The history of Venice ... written originally in Italian by Paulo Paruta ... ; likewise the wars of Cyprus, by the same authour, wherein the famous sieges of Nicossia, and Famagosta, and Battel of Lepanto are contained ; made English by Henry, Earl of Monmouth.

THE HISTORY OF VENICE, Written by PAULO PARUTA. BOOK II. THE CONTENTS.

SElino having possess'd himself of the Ottoman Empire, during the life of his Father Bajazet, renews the Peace with the Venetians. He suppresseth the boldnes•• of his Brother Achamet by death. He be∣gins to plot the destruction of Italy, and of the Venetians. The Plots of Amurath, Son to Achomate, are hindered. Pope Leo, having many things in consideration, cannot accord the Christian Princes. Marano is lost by the means of Frangipane, a Rebel to the Common-wealth; neither can it be re gotten. He sacks Strasoldo and Mon∣falcone. Vicenza is sack'd by Risano's means. Calepino not long after is routed, and taken Prisoner. Udine, not making any resistance, surrenders it self to the Dutch. The Fort Osofo cannot be taken by the Enemy.

Crema is defended by Renzo Ceri. Baglione is taken Prisoner by the Enemy. He is changed for Caravagiale, a Spanish Prisoner. A mi∣serable fire in the Rialto of Venice. Alviano by order from the Senate goes to take in Friulye. He sacks Porto Gruaro. Savorgnano's Victory. Frangipane is taken Prisoner. Gurghense disturbs the Treaties referr'd by the Senate to the Pope, concerning the differences with the Emperour. The King of England finds faults with the Se∣nates Counsels. They are justified by the Lieger Embassadour. Ren∣zo frees Crema from being besieged. Este is taken by night by Scula∣do, by Alviano; and is plundered. The Spaniards cut to pieces. Alviano his Victory at Rovigo. Bergamo returns into the Spaniards hands. The Vice-roy of Naples is laught at for Alviano's retreat to Padua. Selino's Victories in Asia makes the Pope treat again with the Venetians of Peace, but in vain; who whilst they make closer Friend∣ship with the French, King Lewis dyes.

AT the same time that these things hapned in Europe; in Asia Seli∣no, during the li••e of his Father Bajazet, possessed himself or the Ottoman Empire, hav••ng ove••come h••s brother Achomate in se∣veral Battles, who pretended likewise to the succession of the Empire; but though he had got the Victory by much Gallantry in War, he was therein so very severe, as he gave clear and evident signs not on∣ly of wonderful Magnanimity of mind, but also of great cruelty. Therefore all Christendome was much afraid, that as soon as Selino should be rid of civil Wars, he would turn himself against the Chri∣st••an K••ngs, and be the cause of much mischief. Which mischiefs though they were fore-seen by all men, yet not any one appear'd to provide for the common safety. Wherefore the Venetians, though the greatness of the Ottoman Emp••re did more molest them then o∣thers, yet suffering under many adverse Fortunes, and weakened by many Wars, and knowing that they could neither extinguish nor les∣sen his Power, they thought it their best course to keep him their Friend, and to accommodate themselves to the times. Therefore A••tonio Giustiniano was chosen to be sent Embassadour to Selino, who w•••• in name o•• the Common-wealth to congratulate his accession to the Empi••e, and also to ratifie their ancient Friendship with the Ot∣t••m••n House, and to establish Peace. The Venetian Embassadour was received with great Honour and alacrity by Selino in the City of Andrinopoli, where he and his Army winter'd. Selino knew he could no ways better secure his Dominions in Europe, then by Peace, at this time, when he was to pass armed into Asia, to oppose his brother Achomate, and by suppressing him to end the War. Achomate was fled to Armenia the Le••s; where bewailing his Fortune, and de∣siring aid of the Neighbouring Kings, he had got together a good number of men, being assisted, and succour'd by many, and espe∣cially by Hysmae Sofi, K••ng gf Persia, who had sent many Troops of Persian Horse into Achomates Camp; by which Forces being en∣heartned, he had already taken many Towns in Capad c••a▪ and hast∣ned to assault Selino, who was not yet very well provided to resist him. Therefore Selino finding that offer'd him, which he did so much desire, he willingly embraced the Venetians Friendship, pro∣mising to keep it always inviolably.

Thus the Peace was renewed, and established, almost upon the same terms that formerly it was made with Bajaset. Herein regard was had to contract such an Amity, and good Intelligence on both sides, as not on∣ly the States ••f both Princes should be free and secure from War to be made b•• e••ther of them against the other, but that the Venetian and Turkish Subjects (who ••ad traffique much at that time in eithers Iurisdiction) might have free and safe Commerce; and also that safe Harbour might be permit••ed to the ships of b••th parties in all their Countries; and that their Navigation by Sea should not be hindered.

The Venetians reape much advantage by the frequency of Mer∣chants, who do bring in, and export great store of Merchandize into Venice, where, for this their Interest, they procure that people of all Nations may inhabit safely there, and exercise Commerce.

Giustiniano having agreed thus upon all things, he return'd for Ve∣nice. And Selino sent his Embassador Alemb••i along with him, to the end that what had been concluded by the Embassadour might be confirm'd by the word of the Prince. He also gave credential Let∣ters to Alembei to present unto the Senate, wherein highly magni••y∣ing his own Power (according to the usance of that Nation) he ex∣horted the Venetians to keep Friendship with him, which he promi∣sed should on his side remain firm, and inviolabl•• for ever. The Turkish Embassadour being come into the Senate House, Duke Lo∣redano did before him, in his own Name, and in the Name of the whole Common-wealth, swear to observe whatsoever Giustiniano had concluded and agreed upon. Selino free from fear of any War in Europe, since he had made Peace with the Venetians, and renew∣ed League with the Kings of Poland and Hungary, having speedily muster'd as many Horse and Foot as he could, march'd towards A∣masia to suppress Achomate before he grew too strong. Fortune fa∣vour'd his Designs, for Achomate whilst he made too much haste, and rashly put himself upon the event of Battle with but half his men, was routed in fight, his Army made to run, and he himself by Seli∣lino's Commandment was slain. After whose death, all Asia the less fell without any dispute into Selino's hands; who grew so proud by this good success, as he began to promise unto himself already the Government of the whole world. And having ended all civil Dissentions by the death of almost all his kindred of the Ottoman Family, and being become sole lord of all the strength, and riches of that Empire, he thought he should meet with less difficulty in all other things. His mind was chiefly set upon Italy, thinking he might easily subjugate it, since it was very weak and much wasted by long Wars. He was hereunto likewise sollicited by Maximillian the Em∣perour, who for many years past, had left nothing untry'd whereby to plot the Venetians ruine. He shew'd him how opportune a time it was to make this War, since Selino might assault the Venetians in their Maritime parts, whilst he himself molested them by Land, and kept their Forces busied elsewhere. But it does not appear with what Preparations of War, or against what State more particularly the Turks designed this Enterprise. It is most certain that Maxi∣millian had sent his Embassadours to this purpose to Constantinople, and that his Embassage being heard, many Mariners were listed, old Gallies were new calked, and new ones built, and Order was taken for all things belonging to a great Maritime War. These things were done in the Winter; but the next Spring News came to Con∣stantinople that Amurate, son to the late Achomate, who was not pre∣sent at the Battle unfortunately fought by his Father, and who was the only Surviver of Bajazets Race, being fled into Persia, was un∣expectedly entred Capadocia with many Horse and Foot, laying the Country waste, and had what by Force, what by fear reduced ma∣ny Towns of that Province into his Power. At which Selino was the more troubled, because he knew the Sophy, King of Persia, was the chief occasion of this, and of the other troubles which he had for∣merly received from his brother Achomate, whose Fame being very

great both for extent of Empire, and Glory of War, Selino though his own Dignity reproached, and lessened, if he should any longer suffer such Injuries to go unreveng'd. Wherefore quitting all other thoughts, he resolved to go for Asia with all those men and that Pre∣paration for War, which he had formerly intended for Europe: Which, as is confess'd by all, fell out very happily, for the Prin∣ces of Christendome; since just then when the War was hottest a∣mongst them, this powerful Prince, whose Enmity threatned great danger to their States, was inforced to forbear those his designs, be∣ing busied in other War. By reason of these Selino's Prosperities, and for the immoderate desire of rule which was seen to be in him, Pope Leo began to be not a little troubled, he thought it became him and his place, to imploy all his power and diligence, to keep these potent and formidable Barbarians from growing more power∣ful, who were already so much increased both in all things belong∣ing to the War, and in the extent of Empire, through the discords of our Princes, having possess'd themselves of many Christian King∣domes, almost without any gain-saying. The Cardinals upon this occasion putting the Pope frequently in mind in the Consistory of his duty, and of the imminent dangers, were resolved to make him re-assume the Treaty of Peace, nor to be quiet till he had effect∣ed it; to the end that Peace being had amongst the Christian Princes, they might all of them with all their joynt Forces bend themselves against Selino the common Enemy. They shewed plainly that nothing appertained more to his charge and degree then this, or which at least might be of greater glory to him: But the Pope, though hee were of the same mind, yet being troubled and perplexed he be-thought himself of many things; for as this Counsel, if it should take good success, promised assured Praise, so divers considerations of Peace and War, and much difficulty which appeared to be in the whole business, made him afraid and with-held him from the Enterprize; for to put an end to so many Wars was of it self thought to be a very difficult Affair, but more difficult to find out such a composure, as Leo thought might prove good for him, and advantagious for the Affairs of the Church▪ for he could have desired that the French might neither have been kept so low, nor yet have been so exalted: If no remedy were to be found against such great Preparations of War as were preparing against them, it was to be feared that the Af∣fairs of France might grow to so low an ebbe, as they could no long∣er give a just Counterpoise to the Dutch and Spanish Forces; so as they being become Masters of all, they might at last put Fetters up∣on whole Italy; but on the contrary, if the Enemies Forces being weakned, and divided by his Counsels, France should be freed from so heavy a War, he knew he had not sufficiently provided for his own safety, nor for the Liberty of Italy; for nothing was more sure then that King Lewis being an Enemy to peace and quiet, would ne∣ver give over his ancient and natural desire of War: But that being freed from the fear of the English Forces, and having put his own Affairs into a sure condition, he would soon turn both his thoughts, and his Forces upon Italy, for the recovery of the state of Millan:

which might be evidently seen, since that though he found himself beset by many difficulties, yet he had always refused all conditions of Peace, which might make him quit his pretentions to the State of Millan.

