

The Sap being transmitted by many Vessels (interspersed with Tubes of Air) through a little stalk into the coats and body of the Seed, is Concre∣ted first into a mucous, and then into a more solid white substance, encircled

sometimes with a Stone as in Apricocks, Peaches, Plums, &c. and other∣times with a kind of bony Coat, as in Grapes, Figs; and Cartilaginous in the seeds of Citrons, Oranges, Limons, and a more soft Membranous Coat in Beanes, Peas, and the like.

This thicker Coat, stony in some seeds of Fruit, and bony, Cartilaginous, and Membranous in others, being the outward Integument, somewhat resem∣bleth the shell of the Eggs of Birds, as the Chorion; and the more thin covering immediately enwrapping the Seed, is somewhat like the fine Membrane enclo∣sing the white of the Egg, and may be called the Amnion.

The seeds of Plants are adorned with various colours, sizes, and figures, some are Conick, as those of Apples, Limons, Citrons, Oranges, Almonds, Pea∣ches, Apricocks, Plums, Nuts; others are round as those of Figs, Peas, Tares, or Lentils; and other innumerable Seeds are endued with irregular shapes.

The Seeds are integrated of several parts, as the Constituents of various substances (belonging to Plants) out of which the Root downward, and shoot upward, and their Rine, Wood, Leaves, Flowers, and Seeds do arise.

So that seeds of Plants may be called Eggs, as they hold Analogy with those of Animals, especially Viviparous, because they are supported by Li∣quor carried into their Coats and Bodies, by Tubes of Sap, as by preparing Seminals Vessels, until their first Rudiments step by step arrive their maturity, as attaining unto perfection of parts.

CHAP. XXXVIII. Of the Generation of Plants.

HAving treated your Eyes with a pleasant prospect of Flowers, made up of Cups, Leaves, and Filaments or stamina, which are contex∣tures of Sap and Air-pipes, beautified with variety of colours, shapes, and sizes, dressing the heads of Plants, as ministerial to the Styliform Process, the rudiment of the Womb in which the Buds are formed: And having en∣tertained your Tast with store of pleasant Fruit, as Systems of numerous Vessels, interspersed with divers Vesicles, as so many little Cisterns of Li∣quor to convey Aliment to Kernels, the Eggs of Plants seated within the so∣lid confines of Cartilaginous, bony, and stony Shells; My province at this time, is to give an account of the parts of Seed, and how they are pro∣ductive of Plants, which is as pleasant, as curious to consider, how they hold some correspondence with the generation of Animals, as having Secun∣dines somewhat resembling the Chorion and Amnion consisting of manifold Tubes, transmitting Seminal and Nutricious Juice to the body of Seeds, the epitomes of Plants, containing their several parts of which they are inte∣grated.

Perhaps some scruple may arise, whether the bony or stony Integuments (in which the Seed is preserved, as in Plums, Peaches, and the like) be Secundines or Wombs cherishing the Eggs of Plants; or whether the Carti∣laginous walls, enclosing the seeds of Apples, Pears, &c. may be entitled Wombs or Secundines, to which as by stalks the Seeds are fastned and re∣ceive nourishment.

The Flowers decaying, their Cups are tied by stalks to the origens of Fruits, conveying Sap and Air to their various Cylinders, making up fine Compages, beset with divers minute little bottles of Juice, giving support to the Seeds, imparting to them a productive disposition, as giving the princi∣ples or rudiments of Plants, a likeness of all parts, from whence they pro∣ceed; whereupon, as I humbly conceive, the sap of Plants passing through the Root, Trunk, Branches, Frondage, Foliage, and Flowers, doth receive their various dispositions, and communicate them to the Seeds, whence they are rendred pregnant, as having a generative faculty, when safely lodged within the bowels of the Earth, as in a common fruitful Womb.

To this end the seeds of Plants are endowed with a double Coat, the out∣ward and thicker may be called the Chorion, and the inward and finer vail may be styled the Amnion; these useful Integuments are choice Compages framed of numerous Tubes, often uniting with Inosculations after the manner of Network, in whose Interstices are seated many little Vesicles of Liquor, which is transmitted first from the outward vest as a Chorion to the more in∣ward as an Amnion, and thence to the various parts of the Seed, giving it nourishment and life, and a power to vegetate, when lodged in the teaming bosom of the Earth.

The Cods, the Wombs of Beans and Peas, are composed of many fibrous Pipes of Liquor and Air, which are brought from their stalks, and branched into numerous divarications (after the manner of Network) whose Areae are

interspersed with many bladders of Liquor, which afterward do transmit it by other stems (fastning the Beans to the Cods) framed of many Tubes through the Coats into the body of the Corn.

Of these Integuments the exterior is most thick, and the other more thin, immediately encompassing the said Corn, and both made up of many Ves∣sels containing Liquor and Air, which consisting of Elastick parts, doth much assist the fermentation of the Sap, when imported into the inward recesses of the Beans, Peas, after it had been received from the bowels of the Earth, and filtred in the Coats, the Secundines of the Corn, in order to Vegetation.

The thicker end of Beans is perforated, through which Liquor may be conveyed into the inward Integuments, and afterward into the body of the Corn, which is framed of many parts, the first is the origen of the Root, seated in the ambient parts, immediately under the inner Coat; next to the Seminal Radicle, are seated two Leaves or Lobes, constituting the great∣est part of the body of Beans, Peas, Lupines, and most other Seeds: The most inward part is lodged in a Cavity interceding the two Lobes, and is the rough-draught of the Bud, consisting of many Leaves, wrapped within each other, out of which ariseth the upper-shoot, making the Trunk or Stem of the Plant; and I humbly conceive that the Lobes are principally made for the conservation of the Rudiment of the upper-shoot, which being a ten∣der part of the Seed (as a plicature of many Leaves) is guarded by the Lobes against outward assaults in the bowels of the Earth, in reference to Vege∣tation.

This fine inward Compage lodged in the center of the Seeds is not one simple part, like that of the Seminal Root, but is a collective body compo∣sed of many thin Flakes finely couched within each other, and appear, as displayed into many Leaves upon the sprouting of the Plants.

Learned Dr. Grew, assigneth a fourth part to the body of the seed of Plants, the Parenchyma, which is dispensed through the Seminal Root, Lobes, and Plicature of Leaves, and is a considerable portion of the Seed, and a substance more loose than the other parts, somewhat resembling the Pith, when it is sappy in the Root, Trunk, and branches of Plants.

The body of the Seed being immured with two covers as with the Chorion and Amnion, is a Compage made up of a Parenchyma, Seminal Root, Lobes, and upward Germen, and all are various systems of Sap and Air-pipes, fur∣nished with many Inosculations after the manner of Network, and are also endowed with divers ranks of Vesicles of Liquor set in several postures, whereof some are regular, and others irregular. These different Pipes and Vesicles are big with Liquor (derived from the several parts of Plants) which are the Seminal Matter, out of which the various members or integrals of Plants, receive their first rudiments in the Seed, and afterward are brought to greater perfection of parts by Vegetation.

Thus having discoursed the several Coats as the Secundines of Seeds and their various parts, the Parenchyma, Seminal Root, Lobes, and the plica∣ture of Leaves, as the rough-draughts of the several integrals of Plants, actually containing their different substances; I will now take the freedom, with your permission, to acquaint you, how the Rudiments of all parts of the Seeds are brought to greater maturity, which is accomplished by the fermen∣tation of various Liquors.

The feeds of Plants being entertained in the bosom of the Earth as in a fruitful Womb, are besprinkled with Liquor consisting of various elements of Salt, Sulphur, and Water, which are much improved by fruitful drops of

Rain, impregnated with Aethereal and Airy Particles, endued with fermen∣tative dispositions, much exalting the watry substance of Rain, which being received into the bowels of the common parent of Plants, is Melio∣rated by Intestine motion, as embodied with manifold Elements whereby the moisture of the Earth is rendred a fit principle of Vegetation, which is admitted into the Pores of the Integuments (relating to Seeds) as they are Commensurate in figure and magnitude to the Atoms of Liquor, recei∣ved from the Intrals of the Earth; whereupon the fit Particles of Extrane∣ous moisture are only received into the Coats of the Seeds, which are so ma∣ny Colatories Secerning the unprofitable parts of Liquor, and do only com∣municate the proper Nutritious and Seminal Atoms first to Vessels of the ru∣diment of the Root, Parenchyma, Lobes, and the plicature of Leaves.

