A Collection of cases and other discourses lately written to recover dissenters to the communion of the Church of England by some divines of the city of London ; in two volumes ; to each volume is prefix'd a catalogue of all the cases and discourses contained in this collection.

Of giving OFFENCE TO Weak Brethren.

IT hath been often observed concerning our Dis∣senting Brethren, that when they are urged to mention any one thing required of the People in the Publick Worship of God in our Parish Churches, judged by them absolutely sinful, on the account of which their separation from us is neces∣sary, and consequently justifiable, they either put us off with some inconveniencies, inexpediences or corrupti∣ons, (as they call them) some things appointed and used, which in their opinion render our service less pure and spiritual; (the chief of which exceptions have been considered in several Discourses, lately written with great temper and judgment for the satisfaction of all honest and teachable minds:) Or else some of them tell us, that they are indeed themselves sufficiently perswa∣ded of the lawfulness of all that is enjoyned, they do not see but a good Christian may serve God acceptably and devoutly our way, and may go to Heaven living and dying in our Communion; but then there are

many other Godly, but weaker Christians of another per∣swasion, with whom they have been long joyned: And should they now, at least totally, forsake them, and conform, they should thereby give great offence to all those tender Consciences, which are not thus convin∣ced of the lawfulness of holding such Communion with our Church, in Prayers and Sacraments, as is by Law required. Which is a sin so Heinous and of such dread∣ful Consequence, that our Saviour tells us, St. Matt. 18. 6. Whosoever shall offend one of these little ones which believe in me, it were better for him that a Milstone were hanged about his Neck, and that he were drowned in the depth of the Sea; and in St. Pauls account it is no less than Spiritual Murther, a destroying of him for whom Christ dyed, Rom 14. 15.

Now this Case of giving Offence to weak Brethren, I have undertaken briefly to consider, where I once for all suppose (as all those must do who make this the ground of their refusing to Communicate with our Church) that nothing is amongst us imposed as a con∣dition of Communion, but what may be done with∣out sin; for were any thing in it self sinful required by our Church, there could be no room for this Plea of Scandal: That alone would be sufficient reason for Se∣paration from us. I Discourse therefore at this present only with such, who for their own particular could well enough joyn with us, but dare not do it for fear of Offending those, who yet scruple and are dissatisfied at the use of our Prayers and Ceremonies.

Nor do I design exactly to handle the whole Doctrine of Scandal, or Elaborately explain all the places of Scripture concerning it, or state the Cases there treated of; Nor shall I now meddle with the Duty of Governours and Superiours, how far they ought to condescend to the weakness, ignorance, pre∣judices,

and mistakes of those under their care and charge; but I shall confine my self to this one Question.

Whether there doth lye any obligation upon any pri∣vate Christian (as the case now stands amongst us) to absent from his Parish Church, or to forbear the use of the Forms of Prayer and Ceremonies by Law appoint∣ed, for fear of Offending or Scandalizing his weak Bre∣thren?

Here I shall First of all inquire, what is the true no∣tion of a weak Brother. Secondly, What it is to Offend such an one. Thirdly, How far and in what instances we are bound to consider the weakness of our Brother.

First, For the resolution of this Question it is necessa∣ry to know, what is the true notion of a weak Brother. Now a weak Brother or weak in Faith in Scripture de∣notes one newly converted to Christianity; and so nei∣ther thorowly instructed in the principles, nor well set∣led in the practice of it, the same whom our Saviour calls a little one, and the Apostle a babe in Christ. 1 Cor. 3. 1.

Conversion to Christianity is often called our new birth, and consequently at Mens first entrance into the Christian Church, they were for a while reckoned as in an Infant state; and accordingly were to be most tender∣ly handled and nursed, and gently used, with all favour and indulgence, not driven faster than they were able to go; till by degrees, by the improvement of their knowledge they came to be of full Age, as the Apostle expresseth it, Heb. 5. 14.

They were at first to be fed with Milk, to be taught the easiest and plainest Doctrines, against which least exceptions could be made; (as our Blessed Saviour himself would not at first tell his Disciples of the shame and sufferings he was to undergo, and when he

did speak of them it was covertly and obscurely, so that they did not perfectly understand him, lest they should by it have been presently discouraged and tempted to have forsaken him;) no unnecessary burdens were to be laid upon them, which might render their new Profession grievous to them; every Stumbling-block and prejudice was to be removed out of their way, that might occasion their falling; the grown Christians and proficients were Charitably to conde∣scend to the capacity of these Novices, and make allow∣ances, and for a time bear with their Ignorance and many mistakes and Childish humours, and deny them∣selves their own Liberty, and become even as Children with them, as if themselves were of the same mind and understood no better, than these raw beginners.

Now these fresh Disciples, little ones or Babes are the same with those St. Paul Rom. 14. calls weak Bre∣thren, weak for want of Age or Growth, or as the Original word rather signifies, Sickly and Feeble; like a Man beginning to recover from a wasting Disease, his distemper, tho cured, yet hangs a long time upon him, the Dregs of it still remain: He must for a while be carefully attended and watched, since every little thing discomposes him, and hazards a relapse. So was it with these first Converts. As soon as ever they were brought to acknowledg Jesus to be the Son of God, and were willing to become his Disciples, they were immediately Baptized, tho as yet they un∣derstood but little of the Nature or design of the Gos∣pel. The Apostles and first Preachers of our Religion were in hast to make more Proselytes, and therefore presently Baptized all that were willing to it without that previous Instruction and Preparation, which af∣terwards, when Churches were setled, was made ne∣cessary before Heathens or Jews could be admitted by

Baptism. Thus the same day the Apostles Preached Christ to the Jews, Acts 2. they Baptized about three thousand of them, and Philip without any delay Baptized the Eunuch, as soon as he professed to believe that Jesus was the Son of God: and the Jaylor and his Household were Baptized the same hour at mid∣night, at which Paul and Silas spake unto them the word of the Lord. After their Baptism they were to be tutor'd and train'd up in their new Religion, where great care was to be taken, great prudence and caution used towards them, lest they should suddenly flie back and repent of their change; for having been bred up, and so long lived Jews or Gentiles, and then of a sudden turn'd Christians, they retain'd still a great love and kindness for many of their old Customs and Opinions, they had mighty and inveterate prejudices to overcome, the Old man was by degrees to be put off, and therefore they were at first treated with all the tenderness and condescension imaginable, the stronger and wiser Christians would not stand rigidly on any little matters, would for the present tolerate many things, which were necessary afterwards to be done away, hoping that in time they might be better taught, and be brought off those mistakes they now Labour'd under.

Had the Apostles in the beginning plainly told all the Jews of the ceasing of their Laws, the abrogation of their Ceremonies and Worship, the no necessity of Circumcision, the taking in of the Gentiles, they would never have born such Doctrines, they would never have become Christians upon such terms, nor ever endured those Teachers, who seem'd to make so little account of Moses and their Temple. Now to gain these St. Paul became weak himself, tied up him∣self while amongst these Jewish Converts to such ob∣servances,

which he was really free from, as if he had the same doubts and were of the same opinion with those weak Christians, and advises all others who did understand their Liberty, yet to oblige their Bre∣thren by the same inoffensive carriage.

This then was the difference between the strong and the weak, the strong were the well-grounded, understand∣ing Christians, that knew it was lawful for them to Eat all kind of Meats, that Christ had set them free from the burdensome Yoke of the Jewish Ceremonies, the weak, tho Brethren, that is, believers in Christ, yet abstained from some Meats, judging them unlawful or unclean, and observed days, and Zealously retained the Mosaical rites, not being yet sufficiently instructed in that Liberty our Saviour had purchased for them, or in the nature of his Kingdom, which consisted not in Meat or Drink, but in Righteousness and Peace, and Joy in the Holy Ghost. Hence I observe,

1. That the rules which are laid down in Scripture concerning weak Brethren principally respect those times when our Religion made its first appearance in the World, and were temporary provisions for the easier proselyting men to the Faith of Christ, or the better securing and fixing those that were already come into the Church. They are not standing Laws equal∣ly obliging all Christians in all Ages, but were suited to the Infant state of the Church, or rather to its condition whilst it was but an Embryo, till Churches were formed and setled, and our Christianity had got firm Footing and Possession in the World. Thus St. Paul tells us, 1 Cor. 9. 19. For tho I be free from all Men, yet have I made my self servant unto all, that I might gain the more. And unto the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might gain the Jews; to them that are un∣der the Law, as under the Law, that I might gain them

that are under the Law. To them that are without Law, as without Law (being not without Law to God, but under the Law to Christ) that I might gain them that are without Law. To the weak became I as weak, that I might gain the weak: I am made all things to all men, that I might by all means save some. And this I do for the Gospels sake, that I might be partaker thereof with you. This was the Apostles design in all these Compliances and Civilities to win many to the Faith of Christ, by these wise arts to insinuate himself and his Doctrine into them: but when he had once made his way, he then taught them another lesson, and behaved himself after a far different manner. Now to do as St. Paul did, would always be the duty and wisdom of one in his circumstances, who had his office and was to propagate any Religion amongst Heathens and Infidels; like a Master that dealeth not so sharply with his Scholar at his first entrance into the School, as he thinketh fit to do afterwards. But the directions St. Paul gave, and according to which himself practis'd at the first planting of Christianity, do no more agree with our times, wherein Christianity is become the National Religion, countenanced by the Civil Laws and Authority, and so generally professed by every one amongst us, that we hardly know of any other Reli∣gion, than the same Cloaths we did wear in our In∣fancy would serve us now when we are of full Age.

We ought indeed to be very careful of Children, and lead them by strings, and remove every straw and rub out of their way, lest they stumble and fall, but it is ridiculous to use the same care towards grown men. None of us Labour under those prejudices the first Christians did, who forsook a Religion in which they had been bred, and long lived; and as to the Jews had left a way of Worship commanded them by God

himself, confirmed to them by many Miracles and Wonders, delivered to them from their Fathers by a constant succession of Prophets sent from God. There is not now amongst us any such competition between two Religions, but every one learneth Christianity as he doth his Mothers Tongue. The Apostles there∣fore and Governours of the Church carried themselves towards these new Converts, as God Almighty did to∣wards the Children of Israel, when he brought them first out of Aegypt. He for a while led them by a Pillar of Fire and of a Cloud, gave them Water out of the Rock, and rain'd down Bread and Flesh from Heaven. This he did for them whilest in their passage, thus ex∣traordinarily provide for them, and in some cases even humour that People, lest upon every little pre∣tence they should return back to the Garlick and Ony∣ons of Aegypt; but after they were setled in the Land of Canaan, he then left them in their own hands, by or∣dinary Common means to take care of and provide for themselves, he did not shew the same indulgence to them, as he did whilst they were in the Wilderness.

