Monitio logica, or, An abstract and translation of Burgersdicius his logick by a gentleman.

CHAP. XIX. Of Subject and Adjunct.

Ax. 1. A Subject is that to which something is adjoyn'd besides its Essence.

Ax. 2. And an Adjunct that which is adjoyn'd to something besides its Essence.

COMMENTARY.

1. §. We commonly use to distinguish betwixt a Subject of Inhesion and a Subject of Praedication or Denomination. A Subject of Inhesion is nothing else but a Substance in Respect of its Accidents Inherent. So Snow is the Subject of Whiteness which inheres in it. A Subject of Predication or Denomination is either largely or strictly taken: Largely, for any thing, whe∣ther Substance or Accident, of which any thing may be said, in any Predication, whether Essential, Acciden∣tal, Internal, External, Absolute, or Limited.

2. §. In this Place not only the Subject of Inhesion, but also every Subject of Predication or Denomination, of which any thing may be said in an Accidental Predi∣cation, whether External, Internal, Absolute, or Li∣mited, is to be understood. And all these things which may be said in this Manner of any Subject, are to be understood under the Name of Ad∣juncts.

Ax. 3. Adjuncts may be 3 ways divided; and first, into Proper and Common.

1. §. Common are nothing else but Accidents that are absolutely so call'd and oppos'd to Proper.

Ax. 4. Secondly, into Absolute and Limited.

Ax. 5. An Absolute is that which simply and abso∣lutely agrees with the Subject.

Ax. 6. A Limited, which in some respect only.

1. §. That is, according to some Part or Nature, or Time, or Place, or Respect. For Example: Mortality is the absolute Adjunct of Man whilst Immortality is the Limited; because Man is not absolutely Immortal; but only as to the Soul: So Whiteness is the Limi∣ted of an Aethiop; because he is not absolutely, which is as much as to say totally, but only as to his Teeth, White.

Ax. 7. Thirdly, Adjuncts are divided into Internal and External.

Ax. 8. Adjuncts Internal are those which inhere in the Subject.

Ax. 9. External, which are ordered and disposed Externally about it.

1. §. A Subject receives Adjuncts Internal into its self: As Snow, Whiteness; the Soul, Science or Knowledge: External to it self; as the Sight, Colour; Soldier, Arms, &c. Internal give to the Subject In∣ternal Denomination; External, External: For when Snow is denominated from its Whiteness; it is an Inter∣ternal Denomination. But when a Soldier is said to be Armed, or the Eye to see any thing, it is an External Denomination. Vulgarly these Denominations are called Intrinsical and Extrinsical.

2. §. Internal Adjuncts are Accidents; as suppose Quantity, Quality, &c. and their Subject always a Substance; Adjuncts Externl are either Substances or Accidents: For either a Substance to a Substance, or an Accident to an Accident, or an Accident to Sub∣stance, or a Substance to an Accident, may be joyned; as from what follows, will appear.

Ax. 10. An External Adjunct is either Object, Sign, or Circumstance.

Ax. 11. An Object is that, about which any thing is employ'd in its Operation.

1. §. Object and Subject, in Disciplines are us'd al∣most without Discrimination.

2. §. In Disciplines Theoretical, one only Object is required; in Practical, a Two-fold, viz. one of Doctrine, another of Use. The Doctrinal is that which is explain∣ed by Definitions and Divisions, throughout the whole Discipline. The Object of Use or Practice is that a∣bout which the Exercitation it self, of the Discipline is Conversant: So, in Ethicks or Morals, the Objects of Doctrine are Virtues and Vices; Practice, the Soul: For this do Ethicks endue with Virtues. In Disci∣plines Directing, the Object of Practice, is even almost Two-fold; one which from the Discipline it self is directed: and the other in which is operated that which is directed. So the Object of Logick, we have said to be two-fold. In Arts Mechanical, the Object of Doctrine does not appear; because acquired by Exer∣citation only, and not Precepts, or Institution.

Ax. 12. Of Objects, some are by themselves, others by Accident.

Ax. 13. An Object by it self is that which is both objected to the thing as such; and about which the thing as such is employed.

Ax. 14. That by Accident which not to the thing as such; or about which the thing as such is not employed &c.