The Moisture (derived from the Earth, and transmitted by the Vests, as the secundines of Seed, to their more various inward substance) is com∣posed of Homogeneous, and Heterogeneous parts, and as they are somewhat akin in disposition, they associate with the Innate Liquor contained in the vessels of the Seed; and as they are Heterogeneous, in reference to differ∣ent Principles, they make dispute with each other, and cause a Fermenta∣tion; whereupon the disagreeing Particles of several Seminal Liquors, some∣what resembling those of Animals, being embodied, do reconcile themselves by subduing each other, and espouse one common interest in reference to the production of Plants, which first appeareth in the more outward parts.

The moisture of the Earth is first admitted into the exterior Coat, and then into the more inward (as so many Filtres) wherein it being endued with the Elastick particles of Air, and meeting with the Sap endued with airy and divers other Elements, contained in the Pipes and Vesicles of the Seminal Root, do there commence the first Intestine motion, whereby the Pores and Cavities of the Pipes being big with pregnant Liquor, expand them∣selves and break the confines of the Seed, and shoot farther into the neigh∣bouring bosom of the Earth, wherein it is nourished and enlarged.

The new formed Root is accommodated with divers parts (which I will more largely describe hereafter) The first is a thin Skin derived from the in∣ward Integument of the Seed, and a Cortical substance (full of numerous Pores making a spongy Compage) is borrowed from the Parenchyma of the Seed, and the more solid body or wood of the Root, taking its rise (as I conceive) from the Lobes of the Seed; and lastly the Pith borroweth its ori∣gen with that of the Cortex from the more loose Contexture of the Pa∣renchyma.

These parts of the Root of Plants, being Skin, Rind, Wood, and Pith, are stored with many Pipes divaricated in divers branches (through different substances) as so many Compages of Tubes, whose extremities be∣ing seated near the confines of the Earth, do thence receive moisture, and transmit it first through the Cuticle of the Root and its adjacent spongy Compage, wherein it is filtred and conveyed to the lignous and pithy sub∣stance of the Root, and from thence to the upper shoot (sprouting out of the inward Recesses of the Seed) and from thence into all parts of the Plant, whereupon they grow more enlarged and firm, as arriving greater maturity, proceeding from the new streams of sap transmitted from the soil into all the integrals of the Plant.

After the Root is formed it supplieth the inward substance (lodged be∣tween the Lobes, with Sap) whose fruitful Vessels having their channels and pores filled with Seminal Liquor, grow plump, and shoot themselves upward

through the Extremity opposite to that of the Radicle; So that the plica∣ture of Leaves expand themselves into a Bud, and afterward the vessels of the Seed seated about their center do sprout into a Trunk, compounded of a Cuticle, Cortex, or Rind, of a wooden and pithy substance; All these se∣veral Integrals of Plants are stocked with numerous Tubes, which being fur∣nished every where, both in their Cavities and secret passages, with pregnant Liquor, enlarge themselves in several dimensions, and the plants obtain greater and greater accomplishment of parts.

Notes

• The cause or Death.
• Mans happi∣ness founded in a double likeness.
• The first Ap∣petite of Man to be like his Maker.
• The second Appe••i••e to be••et some∣what like him∣self.
• The end of the making Wo∣man.
• The manner of producing Woman.
• The first Wo∣man full of Beauty.
• The perfecti∣ons of Eve.
• The first Man had no choice in Marriage.
• Our happiness in conforming our desires to Gods will.
• The sad con∣sequents of impure mix∣tures.
• Health and quiet of Mind, a kind of Heaven.
• Marriage is of Divine Insti∣tution.
• The parts of Generation, constituted in great variety and excellent, Order.
• The Sperma∣tick Arteries.
• †

  T. 11. n n n n.
• The passage of the Sper∣matick Arte∣ries in Dogs.
• The passage of them in Men, is diffe∣rent from Dogs.
• The process ••f the Rim of the Belly, is closer in Man then Bruits.
• The space of the Rim of the Belly in Bruits is not incon∣venient, by reason of their prone position of body in Progressive Motion.
• The Sperma∣tick Arteries are divided into small Branches, af∣ter they have left the Ab∣domen.
• The Sperma∣tick Arteries in Man are carried in ma∣ny Gyres, as the Antients imagined.
• The prepa∣ring Arteries are not grea∣ter then the Veins.
• A Hanged Man having but one Sperma∣tick Artery, and two Veins.
• The goodness of the Semen proceedeth chiefly from the good di∣sposition of the Testicles.
• The use of the Spermatick Arteries.
• The preparing Veins.
• The origen of the right pre∣paring Vein.
• †

  T. 11. ω ω.
• The rise of the left-p••e∣paring Vein.
• †

  T. 11. π π.
• The preparing Veinshave ma∣ny Maeanders in their pro∣gress toward the Testicles.
• The Valves of the preparing Veins.
• The vericose Tumours of the prepgring Veins.
• The preparing Veins have a different course from the Arteries.
• The use of the Spermatick Veins.
• The associati∣on of the pre∣paring Arte∣ries and Veins in their pas∣sage toward the Testicles.
• The left ari∣sing out of the Trunk of the Aorta.
• The associati∣on of the Spermatick Arteries and Veins, with Spinal Nerve.
• The Sperma∣tick Arteries are distribu∣ted into Pa∣rastats and Testicles, and make circum∣volutions.
• The Sperma∣tick Veins and Arteries joyn in the manner of Network.
• The Inoscula∣tions of the Veins with Veins, and not with Arteries.
• The Inoscula∣tions of Ar∣teries with Veins, would hinder the ge∣neration of Seminal Li∣quor in the Testicles.
• The Tunicles of the Testi∣cles.
• The division of the Tuni∣cles of the Testicles into common and proper.
• The make of the Scrotum or Burfa.
• The reason why the Scro∣tum hath no Fat.
• The Seam of the Scrotum.
• The second Coat of the Testicles, cal∣led Dartos.
• The use of the fleshy Fibres of the Dartos.
• The cotracti∣on of the Scro∣tum in Chil∣dren is a sign of Health.
• The proper Membranes clothing the Testicles.
• The first Mem∣brane is called Erythroeides.
• The second proper coat is stiled Vagina∣lis. The rise of the Cremaster Muscles.
• The fourth Tunicle of the Testicles.
• The first use of the proper Membranes of the Testicles.
• The second use of the coats of the Testicles.
• The third use of the coats of the Testicles.
• The action of the Crema∣ster Muscles.
• The substance of the Testi∣cles.
• The Glandu∣lous substance of the Testi∣cles.
• The Paren∣chyma of the Testicles.
• The pulpy substance of Testicles.
• The Testicles are Systemes of many Ves∣sels.
• The peculiar Seminal Ves∣sels of the Testicles.
• The Sperma∣tick Arteries enter into the substance of the Testicles.
• The Veins do answer the Arteries in point of en∣tercourse with them.
• The Nerves of the Testicles, and their rise.
• The Lymphae∣ducts of the Testicles, and their rise.
• The Lymphae∣ducts of the Testicles asso∣ciates of the Veins.
• The Vaives of the Lymphae∣ducts.
• An Experi∣ment demon∣strating the Lymphaeducts of the Testi∣cles.
• The proper Vessels of the Testicles, are the chief parts of their Te∣sticles.
• The rise of the Seminal Ves∣sels of the Testicles.
• The Experi∣ments to ma∣nifest the Se∣minal Tubes of the Testi∣cles.
• The extrea∣mities of these Seminal Ves∣sels may be better seen then their Origens.
• The Seminal Vessels dis∣charge their Liquor into one common Duct.
• The Paren∣chyma of the Testicles.
• The bulk of the Testicles is much lessen∣ed in an Atro∣phy.
• The Paren∣chyma of the Viscera is ve∣ry much les∣sened by the colliquation of Vital Liquor.
• The Paren∣chyma of the Testicles may be evidenced by the excar∣nation of them.
• The primary production of the Parenchy∣ma of the Te∣sticles.
• The nature of the Parenchy∣ma, relating to the Testi∣cles.
• The Paren∣chyma filleth up the Inter∣stices of the Vessels be∣longing to the Testicles.
• The nourish∣ment of the Parenchy∣ma of the Testicles.
• The manner of the producti∣on of Paren∣chyma belong∣ing to the Te∣sticles, and its first use.
• The second use of the Parenchyma.
• The third use of the Paren∣chyma.
• The Parastats, or Epididymi∣des.
• The origina∣tion of the Parastats.
• The compage of the sesti∣cles, is made for the most part of Semi∣nal Cylinders.
• The Figure of the Parastats.
• The connexi∣on of the Pa∣rastats.
• The substance of the Para∣stats.
• The way to discover the rare compage of the Para∣stats.
• The Parastats are made of many Flex∣ures.
• The length of the Parastats.
• The Deferent Vessel is an elongation of the common Seminal duct.
• An Experi∣ment to prove the Deferent Vessels to ter∣minate into the Seminal Vesicles.
• The Seminal Vesicles.
• The structure of the Semi∣nal Vesicles.
• The length of the Seminal Vesicles.
• The many Cells in the Seminal Ve∣sicles.
• The use of the many Cells in the Seminal Vesicles.
• Some assign the use of the Seminal Vesi∣cles to make the Ʋrethra smooth, which is effected not by Seed, but with a clam∣my matter.
• The Seminal Vesicles are receptacles of Seed.
• The Seminal Vesicles had no need of a Glandulous substance, if meerly Re••ep∣tacles of Seed.
• The Glandu∣lous substance of the Semi∣nal Vesicles, is much like that of the Testi∣cles.
• The Seed in the Seminal Vesicles, is different from that of the Testicles.
• De Graaf de∣nieth the Se-Seminal Vesi∣cles to be in∣struments in the generati∣on of Seed.
• The seed com∣ing from the Testicles and Parastats, is lodged in the lower end of the Deferent Vessels.
• The structure of the Semi∣nal Vesicles, is much like that of the Testi∣cles.
• The colour and consi••ence of the Seed in the Seminal Vesicles, is different from that of the Testicles.
• A Man enjoy∣ed a Woman that had no Testicles.
• The structure of the Pro∣stats.
• The Prostats greater in Men indulging Venery.
• The Dimensi∣ous of the Prostats is greater in Hogs then Men, contain∣ing a thick w••itish Li∣q••or like Gelly.
• The Prostats have divers kinds of Ves∣sels.
• †