St. Paul would not take that reward that was due to him for Preaching the Gospel, but himself Laboured hard night and day, because he would not be charge∣able to his Converts, 1 Thess. 2. 9. and this he did for the furtherance of the Gospel, that all might see he did not serve his own Belly. But surely our Dissent∣ing Brethren do not think themselves obliged by this Example, in places where Publick maintenance is set∣led on Ministers by Law, to refuse to take it, and earn their own Bread by some manual occupation, tho thereby they avoid giving offence to Quakers, and those who call them hirelings, and say they prophesie only for filthy lucre.

Thus it is usually observed, that St. Paul writes quite after a different manner to the Romans and to the Galatians, tho upon the same subject. In his Epistle to the Romans amongst whom he had never yet been, he pitieth and pleadeth for the weak Christi∣ans, chargeth that they should not be despised or cast off, that no cause of offence should be given them, but to the Galatians a People that had been fully in∣structed in the nature of their Christian Liberty, a∣mongst whom himself had planted the Gospel, and had been present in person, and so knew that they un∣derstood better; when some of them fell into the same Error, thinking Circumcision and the observati∣on of the Mosaical Law necessary to Christians, he chides them sharply and rebukes them more severe∣ly; Who hath bewitched you O foolish Galatians, &c. He who would condescend to the Ignorant Novices amongst the Romans, would not in the least comply with the Galatians, that had or ought to have had more knowledge and light: and afterwards when the reason of such forbearance ceased, when the nation of the Jews had rejected Christ, and the Gentile world was come into the Church, the observation of the Mosaical Law, and the distinction of meats con∣tained therein, was so far from being tolerated in those, whether Jews or Gentiles, who through mistake thought themselves obliged to it, that it was con∣demned by the Rules and Canons of the Church. The sum of all this is, that whatever Argument may be drawn from St. Paul's discourses about weak Brethren by way of Analogy, or Similitude, or Parity of reason, yet there are no such weak persons now a∣mongst us, as those were for whom the Apostle provi∣deth, or as those little ones were, for whom our Saviour was so much concerned.

2ly, I would desire our Dissenting Brethren to con∣sider by what pretence they can challenge any privi∣ledge belonging to them under the notion of weak Christians, when according to their own opinion and conceit of themselves, they are of all men furthest off from being such in any sense. This is as if a man worth a Thousand pound per annum, should Sue in formâ pauperis.

They who take upon themselves to be teachers of others, wiser and better than their Neighbours, the only Sober and Godly party, and are too apt to de∣spise all other Christians as Ignorant or Prophane, with what colour of reason can they plead for any fa∣vour to be shewn, or regard to be had to them in complyance with their weakness? Tho they love to argue against us from the example of St. Pauls conde∣scension to the uninstructed Jews or Gentiles, yet it is apparent that they do not in other cases willingly liken themselves to those weak believers, or Babes in Christ. They have really better thoughts of themselves, and would be Leaders and Masters in Israel, and prescribe to their Governours and give Laws to all others, and do prefer their own private opinion (which they call their Conscience) before the Judgment of the wisest men, or the determinations of their Lawful Superi∣ours. And if in all instances we should deal with them as weak persons, turn them back to their Prim∣mer, advise them to learn their Catechism, they would think themselves highly wrong'd and injured.

If the several Dissenters amongst us did in good earnest look upon themselves as weak, that is, Igno∣rant, Wavering, half Christians, did they think their dislike of the Constitutions of our Church to be the effect of such weakness, they would be either more care∣ful to hide it, or would more diligently seek out for

remedy; they would be more modest and humble, not so forward to judge and condemn what they do not understand; they would not encourage one ano∣ther to hold out and persist in this their weakness, nor breed up their Children in it, nor so Zealously en∣deavour to instil the same prejudices and mistakes into all with whom they converse. But the truth is, they ordinarily look upon their opposition to the orders of our Church as the effect of an higher illumination, greater knowledg than other Men have attained unto, they rather count us the weak Christians, if some of them will allow us so much; for otherwise if they do not take us for the weaker and worse Christians; Why do they separate from us? Why do they associate and combine together into distinct Congregations, as be∣ing purer, more select Christians than others? Now tho such persons as these may be in truth very weak, of little judgment or goodness, notwithstanding this conceit of themselves and their party, yet these are not by any means to plead for indulgence under that Character, nor to expect we should forgo our just Liber∣ty to please and humour them.

And that this is nothing but the plain truth is suf∣ficiently evident from this one observation, that many amongst them will grant our Reformation to have been very excellent and laudable for those days of Darkness and Ignorance wherein it was first made: But we now, say they, see by a clearer light, have greater knowledge, and have arrived to higher per∣fection, and so discover and cannot bear those faults and defects, which before were tolerable. Now who doth not see that these two pleas are utterly inconsistent and destructive of one another? to desire abatement of the Ceremonies, and abolition or alteration of the Liturgy in complyance with their weakness, and to de∣mand

the same because of the greater knowledg and light they now enjoy, above that Age wherein this pre∣sent Constitution of our Church was established. This shews they will be either weak or strong according as it best sutes with the Argument they are managing a∣gainst us; they are contented to be reckoned as weak, only that on it they may ground a plausible objection against us.

3 Those who are really weak, that is, Ignorant and injudicious, are to be born withal only for a time, till they have received better instruction. We cannot be always Bahes in Christ, without our own gross fault and neglect; he is something worse than a weak man who is fond of, and resolutely against all means of Con∣viction persists in his Ignorance and mistake. The case of young beginners and Novices is very pittiable, who have not been taught their lesson, but the same conde∣scension is not due to those, who are ever learning and yet are never able to come to the knowledg of the truth, not for want of capacity to understand, but for want of humility and willingness to be instructed. Such who are peevish and stubborn, whose Ignorance and Error is Voluntary and affected, who will not yield to the clearest reason, if it be against their interest or their party, can upon no account claim the priviledges of weak persons.

It is a great piece of inhumanity and cruelty to put a stumbling-block in the way of a blind man, but he walks at his own peril, who hath eyes and will not be persuaded to open them, that he might see and choose his way. Thus our Saviour answered his Dis∣ciples when they told him that the Pharisees were of∣fended at his Doctrine, Let them alone, they be blind leaders of the blind. And if the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the Ditch, St. Matt. 15. 14. They

were resolved not to be satisfied with any thing our Saviour said or did, they watched for an ad∣vantage and sought occasion against him. It was their Malice, not their Ignorance, that made them so apt to be offended. Of these therefore our Saviour had no regard, who were so unreasonable and obsti∣nate in their opposition.

Not that I would be so uncharitable as to condemn all, or the generality of our Nonconforming Brethren for malicious and wilful in their dissent from us. God forbid that I should pass such an unmerciful sentence on so many (as I believe) well meaning, tho miserably abused persons, to their own Master they stand or fall. But however,

1. I would out of charity to them beg earnestly of them, that they would thorowly examine whether they have Conscientiously used all due means in their power for information of their judgments concerning those things they doubt of; whether they have sincere∣ly endeavoured to satisfie themselves, and have de∣voutly Pray'd to God to free their minds from all pre∣judices and corrupt affections, and have patiently con∣sidered the grounds and reasons of their Separation from us; for unless it be thus really with them, their weakness is no more to be pitied, than that mans Sick∣ness, who might be cured by an easie remedy if he would but vouchsafe to apply it, or would submit to good Counsel.

2. I must say that old and inveterate mistakes, that have been a thousand times answered and protested against, are not much to be heeded by us. If peo∣ple will by no means be prevailed upon, having suf∣ficient light and time allowed them, to lay aside their Childish apprehensions and suspicions, they can hardly be thought to deserve that compassion and ten∣derness

St. Paul prescribes towards weak Brethren. I shall give one plain instance. Let us suppose that at the first Reformation of Religion amongst us some very weak (and such they must be if honest) were offended at the Church's requiring Kneeling at the receiving the Sacrament of the Lords Supper, as seem∣ing to them to imply the adoration of the Bread and Wine, and as likely to harden some Ignorant People in that monstrous conceit of Transubstantiation: But now after so many publick Declarations made by our Church, wherein she avows that no such thing is intended, after the constant profession of so many, that have used that decent Ceremony, that they abhor the Doctrine of Christs bodily presence, nay after the couragious sufferings, even death it self, of those that first Established this Reformation, rather than they would worship the Host; if after all this, people shall still clamour against this gesture as Popish, and be of∣fended with those that use it, as if thereby they gave di∣vine honour to the Elements, all that I shall say is this, it is a great sign that it is not infirmity only, to which condescension is due, but something worse that raiseth and maintaineth such exceptions and offences.

This I suppose holds true even in things where the offence ariseth from their doubtful or suspicious nature, that are capable of being misunderstood and abused, and may be apt through mistake to provoke or tempt others to evil. Yet if there be no moral evil in them, and the doing of them is of some considerable conse∣quence or advantage to me, I am bound to forbear them no longer, than till I have taken due care to in∣form others rightly of the matter, and warn them of the danger, till I have endeavoured to rectifie their judgments concerning the innocency of my action and intention, and given them notice of the evil that

might possibly by my action happen to them. If I dig a pit, or lay a block in the way, whereby others not knowing any thing of it are hurt and wounded, here I stand chargeable with it, and am guilty in cau∣sing them to fall; but if they are plainly and often told of it, and being forewarned yet will run into the dan∣ger, they are then only to thank themselves, and it is purely their own fault. Now if it be thus in cases that are liable to suspicion and misinterpretation, it holds much more in our Ceremonies and the orders of our Church, where the offence that is taken at them ariseth not so much from the nature of the injunctions, as from mens gross Ignorance, misconceit or perverseness. Thus men are no longer weak in Scripture sense, than they are inculpably Ignorant, or which is all one, the Plea of weak∣ness is gone, after that sufficient instruction hath been given or offered to them, and other allowances made according to mens different capacities of understand∣ing. This shall suffice for the first thing propounded, to shew what is the true notion of a weak Brother.

2 I proceed to give you an account what it is to offend such an one. Because I write for the use of the Common people only, I shall not trouble them with the several significations of the Greek word which is Translated Scandal or offence, nor distinctly consi∣der the several places of Scripture where it is used, only so far as plainly to shew, First, that people are gene∣rally mistaken in the sense they have of it. Secondly, What it is truly to offend or give offence.

1. That people are generally mistaken about the sense of offending or giving offence. For by it they commonly understand displeasing or grieving another, and making him angry with them, and so consequently they think themselves in Conscience bound to forbear all those things, which godly persons do not like or

approve of, or is contrary to their fancy and judgment. It is notorious, that most of the ordinary sort of Dis∣senters, who assign this as the reason of their not con∣forming to the Established Laws of the Church, be∣cause by doing so they shall offend their Brethren, mean nothing else by it, but that they shall fall into dis∣grace with, incur the displeasure and provoke the an∣ger of those, with whom they have held Communion for a long time in religious exercises. They, good men, will be mightily troubled and vexed to see or hear such a sad thing, and this is taken by many a∣mongst them for an heinous crime, even the same which St. Paul calls Scandalizing a weak Brother, to do any thing which may chance to put any of their Godly Brethren out of humour.