The Venetian Affairs were almost upon the same conditions the which the Pope thought could not he reduced to such terms, but that they must bring great difficulties along with them; for he desi∣red that the Dignity of that Common-wealth might not be much diminished, nor yet her Forces much increased. He knew that it imported much for the Honour of all Italy, that the Venetian Com∣mon-wealth should remain whole and intire; that to this end Pope Iulio had endeavoured the re-raising of her much abased condition, and that following for the same reasons the last, and wisely taken Counsels of his Predecessour, he had labour'd much to put the Ve∣netians into a peaceable condition. But on the other side, calling to mind their ancient greatness, he thought that if Fortune should smile on them again, they would become no less formidable then the other Potentates. Thus whilst he waver'd in his Resolves, som∣times hoping, sometimes fearing, his proceedings were different and contrary; sometimes he shew'd himself to be but ill satisfied with the Venetians and to be no good Friend of theirs, other times he would appear well disposed towards them. Whilst the Pope was thus doubtfully minded, the War continued still in the same heat, the sharpness of the Winter not having any whit hindred it; for Prospe∣ro Colonna being past with the Millaneses to Crema was joyn'd with the Spaniards; so as that City was the sorelier besieged. The Paduan Territories, wherein the Vice-roy had taken up his Quarters, were vexed with continual Inroads; and the War grew sharper in Friuli, that Country having been some years before mightily terrified; for not having any City or Cittadel in it strong either by art or scituation, nor able to hold an Enemy play long, the Inhabitants were forced to follow his Fortune whosoever was Master of the Field. But the Emperour, nor the Venetians having neither of them any strong Army in that Country, the unfortunate Inhabitants were by the va∣rious success of War, continually vexed with Pillage, and Taxes: So as for a long time it had undergone much Calamity, and they who were most affectionate to the Venetians, were by their Enemies worst used. Amongst the rest Christofolo, Son to Barnardino Fran∣gipane gave a noteable Example of Cruelty; for after having burnt a certain Town in the Territories of Marano, he commanded that all the Inhabitants should have both their eyes put out, and that their right thumbs should be cut off, because they adhered to the Venetians, and had hindred him from Victuals. Bernardino Frangipane was a little before this turn'd Rebel to the Common-wealth, and had si∣ded with Cesar, and much vex'd that whole Country. He often sol∣licited the Dutch Commanders, that drawing some Country people out of the next Towns of Carnia and Carinthia, they should mischief the Territories, and Subjects of the Common-wealth: So as these people entring into Friuli, not as Souldiers, nor after the manner of War, but as Theeves and Murtherers, they destroy'd the Coun∣try

by plunder and fire, and robb'd the Citizens of all that they had. By which Injuries when the Venetians were at last constrain'd to send better succours into that Country, to keep their Affairs from falling into farther ruine, the Enemies who had no warlike Tackling, and who were come, as hath been said, rather to pillage then to fight; being loaded with Booty, when they heard of our mens coming, ha∣sted homewards. But hardly was this Country reduced to quiet, when our men being to go elsewhere to oppose other designs of the Enemies, who assaulted the State of the Common-wealth, not in one part only but in many at one and the same time, either the same men who were but a little before gone from thence, or others of the same sort, drawn by a desire of prey, return'd with great fury to as∣sault the Territories of Friuli, insomuch as they left not any thing at all to those unfortunate Inhabitants. The Enemies being at this time grown very powerful, so as keeping in that Country, they kept some Towns which they had gotten by fraud, longer then they had used to do, the Senate thought it fit for their safety and reputation, to turn their Forces into those parts, to the end that the Enemy might not grow more bold to their prejudice, and that those people might not totally forego their love and esteem of the Common-wealth. A little before this Frangipane had by fraud possess'd himself of the Fort Marano, having to this purpose made use of a wicked perfidious Priest, Bartholomeo, who being familiarly acquainted with Alessan∣dro Marcello, Commissary of Marano, prevailed with him that one morning before day a gate of the Town should be opened under pre∣tence of going out early to hunt, by which means Frangipane, (ha∣ving formerly agreed thereupon with the Priest) possess'd himself of the gate, before which he was unexpectedly come with some Dutch Foot Companies, and a Troop of Horse, wherewith he en∣tred the Town. For which wickedness the Traytor was justly pu∣nished; for being taken Prisoner by Nicola Pisaro, Podesta of — Porto Gruaro, he was sent to Venice, where he was hung up by one foot, and stoned to death by the common people.

This Town, as it was very convenient for the Venetians, by rea∣son of the situation thereof, being placed in the innermost part of the Gulph, and wash'd by salt water on the one side, so it being at one and the same time to be assaulted both by Sea and Land, it promi∣sed speedy and good success to any one that should fall upon it. Wherefore the Venetians resolved to make the taking thereof their first business; to the end that if they should find easie success there∣in, they might go to the recovery of Goritia, which being taken by the like fraud by Frangipane, held for the Emperour. Baldissera Scipione, one of Luca, went by order from the Senate to this Enter∣prize of Marano, together with four other Conductors of Gens d' Armes, each of which commanded 50 Horse men; besides all the light Horse, in number 500 under the Conduct of Ulatico Cosazza, and of Nicolo da Pesaro, who were likewise to be accompanied by Barnardino da Parma, with 400 Foot. To these Forces were added about 2000 Country people, whom Gierolamo Savorgnano (who was at this time of great Authority with the people, and not less af∣fectionate

to his Common-wealth) had gathered up from all the parts thereabout. Scipione commanded the whole Army, who had the charge of all that was done by Land; but Bartholomeo da M••sto had the charge of the Maritime Affairs, who was then Savio di Terra firma, a man famous for his experience by Sea; he was followed by order from the Senate, by the Podestu's of Murano, Torcello, Chi∣oggia, and by those of Caurle and Pirano, and of other Towns of Histria, who were all commanded to rig out as many Barks as they could for this Enterprize; who being all met at the time appointed, the whole Fleet past into the Washes of Marano, where when they were come, our men sent Heralds to the Citizens, and Dutch Soul∣diers of the Garrison, to demand restitution of that Town in the name of the Common-wealth; exhorting them not to force them to use violence, but rather that they should lay aside all hopes and thoughts of being able to defend themselves. But discovering thoughts much of another nature in the Defendants, who returned injurious words, our men much incensed, and being greatly desirous to re-gain the Town, they resolved not to stay for the Arrival of some Gallies which were to come up unto them, but to advance, and assault the Walls. But as soon as our armed Barks began to be divided, and disordered by their Cannon shot, and many that were therein slain, the Marriners and Gally-slaves who being unexperienced in War, and not acquainted with danger, had earnestly desired to be led on to the Assault, were strangely terrified, and falling to their Oares every one as fast as they might, they endeavoured to carry the Barks out of the reach of the Artillery, being more indamaged in their flight by the fear and confusion which they were in. Our men be∣ing thus taught their danger by experience, durst make no farther Attempts till more aid was come up unto them; but four lesser Gal∣lies being afterwards come up unto the Fleet, whereby they were made the stronger, and the better incouraged, they resolved to as∣sault the Town again. The Walls were lower, and the Towers much batter'd by the Artillery on the side which was towards the Haven, wherefore our men thought they might land the easilier on that side; and to the end that the Enemy being kept busied in divers parts, might be the less able to resist, they thought their Enterprize might prove the more successful, since the Town was set upon at the same time by the Fleet by Sea, and by Scipione and Savoragnano by Land. The business began now to have good success, when those Land-men that were with Scipione, and some others that were got out of the Gallies, and had landed some Artillery, were kept from coming nearer the Walls, by a great deluge of water which fell from the Skies, which fill'd all the Plain and Marrish Grounds which were round about the Town. The Defendants being therefore safe on that side, ran all to the other side where they were assaulted by the Fleet, and repuls'd our men, who began already to scale the Walls. At the same time that these things were a doing, the Souldiers which were sent by Scipione to possess themselves of the Passes, and to keep the besieged from being relieved by any succours which might come from Gorilia, which is not above 20 miles from thence, sent Savo∣ragnano

word, that Frangipane was drawing near with a great many men; so as if they had not more help sent speedily to them, they should be forced to quit those places, not being able with a few men long to resist a far greater number. Savoragnano hearing this, and dispairing now to take the Town by Assault, marched suddenly with his men thitherward; and was hardly advanc'd one mile when he met those very men, who had but a little before sent to him for suc∣cour; for being terrified at the fame and great opinion which was had of the Enemies Forces, they durst not tarry till they came: Wherefore joyning them with his own men, he went to find out the Horse, who were within their own quarters, in somwhat a higher place, not far from the rest of the Army, that they might be ready upon any occasion to wait upon the enemy, according as they should see them move. Savorgnano strove by entreaties, and all other means to perswade the Horse-men to come nearer Marano, and joyn with the rest of the Army, shewing them what had been done, and what was to be done; which as not concern'd any ways in point of shame, they refused to do: Some of them being frighted by what was com∣monly noised in the Camp touching the great Power of the Enemy, other mutinying for not receiving their pay in due time; so as many began to forsake their Colours, and dissolve their Companies. Wherefore Savorgnano fearing that the strongest part of the Army might be weakened, and that the Common-wealths Forces might be thereby diminished, endeavour'd to perswade the Gens d' Armes to retire towards Udine, into a place of safety, promising to go along with them, and to secure the way. In this Interim, Frangipane, meeting with no obstacle, advanced, and entred safe with all his men into the Town of Marano; and without any delay, taking along with him the Dutch Foot that were of the Garrison, he unexpect∣edly went out of the Town, and assaulted our men before they were aware of his being come; wherefore possest with fear, they began to run, thinking on nothing but how they might every one of them save themselves. The Enemy pursuing our affrighted and scatter'd men, some of which endeavoured to pass over the Washes, others to get unto the Fleet, cut them in pieces, and made themselves Ma∣sters of their Quarters, and of some pieces of Artillery: Moreover one of our Gallies, which was too late in putting forth, and could not get free by reason of the Ebbe, fell into the power of the Enemy. Scipione being struck on the head with a stone, recover'd the Fleet by swimming, though he were almost half dead. Bobizza was this day slain, a gallant man, and who in several Battles had given great Testimony of his Valour: Those who saved themselves by flight, got into Udine. In this so great fear and confusion, one of ours on∣ly, Francisco Trono, Captain of a Gally, wonne some praise; for being mindful of the Venetian Dignity, he with a few of his Souldi∣ers, did valiantly with-stand the first Encounter of the Enemy, nor did he forsake his station, till all his men were either slain or sorely wounded. Frangipane, making use of his victorious Fortune, went forthwith to Strasoldo, and to Monfalcone, two Towns in Friuli, and finding little or no Garrisons in them, took them at his very first ap∣pearance,

and pitifully plundered them. At the same time, some other Dutch Foot Companies, fell unexpectedly upon the Territo∣ries of Vicenza, these being got together from the neighbouring parts of Carnia by the two Captains, Rifano, and Calepino, sack'd many Towns of that Country, and even Vicenza it self. Then di∣viding their Army, they went to plunder the neighbouring places; Calepino went towards Feltre, and on the sudden possest himself there∣of; but hardly was he three days Master of it, when he was driven out by Giovan Bradolino, who being sent by Commissary Girolino Pesaro to relieve that City, did behave himself very valiantly; for having assembled a great number of Country people in the Vally of Marino, he past speedily with them and with his light Horse into those parts, and forced the Enemy, who were affrighted at his un∣expected coming, to abandon the City, and save themselves by flight. But Calepino being driven out of Feltre, retired into the confines of Bassano, intending to sack that Town: whereof Francisco Duedo, Major of that Town being advertised, he assembled together many of the Inhabitants of the neighbouring Towns, and calling Bernardino Antignola with his Troop of light Horse into his aid, he went to meet the Enemy, who being by him assaulted at the Town of Carpenedo, amidst the strait passages of the Mountains, were rou∣ted, and dispers'd. It made much for our men, that they were ac∣quainted with the places, which made the Victory the greater and the more easie. Many of the Enemies were slain, and many taken Prisoners, amongst which their chief Commander Calepino, very few came off safe. But Risano who had taken his way towards Gori∣tia with 800 Foot and 300 Horse, meeting with Frangipane by the way, who was come from thence, he joyn'd his Forces to his, which amounting in all to about 5000 Foot, and 1000 Horse, they joynt∣ly resolved to go to the taking in of Udine. When this News came to Venice, Malatesta and Giovan Gitturi were speedily sent towards Udine; the one as Commissary General of the Militia of Friuli, the other Commissary of the Camp; these when they came to Udine; where they found Girolamo Sourgano, began to consult with him, and with the Governours of the City, how they were to govern the War. Many things were variously propounded: Some were of o∣pinion that they should chiefly endeavour the safety and defence of Udine, others were of another opinion, that they should quit the Ci∣ty, and remove with their Army into some safer place: Those that were thus minded, pleaded that they understood by the Spies, that Frangipane was marching thitherward with his men, and that he would suddenly sit down before the City, the defence whereof would be very doubtful and difficult for many reasons: Their small num∣ber of Souldiers, no train of Artillery at all, and generally a want of all things necessary for War; and notwithstanding the City was very large, begirt but with a very weak Wall, which would require many valiant men to defend it. But many good reasons being al∣ledged to the contrary, they were doubtful what to resolve upon: Their hopes were somewhat bettered, when they considered that the Enemies Army consisted altogether of Country people, unex∣perienced

in War, that their Commanders had neither experience nor reputation, that they had but few Guns, and that they had not men enough to besiege the City. At last, after mature advice, they all agreed, that they would defend the City, provided that the Ci∣tizens should promise they would take up Arms, as well as the Soul∣diers, and do all the duties of the Militia; for besides the Horse and some few Country people there was but 400 Foot in the City, which were no ways sufficient to guard the Walls, and sustain the Assault of the Enemy. Savoragnano was therefore enjoyn'd to try how the Citizens stood affected, and what might be expected from them. He therefore calling before him many of the best and valiantest men of the City;

He exhorted them to take up Arms for the safety of their Country, and Honour of the Common-wealth, and that being moved by the desire of praise, and by their own danger, they would strive to keep the cruel Ene∣my far from their own homes. He shew'd them what they were to do for their own defence, and how an idle fear of the Enemy might turn to their real ruine; that if things were rightly cast up, they needed nothing but Courage, and a stout resolution to defend themselves; that if they would shew themselves willing to do this, though but for a short while, making at least but an appearance to fight, and to stand the Assault, the Enemy who had undertaken this business, not out of any desire of Glory, but out of Booty, confiding more in the small numbers of our Souldiers then in their own Worth, would doubtlesly soon quit the Enterprize: So as within a few days they might free their City from the great danger it was in: what could they hope for of any truth from the Enemy? And how bitter use were they accustomed to make of their Victories, was known sufficiently by woful experience to that whole Country; that if they should resolve to submit themselves to the will of the Enemy without making any resistance, they could not notwithstanding have any hopes of saving the City, for it was almost impossible to keep the Dutch Souldiers from committing Inso∣lencies, who were usually greedy of Booty, but now almost necessitated thereunto for want of pay: So as they were to expect nothing but plunder.