  T. 13. F. 1. a. a.
• The Caruncles seated in the terminations of the Semi∣nal Ducts.
• The Seminal Ducts of the Prostats, ma∣king divarica∣tions into their spongy substance.
• The Vessels of the Pro∣stats have no mutual Inos∣culations.
• The many names of Mans obscene Mem∣ber.
• Frequent Coi∣tion is destru∣ctive of Ge∣neration.
• The situation of the Yard.
• Some Anima•••• have a double Penis.
• The figure of the Yard.
• The structure of the Yard. The external parts.
• The internal parts of the Penis.
• The Nervous bodies of the Yard.
• †

  T. 13. F. 1. d d.
• The figure of the Nervous bodies, and their progress and dimensi∣ons.
• The Fibres of the Nervous bodies are conjoyned in the Septum.
• The Septum of the Yard part∣ing in the middle.
• The spongy substance of the Yard, is made up of many Fibres.
• Dr. Wharton's opinion of the Nervous bo∣dies, that they are Glandu∣lous, which De Graaf de∣nieth.
• The smalness of the Penis proceedeth from little quantity of Blood impel∣led into the Nervous bo∣dies.
• The Lacerati∣on of the Ar∣teries seated in the Penis, made by a strong com∣pression.
• †

  T. 13. F. 1. k.
• The seat of the Ʋrethra.
• †

  T. 13. F. 1. b. b.
• The compage of the Ʋre∣thra is double, spongy, and Membranous. The Fibres of the Ʋrethra.
• The spongy substance of the Ʋrethra.
• The Vessels of the Vrethra, and Nervous bodies.
• The origen of the Arteries of the Penis.
• The Veins of the Penis.
• The Nerves of the Penis.
• The internal p••rt of the Ʋrethra is Membranous. The Bore of the Ʋrethra is equal in big∣ness. The use of it.
• The Glans of the Yard, and its Figure and Connexion.
• The colour of the Glans is blewish when flaccid, and red when di∣stended.
• The soft spon∣gy substance of the Glans, is enclosed within a thin Membrane of excellent sense, which court∣eth us to Frui∣tion.
• The Prepuce of the Glans
• The straitness of the Pre∣puce inter∣cepteth the Current of Blood.
• The Prepuce is greater in Jews than o∣ther Men.
• The Fraenum of the Yard.
• The conexion of the Fraenum.
• The collateral Muscles of the Yard.
• Muscles called the Accelera∣tores Ʋrinae.
• The use of the Muscles of the Yard.
• The action of the Muscles of the Yard, is not to erect the Penis.
• The Erection of the Penis, and the man∣ner how it is performed.
• The parts of the Body are solid & fluid.
• The fluid Parts of the Body.
• The descripti∣on of the Seed
• The Liquors, of which the Seed is made.
• The Seed is derived from all parts of the Body.
• The manner how the nutri∣cious Liquors are Painted, with the Fi∣gures of all parts of the Body.
• The Seminal Liquor bor∣roweth the likeness of all parts of the Body.
• The resem∣blances of parts imprint∣ed upon the Seed do some∣what repre∣sent the visible images of things.
• The Materia-Substrata of Seed.
• The Seed is composed of Spirituous Watry, and Earthy parts.
• The formative Principle re∣sideth in the Seed.
• The gross parts of the Seed do de∣press it.
• Aristotle as∣signeth a Coe∣lestial dispo∣sition to the Seed.
• The Volatil, Saline, & Sul∣phureous parts of the Seed are exalted by the heat of the Womb.
• The Nervous Liquor associ∣ates with the serous parts of the Blood,
• The chief parts of the Seed are Sa∣line, in which the calstick Vertue doth very much consist.
• The Testicles of a Lyon.
• The Penis of a Lyon.
• The Testicles of a Castor.
• The Surface of the Castoreum endued with many Vessels adorning its upper Coat.
• The second Coat of Ca∣storeum beau∣tified with many fine Scales.
• The outward Silver Coat is Membra∣nous, beset with many minute Glands
• The yellow substance of the Castoreum is divided into many Clo∣bules, affected with a Faetide Scent.
• The manner how Castore∣um is produ∣ced.
• The Testicles of an Ape.
• The connex∣ion of the Te∣sticles of an Ape.
• The ejacula∣tory Vessels of an Ape, and its Seed-Ves∣sels.
• The Prostats of an Ape.
• An Ape hath no Fraenulum.
• The Penis of an Ape is sur∣nished with many Blood Vessels.
• The Situation of the Testi∣cles of a Hedg∣h••g.
• A Hedg hog hath Prostats and Seminal Vesicles.
• The Genitals of a Hare.
• The Genitals of a Horse.
• The Seed-ves∣sels of a Horse have a proper productive Power of seed different from that of the Testicles.
• The Seed Ve∣sicles and Pro∣stats of a Ca∣mel.
• The Genitals of a Dog.
• The Seminal Vesicles and Prostats of a Bear.
• The Genitals of a Weesel or Polcat.
• The Genitals of a Porcu∣pine.
• The Testicles of a Civet Cat.
• The Prostats of a Civet Cat.
• These bodies have many Di∣varications of Vessels.
• The Civet-cat hath a multi∣tude of Glands big with white Liquor or Civet.
• The excretory Vessels rela∣ting to these Glands.
• The manner of producing of Civet.
• The Genitals of a Dor∣mouse.
• The Genitals of Birds.
• The Genitals of an Estridge.
• The Penis of an Estridge.
• The Testicles of a Turkey.
• The connexi∣on of the Te∣sticles in a Turkey.
• The Testicles of Birds have many Vessels.
• The Penis of Birds.
• The Ovaries of Birds are made praeg∣nant by the spirituous parts of the Seed.
• The Situation of the Testi∣cles of a Por∣pess, which are furnished with variety of Blood-Ves∣sels.
• The Genital Liquor in Fish derived from Blood mixed with Nervous Liquor.
• The Genitals of Cetaceous Fish.
• The Figure relating to the Milts of Fish.
• The Milts of Fish supply the place of Testicles.
• Thh Sperma∣tick Arteries of the soft Rows of Fish.
• The Sperma∣tick Veins of the Milts of Fish.
• The soft Rows of Fish may be called Testi∣cles.
• The Nerves of the Milts of Fish.
• The Glands lodged in the Milts of Fish, as in a Skait or Thorn-back, are endued with all kind of Vessels.
• The Glands of Milts are en∣dued with ma∣ny little Ca∣vities.