The occasion of this false apprehension is in all likelyhood the Ambiguity of our English word offend, which is used in the Translation of our Bibles. In our Language it signifies to displease, or to do some∣thing which another dislikes; but the Greek word, which is so rendered, signifies to lay a stumbling block in the way of another, which causes him to fall, or to ensnare and deceive him into something that is evil, as I shall shew more largely presently. We must not therefore interpret the places of Scripture, where of∣fend or offence are found by the common importance of the words amongst us, but by the undoubted signi∣fication of the Original word, which all learned men agree to have quite another sense.

It must not be concealed that there is one place in the famous fourteenth chapter of the Romans that seems to favour this popular conceit v. 15. If thy Bro∣ther be grieved with thy meat, now walkest thou not charitably, and it is the only one I know of that sounds this way, but surely it is more reasonable, that this

one verse should be interpreted by all the other places of Scripture about this matter, than all the rest ex∣plained agreeably to this single verse. Nay it suffici∣ently appears that by grieving our Brother, is not meant displeasing him, or making him sorry or sad, but wounding or hurting him, and so it is used to denote, that which causes grief or sorrow. For in the very next words it follows, destroy not him with thy meat for whom Christ died; and what is here expressed by grieving is v. 13. called, putting a stumbling-block or an occasion to fall, and v. 21. it is good neither to eat Flesh, nor drink Wine, nor any thing whereby thy Bro∣ther stumbleth, or is offended, or is made weak; all which signifie the same with being grieved. To be offended or grieved is not to be troubled at what ano∣ther hath done out of pity and concern for his Soul, but to receive hurt our selves from it, being by it drawn or deceived into some sin, and our own fall occasioned by what our Brother hath done, is that which creates the grief and trouble. But because this mistake doth so generally prevail amongst many, as I hope, well disposed people, who think that they must not do any thing, at which good men are displeased or grieved, I shall offer these few things to their con∣sideration.

1. That thus to censure and condemn the actions, and to be displeased and angry with the persons of those that differ from them, or refuse any longer to joyn with them in their Separate Congregations, is a great instance of peevishness and uncharitableness, and is that very sin which St. Paul often warns his weak believers against, viz. that they should not rash∣ly judge those who knew their duty, and understood their Christian liberty better than themselves. This seems to be the same with that Argument the Papists use

to perswade men into, or to keep them in their Com∣munion, as the safest way to Heaven; since they so confidently damn all Men, whom, tho never so un∣justly, they thrust out of their Church. Because some of our Dissenting Brethren are so froward and unmer∣ciful in their censures, and so fond of their own way, as to brand all that return to the Church with the infamous names of Apostates, Time-servers, Men that have made Shipwrack of Faith and a good Conscience, and have forsaken Christ for fear of Persecution, and the like, therefore all those, who are convinced of the lawfulness of Conformity, yet ought still to continue with them in their Separation, lest they provoke and irritate their anger and displeasure against them; and thus any company of men, that shall joyn together and resolve to quarrel with all that do not as they do, or that shall leave their society, must oblige all for ever to remain with them, for fear of giving them offence. If what I do is not evil in it self, it cannot become such, because another Man is causelesly angry with me for doing of it. Let but those, who Sepa∣rate from us, mortifie all pride and overweening opi∣nion of themselves, and their own way, let them lay aside all Zeal of parties and little singularities, and learn to judge righteously and soberly of themselves and others, and then the cause of all this offence will be soon removed.

2. they that pretend that this fear of offending, that is, displeasing their weak Brethren hinders their com∣plyance with the Church, ought seriously to examine themselves, whether it is not really only the care of their credit, and reputation with their party, that keeps them from Conformity. They are ••oth to lose that share they have in the affections of so many, or to sink in that estimation they have obtained of great

Sanctity, by joyning with the strictest and purest Christians. For undoubtedly Mens reputation amongst a part is a very great temptation to detain them in Error, and is a mighty prejudice to their understand∣ing and receiving the truth, or the doing of their Duty, when it will expose them to reproach and opprobrious nicknames. Thus our Saviour said of the Jews, John 5. 44. How can ye believe, who receive honour one of another, and seek not the honour that cometh from God?

When therefore Men tell us, it will be a Scandalous thing for them now to conform, they often mean no∣thing else by it, but that it will be unhandsom, and a disgraceful thing for them to change their mind, and confess their mistake, and retract what they have so long, and so Zealously defended. Or else let them look well, that it is not some paltry secular interest, that lies at the bottom, they dare not Offend their weak Brethren, that is; they are afraid they shall lose their trade, they shall disoblige many of their good customers, they get their livelyhood by such a Con∣gregation, and therefore they must continue of it. But this is truly to become the servants of Men, such as these are the most rank Men-pleasers, and therefore it is good advice of Mr. Baxter in his Cure of Church divisions, p. 141. Please men in all things lawful for their good and Edification; and become all things to all men in a lawful way: But depart not from the principles or practice of Christian Ʋnion, Communion, Charity or Sobriety, to please a dividing hot brain'd Party, not to escape their sharpest censures.

3. If to displease our weak Brother were the sinful offending him, condemned by St. Paul, it would prove an intolerable Yoke upon Mens Consciences, would be∣get endless perplexities and difficulties, so that we should not be able to do any thing, tho never so in∣different,

with a quiet and well assured mind, since as the World now is, some one or other will in this sense be Scandalized at it. By doing we shall anger some, by forbearing we shall provoke others; and since those, who call themselves weak, are divided and shatter'd into several Sects and Factions, each condemning all the o∣ther, it is impossible for us to comply with any one of them, but we shall thereby displease all the rest. He there∣fore, that would with a good Conscience perform his du∣ty, in whatever place he lives, or relation he stands in, must displease both good and bad Men, as things now are amongst us. It is a very small thing, as St. Paul tells us, to be judged of Men, when they pass their unwar∣rantable censures upon us, and our actions; and they, who govern themselves by the opinions and fancies of others, can never tell whither they shall be led by this principle. They are slaves to the Party they es∣pouse, and must run with them into all the Folly and Extravagance they can be guilty of; or if at last they are forced to leave them, they shall in the end be more hated and despised by them, than if they had never hu∣moured them at all.

4. I add only, that according to this Rule, that we must not do any thing which may displease or grieve our weak Brethren, we do in effect submit our Judg∣ments and Consciences to the conduct of the most ig∣norant and injudicious Christians, and yield to them that Power and Authority over us, which we deny to the Magistrate and our Lawful Superiours; and it can∣not but seem a very hard case, that they who are so tender of their Christian liberty, and think it so highly infringed and violated by the determinations of their Superiours about indifferent matters, should yet suffer themselves to be thus straitly tied up by the wills and passions of their weak Brethren. If this

were so, saith Mr. Baxter, p. 134. of the forenamed Book, the most Childish and Womanish sort of Christi∣ans, who have the weakest judgments, and the strongest wills and passions must rule all the World; for these are hardliest pleased, and no man must displease them. What∣ever condescension therefore may be due to the weak and Ignorant, yet it was never intended that they should govern the wiser, and better instructed Christi∣ans in all their actions; and who can Govern more Ab∣solutely, than they whose wills must never be crossed, and whom none must displease? From all this I con∣clude, that this cannot be the sense of Scandalizing or giving Offence, viz. doing of something, which another takes ill, or is angry with us for it.

2. I am now in the Second place to shew, what is the true meaning of Offending or Scandalizing in Scripture. The Greek word which we Translate Scandal or Offence signifies either a Trap and Snare, or else more commonly something laid in the way of another, which occasions his stumbling or falling, by which he is bruised and hurt, and so consequently, whatever it was that hindred Men from becoming Christs Disciples, or discouraged them in their new Profession, or tempted them to forsake that Faith they had lately embraced, is called a Scandal or Offence. It is sometimes rendred an occasion to fall as Rom. 14. 13. occasion of stumbling, as 1 Joh. 2. 10. a stumbling-block, Revel. 2. 14. or a thing that doth Offend, as St. Matt. 13. 41. In all which places there is the same Original word.

Hence to Offend or Scandalize any one, as it is com∣monly used in the New Testament, is to do some∣thing, which tends to estrange or fright Men from the Christian Profession, to beget in them hard and un∣worthy thoughts of it, or is apt, when they are con∣verted,

to turn them from it, and make them repent of their change. Of this I shall give some few in∣stances out of the discourses of our Saviour and his Apostles.

Thus our Blessed Lord, St. Matth. 17. 27. is said to have paid tribute, lest he should Offend or Scandalize the Jews. This was more than he was bound to; for he tells us, the Children are free. But he did it, that he might not give any occasion to his Enemies to re∣present him to the People, as a contemner of their Law, or an Enemy to Caesar, (according as you un∣derstand that Tribute to be paid either to the Romans or the Temple) and so prejudice them against his Per∣son and Doctrine. Thus our Saviours own Country-men, who were acquainted with his Father, and Mo∣ther, and Kindred, who knew the meanness of his Birth and Education, Mark 6. 3. were Offended or Scandalized at him. They were astonished at the great things he did, and the greater things he spoke, and would in all probability have believed on him, had they not known his mean Original and employ∣ment. Is not this the Carpenter, the Son of Mary, &c. After the same manner, when our Lord, St. John 6. 61. had discoursed of eating the Flesh of the Son of Man, they that heard him, taking it in a gross carnal sense, were Offended or Scandalized at him. They began to doubt of his being a true Prophet, or the Messiah, who would teach his Disciples to turn Can∣nibals.

Thus again our Saviour, before the night in which he was betrayed told his Disciples, St. Matt. 26. 31. all of ye shall be Offended or Scandalized, because of me this Night; that is, shall fly away and shamefully forsake me, when you behold my hard usage, and dismal sufferings. So Christ Crucified, 1 Cor. 1. 23.

to the Jews was a Scandal or stumbling-block; that is, they had set their minds and hearts on a temporal earthly King, and expected to be freed from the Ro∣man Yoke, and to be restored to their former Domini∣ons and greatness, as the effect of the coming of their Messiah, and therefore could not be persuaded to own him for their Prince, and Saviour, and the Son of God, who was put to such a Cursed and Ignominious death. In the same sense they who heard the Word of God, Mark 4. 17. and received it with gladness, but having no root in themselves, when Affliction or Persecution arose for the Words sake, were presently offended or Scandalized; that is, were ready to leave and renounce that Profes∣sion, that was likely to cost them so dear.