Thus did Savoragnano endeavour to encourage the Citizens, part∣ly out of a desire of praise, partly out of fear of having their City sack'd. But they differ'd in their opinions: Some of them moved by Savorgnano's Authority, promised willingness to be assistant in all things, and to obey the Commanders will; others though they seemed to be of the same mind, yet laying the fault upon others, said that all they could do would be to no purpose; for that they were more then jealous that the Souldiers of the Garrison would betray them, since some of them had said publiquely, that if the Enemy should draw any nearer, they would quit the City: Moreover they excused themselves as being unacquainted with what belong'd to War, so as let them do what they could they should do no good, nor could they long undergo Military Duties. Those who at the beginning seemed to be somewhat moved by Savorgnano's Speeches beginning now to be irresolute and fearful, the Commanders upon fresh debate resolved not rashly to expose all the Chivalry that was in the City to danger: Thus both Horse and Foot went out of the

City, and marched towards the Liuenza that they might pass over it, and get into some safe place; fearing lest the Enemy might pre∣vent them, and hinder their passage: and Savorgnano went to Osofo, a Castle in his Jurisdiction, to put a Garrison into it, to defend it, when the Enemy should be farther advanced. Thus Udine being quite bereft of all defence, yielded quickly to the Dutch, upon con∣dition that the Citizens lives and goods should be preserved, and up∣on payment of a thousand Duckets to the Army, to keep the City from being sack'd. Cividale, Porto Gruaro, and other Towns, com∣pounded with the Enemies upon like terms; and the Enemy not find∣ing wherewith to feed their Army any longer in that Region, which they had wholly over-run and pillaged, went towards Trevigi, to joyn with the Spanish Foot, who winter'd in the Territories of Vicen∣za and Padua; that so being become stronger they might fall upon any Town or City, that should hold for the Common-wealth; there was only one thing that did obviate this result, to wit, the leaving of the Fort Osofo behind them, which might be a hinderance to the Vi∣ctuals and men which were to come to them out of Germany. This business and the occasion seem to require that the nature and situation of this place be particularly shewn, and described as if it were in a Map.

The Mountain Lauro, is as it were cut off in many parts on that side which divides Italy from the Dutch, affording sometimes by Valleys, sometimes by no very high Mountains, an easie passage from the one Regi∣on to the other; but the readiest and best is that which leads from Vilacco to Venzone, which is commonly called the Imperial Way. When coming from Germany into Italy by this way, you arrive at a certain place called L' Ospitale, the Mountains extending themselves into two several arms, do divide; the one of which turns Westward towards Trent, the other to the contrary side towards Goritia, the former are called Carnician Alpes, the other the Giulian. All that Country which lyes in the midst between these two Mountains, and turns towards the Eastern Sea, is now called Friuli; as soon as you come out of this row of Mountains, you see the Ca∣stle Osofo, which is not above two miles from the bottom of these Moun∣tains; the Castle is placed upon a little rock of stone, which riseth up in that Plain, as if it were placed there by Nature it self to preserve Italy from the Forces of such Forreign Nations as have the easier passage on that side to us. And consequently it is fortified and secured by Nature, just as such strong Holds are used to be by humane Art. The Mountain hath three sides; that which looks towards the East is water'd by the Ri∣ver Tagliamento, and on each of the sides some little heaps of Stones are raised up, like so many little Towers, so as they afford commodity for the defence of themselves, and of the space that lyes between them. Upon one corner of the Mountain there stands a little Rock, which is sever'd from the Mountain by a little Vally, the Rock being about 20 paces long, and but 8 over; a high and strong Wall is raised hereupon, whereupon stands a work, whereby all that space being a little more heightned, is made a safe Fort. The Mountain is naturally sterile, unmanured, and very steep on all sides, save only upon one, on which side the rise is less diffi∣cult.

Frangipane having brought almost all his Army to this place, re∣solved to attempt the taking of Osofo, being thereunto the more en∣heartned, for that having at the same time that he drew near to it, sent some of his men to take in the Castle Chiusa, he suddenly effect∣ed it, and put a good Garrison thereinto; for our men did shame∣fully surrender it to the Enemy at their very first appearance, not so much as waiting for the approach of cannon. This place is by its natural situation very strong, being placed in the very jaws of the Mountains, so as it became as it were a Gate which shut up the way to those who would on that side enter into the state of the Common-wealth, from whence it was called Chiusa. When therefore the castle Osofo should be taken, the Enemy had nothing else to hinder them; for being abundantly furnished with men and provisions from Germany, they might easily make themselves Masters of all Friuli, and make a longer abode there then they had yet done. But Savo∣ragnano trusting upon the strength of the situation, and upon the va∣lour of his men, though he had not above one hundred Foot, and fourscore cross-bow men on Horse-back, to boot with some Coun∣try people, hoped to be able to defend the Castle against all that the Enemy could do; and to this purpose had chosen Theodoro Burgio Captain of his Horse, whose Loyalty and Valour was very well known to him, and who did very good service in this Siege. The Enemy pitched their Camp on that side which looks towards the South, and began to play upon the Castle with ten piece of Cannon, wherewith having thrown down part of the Wall, they had made some other works, like unto a Pent-house, whereby being shelter'd, the Souldiers prepared for another Assault. But Savoragnano to provide against this imminent danger, went from the Castle into a∣nother work, where sparing for no labour, he diligently provided for all things, and did much encourage the Souldiers by his exam∣ple. The Enemy strove to open their way by a continual Battery, that they might bring on their Souldiers to an Assault; but all in vain, for the lower part of the work, being made of soft stone, recei∣ved all the shot without any prejudice, and the upper part of the Wall being built of Brick, though it were beaten down by the Can∣non, yet falling inwards, it served the Defendants for a Rampiere. Wherefore the Enemy dispairing to get the Victory that way, resol∣ved to try another, and to open their way into that work by new Engines. They put some rafters together at the foot of the Moun∣tain, in somewhat an eminent place made like Towers about some ten foot high of earth, by standing wherein they hoped they should be the better able, and with less disadvantage to fight those that did defend the work. But Savorgnano planting his Artillery on the op∣posite part of the Mountain before these raftters were raised any high∣er, began to trouble them, and finally by many shot beat it down to the ground. All the hopes the Enemy had lay now in their Soul∣diers Valour. Wherefore Frangipane having chosen out the valian∣test of all his Army, prepared for the Assault, drawing near the Walls by those very steps which were formerly made by Savorgnano and cut out of the hard Rock, that they might be of use for the Ca∣stle.

But herein their many Attempts did likewise prove vain, for they were always stoutly repuls'd by Savoragnano's Souldiers, who did not only make use of their Weapons against them, but tumbled down great stones upon them, which precipitating from those steep crags, and falling upon them that were underneath, proved very mortal to them: So the Enemy were forced to fall from assaulting the Castle to besieging it. Those within had Victuals and Wine e∣nough to serve them for a long time, but so great scarcity of water, as the greatest part of their Horses being already dead for want there∣of, there was hardly enough left to make bread with. The Senate did this mean while encourage Savoragnano with many Letters, and did invite him to a greater desire of praise; they said they did all of them very much confide upon his Worth and Loyalty, for which he might promise himself an answereable reward from the Common-wealth, which was always very grateful to her well deserving Sub∣jects; that when his Glory and the like of his Souldiers should be considered by all men, it would be immortal; but that the Senate in particular would be always mindful of his deserts. It is hard to be said how much joy and good hopes these praises and encourage∣ments did infuse into the Besieged: And it so fell out as they were also befriended by divine Providence; for there fell such store of rain as did suffice a long while for all their occasions: Wherefore it was thought that the supply which was long before treated of in the Senate, might safely be deferr'd unto another time.

Whilst these things past thus in Friuli, the Venetians Affairs went prosperously on in Lombardy, though all things were not quiet there; for the Spaniards and Sforzeses being encamped (as hath been said) before Crema, Renzo da Ceri had very valiantly defended that City, rendering all the Enemies endeavours vain, who had gone about the taking of it both by Assault and Siege: Nay the Souldiers of the Garrison had much indamaged the Enemy by many bold Sallies, and returned safe into the City. Renzo being advertised by his Spies that Cesare Feramosca, one of the Spanish Commanders was come with 50 Gens d' Armes, and 50 light Horse, to take ••p his Winter Quarters at Calcinato, a Town in the Bergamasco Territories, about 20 miles from Crema, thought he had a fair occasion offer'd him, of doing a noteable Act, if he should assault at unawares the Enemy, whilst they lay lazying, not apprehending any danger, but thinking themselves safe by reason of the season of the year. He chose out three valiant men, in whose Worth he thought he might very much confide, to wit, Silvestro Nerni, Baldisera da Rastano, and Marcello Astoldo, the first two being Foot Captains, the last a Commander of Curassiers; he acquainted them with what they had to do, and told them that the chief hope of dispatching the Enterprize lay in expedi∣tion; they with all diligence and courage strove to do what was com∣mitted to their trust. They went in the dark of night out of the Ci∣ty, and got to Calcinato before day, where they entred the Town by Scalado, not meeting with any resistance, and possessing them∣selves suddenly of the Gates, they let in the Horse, and the remain∣der of the Foot, and having guarded the Gates, they fell to pillage

the Country (the Enemy being astonished at the unexpected chance) and made themselves Masters both of the Goods, and persons of the Inhabitants, not receiving any the least harm themselves. Which being done, our men returned to Crema loaded with prey, and much commended for so noble an Action, Renzo's diligence and vigilan∣cy was highly commended; for that with a constant and undaunted courage, being long opposed by the Enemy both with Sword and Famine, he had not only with-stood them, but had much indama∣ged them. But the more he was cry'd up, the more desirous was he of Glory. He was very careful in observing the Enemies remo∣vals and abodes; he considered both place and time, when any oc∣casion might be offer'd of doing some other handsom Action: and being advertised that Count Santa Severina was in the Territories of Brescia with 50 Gens d' Armes at Quinzano, he suddenly bethought himself how to be Master of them; the which that he might the more safely do, he intended to deceive the Enemy with a piece of Military cunning. Hearing that many of the Enemy were got to the Town of Triogol••, and fearing lest his men might receive some prejudice by these either as they went to Quinzano or in their return from thence, he sent 20 Horse with ten Drums into the Territories of Cremona, who were to pass by all the Towns beating an Alarm, and making a great noise, to affright the Inhabitants, and make them believe that the Enemy was at hand, so as they should (as they did) retreat speedily into Trigoli, where shutting to the Gates, they endeavour'd to secure the Town, expecting every moment to be assaulted. In the interim those that were sent by Renzo about this business, came speedily to Quinzano, and falling at unawares upon the Gens d' Ar∣mes that were in the Town, took them all, and their Commanders Prisoners, and took much corn, cattle, and other things from those Territories which were of great use to the Besieged in Crema. The readiness of the Citizens and Country people to serve the Common-wealth to the utmost of their Power was a great furtherance to Renzo in doing these things; for they did not only shew themselves wil∣ling to do what was commanded them, but when money was want∣ing to pay the Souldiers, (for all the Avenues were shut up, so as monies could not be safely sent from Venice) the Citizens maintain'd the Army at their own charge: No News was ever heard of yield∣ing, no complaining upon the times, no weariness of being besieged, nor of so many burthens and toyl; all things were govern'd with great concord and good order, as if the City had been in great quiet, and far from any danger or trouble of War; and yet another great mischief was added to all their sufferings, for the Plague began to grow hot amongst them.