1. §. An Object by it self requires two Conditi∣ons the one upon the Account of it self; the other its Subject to which it is subjected. Upon the Account of it self it is requir'd that it should be subjected to the thing as such: So Good is the Object of the Will, of its self, Evil by Accident: For the Will desires Good in its own Nature; Evil, not: Nay, Evil is not desired as Evil, but seeming to be good, Book 3. of the Ethicks, Cap. 4. So the Object of the Sight by it self is Colour, by Acci∣dent Dias his Son, Book 2. of An. Cap. 6. For Dias's Son is not seen as Dias's Son, but as Coloured: For it is accidental only that that which is Coloured is Dias's Son. The other Condition we said to be required in the Object it self by reason of the Subject is that the

thing should be conversant about it, as it self such. For Example: When the Architect builds an House, the Matter out of which it is made is the Ar∣chitect's Object by it self; because as such he is con∣versant about it; but the same Matter would be the Object of the Musician by Accident, if a Musician should be said to build; because he builds not as a Musician, but Architect.

Ax. 15. Object by it self is either Proper or Com∣mon.

Ax. 16. An Object proper is that which is obje∣cted only to one thing.

Ax. 17. Common, to many.

1. §. So Colour is the proper Object of the Sight, Sound of the Hearing, Savour of the Tasting, &c. Magnitude, Number, Figure, Motion, Rest, the common Objects of the Senses; because every one of them is perceived by many Senses.

Ax. 18. Both are either Mediate or Immedi∣ate.

Ax. 19. A Mediate is that which is objected to any one by the Mediation of another.

Az. 20. Immediate, by the Mediation of none.

1. §. So the sensible Qualities are the immediate Objects of the Senses: A Substance invested with those Qualities, the Mediate: And thus much of the Object.

Ax. 21. A Sign is that which offereth it self to the Senses, and that of which it is the Sign to the Under∣standing.

1. §. The Sign is the Adjunct, the thing signified the Subject. A Sign does these two things: First, offers it self to the Senses, and then moves the Mind that it may consider of the thing that is signify'd.

Ax. 22. Sign is divided many Ways; and first into Natural and Arbitrary.

Ax. 23. Sign Natural, is that which signifies of its own Nature.

1. §. So the Morning is the Sign of the Sun's be∣ing about the Rise; the Footstep, of the Foot; the I∣mage in the Glass, of the Countenance: The Sign Na∣tural belongs almost to the Doctrine of Causes: For every Natural Sign is either the Cause of the thing signified, or the Effect, or else both are the Effects of the same Cause, &c.

Ax. 24. A Sign Arbitrary is that which signifies ac∣cording to Institution.

1. §. Either Humane, as when the suspended Ivy is a Sign of Wine to be sold; or Divine, as when the Sacraments are said to be Signs of Divine Grace.

Ax. 25. Secondly, Sign is divided into Formal and Material.

Ax. 26. The Formal is that which represents the thing.

1. §. So a Picture is a Sign of the thing painted; the Footstep, of the Foot; Conceptions of things, &c. It is call'd by Aristotle 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, Resemblance, Cap. 2. of the Interp.

Ax. 27. A Material is that which does indicate the thing, indeed, but does not represent it.

1. §. So the Rainbow is a Sign of Rain. Smoak of Flame; Pale Moon, of Winds; Red, of fair Wea∣ther, &c.

Ax. 28. Thirdly, Signs ate divided into Antecedent, Consequent and Conjoyn'd.

1. §. Antecedent, such as the Morning, of the Rising Sun; the Coaction of the Clouds, of Rain; Conse∣quent, as Floating Planks of a Tempest; Paleness of a Distemper; Conjoyn'd as an unequal Pulse, of a Fever; a hairy Skin, of Salacity, &c. Hitherto do also appertain Signs Meteorological, and Physiognunical.

Ax. 29. Fourthly and Lastly, Signs are divided into Necessary and Contingent; of which those make a certain, and these an uncertain Indication of a thing.

1. §. For Example: The Morning certainly fore∣shews the Rising of the Sun; and the unequal Pulse of the Artery certainly shews a Fever: But Paleness is a

Sign of Love, and the Coaction of the Clouds, of Rain, but fallacious: For a Sign is fallacious, when it does not necessarily cohere with the Thing; or is common to many things. Necessary Signs the Greeks call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the rest 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, Verisimilous, or Probable. Altho' they seem then, lastly, to be called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or pro∣bable, when probable Propositions may be drawn from them: As when the Clouds are gathered together it will suddenly Rain, he who is Pale, is in Love, &c.

Ax. 30. A Circumstance is that which is about the thing, adjacent, or apposite to it.

1. §. Hitherto appertain Time, Place, Vestiture, Ar∣mature, and other things of that Nature. And thus far of simple Affections.