After the publishing of the Gospel by the Apostles, that which most stumbled the Jewish Converts, was the danger Moses's Law and their Temple Worship, and the singular preeminences of the Seed of Abraham, seemed to be in of being undermined by Christianity. They were strangely wedded to their Legal observances, fond of Circumcision and those peculiarities, which di∣stinguished their Nation from the rest of mankind, they were jealous of any Doctrine, that encroached upon their Priviledges, or tended to bring them down to the same level with the Uncircumcised World. This mightily Offended them, and hardned them against Christianity; whereas on the other side, the Gentile Converts with as much reason, were afraid of putting their Necks under so heavy a Yoke, or being brought into subjection to the Jewish Law, and there was no such effectual way to scare them from Christianity, as when it came attended with the burden of the Mosaical Ceremonies; which were an Offence to them; that is, did discourage them from believing in Christ, or continuing in his Faith. Now to prevent the mischiefs, that might arise from

these different apprehensions amongst the Christian Proselites, was the occasion of the meeting of that first Council at Jerusalem, mentioned Acts 15. and of those directions which St. Paul gives Rom. 14. con∣cerning our behaviour towards weak Brethren.

Another case there was concerning eating of things offered to Idols, of which St. Paul discourseth in his first Epistle to the Corinthians, chap. 8. and 10. the sum of which seems to be this, that the stronger and wiser Christians ought to abstain from eating what had been offered to Idols, tho as ordinary meat, in the presence of any one, who with, Conscience of the Idol, did eat it as a thing offered to an Idol. For such there were in the Church of Corinth so weak, as not yet to have quite left off their Idolatrous Worship, and a Christians eating what had been Offered in Sacri∣fice before such an one might serve to harden, and confirm him in his Error, whose Conscience being weak is defiled. Of whose Soul St. Paul professed himself to have so great regard, that he would eat no such meat as long as the World lasted, rather than lay such a stumbling-block before, or wound their weak Consciences. In all these places and many more that might be named (for the fuller explication of which I refer you to interpreters, and those that have written largely on this subject) no less than Apostacy from the Christian Faith was the sin, into which these weak Christians were so apt to fall, and by an undue use of our Liberty to give occasion to anothers forsaking the Christian Religion, whereby our Saviour loseth a Disciple, and the Soul of our Brother perisheth, is the proper sin of Offending, or giving Scandal.

I shall mention but one place more, which is Revel. 2. 14. where Balaam is said to have taught Balac, to cast a stumbling-block or Scandal before the Children

of Israel, which relates othis inticing them by the Daugh∣ters of Moab to Fornication and Idolatry, and by that means provoking God against them. So that in the most general sense to Scandalize or Offend any one, is, to give occasion to his sin, and consequently his ruin and undoing; and this I suppose will be granted by all, that do not receive their opinions from the meer sound of words. Hence I shall conclude these few things.

1. The better Men are, the harder it is to Scandalize them: Those are not such Godly persons, as they would be thought, who are so ready at all turns to be Offended; for how can they be reckon'd to excel others in knowledg or goodness, who are so easily upon every occasion drawn or tempted to sin? Thus Mr. Baxter himself tells the Separatists in his Cure of Church Divisions. Ʋsually, saith he, men talk most against Scandalizing those, whom they account to be the best, and the best are least in danger of sinning; and so they accuse them to be the worst, or else they know not what they say; for suppose a Separatist should say, if you hold Communion with any Parish Minister or Church in England, it will be a Scandal to many good people: I would ask such an one, Why call you those good people that are easily drawn to sin against God? Nay, that will sin because I do my duty: Therefore if you know what you say, you make the Separatists almost the worst of men, that will sin against God, because another will not sin.

The great thing our Nonconformists pretend unto above other men is tenderness of Conscience, by which they must mean, if they mean any Vertue by it, a great fear of doing any thing that is evil; and this, where it is in truth, is the best security that can be devised against being Scandalized or Offended, by what other Men do; that is, against being drawn into sin by it. So that they do really disparage and severe∣ly

reflect upon the Dissenters, who are thus afraid of giving them Offence▪ as I have explained it.

2. No man can with sense say of himself, that he shall be Scandalized at what another man does; for it is as much as to say, that by such a person and acti∣on, he shall be led into sin ignorantly, and his saying this confutes his ignorance: If he knows it to be a sin, he is not betrayed into it, nor doth he fall into it through ignorance and mistake (which is the case of those that are Scandalized) but wilfully commits it. This a great Bishop compares with the peevishness of a little Child, who when he is commanded to pro∣nounce the word he hath no mind to, tells you he cannot pronounce that word, at the same time naming the word he pretends he cannot speak. Such Nonsense it is for a man to forbid me doing any thing upon pretence it will be a Scandal to him, or make him through mistake fall into some sin, when by this it is plain, that he knows of it beforehand, and so may, and ought to avoid the stumbling-block that is laid before him, and the danger that he is exposed unto. Surely saith Solomon, Prov. 1. 17. in vain is the Net spread in the sight of any Bird.

If to Offend or Scandalize, any one is to tempt and draw him into some sin, whereby his Conscience is wounded, there then can be no fear of giving Offence by our Conformity to the orders and usages of our Church, because there is nothing appointed by or used in it, but what may be complyed withal without sin: For this, as I before observed, is supposed in the Question I at first propounded to discourse of; that he, who absented from his Parish Church for fear of Offending his weak Brethren, was convinced in his own mind of the law∣fulness of all that is enjoyn'd; and therefore by his own Conformity, he can only engage others to do as he hath done, which as long as he is perswaded to be

lawful, I do not see how he can be afraid of Scandaliz∣ing others by it, or making them to sin by his Exam∣ple, unless he will imagine his Brethren, not so weak, but so wicked, as to Worship the Host, because he Kneels at receiving of the Sacrament, and to adore the Cross because he bows at the Name of Jesus, or that they will renounce all Religion because he hath forsaken their ways of Separation: This cannot but prove a vain excuse for me to forbear doing that, in which there is really no evil, lest by the Authority of my example I make others sin in doing the same in∣nocent action; which in this case is so far from being to be feared, that if by my example I prevail with o∣thers to return into the Communion of our Church, they are not thereby at all Scandalized, but I have done them a most signal kindness and benefit.

If it be said, that tho what I do is in it self lawful, yet it may minister occasion or provocation to others to do something else that is unlawful, and so I become truly guilty of giving Offence; I Answer, that we are accountable only for the natural tendencies, or probable effects of our actions, which may be easily foreseen and prevented. Remote probabilites and contingencies and bare possibilities come not into reckoning, nor are they at all to be weighed. If in every action I am bound to consider what advantage a wicked sensual Man, or a weak silly man might take, and what Arguments he might possibly thence draw to en∣courage himself in sin and folly, or excuse himself from the care of his Soul and Religion, this would open the door to infinite Scrupulosity and trouble, and I should hardly be able to do or speak any thing with∣out the incurring the guilt of giving Scandal. Now this being supposed, I dare boldly challenge any Man to name any one sin either against God, our Neigh∣bour,

or our selves, that our Conformity doth give any real probable occasion unto; and it is very un∣charitable to conceit, that our Nonconforming Bre∣thren will out of meer perverseness, or spite and re∣venge run into sin, on purpose to make our leaving them criminal and vicious; which if any should be so wicked as to do, yet they would lose the design of their malice, and prove the only guilty persons them∣selves.

The only thing I imagine can be further said in this case is, that tho I am well satisfied my self, yet by my Conformity I may tempt and provoke others that are not satisfied concerning the lawfulness of it, nay those who judge it absolutely sinful, yet rather than stand out, or being moved by the opin on they have of my goodness and Wisdom, to follow my example with a doubting or gainsaying Conscience. Suppose a Master of Family that used to frequent the private Meetings, and his Wife and Children and Servants used to follow him thither; but afterwards, by reading of such good Books as have been lately written, is himself satisfied concern∣ing the lawfulness of going to Church, and at last thinks it his duty so to do, only he is afraid that the rest of his Family to please and humour him, will be apt also to forsake the private Meetings, and go along with him to Church, tho it be altogether against their judgment and Conscience: Or suppose him a man of eminency amongst his Neighbours, on whose favour many do depend, of great interest and reputa∣tion, by whose example many are sway'd and led. Tho himself doth conform upon good reasons and prin∣ciples, yet his example may invite many others to it, tho they have received no satisfaction concerning the lawfulness of it.

Now here I desire these three things may be con∣sidered.

1. It is certain that it is as unlawful to go to the Se∣parate Meetings against ones Conscience, as it is to go to the publick Church against ones Conscience. Why then ought not this man to be as afraid, when he leaves his Parish-Church and frequents the private Congregation, lest he should draw some to follow him thither with a doubting Conscience; as well as he fears, if he leaves the Meetings and resorts to his Parish-Church, some not satisfied concerning the lawfulness of it, should come after him thither? The influence of his Example, interest, reputation, is the same in both instances; the danger of giving this Scandal is equal; that therefore wh••ch ought to determine his practice must be his own Judgment and persuasion.

2. Such an one, who hath been a Separatist, but is now himself satisfied of the lawfulness of Confor∣mity; ought to take great care and pains in endea∣vouring to satisfie others also, especially those, whom he hath any cause to think to have been led into the ways of Separation by his example: He must not be ashamed to own his former mistake, to set before them the reasons on which his change is grounded, and must do this publickly and frequently, persuad∣ing others to use the same helps and means, which were so effectual for his own conviction. And thus he doth all that lieth in his power to prevent this ill effect and shall not be further answerable for the consequences of what he doth.

3. It is truly observed by some that considering the known temper of the Nonconformists, it is not very likely any such mischief should ensue, viz. that by the example of one or more leaving their Separate Assem∣blies, others should be moved to follow them against

their own Judgment and Conscience. It is abundant∣ly notorious how they have used to treat those that have deserted them; with what irreconcileable enmi∣ty they have prosecuted them, looking upon them as their worst Enemies, passing more grievous censures upon them than upon those who have all their lives long continued in our Communion.

4. I proceed in the last place to observe from what I have discoursed concerning giving Offence, that if to Offend any one, be to lead him into sin, then we may Scandalize and give Offence to others, as soon by plea∣sing them and complying with them, as by dipleasing them and going contrary to their mind and humour.

St. Paul, who Circumcised Timothy, Acts 16. 3. in favour of the weak Jews that he might insinuate and ingratiate himself into them, refused to Circumcise Titus, Galat. 2. 3. tho he made the Jews angry by it, yet he would not give place by subjection, or submission and condescension to them, no not for an hour: He considered the different states and conditions of the persons he had to deal withal. He complyed to Cir∣cumcise Timothy, lest all the Jews with him should have forsaken the Christian Faith, and for the same reason he denied to Circumcise Titus, lest those of Jerusalem should think he was of opinion, that the Jewish Law held still in force, and so the Cross of Christ should become of no effect to them. He pleased indeed the former for fear of driving them from Christianity, and for the same reason he displeased the latter, lest he should give them occasion to think the observation of Moses's Law always necessary. He had truly Scandalized them, if he had done as they would have had him: He had Offended them in the true Scripture sense, if he had pleased and humoured them; and this is the most ordinary way of Scandalizing Christians a∣mongst

us, by not plainly telling Men of their faults and mistakes, by not speaking freely and roundly to them, nor acting couragiously, whereby they become hardned and confirmed in their folly and ignorance.