For which the Senate charged the Magistrates to thank the Citizens in the Name of the Common-wealth, promising them that these their good Services should be kept in perpetual Memory, and that their Deserts should be acknowledged, and rewarded even to posterity: That they knew their singular Worth and Loyalty: That therefore they might promise unto themselves all things which could be expected from a grateful Common-wealth, which did always willingly embrace and very much cherish all such as were faithful and valiant.

The Senate did likewise commend Renzo da Ceri, as they had done many times before, striving to confirm him in the loyalty and worth which he had hitherto shewn; and herein they used many gracious expressions, exalting his deserts, so to honour that man with praise, (which is the reward of Virtue) who was so desirous of Glory, and to invite him to the undertaking of other worthy Enterprizes.

They said, That the Venetian Souldiers had learnt to overcome under the Conduct of such a Commander, who by the greatness of his Courage had overcome even the greatest difficulties, and made them appear easie; that they expected yet greater things from his Gallantry.

And having occasion soon after to shew themselves thankful to so well deserving a man, he was by general consent chosen to succeed Giovan Paolo Baglione in his Office, who having ended his Conduct, had taken his leave of the Venetian Army. Baglione being taken Prisoner, as you have heard, in the unfortunate Battle at Vicenza, had got leave of the Spanish Commanders to go to Venice, upon ex∣change for Caravagiale, a Spanish Commander, which if he could effect he was to have his liberty, but if otherwise he was to return Prisoner to the Enemy. Baglione got leave of the Senate for the ex∣change, and Captain Caravagiale was carried from Venice to Padua; but Gurghense, without whose knowledg this exchange was made, opposed it, saying it was not to be observed, the quality of the per∣sons not being alike, nor the good which might redound to the seve∣ral Princes by the Exchange. Wherefore Baglione thinking he was free from his Parole, since the fault proceeded not from him, refused to return any more Prisoner to the Enemy, and having obtain'd leave of the Venetians, went to Rome, whither he was sent for by the Pope. Baglione held the next place in Dignity after Alviano, who was the Venetians General; his pay was 30000 Duckets a year, and he was bound to have in his Troop 200 Gens d' Armes, and 100 light Horse. His place was granted to Renzo upon the same conditi∣ons, but he refused it;

Rendering notwithstanding many acknowledgments to the Senate, who of their own free wills had conferr'd that Honour upon him who was absent, and had no ways sought it, though it was wont to be much put for by others; he told them that his abode in Crema at this time of many eminent dangers, was of much concernment to his own Honour, and to the service of the Com∣mon-wealth; that he desired nothing more then to preserve that City to the Common-wealth; that he knew very well the Senate had offer'd him that preferment, not to invite him to serve them well and faithfully, but to witness the love they bore him; for nothing could now adde to his ancient affection, which he knew he could not more apparently manifest, then in defending that City.

There were some who thought Renzo the more to be commended for having preferr'd Worth it self before the badg of Worth; but many suspected what did afterwards appear by many signs more clearly: to wit, that Renzo would not be obliged to go unto the Ar∣my, because he bore a secret enmity to Alviano, and shunn'd to be under the command of another, especially of one who was of so se∣vere a nature, and who was no very good friend of his.

Whilst these things went thus, the year of our Lord 1514 began, and began unfortunately; for on the 10^th of Ianuary, the first hour after midnight▪ some shops fell on fire in the Rialto (which is seat∣ed in the midst of the City, a place much frequented, and held in great esteem for the happy Auspice of the Cities first rise, which be∣gan first to be built there, and wherein all things are usually sold) which fire taking hold of the neighbouring houses, did soon mighti∣ly increase, and in a moment burnt many publique Buildings, and great store of Merchandise of all sorts; and for the greater misfor∣fortune, the wind blew very furiously then from the North, which carried the fire into the most remote parts of the City; and the hou∣ses that were nearer hand were soon irreparably consumed; there was not any one who either by Council or Action could suppress the violence of the fire, in this sad and sudden chance, and in this con∣fusion, which fill'd the whole City with fear, though the Nobles and common people flock'd presently thither from all places. The fire dilating it self on all sides got to the Pescaria on the one side, and on the other side to the Temple of Santo Apollinare, (places which stood far asunder) miserably consuming, and throwing all things down to the ground. Many gallant Ornaments of the City, and much wealth of private people, which was long in gathering, pe∣rish'd almost in a moment, which caused great lamentation, and out-cries throughout the whole City: The Citizens and Merchants bemoaned themselves that their so long labours should be so soon lost; others were more troubled at this misfortune, as if it fore-bo∣ded greater mischiefs; they began now to fear the greatest: Some in these common afflictions shew'd some more moderation; for be∣ing inured to so many afflictions, they were not easily sensible of new sorrows. It was never clearly known whether this hapned by chance, or by the Enemies abominable wickedness; yet by many tokens it was thought that the fire was fraudulently and by cunning convey'd into those shops where it first brake forth. Thus at this time nothing was free from the treachery of the Enemy. The Senate though perplex'd with so many adversities, managed the War with their wonted constancy, and did not slacken in providing for all things which might either maintain their Honour, or obviate the Enemy. But the Affairs of Friuli did chiefly trouble them; for Frangipane, having (as you have heard) possess'd himself of ma∣ny places of the Country, did still besiege Osofo. Many of the Se∣nate were of opinion, that they should gather all the Forces they could together, and endeavour to relieve Savorgnano: Others were of a contrary opinion, affirming,

That they had already sufficiently try'd the fortune of War, and that the many damages which they had suffer'd, might teach them and others, to how many various and uncertain chances Battles are subject, and how often it falls out that men come to a day of Battle even against the deter∣minate will of the Commanders. That after so many losses the best course would be to endeavour the keeping of Trevigi and Padua, and to reduce all their Garrisons thither, knowing that upon the event of these two Towns the end of the whole War would finally depend. Wherefore they were not

now without necessity to alter their managing of the War, nor suffer those Cities for want of better Garrisons to be exposed to the will of the Enemy: That they should consider their men were much diminished, become less loy∣al, and less ready for Military Actions, by reason of their slow pay: But that they were chiefly cast down by reason of the last rout; so as it was hard∣ly to be known whether their worth or fidelity were less to be trusted to; that therefore they should not proceed contrary to their ancient custom, and con∣trary to their last resolution: who could be sure that a powerful Army of the Enemy being so near, and succour so far off, some tumult might not be raised in those very Cities, either out of fear or desire of Novelty, es∣pecially when the whole War, nay the total of all things, was committed to a few, and those not over valiant?

Others on the contrary, amongst which were Antonio Grimani, who then held the place of Savio del Consiglio, and Luca Trono, one of the Council of six, who endeavour'd by all the means they could that succour should be sent to Savorgnano; and that the recovery of the Towns in Friuli should be put for.

These shewed how that the Common-wealth was much concern'd in the preservation of Osofo not only out of hopes that by the means thereof, other places in Friuli might be preserved or recovered, but for the preser∣vation even of those very Cities which by common consent were to have a high esteem put upon them. Assuredly (said Trono) nothing hath re∣tarded Frangipane from not arriving safe at the Spanish Army, but his fear of leaving this strong Hold behind him; which if it should fall into the hands of the Enemy, there was no other thing which could hinder them from coming with all their Forces quickly into the Territories of Padua, by whose assistance the Spaniards being become the stronger, they would suddenly attempt the taking of Padua or Trevigi, which we know is the thing they chiefly desire, and that their not having done it hitherto, hath only been, because they dare not venture upon it with so few men, as do not exceed 4000 Foot, and 600 Horse; therefore when mention is made of sending relief to Osofo, it must be granted that the preservation of those Cities is treated of; so as though we cannot promise our selves easily to rout Frangipanes Forces, yet the advantage is not small which we shall receive by sending our Army into that Country, since the Enemy will be thereby necessitated not to make any longer abode in those parts, and to for∣bear plotting our farther ruine. Our late experience may teach us how dangerous a thing in War it is to suffer the Enemies to joyn together, meet, and s•• increase their Forces, when they must fight though they be but weak and divided; for if the French Commanders had been better advised at Novara, and had endeavoured either to fight the Spaniard, who expect∣ed the coming of the Switzers, or had else encountred the Switzers who came to relieve the Besieged, all things would have succeeded more prospe∣rously with them, since one only Enemy would have been the more easily overcome, and the others would have been made affraid: If we shall aban∣don the Towns, Lands, Men, and the Goods of our Subjects of Friuli, leaving all things in the power of bitter, but weak Enemies, without en∣deavouring any revenge, I am shrewdly affraid we may fall into such con∣tempt both of our Enemies, and of our own men, as that the Honour of our Common-wealth will fall too low to be ever raised up again, all men being

already of opinion, that the Common-wealth of Venice is reduced to so low a condition, as she is either not able, or else not willing to secure them from injuries, who live under her Iurisdiction, and who have always been faithful to her. But if by shewing courage we shall strive to repair the losses we have received, our men will be inheartned again, and the E∣nemy will be more humble: and we may hope to enjoy the Country more qui∣••tly hereafter: No man is ignorant of what importance and conveniency the Castle of Osofo is; and the stronger it is by natural situation, the more carefully it ought to be kept; for if it should fall once into the hands of the Enemy, we cannot hope easily to recover it, as we have done other Towns; for the Enemy having taken, as we are inform'd they have, the Castle Chiusa, they will always have the way open whereby to be abundant∣ly furnish'd with Artillery, Victuals, and all things necessary for War.

The Senate being perswaded by these reasons, resolved to draw out as many men as they could out of Padua and Trevigi, and send them to Friuli, leaving Theodoro Triulcio the mean while in Padua, with charge of all the Militia, and with him Dominico Contarini, who being Captain of Padua, was made Commissary. The business of Friuli was committed to Alviano, the Senate having formerly given him charge to proceed with much safety, and not to pass with his Army over the Livenza, unless he had certain knowledg which way the Enemy went, and were sure to return quickly; for it was thought very dangerous, lest the Dutch, when our men should be gone far off, might pitch in some strong seat to hinder their passage, till such time as the Spaniards hearing of Alviano's departure might come in unto their aid, and so our Camp might be at the same time beset with two Enemies Armies. Alviano took 700 commanded men with him out of Padua and 400 Horse, the one half whereof were Albaneses, and came in two days march to Sacile, whither it was said that the Horse and Foot which were come out of Udine, were re∣tired to save themselves. Alviano understanding here that 500 of the Enemies Horse were in Porto Gruaro, from whence they were of∣ten wont to go out and skirmish with our Horse in the Plain which lyes between Sacile and Porto Gruaro, he suddenly drew forth into the field, and sent the light Horse before, with commission that when they should come within sight of the Enemy, they should pro∣voke them to fight. The Enemy according to their custome, were easily perswaded to come out of the Town, and began to skirmish with our men, who according to their directions retreated; the E∣nemy pursued them, and not knowing that the rest of our men were come, drew at unawares near our Army; then Malatesta Baglione, who was sent with a hundred Curassiers to succour the former who had begun to give way, seeing that the Enemy could not well re∣treat, fell furiously upon them, and amongst the rest, charg'd Cap∣tain Risano, who was easily known by his Armes and by his corpu∣lency of body; whom he hurt dangerously, unhors'd him, and took him Prisoner; the rest having lost their Captain, after a whiles fight, began to run, and got into Porto Gruaro; but Alviano, though night drew on, pursuing the flying Enemy immediately clapp'd lad∣ders to the Town Walls, and his Souldiers being gotten upon the

Walls, fought with those that were upon the Guard, and after long dispute, drove the Guard from the Walls and entred the Town, and sack'd the whole Town, as well what belonged to the Towns-men, as to the Souldiers, and took a hundred Curassiers that were in the Town, Prisoners.