• The use of the Milt of Fish.
• The manner of production of Seminal Liquor in the Milts of Fish.
• The Seminal liquor is lodg∣ed in a com∣mon Recepta∣cle in Cartila∣ginous Fish, & in Cells in small Fish.
• The S••minal Vessels in an Ephemeron.
• The Genital parts in this Insect resem∣ble those of other small Animals.
• The manner of Production of Seed in In∣sects.
• Insects are en∣dued with ves∣sels of Air.
• The Seminal Liquor is dis∣charged into a common Duct, ending about the A∣nus.
• The Silk∣worm hath a rare Stru∣cture, Birth, and varicey of Forms.
• The parts of Generation in a Silk-worm.
• The Vessels belonging to the Testicles of a Silk∣worm.
• The use of the Parastats.
• The Penis.
• The termina∣tion of the Penis.
• The Genitals of a Fly.
• The Genitals of a Grass∣hopper.
• The Inflam∣mations of the Scrotum and Testicles.
• The Inflam∣mations of the Genitals is at∣tended with a Symptoma∣tick Fever.
• A Vein is to be opened in the Inflamma∣tion of the Genitals.
• Repelling Me∣dicines may be applied af∣ter bleeding.
• Suppurating Medicines are to be used when Tumors cannot be Cu∣red by repel∣ling nor discu∣tient Applica∣tions.
• The Tumors of the Scro∣tum called E∣piplocele and Enterocele.
• The Epiplo∣cele.
• The Entrocele.
• The Cure of an Enterocele.
• Astringents are to be ap∣plied in an En∣terocele, after the Guts are reduced.
• Astringent de∣coctions are proper in an Enterocele.
• Sarcocele.
• The cause of a Sarcocele.
• The Cure of a Sarcocele.
• Hernia Vari∣cesa.
• The Tumor of the Scrotum called Hydro∣cele.
• An instance of a Hernia vari∣cosa and Hy∣drocele.
• The Cure of an Hydrocele may be per∣formed by gentle Hydra∣gogues, and Diureticks, & afterwards E∣mollients and Discutients may be appli∣ed.
• The Scrotum may be open∣ed if a Hydro∣cele cannot be discussed.
• Hernia ventosa.
• The Cure of the Hernia Ventosa.
• Hydatides.
• The Scrotum may be open∣ed in a Cor∣rupted Testi∣cle.
• A great Pain Produced from Seed lodged in the Testicles.
• The Testicles highly affect∣ed in a Go∣norrhea.
• The Glands of the Testicles disordered by Astringents, unduly sup∣pressing the evacuation of Seed in a Go∣norrhea.
• The distorti∣on of the Pe∣nis.
• A Priapism proceding from Infla∣tion.
• The Inflam∣mation of the Penis.
• The Ulcer of the Penis.
• The Gangreen and Cancer of the Penis.
• Bleeding is good in the Inflammation of the Penis.
• The Ulcer of the Penis is to be Cured by detergent and drying To∣picks.
• The Cure of a sordid Ulcer of the Yard.
• The Yard is to be cut off in Mortificati∣ons.
• The great end of the Creati∣on of Woman is to Propa∣gate Mankind.
• A Woman is created after Gods Image and Mans like∣ness.
• A Woman is full of Vertue and Beauty.
• Mons Veneris.
• Labia Pudendi.
• Nymphae.
• The dimen∣sions of the Nymphae.
• The Figure of the Nymphae.
• The Subst••nce of the Nym∣phae.
• The use of the Nymphae.
• The Labia Pudendi.
• †

  t. 14. x. x.
• The Clitoris,
• †

  y. y.
• Two Muscles assigned by Anatomists to the Clitoris.
• The Blood∣vessels of the Clitoris.
• †

  t. 14. z. z.
• The Nerves of the Clitoris.
• The Inoscu∣lations of the Veins of the Clitoris.
• The use of the Blood-vessels of the Cli∣toris.
• Diemerbroecks use of the Cli∣toris.
• The Mem∣brane of the Vagina com∣monly called Hymen.
• The Myrti∣form Proces∣ses.
• The inward parts belong∣ing to Gene∣ration in a Woman.
• The Vagina Ʋteri.
• The Seat of the Vagina.
• The magni∣tude of the Vagina.
• The substance of the Vagina.
• The inward surface of the Vagina.
• The Fountain of Serous Juice, com∣monly called Seed, is placed in the Glands of the Vagina.
• The Sphincter Muscle.
• Carnous ex∣pansions help∣ing the con∣tracting of the Orifice rela∣ting to the Vagina.
• The outward part of the Vagina.
• The descrip∣tiou of the Vagina.
• The Arteries. of the Vagina
• The Veins of the Vagina.
• The N••rves of the Vagina.
• The action of the Vagina.
• The situation of the Ʋterus.
• Parts confi∣••ing on the Ʋterus.
• The connexi∣on of the Ʋterus.
• The Figure of the Ʋterus.
• The Ʋterus in a Woman is destitute of Horns.
• The body of the Ʋterus hath but one simple Cavity void of Cells.
• The neck and body of the Womb hath two Cavities.
• The Orifice of the Ʋterus.
• The Dimen∣fions of Ʋterus is small in Maids.
• The Figure of the Cavity of the Ʋterus.
• The inward Coat of the Ʋterus.
• The Coats of the Ʋterus grown thic∣ker when en∣larged by the Foetus.
• The substance of the Womb groweth more fleshy about the time of the birth of the Foetus.
• The first and Membranous Coat of the Ʋterus.
• The second and Carnous Integument of the Ʋterus.
• The third and Nervous Coat of the Ʋterus.
• The inward Substance of the Ʋterus.
• The Glands of the Ʋterus.
• The use of the Substance of the Ʋterus.
• Another use of the Glan∣dulous sub∣stance of the Ʋterus.
• The Fibrous and Carnous Compage of the Ʋterus.
• The Vessels of the Ʋterus.
• †

  T. 14. H. H. The Origen of the Arte∣ries of the Womb.
• †

  T. 14. Q.
• The prepa∣ring Arteries do associate with the Hy∣pogastrick.
• †

  T. 14. F. F. F. F.
• †

  T. 14. I. I. I. I.
• The use of the Inosculations of Arteries.
• The use of the progresses of Arteries in Flexures.
• †

  T. 14. K. K. K. K.
• †

  G. G.
• The Arteries are more en∣larged in the time of the Menstrua.
• The Nervous Fibres of the Ʋterus.
• The Lymphae∣ducts of the Ʋterus.
• The uses of the Vessels re∣lating to the Womb.
• The first use of the Womb.
• The second use of the Ʋterus.
• †

  T. 14. e e e. The broad Li∣gaments of the Womb.
• The Origen of these Liga∣ments.
• The use of these broad Ligaments.
• The cause of the Prolapsus Ʋieri.
• The Cure of a Dislocatea Womb.
• †