To this purpose I cannot but repeat the words of Mr. Baxter in the Book I have so often cited; Many a time, saith he, I have the rather gone to the Common-Prayers of the publick Assemblies for fear of being a Scandal to those same men that called the going to them a Scandal: that is, for fear of hardning them in a sinful Separation and Error; because I knew that was not Scandal which they called Scandal; that is, displeasing them, and crossing their opinions; but hardning them in an Error or other sin, is true Scandalizing. Ʋnderstand this, or you will displease God under pretence of avoiding Scandal, p. 135.

Thus by complying with our Dissenting Brethren we really do them that mischief which we would a∣void, and fall into the sin of giving Scandal, whilest we are running from it; We countenance and encou∣rage their sinful Separation and Division; we con∣firm them in their dangerous Errors and Mistakes; we by our practice condemn those things, which yet in our Consciences we allow and approve of, and by our Authority and influence harden others in their un∣reasonable prejudices and opposition against the lawful Commands of their Superiours. They think us of the same mind with themselves, whilst we do the same things, and that we judge as ill of the Church of Eng∣land, as long as we refuse to Communicate with it, as themselves do; and thus we give occasion to their sin, and those infinite mischiefs which have happened both to Church and State, upon the account of our Reli∣gious disputes and divisions; which surely ought to be well thought of and considered by a sort of Men amongst

us, who shall go to Church in the Morning, and to a Con∣venticle in the Afternoon; who halt between both, and would fain displease neither side, but indeed give real Offence to both. From all this I think it is very plain, that he, who is satisfied in his own mind of the law∣fulness of Conformity, but is afraid of giving Offence by it, if he be true to this principle, ought to hasten the faster to his Parish-Church, that he might not Offend those very Dissenters of whom he would seem to be so tender; and thus I have done with the Se∣cond thing I propounded to shew, what is meant by Offending or Scandalizing,

3. It remaineth in the Third and Last place to en∣quire; how far, and in what instances we are bound to consider the ignorance or weakness of our Bro∣ther? In Answer to this, that I may proceed with all the clearness I can, I shall now suppose notwithstand∣ing all I have already said, that our Dissenting Bre∣thren are truly weak persons, and that there may be some danger of their being through their own fault Offended by our Conformity; yet taking this for grant∣ed, I shall plainly shew that he, who is in his own mind convinced of the lawfulness of coming to his Parish-Church, and using the Forms of Prayer and Ceremonies by Law appointed, ought not to forbear doing the same for fear of giving such Offence to his weak Brethren. There are many other things to be considered in this Case, besides this matter of private Scandal; and if there be greater evil in, and greater mischief to others, and a more publick Scandal doth follow our forbearing Communion with the Church and withdrawing into private Assemblies, than can hap∣pen by our leaving them and returning to the Church, and complying with its orders, we ought then to con∣form notwithstanding the Offence that is imagined may

be taken at it. For these two things, as I suppose, are agreed on all hands; one is, that nothing which is sinful may be done to avoid Scandalizing others; the other is, that to avoid a less Scandal being taken by a few, we must not give a greater Scandal and of vastly more pernicious consequence to a much bigger number of persons; and by these two Rules I shall now judge of the Case at first propounded.

1. Nothing that is sinful may be done to avoid o∣thers being Scandalized, which is directly the Apostles Doctrine, Rom. 3. 8. That we must not do evil, that good may come; nor is any necessary duty to be omitted out of prudence or charity to others, lest they through Error or Ignorance be hurt by it: We must not to pre∣vent the greatest sin in another, commit the least sin our selves, nor disobey Gods Law, and so run the hazard of our own damnation, tho it be to save the Soul of our Brother. Thus Calvin tells us, Instit. lib. 3. c. 19. Quae necessaria sunt factu, nullius offendiculi timore omittenda sunt. Whatever is necessary to be done by vertue of Gods Command is not to be omitted for fear of Offence; and again in the same place, Hic Charita∣tis rationem haberi decet, sed usque ad aras. Our charity to our Brother ought to be limited by this, that we do not for his sake displease God.

The very best things and actions may be perverted by Men of ill-disposed or weak minds, false conse∣quences and unjust inferences may be strained from them; as we know the grace of God in the Gospel was abused into an argument for licentiousness, and Christ himself is said to be set for the fall of many, St. Luke 2. 24. but still this doth not Cancel our obligati∣ons to universal obedience to Gods Law, nor can it alter the nature of good and evil, duty and sin; which are no such uncertain contingent things, as to depend

upon the constructions others shall make of our acti∣ons, or the conclusions they shall draw from them. God Almighty in the making of his Laws hath a perfect comprehension of all the accidental events, that may happen either through the weakness or wick∣edness of Men; and we must not think our selves to be wiser than God, taking upon our selves to dispense with his Commands without any allowance from him, as if himself had not foreseen those inconveniences which may arise from our doing our duty: it can therefore never be, that obedience to God should give any real Scandal; and whatever Offence may be taken at my doing of my duty, it is a contradiction to imagine it imputable to me, as a sin or fault, (for it is to sup∣pose one to disobey God, in obeying him) but they alone are chargeable who are Offended by it.

Now by the express Command of God, we are obliged to obey the lawful injunctions of our Supe∣riours, whether Civil or Ecclesiastical; and if any are so hardy as to deny this, they must seek for ano∣ther Bible out of which to judge of Gods will; for there is hardly any one duty of Religion more plain∣ly Commanded, more frequently and earnestly pressed in the New Testament, than quiet and peaceable sub∣jection to Authority, both in Church and State, in all things lawful, and that not only to avoid punishment, but for Conscience sake; and to refuse obedience in such things, is a sin against the fifth Command∣ment. That the Conformity required by our Church, contains not any thing in it unlawful, must be granted, as I have already observed, by all those who make use of this Plea of Scandal, from all which the necessary Conclusion is,

Since we may not redeem a Scandal by disobedi∣ence to God, since God hath plainly required our sub∣mission to those whom he hath set over us in all things, lawful; since it is acknowledged by those I now dis∣course with, that Conformity to the Church is enjoyn∣ed by a competent Authority, and is lawful; I say the necessary conclusion is, that no Man can with a good Conscience refuse to conform only for fear of Scandal.

Our Dissenting Brethren, when they are urged with this Argument neither do nor can deny any of the Pre∣mises, they must confess that no sin may be committed upon any account whatsoever, and that a Man is not bound to provide for his Brothers safety by wounding his own Soul; they cannot deny but that God hath Commanded us to be subject to Lawful Authority in all things lawful, but then to evade the force of this reason∣ing, they have endeavoured to load the conclusion with some seeming difficulties and absurdities, which they pretend follow from this principle, that we are bound to obey, notwithstanding the Scandal that may ensue upon it. The chief of these I shall mention, and briefly return an Answer to them.

1. It is pleaded that those precepts, which contain only rituals, are to give place to those, which do con∣cern the welfare of Mens Bodies, and much more to those, which do respect the welfare of our Brothers Soul; so that, when both together cannot be observed, we must neglect or violate the former, to observe the latter: That this is true even of some Commands given by God himself; to which purpose our Saviour doth produce that saying of the Prophet Hosea, I will have Mercy and not Sacrifice. Now if Sacrifices prescribed by God himself, which were so considerable a part of the Divine Worship under Moses's Law, yet were to

give place to acts of mercy, how much more are the positive injunctions of Men, that concern only the ex∣ternals and circumstantials of Religion to yield to the Royal and indispensable Law of Charity, of which this duty of not giving Offence to others, is such an Eminent part. Thus saith Mr. Jeans in his Se∣cond Part of Scholastical Divinity, What Laws of any Earthly Wight whatsoever concerning Ceremonies can be more obligatory, than the Commands of God touching the externals of his Worship and Service; and yet it is his will and pleasure, that these externals of his Worship should be laid aside for the performance of out∣ward works of mercy: If therefore the sacred Ordinan∣ces of God are to give way unto works of mercy unto the bodies of Men, surely then much more is the trash of human inventions to yield unto a work of mercy to the Souls of Men.

In answer to this, it is readily acknowledged that when there doth happen any such interfering between two Commands of God, the one Positive, the other Moral, the Positive ought always to give place to the Moral; and by the same reason the positive Com∣mands of our Superiours ought certainly to give way to the Moral Commands of God, which are of eternal and immutable obligation. They cease to bind us either in case of absolute necessity, or when they plainly hinder our performance of any Moral duty to God or our Neighbour; and the Church is presumed to dispense with its orders, as God Almighty doth allow the neglect of his own positive Institutions in such cir∣cumstances. But then this is only, where the necessity is urgent and extream, the sin we must otherwise commit evident and certain; and at last our Obe∣dience is dispensed withal only for that one time.

Thus in a case of necessity, Our Saviour St. Matth.

12. 5. acquits David and his followers of all blame, who being ready to perish for hunger, did eat of the Shewbread, which otherwise, was not lawful for them to eat; but had they taken a particular fancy to that Bread, and refused to have eaten of any other, be∣cause that best agreed with their Stomacks and was most pleasing to their Palate; can we think our Sa∣viour would have so easily excused them? Or which is nearer to our Case; because God did prefer acts of Mercy before Sacrifices where both could not be done, yet this would not have justified any mans wholly leav∣ing off Sacrificing, or refusing to do it at Jerusalem, in∣venting another way of Worship, as more expedient than Sacrificing, or choosing another place to Sacri∣fice in, which might be more convenient for all the Jews than that City was. We may leave our Prayers, forsake the Church to save the life of our Neighbour, or to quench the firing of his House, but still this would be but a pityful pretence for our wholly absent∣ing our selves from Church, and constant neglect of our Prayers, because in the mean time our Neighbours life may be invaded, or his house fired by ill Men, of which there is great store in the World, and so he may stand in need of our help, which is a more acceptable Service to God than any acts of Devotion. So that however this Argument may serve to excuse the omis∣sion of some things Commanded by lawful Authority, by those who otherwise are perfectly conformable, in extraordinary cases which very rarely happen, and for which no provision could be made by Law; yet to be sure this will not at all help those, who bid open defiance to the Laws, stand out in manifest oppositi∣on against them, live in plain disobedience and con∣tradiction to them as if they were altogether free from them, nay set up a distinct way and form of Worship

of their own, and all this because they are loth to Offend those, who are not satisfied of the wisdom and goodness of what is appointed.