After this fortunate success, Alviano resolved to march towards the relief of Savoragnano, who having valiantly repuls'd the Enemy, did still maintain the Castle of Osofo: Frangipane hearing of the com∣ing of our men, set fire presently upon all the works which he had made about the Castle, and raised his Camp, marching with his Army towards Germany; but being come into the Town of Venzone, and fearing that he was pursued by Alviano's Forces, as indeed he was, he resolved to make all his Chivalry stay there, to retard the Ene∣my, that thereby the Foot might have the more time to get into some place of safety. But Alviano, hearing that the Enemy were gone, sent Nicolo Vendramino soon after them, with the Albanese Horse, and Barnardino Antignolo with the remainder of the light Horse, ho∣ping that if they made haste they might reach Frangipane. But he was past a little forward, and having gotten over the Tagliamiento, had taken up his Quarters in the Castle of St. Daniele. Vendramino and Antignola, were so diligent in their March, as finding the Enemies Horse at Venzone, they fell upon them, cut most of them in pieces, and took the rest Prisoners; but the Foot which were marched for∣wards with the carriages, escaped; our Horse not being able to fol∣low them by those steep and craggy Rocks. Yet could they not well save themselves; for the Siege being raised, Savoragnano issued out of the Castle, and having assembled together 200 Horse, and a good company of Country people, pursued the Enemy by way of the Carnisen Alpes, and his Forces increasing where so ere he went, (for the Country people were very much affectionate to the Venetians, who led him by secret and shorter ways) he was got before Alviano's Horse, and assaulting the Dutch Foot had so routed them, as they were forced to leave their Baggage behind them, and seven pieces of great Artillery, which rendered the Victory more clear and remar∣kable. They say that Frangipane pleaded for excuse, that he was at this time much indisposed by reason of a blow which he had recei∣ved on the head by a stone, whilst he lay before Osofo, which disa∣bled him for providing for such things as were fitting for the safety of his Army. Yet he could provide for his own safety; for as soon as the Enemy fell upon his men, he, with 30 of his Horse fled, and got into a safe place; but this was but for a short time; for being soon after cured of his hurt, as he was riding amongst the neighbour∣ing Mountains, to raise new tumults, and gather more men to re∣new the War, he fell into an ambush which was laid for him by Gio∣van Vitturi, and was by him taken Prisoner, and sent to Venice. He was certainly a fierce and haughty man, but grievously faulty, and a mighty Enemy to the Venetians, whom he had long troubled by his incursions, and rapines committed in Friuli. Savoragnano grew now very famous for these prosperous successes, for which he was by the Senate created Count of Belgrado and Osofo; and to leave a

testimony of his Worth to his posterity, he had 400 Duckets a year assign'd unto him out of the publick Exchequer, to descend to him and his Heirs for ever. The Enemies Army being routed, as you have heard, Udine, Belgrado, Monfalcone, and all the other Castles which were formerly taken by the Enemy, return'd into the power of the Venetians, and were by them received into favour; for it was evident that the people had done their duties, and had not quitted their Loyalty to the Venetians, otherwise then necessitated by For∣tune, and by the power of the prevailing Enemy. Alviano hoped by means of this Victory to re-gain Goritia and Gradisca, if the Army should march thitherward; and he did this the rather, for that he understood there were but small Garrisons in these Towns, and that they were in great want of all things, especially of Gun-powder, which was all spent in the Siege of Osofo; yet being unwilling to fall rashly upon this Enterprize, he sent a Band of men to discover the condition of the places, who having diligently observed all things, brought word, that the taking of those places would require much time and pains; wherefore Alviano having ended what he went for into Friuli, and knowing that by tarrying longer in those parts, his return into the Territories of Padua might be hindred by the Spani∣ards, whose numbers increased, he resolved to return with his Ar∣my into the City of Padua.

At the same time that these things were done in Friuli, many Treaties had been in Rome concerning Peace with the Emperour; for the Pope having at last overcome all doubts and difficulties, had taken this business in hand, and was very diligent in the negotiation ther••of, to the end that peace might be effected, he used all possible means by his Nuntios both with the Emperour and the Venetians, ex∣horting them to concord.

He shewed them that both of them had made sufficient triall of their for∣tune, and that things were already reduced to such a pass through the length of War, as though they should refuse to come to any accommodation, they would both of them be forced shortly to lay down Arms out of very weariness; but that then the Issue would be this, that Forces being bro∣ken on both sides, yet Enmity would still remain to the common ruine; for it was to be feared that by means of these discords, and the weakness oc∣casioned by so long Wars, both the Conquerours, and conquered would fall into the power of Selinus Ottaman (a bitter and powerful Enemy) if the Fortune of War favouring his designs, now that he was upon difficult, but glorious Attempts, he should turn his victorious Forces into Europe. He moreover told the Venetians, that France was so weakened, both by the last received rout, and by the greater dangers which did yet over-hang them, as it was in vain for them to think to be able to maintain the War by assistance from France. But that whilst peace was on treaty between England and France, the event whereof was yet uncertain, and whilst the Common-wealth was yet in good esteem, both by reason of her own strength, and the like of her Confederates, they might accommodate their Affairs upon honourable conditions; which being afterwards reduced to disadvantage, they would not be able to do. He laid before the Emperour, the length of the War, the various and doubtful successes of Enterprizes,

the faithfulness of Confederates, the certain advantages of peace, toge∣ther with the inlarging of his Empires Confines. But because the Pope had many times endeavoured this in vain, from which he might ground what now he was to trust unto. Cesar and the Venetians having never been able to be made friends, he knew it was necessary a third person should take upon him the conditions of Peace. Wherefore he made known to them both, that if it might stand with their consent, he had resolved to take up∣on himself this whole Treaty of Peace, and to judge and determine what was fitting to be done therein, and what each of them should be content with; that though he was not ignorant of what a burthen he was herein to take upon him, yet laying aside all other respects he would mind only the peace of Christendom, and the duty of his charge and office. And that the mean while, whilst Affairs might be brought to some composition, and friendship might be renew'd, they would lay down Armes, to the end that when his determination should be heard, War might the more be easily ap∣peased, and all things might remain quiet.

The Venetian Senate, moved thereunto out of the hopes of peace, and by the Popes Authority, resolved to referre to him whatsoever had been long in dispute between them and the Emperour, thinking they should do well and worthily to acquaint the Pope and all Chri∣stendome with their pretences and injuries; that all men might know how great reverence and respect the Venetians bore to the Pope, and that all their designs aimed at agreement. The chiefest difficulty lay in whether the City of Verona did belong to the Emperour, or to the Venetians, and in what monies the Venetians should pay unto the Emperour, and what time they should have for the payment thereof. The reason of paying these Monies was, as well for the expences of the War, as also that Cesar should cancell all his pretentions, if he had any, either by claim of the Empire, or of the House of Austria, to those Cities and Towns which were by agreement to remain unto the Common-wealth. The Venetians made Leo the Arbitra∣tor of these things, leaving the Arbitrement thereof in him by pub∣lick Authority. Leo not content herewith, desired that this might be drawn up in another manner; to wit, so as without mentioning any particular Controversie, the Senate should referre the whole business to him, as the Compounder of all differences: saying that he desired this for the taking away of all occasions of difference, and that he might bring all things the sooner to the desired end; where∣fore he pawn'd his faith, not to use any farther freedom, nor to pro∣nounce any sentence, then what he should have first communicated to the Embassadour of the Common-wealth, and by the will and consent of the Senate; adding that for the future he would use no less diligence, to have Verona, and all the other Towns which were possess'd by the Common-wealth before the War, restored unto her, then he now used to make peace. Thus he obtain'd free leave and power from the Senate to put an end unto the War upon what conditions pleased him: He having promised that when this should be done by the Embassadour of the Common-wealth then resident with him, that he, the Pope, would be sure not to propound any thing for reconciling the differences, which might prove the beginning of

new difficulties, or which might disturbe the whole business, for it was much to be feared, that the Common-wealths Enemies (whose request whether they did agree with what was just and honest he him∣self might very well know) knowing that all things were now left to his free disposal, would egge him on, as it were against his will, to propound such conditions as might be too prejudicial to the Com∣mon-wealth, and which he himself should not be very well pleased withal. When the Pope began to negotiate this Affair, he met with many things which gave him reason to be doubtful and jealous; the rather because he desired both Cesar and the Venetians satisfaction. The Emperour demanded that Verona, which was then in his possessi∣on, should still continue in his power; to which though it had been al∣ways heretofore deny'd, the Venetians did at this time condescend upon condition that Gange and Valegio, two Towns of the Territories of Verona, should be yielded up to them; alledging that without these their State being as it were cut off by anothers Jurisdiction, it was evident that all that part of their Dominion which lay beyond the River Adige, would be of no use at all to the Common-wealth. On the contrary, the Emperour, who seemed at the first to be con∣tented with Verona, demanded Crema likewise; and somewhat to ho∣nest this his desire, he said that this City ought to be put into the Popes hands, since he was content to put Vicenza thereinto. But it was apparent to every one how unequal this proposition was; for Crema was a very strong and safe City, long in the Venetians posse∣ssion, and lately defended with much cost and labour against the E∣nemy; whereas Vicenza being neither strongly walled, nor well garrison'd, had often changed Fortune and Masters, and was now in these latter times possess'd by Cesars men, only because it was ne∣ver strove for: So as it could hardly be said that he possess'd the Ci∣ty; for if the Venetians would send their Forces thither, they might easily drive the Emperours weak Garrison out, and recover it.

Whilst these things were in treaty Cardinal Gurghense, who had ever been an utter Enemy to peace, came in an unhappy hour to Rome. He began (as he had done formerly) to trouble the busi∣ness, finding many occasions to draw it out in length, and bending all his Might against what was just and honest. The Pope had ob∣tain'd that the Spanish Foot should abstain from doing any new pre∣judice, since the business of right was to be treated of: yet the Vice-roy ••aining sometimes not to understand this Treaty, sometimes bla∣ming such advice, proceeded in hostile manner against the State of Venice, and the Affairs thereof; nay taking occasion by reason of the truce to pillage more securely, he entred the Territories of Padua, and plundered the whole Country, nourishing his needy Souldiers with what they got from miserable Inhabitants, in a time when they thought themselves free from such Injuries. By which proceedings it might be conceived that the Pope and the Venetians were much de∣luded; that the Common-wealths Enemies had no mind to peace, but that they play'd the Counterfeits, as well not utterly to lose the Pope, as also to make the Venetians through their hopes of peace less careful in providing for things appertaining to War; and they the

mean while might have opportunity to recrute their Army, which was much diminished.