  T. 14. V. V.
• The round Ligaments of the Womb.
• The round Li∣gaments are adorned with various Ves∣sels.
• The Connexi∣on of the round Liga∣ments.
• The first use of the round Ligaments.
• The second use of the round Liga∣ments.
• The motion of the Womb forc'd up∣words, is im∣probable.
• The swelling about the Na∣vil in Hysteric Fits, may be judged the di∣stention of the Guts by a Flatus.
• The cause of the Menstruous Flux very ob∣scure.
• The manner how the Men∣struous Flux is performed.
• The time of the Menstruous Flux.
• The Menstru∣ous Flux pro∣ceedeth chief∣ly from the Fermentation of the Blood.
• The disposi∣tion of the Ferment pro∣ducing the Menstruous Flux and whence it a∣riseth.
• The Foecu∣leneies of the Blood are Se∣cerned from it in the Men∣struous Flux.
• The Ulcerous Matter is less in quantity in a Gonor∣rhaa then the Matter of the Fluor Albus.
• The cause of the Suppres∣sed Purgation.
• Another caus•• of the up∣pression of the Menstrua.
• The obstructi∣on of the Hy∣pogastrick and Preparing Ar∣teries.
• The Cause of the Suppres∣sed Menstrua.
• A Suppression of the Men∣strua from a Concreted Matter.
• A Suppression of the Men∣strua from the Tumors of the Womb.
• A suppression of the Men∣strua from an ill Confor∣mation of the Ʋterus.
• The Suppres∣sion of the Menstrua from a Gangreen.
• An Instance of a Gangreen'd Ʋterus.
• Bleeding is good in an In∣flammation of the Ʋterus.
• Purging and Opening Me∣dicines are good in the Obstruction of the Vessels of the Womb.
• The Symp∣toms of the immoderate Flux of the Menstrua.
• The immode∣rate Flux of the Menstrua flowing from an ill qualifi'd Blood.
• The exube∣rancy of the Menstrua flowing from the ••x remi∣ties of the Vessels of the Womb too much dilated.
• If the too great quanti∣ty of the Men∣strua proceeds from too much Blood, it indicates Bleeding.
• In an ill mass of Blood Pur∣ging Medi∣cines are pro∣p••r.
• The depraved Flux of the Menstrua.
• The Fluor Al∣bus.
• The Fluor Al∣bus differeth from the Menstrua.
• The difference of Purulent Matter from the Fluor Al∣bus.
• The Cause of the Fluor Al∣bus.
• The Fluor Al∣bus containeth many kinds of Recrements.
• The Fluor Al∣bus is convey∣ed into Ca∣vity of the Womb by Excretory Ducts.
• The manner how the Fluor Albus is pro∣duced.
• The Fluor Al∣bus proceed∣eth from an ill mass of Blood.
• An instance of a Person dy∣ing of a Fluor Arbus.
• Astringent Medicines are not to be Ad∣ministred be∣fore Purga∣tives.
• Purgatives are more proper than Bleeding in the Fluor Albus.
• Diuretick may be advised af∣ter Purgatives in this Disease, according to Sennertus.
• Baths may be proper in the Fluor Albus.
• Drying and Astringent Diet drink are safe in this Disease when Purgatives have been premised.
• The Testicles or Ovaries.
• The descrip∣tion of them.
• The situation of the Ova∣ries.
• The Connexi∣on of the O∣viducts.
• The Ovaries are void of Cremaster Muscles.
• The Figure of the Ovaries.
• The Ovaries are endued with divers small Protu∣rebancies.
• The Testicles of Women have fewer Coats than those of Men.
• The external Coat of the Ovaries.
• The inward Tunicle of the Ovaries.
• The Substance of the Testi∣cles.
• The prepa∣ring Vessels.
• †

  T. 14. d.
• The Arteries of the Ova∣ries.
• The difference between the Testicles of Men and Wo∣men.
• The Sperma∣tick Veins of the Ovaries.
• The use of the Spermatick Arteries.
• The use of the Spermatick Veins.
• The Nerves of the Ova∣ries.
• The use of the Nerves.
• The Lymphae∣ducts of the Ovaries.
• The use of the Lymphaeducts.
• The Glands of the Ova∣ries.
• The substance of the Glands belonging to the Ovaries.
• The use of the Glands of the Ovaries.
• The Vesicles of the Ova∣ries.
• The Vesicles of the Ova∣ries are fur∣nished with divers Li∣quors.
• The Vesicles of the Ova∣ries are Eggs.
• Eggs are found in all kind of Animals.
• The difference between the Seminal Vesi∣cles and Hy∣datides.
• The Eggs pass through the Oviducts to receive a greater per∣fection in the Ʋterus.
• The Expul∣sive Faculty of the Tubes is founded in fleshy Fibres.
• The Eggs are parted from each other by an Interve∣ning Glandu∣lous substance.
• The Eggs may be carried through the small passage of the Tubes.
• Diemerbroeck opposeth this Hypothesis of Eggs in Wo∣men. His first Argu∣ment.
• His first Argu∣ment.
• Diemerbroecks second Argu∣ment against the Eggs of Women:
• A third Argu∣ment against the Eggs of Women.
• The fourth Argument.
• The fifth Ar∣gument of Diemerbroeck.
• Diemerbroecks sixth Reason against the Eggs of Wo∣men.
• †

  T. 14. c.
• The Spiritu∣ous parts of the Masculine Seed do as∣cend the Ovi∣ducts and im∣pregnate the Eggs of Wo∣men.
• †

  T. 14. l l.
• †

  T. 14. p.
• The Egg is loosened by a Glandulous substance.
• The first Ru∣diment of Conception is made in the Testicles.
• †

  T. 14. p.
• †

  T. 14. l l.
• The passage of the Oviducts is cepable to receive the Egg.
• The most near Eggs to the Ovi ••uct are first impreg∣nated.
• The Flexures of the Gyres of the Ovi∣ducts do somewhat hin∣der the quick ascent
• A humane Fae∣tus may be formed in the Oviduct.
• Two Womb•• cannot be found in a Woman.
• †

  T. 14. c.
• The first use of the Ovi∣ducts.
• The second use of the O∣viducts.
• The Seed is capable to more upward.
• The Seed is carried up by the fleshy Fi∣bres of the Womb.
• †