Thus our Dissenting Brethren can gain but little by this Plea if granted to them; for upon this account of exercising mercy and charity towards their Neigh∣bours, they can be excused from Obedience to their Superiours in such cases only, in which they may be excused also from the observation of the Sabbath, from Prayer publick or private, from Worshipping of God either in the Church or in a Conventicle, nay from Obedience to God himself; had he pleased in the Scriptures positively to have required whatever is at present enjoyned by our Church; and let them well con∣sider, whether if God had plainly in his Word pre∣scribed all that our Church doth Command, they would have thought it selfe to have refused compliance with such divine impositions, because they were un∣reasonably offensive to some Godly people: If our Dissenters will but acknowledge themselves bound to submit to the determinations of their Superiours about the things in controversie between us, so far, as the Jews were bound to obey the ordinances of God con∣cerning his external Worship delivered by Moses; and that they are freed from such obligation to obey the Laws of their Governours only in such cases, as the Jews were excused from offering their accustomed Sacrifices, or as they think themselves at liberty to break the Sabbath, to omit Gods Publick Worship, I suppose this dispute would soon be at an end, for they dare not own, that the Scandal others may take at such things, which yet are to give place to moral duties, is sufficient to void their obligation to the doing of them.

Mr. Jeans (whose objections I shall the rather con∣sider because of his eminency amongst the Presbyte∣rians,

tho I find my self somewhat prevented by a late Writer, who hath taken particular notice of them) thus putteth the Question, Suppose, saith he, the great∣est Monarch upon the face of the Earth should command the meanest and lowest of his Slaves, upon some important affair to ride Post through such a City, without any of the least stay or diversion, and then it should happen that a company of little Children should be playing in the Streets, can this Slave think that he is obliged to ride over them? No surely, he ought to use all means, and take all care possible to execute his Commission without doing any hurt, or damage to any person whatever; but if he would have stated the case right, it should have been done thus; suppose this Slave should utterly refuse to do as he was Commanded, and for his justification should plead, that he must be forced to ride through many Towns and Cities, where are many little Children, who are often playing at the Doors or in the Streets; he knows not but that some of them may be in his way, or chance to run be∣tween his Horses legs, and therefore to avoid the do∣ing of this mischief, which might possibly happen, he resolves not to stir one foot from his own home. Is this pretence sufficient to excuse his disobedience? No more can our Nonconformity to the rules given us by our Superiours be innocent, because some may be Scandalized at our Obedience.

2. It is further said that Scandal is in the nature of it spiritual murder, and if where Authority hath de∣termined our choice, we must hold to their determination, any Scandal to the contrary notwithstanding, it seemeth then in case the Magistrate command it, we may law∣fully murther the Soul of our Brother, wound his weak Conscience, and destroy with our meats, our Ceremonies, the work of God, and him for whom Christ died. It is

good, saith St. Paul, Rom. 14. 21. neither to eat Flesh, nor to drink Wine, nor any thing whereby thy Brother stumbleth, or is offended, or is made weak. But our Prelatists, saith Mr. Jeans, determine quite otherwise. If Authority enjoyn it, it is good, say they, to eat Bread, drink Wine, wear a Surplice, use the sign of the Cross in Baptism, tho thereby never so many Brethren stumble, or are offended, or made weak.

But all this is meer bugbear, fitted only to fright Children and such weak persons, as we are now treating of; for it can never be shewen, how wearing a Surplice, or Kneeling at receiving of the Sacrament, or Crossing the Infants forehead, hath any tendency to∣wards the scaring Men from Christianity, or making them to deny Christ, and forsake and grow weary of his Religion, which I have sufficiently proved to be the only proper Scandalizing of our Brother, which St. Paul so highly aggravateth, and chargeth with the guilt of destroying and murthering his Soul; none of these things do directly and immediately lead or tempt any man to any sin: Whatever Scandal may follow is wholly accidental and the fault and mistake of those only, who are Offended, and to provide always against such Scandals is an impossible undertaking; for they may follow the most innocent actions, nay the most ne∣cessary duties, and this Argument concludes as strong∣ly against obedience to any other Command of God, if by it my Brother may stumble, or be offended, or be made weak, as it doth against submission to our Supe∣riours in things lawful.

They that make these Objections do not sufficiently consider, that by Gods Law we are bound to obey the Lawful Commands of our Superiours; and it is not only the Law or Ordinance of Man, of which they seem to make so little account, but it is the Law of

God also, that is violated by our disobedience to our Governours in things Lawful: The Comparison there∣fore ought not to be only, as they make it, between an human Authority determining some indifferent things, and the divine Law of charity to the Soul of our Bro∣ther, but between the divine Command of obedience to our Superiours, and the avoiding of Scandal: Here we affirm, that we cannot be bound to transgress a plain Law of God, or which is all one in this Question, a lawful command of our Superiours for fear of some evil that may by chance happen to some others through their own fault; and we prove it by this reason, which our Dissenting Brethren must own for true and good, be∣cause every one is bound to have a greater care of his own than others Salvation, and consequently rather to avoid sin in himself, than to prevent it in his Brethren.

If it be here asked, as it is by some, whether any human Authority can make that action cease to be Scan∣dalous, which if done without any such Command had been criminal upon the account of the Scandal that fol∣lowed it, I Answer, that no Authority, whether di∣vine or human, can secure that others shall not be Offended by what I do out of obedience to their Com∣mands, but then it doth free me from all guilt and blame, by making that to become my duty to do, which if I had done needlesly without any great rea∣son, and my Brother had been hurt and his Consci∣ence wounded by it, might have been justly charged with uncharitableness, greater or less according as the Scandal was more or less probable to follow.

This must be granted, that the Laws of God or Man, otherwise obligatory, do not lose their binding force because of some Scandal, that may possibly hap∣pen from our Complyance with them, or else all Au∣thority is utterly void and insignificant, and every Man

is at liberty to do all things as himself pleaseth; for, to borrow the words of the excellent Bishop Sanderson, To allow Men under pretence that some offence may be taken thereat, to disobey Laws and Constitutions made by those that are in Authority over us, is the next way to cut the sinews of all Authority, and to bring both Magistrates and Laws into contempt; for what Law ever was made, or can be made so just and reason∣able, but some Man or other either did or might take offence thereat. Whether such a Constitution or Com∣mand of our Superiours be Scandalous or no, every one must judge for himself; and so according to his own private opinion of the goodness or hurtfulness of what is required, he is free to obey it or not, which is directly to dissolve all Government, and to bring in certain disorder and everlasting confusion, every one doing what is good in his own Eyes.

3. It is said, that Avoiding of Scandal is a main duty of charity; May Superiours therefore at their plea∣sure appoint, how far I shall shew my charity towards my Brothers Soul? then surely an inferiour Earthly Court may cross the determinations of the High Court of Heaven: This Mr. Jeans urgeth also out of Amesius; but it is easily replyed,

That here is no Crossing the determinations of God, since it is his express will, that in all lawful things we should obey our Governours, and he who hath made this our duty, will not lay to our charge the mischiefs, that may sometimes without our fault through the folly and peevishness of Men follow from it, and cer∣tainly it is as equal and reasonable, that our Superiours should appoint how far I shall exercise my charity to∣wards my Brethren, as it is, that the mistake and pre∣judice of any private Christians should set bounds to their Power and Authority, Cancel the publick Laws,

or that every ignorant and froward Brother should de∣termin, how far we shall be obedient to those, whom God hath set over us either in Church or State.

But to give a more full Answer to this we must know, that, tho charity be the great duty, especially of the Christian Religion, yet duties of justice (as they are commonly called) are of stricter obligation than duties of charity, and we are bound to pay our debts, before we give an alms. Now obedience to Superiours is a debt we owe to them, which they have right to exact of us, so that they may accuse us of injury, if we perform it not. But a great care to hinder sin in others, or not to Scandalize them is a duty of charity, which indeed we are obliged unto as far as we can, but not till after we have given to every one what is his due and right. It is therefore no more Lawful for me, saith the forenamed most Judicious Bishop San∣derson, to disobey the lawful Command of a Superiour, to prevent thereby the offence of one or a few Brethren; then it is lawful for me to do one man wrong to do ano∣ther man a courtesie withal; or than it is lawful for me to rob the Exchequer to relieve an Hospital. According to that known saying of St. Austin, Quis est qui dicat, ut habeamus quod demus pauperibus, faciamus furta divitibus? Who is it, that saith it is lawful to steal from the rich, what we may bestow on the poor? or to refuse to pay Taxes, on pretence that you know those who have more need of your money?

To this Mr. Jeans replies, Suppose, saith he, the care of not giving offence be in respect of our Brother but a debt of charity, yet in regard of God it is a legal debt, since he may and doth challenge it as due, and we do him wrong if we disobey him: Here I grant indeed, that both are required by God at our hands, that we should be obedient to our Superiours, and that we

should be always ready to shew charity to our Bre∣thren; but then I say, this is not the charity which God requires, when I give to those in want, what is none of mine own. This is not an instance or expres∣sion of that love and kindness, which by the Law of God we owe to our Brother, to do him good by wronging our Superiours. God hath obliged Servants to be merciful to the poor to their power, as well as to be true and faithful to their Masters; but that is no part of the mercy which God requires from them, to give away their Masters goods without his leave, tho it were to those who stand in great need of relief. God hath Commanded all Christians to have a great care of being any occasion of their Brothers sin or fall; but then this must necessarily be understood only of things subject to our own ordering and manage∣ment. In all cases, wherein we are at our own disposal, we are bound charitably to regard our Brother. But in instances, where our practice is determined by Au∣thority, our Superiours only are to consider the dan∣ger of Scandal; we must consider the duty we owe to them, this being a matter wherein we cannot shew our charity without violating the right of our Supe∣riours; It remains then, in the words of another great Bishop, in what case soever we are bound to obey God or Man, in that case and in that conjunction of circum∣stances we have nothing permitted to our choice, (and consequently there is no place for any act of charity) and have no Authority to remit of the right of God or our Superiour; and to comply with our Neighbour in such Questions, besides that it cannot serve any purposes of piety, if it declines from duty in any instance, it is like giving Alms out of the portion of Orphans, or building Hospitals with the Money and spoils of Sacrilege.

4. It is further said by Mr. Jeans out of Amesius, If determination by Superiours is sufficient to take away the sin of Scandal, then they do very ill, that they do not, so far as is possible, determine all things indifferent, that so no danger may be left of giving Offence by the use of them. Then the Church of Rome is to be praised in that she hath determined so many indifferent things. Then St. Paul might have spared all his directions about forbearance out of respect to weak Brethren, and fully determined the matters in debate, and so put an end to all fear of Scandal.