Wherefore the Venetians discovering their Enemies cheats and deceitful Proceedings, entreated Leo, That he would penetrate into the secret Counsels of the Emperour, and of King Ferdinando; for then he would clearly find that Ferdinando did not only aspire to the States Do∣minions, but to the Government of all Italy. So as if he would keep up his Dignity, and Authority amongst Princes, which he might perceive be∣gan now to grow less, he should not suffer them so to abuse the reverend name of Pope. That therefore quitting his first Counsels, he should betake him∣self to new and safer cogitations, and should resolve upon things becoming the safety of Italy, and his own Dignity, and that he should forthwith re∣call his Troops of Horse from the Spanish Army; for that the Enemies ha∣ving placed much hopes in his friendship and assistance, they would proceed with more sincerity when they should see themselves deprived thereof, that they would abstain from injurious proceedings, and treat less arrogantly hereafter. That he on his part had abundantly satisfied the tye of confe∣deracy which he had with them; that it became an Italian, especially him who was pla••ed in so high a degree of Dignity, and who was endow'd with so much wisdom, by the present troublesome state of things, to fore-see the beginnings of greater evils, and to provide such remedies for them, as became their importancy, and which might as yet be used; that if these Princes, whilst their Affairs were in so bad a case, by reason of the few Spanish and Dutch Foot which were then in Italy, had notwithstanding arrogated so much Authority, and would make such use of bare reputation, without Forces, it was much to be feared, that when their power should be increased, they would endeavour to d••mineer over all Italy.

The Venetians used reasons to exhort the Pope to keep up his greatness and authority: They told him he could by no other way better effect it then by entring into League with the King of France, and their Common-wealth. But finding that these endeavours did no good, they went to work with him the same way that they knew their Enemies had done. It was generally thought that Leo favour'd the Emperours Affairs; for he thought that thereby he promoted his own designs: He had set his whole mind upon the aggrandizing of his own House, hoping that he might be much farthered therein by Cesars favour, whereby he might be inabled to alienate the Cities of Parma, Piacenza, Modena, and Reggio, from the Church, and pass them over in fee by the Emperours help and consent to his Brother Iuliano.

Wherefore the Venetians labour'd to perswade him, that he might better advance his Family by this new confederacy; the Venetians being very willing to grant the Kingdom of Naples in fee to his Brother Juliano, when it should be won by their common Forces, upon the same conditions that he had desired those other Cities; and to defend, and maintain him in the possession thereof by all their forces and endeavours: And that he should not need to doubt their promise, nor suspect the Common-wealths faith, as well in commemoration of the benefit, which would be esteemed the greater in these unfortunate times, as also for the States peculiar Inte∣rest, for whose advantage and safety it would make very much that an I∣talian

Prince, a Friend of hers, and obliged unto her for so great a fa∣vour, should be Master of so noble and rich a part of Italy. That doubt∣lesly he might promise himself the like from the King of France, who set∣ting his heart upon the reputation and keeping of Millan, it did much im∣port him that more potent Lords should be kept far from the Confines of I∣taly, the parts whereof which should belong to the French, would be the better confirm'd unto them by the Popes Friendship. That this was the only way to make the House of Medici truly glorious and splendid, which was famous enough already of her self: And the best way likewise for the quiet and security of the Church and of all Italy. That the Senate did re∣commend these things to his consideration in pursuance of their ancient cu∣stom, and out of their particular observance of his own Person, and their affection to his Family. That he should not argue out of these their per∣swasions that they were so weakened by adverse Fortune, or that they were so cast down, but that they were able to renew and maintain the War of themselves, though he should not be advised by them.

The Common-wealth had above 6000 Foot and 1500 Horse in pay at this time, divided between Padua and Trevigi; and Souldi∣ers were continually raised for the service of the Common-wealth in several parts; so as she hoped to have 10000 Souldiers on Foot with∣in a short time. Moreover new ships were a building to increase the Fleet, and to furnish it with all things fitting, that she might be rea∣dy and able for any Enterprize. That on the contrary, though the Enemies men were very few, and impotent, i•• great want and scar∣city of all things, and that it was rather reputation, then true strength that made them subject, yet were they so encouraged by their past prosperous successes, as they thought all things easie, and promised themselves success in all their undertakings. Wherefore Leo fearing more the audacity of the Spaniards and Dutch, then he trusted or ho∣ped in the French and Venetians, could not resolve to accept of these new conditions, but falling into his ancient irresoluteness, was the occasion why both War and Peace grew daily more difficult. But it was certainly known that Leo was more addicted to Cesar, and did too much covet his favour; for though he was not ignorant that the Emperours whole drift was to oppress all Italy, and that he himself did confess as much, yet he still spun out time, as if he durst not pro∣nounce; nor did he limit any means, or time wherein to do it. Hen∣ry King of England had formerly undertaken to reconcile the Vene∣tians with the Emperour, behaving himself so therein, as it appear∣ed evidently to all men that he was well inclined to wish well to the Affairs of Venice; but his affection seemed now to be quite altered, out of jealousie that the Venetians had aided the French in the War which he made with their King the year before.

He complained particularly that the Common-wealth had sent her Al∣banese Horse into France. Which suspitions were conceived to be purpose∣ly taken to the end that he might afterwards have the better colour to fa∣vour the Emperour in his proceedings, whose good will he endeavour'd by all means to win, out of a desire to draw him from the Truce which he had began to treat of with the French. Therefore whereas Henry was former∣ly wont to exhort the Venetians to peace, and to comfort them, and assist

them in their greatest nacessities; he now proceeded clean otherwise, accu∣sing them by his Letters to the Senate for having persevered too much in breaking of the hopes of peace when things went well with them, and depri∣ved Christendom of much good; saying that they ought to behave them∣selves according as the times went, and not carry themselves higher then their present Fortune required; wherefore he was very earnest with them to lay down their Arms, and not to trouble Maximillian any longer with that unreasonable War.

These Letters being read in the Senate, they resolved to justifie the Common-wealth by their Embassadour, who was then resident in the Court of England; and to free the King from such false suspi∣tions.

The Senate seemed to wonder very much why Henry, towards whom the Common-wealth had shewed such affection as became them well to do to a great Prince who was their Friend and Confederate, a well Wisher and Amplifier of their Dignity, should believe that the Venetians would injure him, or should have endeavoured to disturbe his Victory whereat they had much rejoyced; to witness which, they had at this time sent Francisco Capello, Embassadour into England, who dyed in his journey thither∣ward. But that as for those things whereof he particularly complained, he was to know that all the Albanesi were not Subjects to the Common-wealth, nor were the Venetians able to inhibite them the Service of other Princes: That their Fleet was prepared not to assist others, but only to withstand the so great Forces which the Enemy had prepared against their State; that they had long before been Confederates with the French, as the condition of those times required, which was the reason why they had not satisfied Maximillian in his first requests: Which had made him wage War with that Common-wealth, not having been any ways injured by them; nor had the Venetians taken up Arms against him otherwise then in their own defence; that after these first successes, and Truce being made, it was violated by Cesar, who entred in an hostile manner into their Domi∣nion; wherefore they were forced to take up Arms again to drive him out of their Confines: whereby Henry might conceive, that they had not been the first Authors of War against the Emperour, having only endeavoured to keep themselves from being injured, according to the wont of their An∣cestors; who were always accustomed neither to do nor suffer wrong. And that notwithstanding they forbear not all this while endeavours by Letters, by Embassadours, and by all other means which they thought might do any good, that the occasion of controversies being removed, they might come to some Agreement with Cesar; that many might witness this, but espe∣cially the Arch-Bishop of York, an honourable and worthy Gentleman, who had often interceded in this Treaty of Peace, and who knew very well what their intentions were, and what the Enemies were minded to do; that men would think that Cesar, who was a great Prince, should offer at nothing which was not honourable and becomming him; yet it could not be denyed, but that many of his Advisers did corrupt this his good Will, endeavouring their own advantage by drawing out the War at length, though they seemed to be concern'd in Cesars Interests only. That there∣fore it became Henry, who was a great and excellent King, to be so just and moderate, as not to suffer himself to be diverted by any conjunction

which he had with the Emperour, from what was fair and right; but as a just and upright Arbitrator to interpose his Authority for the laying down of Arms on all sides, upon such reasonable conditions, as might not be in∣jurious to any one: So as the people of Christendom long molested with so many Wars, might n••w enjoy some rest and safety: and as for them they would the more willingly make peace with Maximillian in respect of Hen∣ry's being the Authour of it.

But all these endeavours were of little avail with a Prince who minded more the composing of his own Wars then those of others; wherefore the Venetians finding no hopes of Agreement, began to bethink themselves of War. All people whom it became to speak their minds were enjoyn'd by the Senate, to propound such things as they thought fittest for the raising of Monies upon such occasions. Many things were propos'd and argued in the Senate with diversity of Opinions: New Taxes were laid upon the City, and several ways were found whereby to bring in Monies into the publick Treasury. There was a new Magistracy instituted consisting but of three; who had Authority given them to impose what sum they should please up∣on every Citizen or Inhabitant of Venice, according to every mans condition and ability, provided that it should not exceed 300 Duck∣ets for any one Family or Person. Moreover power was given to Alviano and two Savij of the Council, who upon occasion of some other imployment were then in Padua, to free such from exile as had been banished for no very grievous offences, enjoyning them to pay such sums of Money as they should think fit for payment of the Ar∣my; whereunto if any one should be backward, their Goods were to be distrain'd. So as in a short time the scarcity of the Exchequer was provided for, and some hopes were had of being able to main∣tain War for a while.

Alviano being this mean while gone out of Friuli, as hath been said, the Senate, being thereunto chiefly moved by the perswasions of Ierolimo Savor••gnano, resolved to re-assume the Enterprize of Marano, the chief care whereof was given to him; who chearfully taking the imployment upon him, and having got together about 2000 Country men, and drawn 400 of the best Foot out of Udine, went about this. And that he might do it with the more safety and Honour, Iovan Vitturi who commanded all the light Horse, and Iovan Paolo Manfrone Captain of the Curassiers, were ordered to pass with all their Horse over the Tagliamento, and to be aiding to Savoragnano in his Enterprize, by over-running the Country, and by securing it from any new commotions of the Enemy; moreover the Fleet was sent to the Marishes of Marano that it might be bese•• both by Sea and Land.

As soon as Savoragnano came to Marano, he possess'd himself of a strong situation not far from the Walls, where he took up his Quar∣ters: He then began to make Ditches, by which the Souldiers being shelter'd, might get to the Walls. The Town was situated much to our mens disadvantage; for it was environ'd all about with low Moorish Grounds, wherefore Savoragnano to overcome the badness of the Seat by Industy, made certain rises of several materials, like

so many little Towers, and did munite them excellently well; where∣by he got two great advantages; the one that they might be a great∣er safety for his men, if the Enemy should sally out of the Town at unawares; the other, that for matter of fight, his men and the Ene∣my might be upon equal terms, the one standing upon the Walls, the other upon the made Rises. Thus all things being prepared for an Assault, towards which the Souldiers had already made some ad∣vancement, some Captains who did differ in opinion from Savorag∣nano before, meeting with some let, by reason of deeper waters, were occasion why what was before resolved upon, was not put in execu∣tion. And in the Interim Letters came to Savoragnano, and the chiefest of the Army from the Senate, wherein they signified their opinion, that it was better to take the Town by Siege, then by As∣sault; moreover Manfrone had still been of that opinion, and had given particular account thereof to the Senate, being moved there∣unto either out of Envy that he bore to Savoragnano, or by Alviano's Authority, who also advised to the not taking of Marano by Force. All things were then handled in order to a Siege: But there were many things also which made against this opinion; for the people that were assembled together being nigh at hand, the Country peo∣ple (of which the Army did for the most part consist) could not be kept together any longer in those parts, for they were come thither out of hopes of a sudden Victory and of some booty without any pay: Moreover it was to be feared that these men being wearied by long labour, and a tedious Siege, were likely to abandon the Camp; but say they would have tarried, they could not have done so by reason of the condition of the place, and unwholesomeness of the Air, where∣of many fell grievously sick daily. The Commanders adhering to the safest counsel, and to that which pleased the Senate best, alter∣ing their way of warfaring, fell from Assault to Siege, and placed their Camp in many several Quarters, that they might the more streighten the Besieged, and keep them from Victuals. Thus whilst time was spent in vain, the Enemy had means afforded them of in∣creasing their numbers, and of advancing to relieve those that were within. But our men understanding that the Dutch had muster'd many Foot and Horse about Villacco, and that many Country Moun∣tainers were come from the Neighbouring Villages to Gradisca, and that great preparation was made both of men and Arms wherewith to assault our Camp, the Captains fearing lest they might be taken in the midst by two adverse Armies, resolved hastily to raise the Siege, and to march with all their men towards Udine and Cividale: and at the same time the Fleet parting from the Washes of Marano, went to Is••ria, to secure the Towns of that Country which were much mo∣lested by Barnardino Frangipane. As soon as the Siege was raised from before Marano, the Enemy hasted to victual the Town, and to recrute the Garrison; so as growing more powerful, and more bold, they sallied out often, fell upon the Neighbouring Villages, wasting the Country, and laying heavy Taxes upon the miserable Inhabi∣tants, from whom they injuriously, and oftentimes by torments did exact Monies. The Senate being much troubled hereat, and fear∣ing

lest greater dangers might issue unless some speedy remedy were taken, they ordered il Cavalliere dalla Volpe, who commanded all the light Horse, to march speedily into Friuli with 200 Horse, and Pietro Marcello was commanded to do so likewise, who was at this time sent Commissary into the Field, to succeed Ierolemo Pesaro in that place, who was chosen one of the six Counsellours which sit next unto the Prince, a chief Dignity of the Common-wealth. But before these could come, our men being sorely weakened, were much indamaged. Commissary Vitturi, who wanted more assistance, was retreated into a place of greater strength with only one hundred Albanese Horse; where being unexpectedly set upon by a great ma∣ny Dutch Foot, after having resisted long and valiantly, his Horse being wounded under him, and all his men forsaking him, he was taken by the Enemy, and led Prisoner into Gradisca, and afterward farther into Germany. Of those Horse which were with him, some were cut in pieces, some taken Prisoners, and but few of them got safe into Udine.