  T. 14. p.
• De Graaf con∣ceiveth the Spirituous parts of the Seed ascend only through the Tubes un∣to the Eggs.
• Fallopius saw Seed in the Oviducts.
• This Author Farther saith that the Se∣men doth as∣cend to the Testicles.
• The Impreg∣nated Eggs are conveyed through the Oviducts into the body of the Ʋterus.
• Some affirm the Oviducts have a doub••e branch near the Fund••s Ʋteri.
• The Liga∣ments are branched into the Fundus Ʋ∣teri.
• The Ovi••ucts have no Semi∣na•• Vessels.
• The Liga∣men••s are not Deferent Ve••∣sels.
• The descrip∣tion of the Oviducts.
• The rise and progress of the Oviducts.
• The Fimbria of the Ovi∣ducts.
• In Bruits the Oviducts take their Origen from the Cor∣nua Ʋteri.
• The Coats of the Oviducts. The outward Coat.
• The inward Coat of the Oviduct.
• Aristotle saith, That Menstru∣ous Blood sup∣plieth the place of Seed.
• Menstruous Blood cannot be the Matter of the Faeius.
• Hypocrates af∣firmeth that Women emit Seed.
• The likeness of the Faetus proceedeth from the Seed of both Sexes.
• Womens seed may be dedu∣ced from their Spermatick Vessels.
• Women grow barren upon taking away their Ovaries or Testicles.
• Fallopius saith the Vesicles of the Testi∣cles do con∣tain watry humours.
• The Faemi∣nine Seed is an efficient cause of the Foetus.
• The Faemi∣nine Seed may be called Pas∣sive, as the less active Principle.
• The Faemi∣nine Seed is exalted by the Masculine.
• The manner of Genera∣tion of Se∣men in the O∣varies.
• The matter of the Seminal Liquor.
• The Globules of the Ova∣ries are a com∣pany of Glands.
• The Materia Substrata of Semen is the more milde part of the Blood confe∣derated with Nervous Li∣quor.
• The Nervous Liquor con∣curreth to the formation of the Vis Plasti∣ca.
• The Seed of Woman is different from that of Man,
• The inflama∣tion of the Womb.
• Pleeding is proper in an inflamation of the Womb.
• In Cachochy∣mick bodies Purgatives may be admi∣nistred.
• Vomitories are not safe in the inflama∣tion of the Womb.
• Alterative and Contem∣perating Me∣dicines are good in this Distemper.
• A course of Physick given in ••an Infla∣mation of the Womb.
• The Carnous Tumor of the Womb.
• The Abscesses and Ulcers of the Womb.
• An Ulcer of the Womb produced by strong Purga∣tives.
• The Gangreen of the Womb.
• A Cancer of the Womb.
• The Cancer in the neck of the Womb, proceeding from Corro∣ding Venenate humors.
• Stones ledged in the Womb.
• The Dropsie of the Womb.
• An Instance of a Dropsie and other diseases of the Womb.
• Many diseases accompany∣ing the disaf∣fections of the Womb.
• The Womb doth not move upward in Hy∣sterick Fits.
• Hysterick Fits attributed by Sylvius to the Pancreas.
• The Tumors of the Ova∣ries proceed∣ing from di∣vers kinds of Matter.
• An instance of Swellings re∣counted by Bonnetus.
• The Tumor of the Ovary from a Con∣creted Serous part of the Blood and gross unassi∣milated Chyme. The Tumor of the Testicle produced by Cartilaginous Bony Sub∣stance.
• Inflamation of the Ovaries.
• An Abscess and Ulcer of the Testicles.
• The Gangreen of the Ovary.
• An Inflamati∣on derived from a quan∣tity of Blood, denoteth Bleeding and Cooling Ju∣lapes. And Abscesses and Ulcersare cured by Vul∣nerary drying Diet Drinks. The Hyda∣tides of the Ovaries.
• An instance of the Hydatides.
• A Dropsie of the Testicles denoteth gen∣tle Hydra∣gogues and Diureticks and drying Decoctions.
• Atheromes, S••eatomes, of the Ovaries.
• Bonnetus his Instance of Steatom••s and Atheromes.
• The obstru∣ction of the preparing Vessels with a viscide Mat∣ter.
• A case of Suf∣focations and Convulsive Motions, cau∣sed by the Stoppage of the Vessels and Tubes of the Womb by a Concreted Seminal Li∣quor.
• Man is created after God's Image, and hath a power to beget some∣what like him∣self.
• The Elements of Man's Seed which consist∣eth of the more milde parts of the Blood and Nervous Juice.
• The Masculine Seed hath some parts Spirituous and Volatil, and others gross and fix∣ed.
• The Feminine Seed is more watry, crude and cold than that of Man.
• The manner how Mascu∣line and Fae∣minine Seed espouse each other after Coition.
• The manner how the Seed can move up∣ward.
• The Seed is first immitted into the Vagi∣na Ʋteri and not into the body of the Ʋterus.
• The Penis doth not pe∣netrate the inward Ori∣fice of the Ʋ∣terus.
• The first Ru∣diment of Conception cometh from the embody∣ing of both Seeds.
• The manner how the Im∣pregnated Egg is divided from the ad∣jacent Egg, and carried into the Ovi∣ducts and bo∣dy of the Ʋte∣rus.
• The Liquors of the Egg lodged in the Ʋterus.
• The intestine motion of both Seeds when mixed.
• The second kind of the Plastick ver∣tue relating to the Seed, is Concretive.
• The Accre∣tions belong∣ing to the Formative Power, do not proceed from pure Salts but as mixed with other Ele∣ments.
• Different sorts of Salts shoot themselves in∣to various consistences.
• The Seminal Liquor is made up of many Acides and Alcalies.
• The third kind of Pla∣stick Vertue is an Assimila∣ting Power.
• The Plastick Power is sea∣ted in the more Spiritu∣ous parts of the Seed, as the prime effi∣cient cause in the Formation of the Foetus.
• The Seed con∣taineth the Ideas of all parts of the Body.
• The manner how the like∣ness of all parts of the Body is con∣veyed to the Seed.
• The Images of the Seed are modelled by the parts through which they pass.
• The Seminal Ideas do not exist Sepa∣rate.
• The Imagina∣tion is very powerful in giving its Fi∣gures to the Foetus.
• The manner how the Ima∣gination con∣curreth to the production of Monsters.
• The fourth kind of Ar∣chitectonick Power giveth a due magni∣tude, number, figure, situa∣tion, connex∣ion, &c.
• The Plastick Vertue doth first shew it self in the more Colli∣quated part of the Seed.
• The Seminal Liquor is Fi∣brous.
• The Seminal fibres have divers dispo∣sitions and fi∣gures.
• The Vessels are composed of divers uni∣ted Fibres and Filaments.
• The Concre∣tive Power is seated in these Fibres acted with diverse kinds of Salts.
• The order how the parts of the Body are formed.
• The Blood is first formed in the outward parts of the Colliquated Seminal Li∣quor.
• The fluid and soft parts of the Body are first formed.
• The system of all parts of the Body are ani∣mated by Vital Princi∣ple seated in the Blood.
• Some Anato∣mists do give Primogeni∣ture to the Brain.
• The first mo∣tion and pro∣g••ess of the Blood.
• The Blood first appeareth in the circum∣ference of the Seed.
• The Blood is the first prin∣ciple of Life, Heat, Inte∣stine and local motion.
• The first step in the Gene∣ration of a Foetus is the Blood and its Receptacles.
• The second process of Ge∣neration is the producti∣on of a kind of Worm or Maggot.
• A third period of Generation appeareth in formation of a kind of Keel; as the first draught of the Spine.
• The rudiment of the Spine and Head do early appear.
• Children new born have long Bodies and short Limbs.
• The Similar parts are first formed, and afterward Dissimilar.
• The Skull is first Membra∣nous, and af∣terward Car∣tilaginous, and last of all Bony.
• The third pe∣riod of Gene∣ration.
• The lower apartiment lieth open, as being at first void of Inte∣guments.
• The Heart and Lungs at length are en∣closed within the Sternon.
• The Viscera are formed in the second, third, and fourth Month.
• The Umbili∣cal Arteries cannot be seen in the first Month.
• No formed Conception appeareth in the first Month. An Oval body without a Shell, may be seen in the se∣cond Month.
• In the latter end of the se∣cond Month the Egg ac∣quireth grea∣ter dimen∣sions and a rough draught of parts ap∣peareth.
• The first three Months the Egg is not af∣fixed to the Womb.
• In the fourth Month the Foetus groweth greater.
• The first for∣mation of the Head seem∣eth great and monstruous.
• The Brain be∣ing first of a limpid fluid nature, is afterward Concreted in∣to a white curdly sub∣stance.
• The Coecum is void of Ex∣crements.
• The Fladder of Gall is big with yellow Recrements.
• The Kidneys seem to be so many di∣stinct Glands.