This truly seemeth a very odd way of arguing, and all that I shall say to it is, that it supposeth nothing else worthy to be considered in the making of Laws, or in the determinations of Superiours about indifferent things, but only this one matter of Scandal; and the project it self, should it take, would prove very vain and unsuccessful. For tho we truly say, that we are bound to comply with the Orders and Ceremonies of the Church of England, they being but few and inno∣cent, and so giving no real ground of Offence; yet we do not say the same upon supposition our Church had de∣termined all circumstances in Gods Worship she possibly could, which would perhaps have been a yoke great∣er, than that of the Ceremonial Law to the Jews; nor if she had prescribed as many Ceremonies as the Church of Rome hath done, which manifestly tend to the dis∣grace and Scandal of our Christian Religion; and as for the course St. Paul took, it is plain that some things upon good reasons were determined by the Apostles, as that the Gentile Converts should abstain from blood, and things strangled, and offered to Idols, which decree, I pre∣sume, they might not Transgress out of charity to any of their Brethren, who might take Offence at such ab∣stinence, and other things for great reason were for a

time left at liberty, which reason was taken from the present circumstances of those the Apostles had to deal withal; tho afterwards, as I observed before, when that reason ceased, determinations were made about those things which St. Paul had left at liberty, and if St. Paul had determined the dispute about meats and days one way, they, who had followed so great an Authority, whatever had happened, had surely been free from the sin of Scandal; but still the Scandal had not been prevented, but all the contrary part had been in danger to have been utterly estranged from Christi∣anity; and that was reason sufficient why St. Paul did not make any determinations in that case. For Go∣vernours are not only to take care to free those that obey them from the sin of Scandal, but also to provide, that as little occasion, as is possible, may be given to any to be Scandalized.

There are other Objections offered by Mr. Jeans, out of Amesius and Rutherford, against this Doctrine of our obligation to obedience to Superiours in things lawful, notwithstanding the Scandal that may follow; but they either may be Answered from what I have already said, or else they chiefly concern the case of Governours, and are brought to prove that they act uncharitably, and give great Offence contrary to St. Pauls rules, who take upon them determinately to impose unnecessary rites by which they know many good Men will be Scandalized, but this is not my pre∣sent business to discourse of, tho I cannot forbear say∣ing these two things, which I think very easie to make out.

1. That our Church of England hath taken all rea∣sonable care not to give any just offence to any sort of persons, and the offences that have been since taken at some things in our Constitution could not possibly have

been foreseen by those who made our first Refor∣mation from Popery, and so they could not be any reason against the first establishment: Nor,

2. Are they now a sufficient reason for the altera∣tion of it; unless we can imagine it reasonable to alter publick Laws made with great wisdom and delibera∣tion as often, as they are disliked by, or prove Offensive to private persons. If this be admitted, there then can never be any setled Government and order in the Church; because there never can be any establish∣ment, that will not be lyable to give such Offence. They who now take Offence at what the Church of England enjoyns, on the same or a like account will take Offence at whatever can be enjoyned, and the same pretences of Scandal will be good against any establishment they themselves shall make; for tho they will not use these reasons against their own establish∣ment, yet in a short time others will take up their weapons to fight against them, and what served to destroy the present Church will be as effectual to over∣throw that, which shall be set up in its room: so that whatever alteration is made, if this be allowed for a sufficient ground of it, viz. to avoid the Offence that some men take at the present constitution, yet still we shall be but where we were, and new Offences will arise, and so there must be continual changing and altering, to gratifie the unreasonable humours and fancies of Men; and should any one party of Dissen∣ters amongst us get their Form of Government and Worship established by Law, I doubt not but they would Preach to us the very same Doctrine, we do now to them. They would tell us that private persons must bend and conform to the Laws, and not the Laws to private persons; that it was our own fault that we were Offended; that our weakness proceeded from our

unwillingness to receive instruction; that the weak were to be governed, not to prescribe to their Gover∣nours; that we must not expect that what was with good reason appointed and ordered should be presently abrogated or changed out of complyance with Mens foolish prejudices and mistakes. It is sufficiently known how strict and rigorous botht the Presbyterians and Independents are and have been where they have had any advantage, and what little consideration or regard they have had of their Dissenting Brethren, tho they would have us so tender of them.

Thus much I think sufficient to shew that the Pre∣cept of Obedience to Superiours in things Lawful is more obligatory, than the Precept of avoiding Scandal; whence it follows that it is our duty to obey in such instances, tho Offence may be taken at it, because no sin is to be committed for the avoiding Scandal.

I might from this head further argue, that if we must not commit any sin to avoid giving Offence, then it is not Lawful to Separate from our Parish-Churches upon that account; because all voluntary Separation from a Church, in which nothing that is unlawful is required as a condition of Communion, is the sin of Schism, and that is a sin of the blackest dye and greatest guilt, noted the in Scriptures for an act of carnality, a work of the Flesh and of the Devil; for the necessity of our coming to Church, and Worshipping God in the same publick place with our Neighbours, and submitting to the Govern∣ment, Discipline and Customs of that particular Church we live in, doth not depend only upon the Statutes of the Realm which enforce it, and the Command of the Civil Magistrate who requires it; but by the Law of our Religion all needless Separation or Division amongst Christians, breaking into little Parties and Factions, from whence comes strife, envying, confusion

and every evil work, is to be most carefully avoided, as the very bane of Christianity, the rending of Christs body, and as utterly destructive not only of the peace, but of the being of a Church. So that should all the Laws about Conformity and against Conventicles be rescinded and voided, should the Magistrate indulge or connive at the Separate Assemblies, yet still this would not make our joyning with them not to be sinful. Since to preserve the unity of Christians and one Communion, is the necessary duty of every member of the Church, and it can never be thought a justifiable thing, to cut off our selves from the Com∣munion of the Church or the Body of Christ, out of complyance with any erring or ignorant Brethren. But the sinfulness of withdrawing from the Communion of our Church, either totally or in part, hath been so evidently shewn in some late discourses written on that subject, that I do despair of convincing those of the danger of it, who can withstand the force of all that hath been already offered to them: I only con∣clude thus much, that there is far more of the sin of uncharitableness in such Separation and Division, than there can be in all the Offence that is imagined to be given by our Conformity.

From what I have already at large discoursed it plainly follows, that they are things meerly indif∣ferent, not only in their own nature, but also in re∣spect to us, in the use of which we are obliged to consider the weakness of our Brethren. What is our duty must be done, tho Scandal follow it: What is evil and sinful ought to be left undone upon the score of a greater obligation, than that of Scandal; but now in matters, wherein our practise is not determined by any Command, we ought so to exercise our liberty, as if possible to avoid giving any Offence to our Bre∣thren.

This is an undoubted part of that charity, which one Christian ought always to be ready to shew to another, by admonition, instruction, good example, and by the forbearance of things Lawful, at which he foreseeth his Neighbour out of weakness will be apt to be Scandalized, to endeavour to pre∣vent his falling into any sin or mischief; and this we teach and press upon our People as much as Dis∣senters themselves can, in obedience to St. Paul's rules about meats and days, things neither in themselves good or evil, nor determined by any Authority, and there∣fore they were every way a proper instance, wherein Christians might exercise their charity and compassion one to the other; and in such cases St. Paul declares, that he would rather wholly forego his liberty, than by these indifferences endanger the Soul of his Bro∣ther; as in that famous place 1 Cor. 8. 13. If meat make my Brother to offend, I will eat no Flesh while the World standeth, lest I make my Brother to Offend; where by Flesh and meat is to be understood such as had been Offered unto Idols, which tho lawful for a Christian to eat at common meals, yet the Apostle would wholly abstain from, rather than wound the weak Conscience of a Brother. If I by the Law of charity (as the Reverend Bishop Taylour saith, Great exemp. p. 420) must rather quit my own goods than suffer my Brother to perish, much rather must I quit my priviledg. And, We should ill die for our Bro∣ther, who will not lose a meal to prevent his sin, or change a dish to save his Soul; and if the thing be in∣different to us, yet it ought not to be indifferent to us whether our Brother live or die.

After this manner do we profess our selves ready to do or forbear any thing in our own power, to win and gain our Dissenting Brethren to the Church. We

grant that those, who conform, are obliged by: this Law of charity not needlesly to vex and exasperate our Dissenters, nor to do any thing which they are not bound to do, that may estrange them more from the Church; but to restrain themselves in the use of that liberty God and the Laws have left them, for the sake of peace and out of condescension to their Brethren. We dare not indeed omit any duty we owe to God, or our Superiours either in Church or State, nor can we think it fit and reasonable, that our Apostolical Govern∣ment, Excellent Liturgy, Orderly Worship of God used in our Church, should all be presently condemned and laid aside, as soon as some Weak men take Offence at them; but in all other things, subject to our own ordering and disposal, we acknowledge our selves bound to please our Brother for his good unto Edi∣fication.

I only add here, that this very rule of yielding to our Brother in things indifferent and undetermined ought to have some restrictions and limitations, seve∣ral of which are mentioned by Mr. Jeans, whom I have so often named; as First, That we are not to forbear these indifferent things, where there is only a possibility of Scandal, but where the Scandal con∣sequent is probable; for otherwise we should be at an utter loss and uncertainty in all our actions, and never know what to do. Secondly, Our weak Brethren must have some probable ground for their imagination that what we do is evil and sinful, or else we must wear no Ribbands, nor put off our Hats, but come all to Thou and Thee; and for this exception he gives this sub∣stantial reason, that if we are to abstain from all in∣different things, in which another without probable ground imagineth that there is sin, the servitude of Christians under the Gospel would be far greater and

more intolerable, than that of the Jews under the Mosa∣ical administration. Thirdly, This must be under∣stood of indifferent things that are of no very great importance; for if it be a matter of some weight and moment, as yielding me some great profit, I must only for a while forbear it, untill my Brother is bet∣ter informed. Lastly, We must not wholly betray our Christian liberty to please peevish and froward people, or to humour our Neighbour in an erroneous and superstitious opinion; for which he quotes Mr. Calvin, who in his Comment upon 1 Cor. 8. 13. tells of some foolish Interpreters, that leave to Christians almost no use at all of things indifferent, upon pretence to avoid the Offence of Superstitious persons.

Now tho all this is generally true, yet I think there are no certain unalterable rules to be laid down to di∣rect our practise in this affair. For it being an ex∣ercise of charity, must be determined by the measures of prudence according to circumstances, and we may as well go about to give certain rules for Mens charity in other cases, and fix the proportion, which every Man ought to give of his estate towards the relief of the poor, as positively to tell how far a Man must deny himself in the use of indifferent things, and fore∣go his own liberty for the sake of his Brother, and so I end this head with those words of the learned Dr. Hammond in his little Treatise of Scandal: This whole matter is to be referred to the Christians pious discre∣tion or prudence, it being free to him either to abstain, or not to abstain, from any indifferent action (remaining such) according as that piety, and that prudence shall represent it to be most charitable and beneficial to other Mens Souls. Thus I have done with the first proposition, that nothing sinful is to be committed to avoid Scan∣dalizing others.