At the same time Renzo da Ceri, who had stay'd long idle within the Walls of the City, whilst agreement was in Treaty; all hopes of peace being vanish'd, and a way being opened unto him to inda∣mage the Enemy, he diligently observed their ways and their coun∣sels that he might find some fit occasion of happy success. Having received advertisement that Silvio Savello was lately come out of Millan, with light Horse and 50 Curassiers, and 400 Foot, and that being sent towards Crema, they marched in some disorder, he resol∣ved to send Mariano Ascoli and Alessandro Donato with two Troops of Horse, and Andrea, and Silvestro da Perugia with 400 Foot, to assault him at unawares upon his March, as they did Silvio running away at the unexpected coming of our men, was inforced to give o∣ver his first design, and to retreat into the Town of Pandino, where fighting our men who pursued him, to keep them from approaching the Walls, he was at the first On-set put to the retreat, his men being so routed, as many of them were slain, others taken Prisoners, and he betaking himself betimes to Flight, with much ado escaped. But Renzo not content with these prosperous successes, was resolved ut∣terly to defeat the Enemy, who were routed, and dissipated in many places; and to do his utmost to free the City from Siege; things be∣ing therein reduced to such straits, all the Citizens wealth being con∣sumed by the length of War, and the City full of many great wants, chiefly of corn, as meer necessity forced them often to hazard them∣selves, and make tryal of their Arms and Fortune. Savelli retreated with those that had escaped out of the Fight at Ombriano into those parts where Prospero Colonna was (as hath been said) with the Duke of Millans men, and had made two camps, about a mile and a half one from the other: which Renzo hearing of, he thought he had an occasion given him of deluding the Enemy, by assaulting them with all his Forces, whilst they were divided. Therefore the day prece∣ding the night wherein he was to assault the Enemy, he began with them on that part where Savello commanded, thinking that the Soul∣diers, wearied with their days March, might sleep the longer: But

as soon as night came on, he sent his light Horse to the other Camp where Colonna was, to make him keep within his Quarters. He with a thousand Foot, and all the Gens d' Armes that were in the City, marching through Marish places, and by obscure ways, when the night was well nigh past, assaulted the Souldiers who were upon the Guard of the Quarters, and before the Enemy were well aware, he fired the Ammunition. The Italian Foot were the first that resisted him; and having endured the brunt for a short while, the business being more tumultuous, and more dreadful as coming at unawares, they ran away: The Switzers made somewhat longer resistance, ma∣king good their station for a good while, and endeavouring to re∣pulse our men, but Renzo's Souldiers throwing many artificial Fire∣works amongst them, whereby their Ranks were disordered, they gave way likewise: The Curassiers, who not apprehending any such thing had put off their Armour, and were laid to sleep, and not having leisure to put them on again, strove to save themselves by flight: Many whereof whilst they endeavour'd to get over the River Ada, were therein drowned: But Savello according to his custom, saved himself by flight. This was a great blow to the Enemy, for of 500 Horse, which were in the Camp, scarce 50 escaped free a∣way; and but few of 1800 Foot. Renzo won much Honour by this Action; for though he had tarried long in those parts to ruine the Town of Ombriano, sacking the Neighbouring Territories, to bring all the Booty that he could get into the City, yet Prospero Co∣lonna suffer'd these things to be done before his eyes, and his Army looking on, not daring so much as once to get out of his Quarters▪ nay hearing some days after that Renzo was coming with 300 Horse to relieve the Town, fearing lest he might fall into some greater mishap, he raised the Camp, and freed Crema from Siege, quarter∣ing his Souldiers in several Towns of Ceradada. The Spaniards, though they treated of Peace yet had they not all this while forborn injurious Proceedings; wherefore the Senate, though they had re∣solved not to suffer their men to go out of Padua, after what you have heard was done in Friuli, yet not willing that the Enemy should daily grow more insolent, gave way that Alviano (who had often desired permission so to do) should take men out of the City, putting them in mind that they were not now to revenge themselves upon the Enemy, but should think they had done enough, if they could keep them from committing rapine and plunder: But desirous not∣withstanding that the Army might be stronger, so as it might be rea∣dy upon all occasions, they commanded Iovan Paolo Ma••frone, who remained in Friuli with a hundred Curassiers, that he should forth∣with go with his Horse to Alviano's Camp: Who before he took the field, sent Bernardino Antignola and Hanibale Lencio with 300 light Horse towards Cittadella to keep Bassano and Marostica in Loyal∣ty, and to preserve them from being injured; having understood that the Enemy were dr••wing near those Castles. He went the next day out of Padua with the rest of the Army, consisting of 600 Cu∣rassiers, 600 cross-bow men, 400 Albanese Horse, and about 8000 Foot, and marching towards the Eugenean-Mou••••••ins, when he wa••

got four miles off to Brassegana, he there divided all his men into two bodies, and resolved to tarry there till he might better understand what the Enemy did. But the Senate, when they heard of this, writ him word that he should joyn all his men together presently, to the end that if peradventure the Enemy should come to assault him, he might not be necessitated shamefully to abandon one pa••t, or by asist∣ing it, to ingage himself again in a Battle, which they wished him by all means possible to avoid. These proceedings, and resolutions of our men were very well known to the Vice-roy; wherefore tarrying at the Torre in the Territories of Vicenza, he commanded the Marquess of Pescara to march speedily to Cittadella with 300 light Horse, 500 Foot, and some pieces of Artillery, wherein Antignola was with the Chivalry: So as the Enemy being got thither before our men thought they would have done, they furiously assaulted the Castle, which Antignola did valiantly defend. But Pescara understanding that that part of the Town which was opposite to where they fought, was left without any men to defend it, he sent a Band of his men thither, with∣out the knowledg of them that were within; to the end that scaling the Walls whilst the Defendants were fighting on the other side, they might the more easily overcome them, and fall on upon the backs of our men; which falling out just as it was designed, Antignola's Soul∣diers being busied in several fights, and astonished at so unexpected an accident, some of them were slain, some taken Prisoners; amongst which Antignola's self was one, and Francisco Coco the chief Magi∣strate of the Town another, and the Castle was sack'd by the Soul∣diers. As soon as this was known at Venice, the Senators being great∣ly moved, both for the present loss, and much more for the scorn thereof, and the remembrance of their late calamities, they comman∣ded Alviano that he should suddenly pass his Army back again over the River Bachillione; but he thinking that this might be a dishonour to him, and to his Army, before this order was obeyed, let the Se∣nate know, that he was in a very safe place, where he could not fear to be indamaged by the Enemy, that he was absolutely resolved to abstain from battle, whereunto he could not be by the Enemy en∣forced. But some of the Senate continuing in their opinion that he was to remove his quarters, it was resolved that Dominico Trevi∣sano, and Lunardo Mocenico, who were then Savij of the Council, should be sent to view his Quarters, that they might the better know the Captains Opinion and the reason of this advice. These brought word back that the situation was indeed such as Alviano had repre∣sented it to be, for the Quarters were in the midst between two Ri∣vers, Brenta and Bachilone, and the Fortifications such, as there was no fear to be had of the Enemy; for Alviano had been very careful in drawing a Trench and a Ditch, and had very well fortified all be∣fitting places; so as there was no more speech had of changing Quar∣ters. Yet the Spaniards, though the Army which was in Padua was drawn out into the field, did by continual Inrodes daily vex the In∣habitants of those parts. Having heard that a great many Country people had with-drawn themselves and their cattle to Cavarzere, that they might be there the freer from Injuries, that place being eve∣ry

where environed with Fens, they betook themselves in great num∣bers towards that part in many Barks which were got together upon the Banks of Adice; whereof when Andrea Bondelmiero, the Podestà, or chief Governour of Pioggia, heard, he caused many Barks to be armed, and sent them towards Cavarzere, whether also Iovan di Naldo went with the light Horse out of Padua. Wherefore the Ene∣my altering their resolution, went to Carigiola and Candiana, two ve∣ry rich Towns by reason of the fruitfulness of the ground; from whence they carried away much Booty. And as they had sack'd all the Banks of Bachillione on the left hand, the year before, so doing now the like on the other side, they left nothing but bare ground in that Country. All this while Alviano kept within his Quarters, ob∣serving the Enemies Actions, and hearing that they had carried great store of corn to the Town of Est••, and that there was 300 of their Foot, and 100 light Horse there, he sent Antonio da Castello thither with a good number of Foot, and a Troop of light Horse, who clap∣ping their Ladders to the Walls by night, and entring the Town, took all the Enemies that were there Prisoners, carrying away as much corn as they could, and burning the rest. This was of more praise to our Souldiers; for that it was done almost in sight of the enemy. And soon after Mercurio Bua and Malatesta Baglione, as they were marching through the Territories of Padua and Vicenza, to se∣cure those parts from being ransack'd by the enemy, they met with two companies of Spanish Foot at Camisano, whom they cut all in pieces, and put some others to flight who came to relieve them. This mean while Nicolo Vendramino came to the same place with 500 vali∣ant Albanese Horse, who joyning with those of Bua and Malatesta, and growing thereby more powerful and more strong, they began to inlarge themselves, and to pursue the Enemy, destroying the coun∣try with fire and sword even to Trent. And having sufficiently vin∣dicated their Injuries, they returned safe to Alviano's camp, without the loss of any one Souldier. The Common-wealths Souldiers were much inheartned by these happy successes; and so much was the re∣putation of Alviano's Army already increased, as a Troop of our men being com very near the Vice-roys camp, not any one durst come forth to skirmish with them; nay, not thinking themselves safe in those Quarters, they soon after quitted their Quarters at Montagnana, and went to Polesin••: By which departure of the Vice-roys, Alviano thinking that he had now opportunity to oppress those of the Enemies party, who tarried in the Territories of Vero••a, commanded Malate∣sta Baglione and Mercurio Bua, to march presently with the Chivalry towards Verona, saying that he himself would follow them the same way with the rest of his Army. Baglione and Bua found the Enemy at the Town of Zevio, where they lay secure, not apprehending any thing from our Army: So as being set upon at unawares by night, they were very much damnified by our men, wherefore the Vice-roy learing some worser business, removed his camp presently into the Territories of Verona, leaving part thereof at Rovigo and Lendenara, that they might live the more commodiously in that fruitful Country: As he past forward, chiefly to secure Verona, he began to be more