• The Capsulae atrabilariae or glandulaerena∣les. The Liver and Spleen are Coated with a deeper hue in this process.
• The Lacteal Vessels.
• The Skin.
• Man in his production is void of natu∣ral Arms.
• Ingeny sup∣plieth the de∣fect of natural Arms.
• The origen of the Placenta Ʋterina.
• The Placenta is most times single and rarely double.
• Twins have most times two, and rare∣ly one After-bunden.
• The situation of the Pla∣centa.
• The colour of the Pla∣centa.
• The Figure of the Placenta.
• The coevex surface of the Placenta to∣ward the Womb.
• The Placenta hath a Con∣cave surface as it faceth the Chorion.
• The substance of the Pla∣centa.
• The Glands of the Pla∣centa.
• Dr. Wharton attributeth a double gladu∣lous substance to the Plan∣centa.
• The nume∣rous Plancen∣tulae of Bruits have a more evident dou∣ble substance than the Pla∣centa of Wo∣man.
• A Woman is destitute of Cotyledones.
• Diemerbroeck saith a Wo∣man hath Co∣tyledones.
• Dr. Gualter Needham de∣nieth the Co∣tyledones to be in Woman.
• The Vessels of Placenta.
• The Nerves of the Placenta.
• The Placenta is furnished with many Filbres ma∣king Plexes like the rowls of Nerves.
• The use of these Fibres.
• The connexi∣on of the Pla∣centa.
• The use of the fastning of the Placema to the Ʋterus.
• The second use of the fastning the Placenta to the Ʋterus.
• The first use of the Pla∣centa. The manner how the Nu∣tricion of the Foetus is per∣formed.
• The second use of the Placenta.
• The first Coat of the Foetus is fleshy or glan∣dulous. The second is Membranous. The double Membrane of Chorion.
• The figure of the Chorion.
• The Foetus is first covered with the Cho∣rion before the Placenta is formed.
• The Vessels are divarica∣ted between the Coats of the Chorion.
• The Glands of Bruits are en∣dowed with many bran∣ches of Ves∣sels.
• The Chorion is free as not affixed to the Ʋterus till all parts of the Foetus are for∣med. The Chorion in some Ani∣mals is distin∣guished as with a Girdle.
• The use of the Chorion.
• The Allanto••i∣des in Bruits.
• The Figure of this Coat is different in variety of Animals.
• Some Anato∣mists the Al∣lantoeides in Woman.
• Dr. Needham's di••covery of this Tunicle.
• The way to find out the Allan••ocides in Woman.
• The use of the Allantoides.
• The third Coat of the Foetus called the Amnios.
• The substance of the Am∣nios.
• The figure of the Amnios.
• The rise of the Chorion and Amnios.
• The use of the Amnios.
• The Ʋterus of a Mare.
• The Foetus is not fixed in Bruits in the first Months.
• The Ʋterus of a Mare hath many Coats. The first Coat.
• The second Coat.
• The third Coat.
• The Glands lodged be∣tween the Coats.
• The Vessels relating to Coats of the Ʋterus.
• The parts of Generation in a Hinde and Doe.
• The Vagina Ʋteri.
• The body of the Ʋterus hath a narrow Orifice.
• Dr. Harvey's opinion con∣cerning the inward Ori∣fice of the Womb of these Animals.
• The Cavity of the Ʋterus in Bruits is very small.
• The connexi∣on of the Ʋte∣rus of Bruits.
• The substance of the horns of the Ʋterus is Membra∣nous. The first Coat is Membra∣nous: The second Carnous. The Glands of the Coats.
• The inward Coat is Ner∣vous.
• The Vessels of the Coats relating to the Cornua Ʋteri, in which the Arteries are more nu∣merous than Veins.
• The Nerves belonging to the horns of the Ʋterus.
• The Orifice of the Puden∣dum in Sheep is large, and inwardly be∣set with many Wrinkles.
• Many mem∣banes of the Ʋterus.
• The body of Ʋterus in Sheep is divi∣ded into two Cavities.
• The inward Cavity of the Ʋterus in Sheep.
• The Ʋterus of a Sow hath many Tuni∣cles.
• The mouth of the Ʋterus in a Sow is full of Gyres. The Ʋterus of an Ape.
• The Ʋterus of a wild Goat.
• The Ovaries of various Animals have Analogy to each other.
• The sizes of the Eggs of Hares and Cunneys.
• The Ovaries of Animals grow greater in mature age.
• The Eggs of a Bear, accord∣ing to Steno.
• The Eggs of a Castor.
• Steno's obser∣vations upon the Eggs of di∣vers Animals.
• The Orifice of the Pudendum in Birds.
• The thin Membrane co∣vering the O∣rifices of the Anus and Pu∣dendum. The structure of the cover of the Anus and Pudendum.
• The Semicir∣cular Figure of this cover.
• This Vail ob∣scureth three Orifices.
• The situation of the Orifice relating to the Pudendum.
• The inward parts of the Ʋterus in Birds.
• The situation of the body of the Ʋterus.
• The Ʋterus of various Birds is different in size and stru∣cture.
• The first Coat of the Ʋterus of Birds.
• The second Coat.
• The third Coat.
• The Glands of the Ʋterus.
• The Vessels of the Ʋterus.
• The Arteries exceed the Veins in num∣ber.
• The use of the Glands be∣longing to the Ʋterus.
• The situation of the Ova∣ries of Birds.
• The figure of the Ovaries.
• The substance of the Ova∣ries of Birds.
• The inward part of the Ovary is be∣set with many Glands.
• The prepa∣ring Vessels relating to the Ovaries of Birds.
• The Nerves of the Ova∣ries.
• The Carnous Fibres of the Ovaries.
• The producti∣on of Eggs, and the man∣ner of their Formation.
• The Coats en∣circling the liquors of Eggs.
• The Coats of Eggs are fur∣nished with many Blood-vessels.
• The Eggs of an Estridg.
• The manner how the Egg are nourished and encreased.
• The Eggs are composed of different Li∣quors.
• The parts of an Egg.
• The White.
• The Yolk.
• The Tredles.
• The descrip∣tion of the Treddles.
• The Cicatri∣cula of the Egg.
• The many steps in the generation of Birds.
• The change of the Cicatricu∣la in Genera∣tion.
• The expansion of the Cica∣tricula and the Vesicle im∣mured with a Tunicle after six hours.
• After twelve hours the Ci∣catricula is more Dilated, and some little appearance of the rudiments of the Spine and Head.
• After eigh∣teen hours the ambient part of the Colli∣quated White is interspersed with Vessels tending to∣ward the Am∣nion.
• When the Hen hath sate a day and night, many Globules ap∣pear, the Rough∣draught of the Vertebres of the Spine.
• About thirty six hours the Vesicles seat∣ed on the top of the Spine, are become more fair.
• After fourty hours sitting of the Hen the Cicatricu∣la is painted with variety of colours.
• The little Foe∣tus groweth more com∣pleted.
• The Margent of the Umbi∣lical Area is walled in with a Venous Cir∣cle having an Aperture to∣ward the Heart.
• The Beating-point hath al∣ternate mo∣tions of Con∣striction and Dilatation.
• The Blood first appear∣eth White and is after∣ward made Red.
• The Blood is first generated in the ambi∣ent parts of the Colliqua∣ted Liquor.
• The Plants have their first production out of differ∣ent Elements.
• The Foetus of Birds is gene∣rated of many Juices as out of different principles.
• After three days the Chic∣ken acquireth greater per∣fections in re∣ference to all parts.
• The fourth and fifth day the Vesicles of the Brain, and the Glo∣bules, the ru∣diments of the Vertebres and other parts of the Body come to grea∣ter maturity.
• After the sixth day the Bill is partly for∣med, and the Spinal Mar∣row is divided into equal parts, and the Intestines and other Viscera, are clothed with Integu∣ments, and the Umbilical Vessels are branched through the White and Yolk.
• After seven days the Foetus is more per∣fectly delinea∣ted in all its parts, and the Brain beco∣meth Fila∣mentous or Fibrous, and the Cerebel∣lum app ar∣eth, and the Heart is co∣vered with a thin Tuni••le, and furnished with two Ventricles.
• After the tenth and ele∣venth days all the Viscera re∣ceive greater accomplish∣ment, and the White is clo∣thed with a thicker Coat, as with a Cho∣rion.
• The twelfth, thirteenth, and four∣teenth days being past, the plumes of Feathers, the the bladder of Gall, the Lungs, and the Ribs grew more firm, and the Visce∣ra were enclo∣sed with Flesh and Skin.
• The Amnion and Chorion were shaded with Vessels.
• At the twen∣tieth day the Skin and Mus∣cular parts are beautified with Feathers, and the Shell groweth ten∣der and fri∣able near the birth.
• The parts of Generation in Cetaceous Fish have much affinity with those of Bruits.
• †