2. I proceed now to the Second, that to avoid a less Scandal being taken by a few we must not give a greater Offence, and of vastly more pernicious conse∣quence to a much bigger number of persons: Not that such a case can ever happen, wherein we must necessa∣rily give just Offence to one side or other, and so are uncharitable, whether we do or forbear to do the same action; for then we should be under a necessity of sin∣ning, which implies a contradiction, but yet it may and often doth happen, that some weak persons may take Offence at my doing, and others be more Offend∣ed at my forbearing to do the same thing, and thus whether I do it, or not, I shall give Offence, tho not justly, nor through my own fault, to some one or other. In such circumstances therefore we are to con∣sider, which way is given the greater and more dan∣gerous Offence, and it can never be either prudence or charity to abstain from that, which may Scandalize our Brother, when by forbearance a greater and more publick Scandal is ministred to others; for in this case we have greater reason on the account of Scandal it self to do, than to forbear that action, as all that write on this subject do and must acknowledge, and for which they usually quote that saying of Bernard, Prudenter advertendum est scandalum scandalo non emendari, &c. We are prudently to mark that one Scandal is not mend∣ed by another; which kind of emendation we should practise, if to take off offence from one party, we give offence unto another.

This was the occasion of that famous Contest be∣tween the two great Apostles mentioned in the second Chapter of the Epistle to the Galatians, St. Peter had freely conversed with the Gentile Christians, and had eat with them all kind of meats; but afterwards when certain believing Jews from Jerusalem, who were still

Zealous for Moses's Law, and the distinction of meats, came to Antioch, out of fear of Offending them and occasioning their falling off from the Faith of Christ he abstained from that liberty, and withdrew from that conversation, which before he had without any scruple used; and all the believing Jews that were at Antioch followed his example, and separated them∣selves from their Gentile Brethren. Now St. Paul considering the greater Scandal and mischief, that would follow this pretended tenderness of St. Peter and his complyance with the Jewish Christians, and that it was a likely way not only to confirm them in their error, but also wholly to exclude the Gentiles from the Faith of Christ, and so to hinder Christian Reli∣gion being propagated in the World, he withstood Peter to the face, and chid him sharply for his impru∣dent behaviour, who to avoid offending some of the weak Jews did give a far greater Offence, and of much more dangerous consequence to the Gentile Converts, of whom the Christian Church was chiefly to consist. In this case therefore of Scandal we are not only to regard one side or party of Men, but as the same St. Paul directs us, 1 Cor. 10. 32. We must give none offence neither to the Jews, nor to the Gentiles, nor to the Church of God.

It would swell this discourse much beyond my pre∣sent design to set forth at large the many and great Scandals, which are given by those, who Separate from the Church of England; and I doubt not but if this matter was rightly considered, and we were but impartially careful to avoid giving all Offence to others, we should soon find our selves much more obliged upon this account of Scandal peaceably to communicate with our Church, than to continue divided from it. I shall hint at some few of the most obvious considerations,

by which we may a little Judge which way the greater Scandal is given.

1. By leaving the Parish-Churches and joyning to the Separate Assemblies, we do mightily establish and harden (as I have before observed) those Dissen∣ters, with whom we associate, in their sinful Separa∣tion and Erroneous persuasion of the unlawfulness of conformity; for it is but reasonable with them to judge, that we do the same things for the same rea∣sons with themselves; and this is the true Scandalizing of our weak Brethren, leading them into, o confirm∣ing them in an evil course: Whereas by our forsaking them and returning to the Church we may possibly incline some, that are sincere amongst them, to con∣sider and suspect their own way, and enquire after the Arguments that prevail with us to conform, and they may begin to think that there is not so much evil in it as they have all along supposed, and thus our Authority or example may contribute something to∣wards the gaining our Brethren.

2. Which also I have just mentioned before, what∣ever Sect or denomination of Dissenters we joyn with, we Offend all the other Sects or Parties amongst them: for they agree only in their opposition to the Church of England, but in other things they have their di∣stinct Forms and Models of Worship, and Shibboleths, and they think as ill, and sometimes speak as hardly of one another, as they do of Conformists. Which would evidently appear, if any one sort of them should get the upper hand; the rest of them would all act as fiercely, and complain as loudly of that Party that did prevail, as they now do of the Church of England. Till therefore they all agree in one way and speak the same Language there is no reason why any one Sect of them should challenge our condescension to them,

to the dissatisfaction and Offence of all the other Dis∣senters, who have as good a right to this Plea of weakness as themselves.

3. Hereby great Offence is given to all those who do conform; for this Separation from the Church is a publick condemning of the Government, Orders, Dis∣cipline or Doctrine of our Church, and is apt to breed scruples and perplexities in well meaning, but less knowing members of it, and by degrees produces a distast or dislike of our Worship, and plainly hinders the efficacy of the ordinances of Christ as administred in our Church, whilest it creates prejudices in people against them as impure and corrupt; and why there should not be a due regard had to those many, who are Offended at our Dissenters Conventicle Worship, as well as of those, who are said to be Scandalized by our Church service, I cannot at all guess. I shall on∣ly say here, that irreverent sitting at the receiving the Sacrament of the Lords Supper, Mens unmannerly wearing their Hats in time of Divine Worship, and of∣tentimes putting them off but half way at their Prayers, their indecent postures and antick gestures at their de∣votions, the extravagancies and follies (not to say worse) some of them are guilty of in their extemporary effusi∣ons, the strange uncouth Metaphors and Phrases they use in their Preaching; in a word, the slovenly per∣formance of Divine Worship amongst the Dissenters is much more Scandalous, then all the Ceremonies of our Church can ever be.

4. Consider the Scandal that is hereby given to Ma∣gistrates and our Superiours, by bringing their Laws and Authority into contempt; concerning which the forenamed Mr. Jeans in his first Edition of his Discourse about Abstinence from all Appearance of Evil, hath these words, If, saith he, it were better to be thrown

into the bottom of the Sea with a Millstone about ones Neck, than to offend a little one, a poor and illiterate Artizan, what expression shall we then find answerable to the heinousness of a Scandal given to a Pious Magistrate, to a Religious Prince, to a Parliament, and Convoca∣tion, to an whole Church and Commonwealth?

5. By this Separation from the Church, great Scan∣dal is given to the Papists; not that they are displeased at it; they are not indeed offended in that sense, but this serves wonderfully to harden them in their false and Idolatrous Worship; it increaseth their confidence, that their Church is the only true Church of Christ, because amongst them only is found Peace and Unity; and this is a mighty temptation to many wavering Christians to turn Papists: insomuch that Mr. Baxter hath told us, that Thousands have been drawn to Po∣pery, or confirmed in it by this Argument already, and he saith of himself, that he is persuaded, that all the Arguments else in Bellarmin, and all other Books that ever were written, have not done so much to make Pa∣pists in England, as the multitude of Sects among our selves. This indeed is a great Scandal to our Prote∣stant Religion, and is that which the Papists are on all occasions so forward to object against us, and hit us in the teeth with; and by our hearty uniting with the Church of England, we may certainly wrest out of their hands the most dangerous weapon they use against the Reformation.

6. This tends to the Scandal of Religion in general. It prejudiceth men against it as an uncertain thing, a matter of endless dispute and debate; it makes some Men utterly reject it as consisting mostly in little trifles and niceties about which they observe the greatest noise and contention to be made or as destructive of the Publick Peace of Societies, when they see what

dangerous feuds and quarrels commence from our Re∣ligious Differences, and all the disorder and confusion that they have caused here in England, shall by some be charged upon Christianity it self.

Thus our causeless Separations and Divisions open a wide door to Atheisme, and all kind of Prophaneness and Irreligion: After this manner it was of old, and always will be, where there are Parties in Religion, and one contends that their Separation is lawful, and the other that it is unlawful, the Common people soon become doubtful and ready to forsake all Re∣ligion.

I might add here, that such Separations necessarily occasion breach of Charity; they beget implacable en∣mities and animosities: Hence cometh strife, emula∣tion, envying, one Party continually endeavouring to overtop the other, watching for one anothers halt∣ing, rejoycing in one anothers sins and misfortunes, constant undermining one another, to the disturbance of the Publick Government, and endangering the Civil Peace; of all which and much more than I can now mention the present distracted condition of our Nation is so great and undenyable an evidence, that there need no more words to shew the mischiefs that attend such Divisions; and now let any one judge, whe∣ther the Peace and Unity of the Church, the maintain∣ing of Charity amongst Brethren, the keeping out Po∣pery, and Atheism, the preservation of the Authority of the Magistrate, and quiet of the Society we are Members of, the honour and credit of our Religion. Lastly, Whether giving Offence to all both Confor∣mists and Nonconformists, those only excepted of our own particular Sect and Division, nay Scandalizing them also in the true and proper sense of Scandal, be not of far greater and more weighty consideration,

than the fear of displeasing or grieving some few weak dissatisfied Brethren; Wo to those, by whom Offences come. But these things I have very lightly touched, because they have been the subject of many Sermons and discourses lately published.

To sum up all I have said,

Since they, who dissent from the Church of Eng∣land, are not such weak persons as St. Paul all along describes and provides for; since we cannot by our Conformity really Scandalize or Offend them in that sense, in which the Scriptures use those words; since tho we did give Offence to them by our Conformity, yet that would not excuse us from doing our Duty, and by refusing to Conform we should do both them and others greater hurt and mischief; I think I may safely conclude, that there cannot lie any obligation upon any private Christian (as the case now stands a∣mongst us) to absent himself from his Parish-Church, or to forbear the use of the Forms of Prayer or Ceremonies by Law appointed, for fear of Offending his weak Bre∣thren.

I end all with one word of Advice. First, to those who are not convinced of the lawfulness of Conformity. Secondly, to those who are satisfied that it is lawful.

1. To those who are not convinced of the lawfulness of Conformity, and therefore urge so hard that they ought not to be Offended by us. I would beseech them that they would take some care and make some Conscience to avoid giving any needless Offence to those of the Church of England, and this cannot but be thought a reasonable request, since they require all o∣thers to be so tender of them. They ought not there∣fore to meet in such numbers, nor at the same time at which we assemble to Worship God in our publick Churches. Let them not affront our Service and Com∣mon-Prayers,

nor revile our Bishops and Ministers, nor put on their Hats when at any time they chance to be present at our Service in our Churches, nor talk nor read in Books, nor make sour faces at our Devo∣tions, and when they observe these and other the like rules, they may then with a better grace (tho with little reason) find fault with our Conformity as Offensive to them. I would be loth to say any thing, that should exasperate or provoke any of the Dissenters whose satisfaction I design: I very well know their weakness, that they cannot endure to be told of their faults. How∣ever I must tell them, that there are no sort of persons in the Christian World professing Religion and Godli∣ness, that have done such Scandalous things, as some of those who call themselves Protestant Dissenters. I forbear to name particulars.

2. As for those who are satisfied concerning the lawfulness of Conformity, I would desire them so to order their return to the Church, as not to give any just Offence to those whom they forsake; that is to say, that they would do it heartily and sincerely, that all may see they Conformed with a willing mind, being persuaded that it is their duty so to do, and not meerly to satisfie the Law, or to save their Purses, or to get into an Office, or to capacitate them to Vote or the like. For such a kind of Conformity, as some practise, and call Occasional Communion, which is coming to Church and Sacrament to serve a turn, is truly Scan∣dalous to all good Men of what persuasion soever.

FINIS.