  T. 12. pp. The Ovaries of a Porpess.
• †

  T. 44. x x.
• †

  T. 44. a a.
• The Deferent Vessels of the Porpess.
• †

  T. 12. q q.
• †

  T. 12. s f. T. 44. ν ν. The Womb of the Por∣pess.
• †

  T. 44. β. T. 12. L.
• †

  T. 12. π π. T. 44. α α.
• The Vagina Ʋteri.
• The inward surface of the Womb is be∣set with many long Fibres and Glands.
• The Pudendum of this Fish and its situa∣tion.
• The preparing Blood vessels of a Cramp Fish.
• The Ovaries of this Fish.
• The Ovaries of a Pike.
• The Mem∣branes and Glands of the Ovaries of a a Pike.
• †

  T. 43. g g g g.
• The Ovaries of a Thorn∣back.
• †

  T. 43. f f.
• The Mem∣branes of the Ovaries.
• †

  T. 43. f f.
• The Eggs of the Ovaries.
• †

  T. 43. b h. The Glands of the Membrane encircling the Eggs.
• †

  T. 43. k k.
• †

  T. 43. ii.
• The first Coat of the Oviduct is membranous. The second Coat is fleshy.
• The third Coat is Ner∣vous.
• The use of these Ovi∣ducts.
• The cause of the White of these Eggs.
• The cause of the Shell re∣lating to the Eggs of a Thornback.
• †

  T. 43. m m. Eggs covered with Cartila∣ginous Shells placed in the middle of the Oviducts. The Ʋterus of a Thornback.
• The Eggs re∣ceive a grea∣ter maturity in the Ovi∣ducts.
• The manner of Generation of the several parts belong∣ing to a Thornback.
• The Genitals of a Canis Carcharia.
• The Ovaries.
• The mem∣branes and Glands of the Ovaries.
• The Ovaries of this Fish are accommo∣dated with many Eggs of various shapes and sizes.
• The Ovi∣ducts.
• The first ori∣gen of the Foetus.
• The various Integuments of the Ovi∣ducts.
• The Sphincter of the Ovi∣ducts.
• The Glands of the Oviducts in this Fish.
• The white li∣quor of the Oviducts, re∣sembling the white of an Egg.
• The Ʋterus of a Dogfish is double.
• †

  T. 45. m m m.
• †

  T. 45. n n.
• The Coats of the Ʋterus.
• Each Ʋterus big with young Fish.
• The Chorion is seated under the Ʋterus.
• †

  T. 45. o o o o.
• †

  T. 45. p p.
• †

  T. 45. q. The various Blood-vessels of the Cho∣rion. The Ovary of the Dogfish and its situa∣tion.
• †

  T. 45. f f f.
• The Eggs of this Fish.
• The Ovary.
• †

  T. 45. g.
• †

  T. 45. h h.
• †

  T. 45. i.
• The Eggs when lodged in the Ʋterus are enwrap∣ped within an Albuminous Matter.
• Insects are a kind of Epi∣tome of grea∣ter Animals.
• The Genitals of Males of Insects.
• The Genitals of Females.
• The adjacent parts of the Intestines in Silk-Worms.
• The Muscles of the Ab∣domen.
• A Bladder seated near the termina∣tion of the Abdomen.
• The figure of the Womb in Silk-Worms.
• The Ovaries.
• The Vessels of the Ovaries.
• The Tunicles of the Ova∣ries.
• The Air-ves∣sels of the Ovaries.
• The Carnous Fibres of the Ovaries.
• The manner how Eggs are produced in Silk-Worms.
• †

  T. 46. F. 7. f f.
• The figure of the Eggs.
• The Shell of Silk-Worms.
• The Liquor contained in the Eggs
• The manner how Insects are generated.
• The Seminal Matter con∣tained in the Eggs of divers Insects, is composed of Vital and Nervous Li∣quors, inspi∣red with Air.
• The different seeds of In∣sects are con∣stituted of many Ele∣ments endued with Fermen∣tative dispo∣sitons.
• †

  T. 46. F. 1. a a.
• †

  b b b b b b.
• †

  c c c c c c.
• †

  T. 46. F. 3. a a.
• †

  b b.
• †

  T. 46. F. 2. c c.
• †

  d d.
• †

  a a.
• †

  b b.
• †

  T. 46. F. 4. g g.
• †

  f.
• †

  T. 46. F. 6. f f.
• †

  c c.
• †

  d d.
• †

  T. 46. F. 7. d d d d d d.
• Flowers the preservatives of Seeds.
• The Cup guardeth the Flower.
• Indented Cups of Flowers.
• The various rows of Cups.
• The various colours, shapes, and sizes of Flow∣ers.
• The Flowers of Hyacinth are made up of six scolops.
• The Flowers of Plants composed of many ranks of Leaves.
• The stamen and stiliform processes of Flowers be∣longing to a Cuckow-Pin∣tle.
• The stamina or threads of Plants.
• In all tubu∣lous Plants stamina arise out of the leaves of Flowers.
• The stamina of Flowers springing out of the leaves.
• In Blew-bot∣tles many lit∣tle stalks do shoot out of the substance of the flowers.
• The Style is the mouth of the Flower encompassing Seed and hath some likeness with the Tubes of the wombs of other Ani∣mals.
• Fennel hath many wombs.
• The flower of Paeony hath a double Ʋte∣rus.
• In Plants with Cods the Womb is made of ob∣long Tubes. The oblong Tube of Au∣ranges, and the Style is beset with Vesseles of Oyl.
• The texture of a Flower is composed of divers parts.
• The Vessels of Flowers.
• The stamina encircling the Styliform Process, do arise near the beginning of the leaves.
• The parts of the Genera∣tion in Plants. have some likeness with those of Ani∣mals.
• The pipes of Air and Sap, 〈…〉〈…〉 pre∣paring vessels.
• The Womb of a Fig.
• The Womb placed in the flowers of Cherries.
• The wombs of the seed of Peaches, A∣pricocks, Ne∣ctarins, &c.
• ••ear named 〈◊〉〈◊〉 de Roy, hath many, wombs.
• The Sap and Air-vessels of Apples.
• The womb of Apples.
• The womb in most fruit is seated in the middle of the Process, but in Strawber∣ries it is pla∣ced in the am∣bient parts.
• The Seeds of Grapes are stony, and lodged in the inward reces∣ses.
• A Quince hath a double womb.
• The wombs of Seeds have many Sap-vessels.
• The wombs of Seeds are adorned with a kind of se∣micircular fi∣gure.
• The Seeds are seated in Cells as so many wombs.
• The seeds of juicy fruit are endued with a Conick fi∣gure.
• The leaves of Flowers and their Fila∣ments wi∣ther when the Styliform Process grow∣eth greater, and then the Tube decay∣eth.
• The womb or Plants is fur∣nished with variety of Vessels.
• The way of producing the Stone of Fruit.
• The Cells of the wombs are filled with Congulated Liquor.
• The Tube va∣nisheth when the Seeds grow mature.
• The Stone of fruit groweth more and more solid.
• The Umbili∣cal vessel of Plants.
• The Secun∣dine of the Seed.
• The Chorion, Amnion, and Umbilical ves∣sel of Seeds.
• The Seed of Apricocks, Peaches, and Plums, Cher∣ries, Appl••s, &c.
• The Seeds of Melons, Pum∣pions, and the like.
• The seeds of Peas. B••ans, and their fur∣niture.
• The Linea∣ments of the Seed in a Chesnut.
• The Genera∣tion of the seeds of Plants somewhat re∣sembling that of Animals.
• The maturity of the Seed, supposeth the larger dimen∣sions of the Amnion.
• The various Coats of Seeds.
• The several parts of Seeds.
• The Seeds of Plants hold some propor∣tion with the Eggs of Ani∣mals.
• The Seeds productive of Plants, are somewhat like Animals in the manner of their Genera∣tion.
• Fruits are nourished by Sap-vessels.
• The thicker coat of Seeds may be called Chorion, and the thinner, Amnion.
• The Cods of Beans and Peas are com∣posed of many fibrous Pipes of Liquor and Air.
• Corn is in∣vested with many Coats made up of Pipes contain∣ing Liquor and Air.
• The thicker end of Beans is perforated to receive Li∣quor. The various parts of Plants are lodged within the Seeds.
• In the center is seated a system of ma∣ny thin Flakes.
• The Integrals of the Seeds.
• The manner of production of plants out of Seeds.
• The moisture transmitted to the inward Recesses of Seeds, is com∣posed of va∣rious parts.
• The manner how moisture impregnates the liquor of Sap••a••d body of Air in the various Vesi∣cles.
• The Root is furnished with divers parts.
• The forma∣tion of seve∣ral parts of Plants.