apprehensive, because he heard Alviano came on with his whole Ar∣my, wherefore he sent 800 Foot and 500 Horse to succour the Town. The Veroneses began already to mutiny in that Town; for growing very weary of the Dutch Government, they desired to return under the Dominion of the Common-wealth: and being at this time chiefly given to rebel, they expected Alviano's coming; and the rather, for that they hoped when his Army should approach near the Walls, the Souldiers who were distress'd for want of many things, might out of danger, be the more easily be brought to yield: The Enemy there∣fore were timorous in all their Proceedings, and our men the more hardy; which made our men the more successful, and theirs the con∣trary. Alviano knowing that by the Vice-roys departure the Soul∣diers that were at Polisine were much decreased, bethought himself suddenly of that place; thinking that he had now a secure occasion of Boory offer'd him. He at the present discovered his mind only to Baldesara Scipione, because the greatest hopes of success lay in assault∣ing the Enemy before they could be aware of it, or provide for de∣fence. He sent Scipione to those Confines, to discover the conditi∣on of the Seat, the number of the Enemy, and their works; but he himself, to free the Enemy from suspition, march'd another way, towards the Territories of Vicenza, and hearing by Scipione that the business might easily be effected, if all the Army were suddenly brought to Rovegio, he departed from the Town of Malo, whither he was first bent, and marched thitherward; and came with such speed to within a mile of Rovegio, as the Enemy were not as yet aware of his coming, nor had they discovered any thing. Wherefore Al∣viano sent Scipione with some few before, that he might enter the Town at unawares to the Inhabitants, and possess himself of the Gates, to make them sure for him who followed after with the rest of the Army. The Gates being seized on, all Alviano's Souldiers got into the Town, and quickly advanced even to the Piazza; for as good luck would have it, the Country people according to their custom, were come in great numbers to Rovigio, where there was a solemn market held, and the Spanish Souldiers mixing with the Coun∣try people and Trades-men, went promiscuously through the Mar∣ket-place, some to buy things, some for pastime; so as being unex∣pectedly set upon by our men, they being dispers'd here and there could neither sustain the violence of the Assalliants, nor assemble themselves together for their better defence: Some drew their swords to defend themselves, but were either soon cut in pieces or taken Pri∣soners. This Victory was the more remarkable, as being gotten without so much as any of our mens being wounded; for the Enemy without any fighting, lost almost all their Horse, and many of them of all sorts wree led away Prisoners; whereof 200 of the chiefest of them, and Mauricco's self, a Spanish Captain, who had the command of all those men, were sent by Alviano to Venice, where they were put into safe custody. The other Spanish Souldiers who were in the neighbouring parts, hearing of Alviano's being come, and what had befallen their Fellows, leaving their Baggage, and throwing their Victuals into the River, saved themselves by flight, wherein many

of them were notwithstanding taken Prisoners, and Piscara retreated with the rest of his Army to Verona.

The News of this happy success did very much rejoyce all the Ve∣netians, not so much for the thing it self, as that the Fortune of the Common-wealth being altered, they thought they might hope for better things for the future.

The Senate sent Letters of great acknowledgments to Alviano; Saying he had truly shewed how great his worth and experience was in Mi∣litary Affairs, wherein he had manifested his love to the Common-wealth, and a great desire to recover what she had lost, and had much increased his own Glory, and his merits towards the Common-wealth.

But Alviano, though he had chased the Enemy, resolved still to proceed with the same diligence and circum••pection: So without de∣lay he marched with his Army towards the Territories of Verona; where possessing himself of all the Avenues, and placing men of War in all fitting places upon the Shore side of the River Adice, he endea∣voured to keep Victuals from being brought into Verona. But being advertised that Pescara was come with his men out of Verona to en∣counter him, and fearing lest his Army might run the danger of be∣ing caught in the midst between the City, and the Enemies camp, he resolved to go farther from the City; and finding safer Quarters, to keep there, and to inform himself diligently of the Enemies intenti∣ons, and of whatsoever they should do, as well in the camp as in the City; that so he might resolve upon better grounds what he had to do. Renzo da Ceri hoping for better things by these the Venetians happy successes, began to think upon matters of greater moment. Wherefore hearing that the City of Bergamo was but weakly garri∣soned, and imagining it might easily be taken, he committed the bu∣siness to Mafsio Cagnuolo Bergamasco, one who was thought very ex∣pert at Military Affairs, and very well affectioned to the Venetians. This man, taking along with him 500 light Horse, with each of them a Foot man behind them, made what haste he could to Bergamo, and assaulting the Souldiers that were upon the Guard unexpectedly, he put them to flight, and took the City at the first Assault. Which when Renzo heard of, he took with him 1200 Foot and went presently him∣self in person to Bergamo, to munite the City, and make good the ac∣quisition. Whilst he was in Bergamo he sent some of his men toward Brescia, under the conduct of Bartholomeo Martiningo to confirm the minds of those Citizens in their good affection towards the Com∣mon-wealth, and to encourage them to make some Attempt against Cesars Souldiers; intending that if any tumult should upon this occa∣sion arise in the City, to lead the whole Army thither with hopes to gain it. Whereat Cardona being much troubled, he caused Colonna's men to come unto him, resolving to go into those parts, to secure the City of Brescia, and to endeavour the recovery of Bergamo. And having brought all the Spanish Foot, as also those that appertained to Sforza, he went to sit down before Bergamo, and began to play furi∣ously upon the Walls; which being very weak on the side towards the Suburbs of Santo Antonio, were thrown down by the Artillery, and there being no earth within to make Rampiers, Renzo could not

hope to defend the City against so great a force; he bethought him∣self of providing by times for the safety of the Citizens and Souldiers. He therefore articled with Cardona, that in case no succour came in 8 days space from Alviano's camp, he would yield the City up to him; upon condition that all the Citizens Goods should remain safe and untouched, and that the Souldiers might have leave to return to Crema: But no succour coming within the prefix'd time, the City according to agreement fell into the Spaniards hands, and Renzo re∣turned to Crema; where finding great want of all things, he made Truce for six Moneths (but he did this of himself, without the au∣thority of the Common-wealth) betwixt the state of Millan, and Ci∣ty of Crema.

The Truce being made, Renzo leaving Giovan Antonio Ursino com∣mander of the Militia in Crema with 500 Foot and as many Horse, he went with the rest of his men to Padua, and from thence to Venice, to give an account unto the Senate of what had past at Bergamo, and in Crema, as also to advise upon what was farther to be done. He was very welcome to Venice, and very honourably received; he had re∣fused, as you have heard, the place of Governour General of the Militia, and there being no other place now vacant for him, where∣by to exalt him to higher Dignity, the Senate did much increase his pay, and gave him the Castle of Martinengo, with all the Revenues and Rights belonging thereunto. Cardona having gotten Bergamo, turn'd towards Alviano, who (as you have heard) was quarter'd in the confines of Verona: And at the same time Pescara, whose For∣ces were much increased by the Foot that were come from Germany, prepared to assault our camp: Wherefore Alviano resolved to re∣treat with his Army into Padua, which he did so readily and so well advisedly, as couzening the Enemy, he got safe thither with all his men and carriages. He sent first the light Horse towards Montagna∣na to entertain Pescara, till such time as the Curassiers might, toge∣ther with the Commissary Dominico Contarini, get into some place of safety. But he himself having at the same time got together many Boats, whereinto he put his Foot and Artillery, falling down the River Adice till he came to Cavarzere, he landed his men there, and marching in by washy ways, he brought his Army at last safe into Pa∣dua. The Vice-roy finding that he had come too late to where our men were formerly quarter'd, and that he had failed in his designs by Alviano's diligence, he quartered his Souldiers some in the Ter∣ritories of Verona, and some in Polesine, and went himself into Ger∣many to negotiate the renewing of the War the next Spring.

Whilst these things passed thus and that Fortune appeared various and inconstant to the Venetians, the City of Vicenza, which was come under their Dominions, kept always true and faithful to the Common-wealth, though it had but a small Garrison within, and so many Enemies Armies about it, which was chiefly attributed to the diligence of some Citizens, the chiefest of which were, Giorali∣•••• dalla Volpe, Dominico Almenico, Leonardo da Porto, Bartolemeo da Nievo, and many others, who having gotten great store of men out of the Territories thereabouts, kept the City excellently well muni∣ted.

Insomuch as Nicolo Pasqualigo who was the Podesta thereof, and was resolved to abandon the City by reason of the few Defendants that were in it, conceiving better hopes, exhorted the Citizens to de∣fend themselves, and ordered all things so as the Enemies minds misgave them, and they made no Attempts upon the City. The Summer was spent in these slight skirmishes, and with uncertain hopes of peace for what belonged to the Affairs of Italy. But much greater things were done in Asia; for Selino having led (as you have heard) many men into Persia, met with Ismaels Army, and got a glorious Victory of him in Battle, which was chiefly occasioned by his Artil∣lery; the use whereof was unknown to the Persians. It was here∣by evidently seen that great mischiefs were threatned to other King∣domes and Provinces by Selino, who through these prosperous suc∣cesses grew every day more haughty and insolent: His thoughts in this point was easily discerned, for that at the same time when he made so great Preparations for War with the Persians, his Son Soli∣man by his Fathers directions, enter'd the confines of Hungary in ho∣stile manner with great store of Horse, kept the Inhabitants of those parts continually molested, and took some Towns, which he annex∣ed to his Empire. Pope Leo, to put bounds to this audacious power, wrought it so, as that a certain order of Militia should be raised in Hungary, consisting of a multitude of men, who being thereunto bound by Oath, should promise to defend the cause of Christian Re∣ligion against the Infidels, who had for their Badg a red cross, and were called Cruciferi. But it so fell out that what was intended for the good of that King, proved almost his utter ruine; for Arms be∣ing rashly put into the hands of the Country people, who did greatly hate the Nobility, they had means afforded them of committing much wickedness, and of putting that Kingdom into farther dangers. At which Leo being very much troubled (as he himself affirm'd) he turn'd his thoughts and endeavours to peace; to which end, he re∣solved to send Pietro Bembo, a noble Venetian, and who was then one of his Secretaries, to Venice. But many did suspect, that Leo, who was used to put on resolutions relating more to the present Affairs, then to the future, and to value only such as might make for his par∣ticular Interest, and increase the greatness of his Family, not caring for any thing else, as but little relating to him, had an eye likewise in this business, to the honour and advantage of his House, though he sought to cloak these drifts over with the appearing zeal of the com∣mon good; for when he should have reduced Italy to peace, and that by his means the Emperour should have gotten any state therein, he hoped to obtain from him in lieu of such a benefit, things which might mightily increase the Dignity, and Revenue of the House of Medici. There were great signs shewn of this his intention; for that having dispaired a little before of making an accommodation between the Venetians and Cesar, he had turned to the French party, promising to assist King Lewis, and exhorting him to come into Italy▪ yet now being of another mind, and returning to wish well again to Cesar, he endeavour'd to disswade the King of France from that, to the which he had advised him but a little before, objecting many difficulties,

and sometime plainly denying to help and assist him, as he had pro∣mised, since he had so long deferr'd to wage War; alledging that many new accidents had hapned, which required that the War which was then made by the French in Italy, should be now drawn out into a much greater length; and moreover that the present dangers did require, that all Christian Princes laying aside all their home Hatreds and Wars, should direct their Forces and Power against the power∣ful and formidable Enemy Selino, before that having ended the Wars in Persia, he might bend his Forces against Europe. Bembo having this mean while taking upon him his place of Legate, and being come to Venice, spoke thus unto the Senate.

That Pope Leo had been always very well affected towards the Venetian Common-wealth, and had much desired the greatness thereof; that he had been much afflicted at what had befallen her of ill, and had taken her very much into his care, as his Actions had clearly manifested: That it did likewise clearly appear, that all his endeavours tended to peace, and that he had not taken up Arms but inforced by necessity; that he had always imbraced the Common-wealth with a fatherly Charity; that he had conti∣nually exhorted, admonished, and intreated her to accommodate her self to the present condition of times, and to her present Fortune. By which endeavours he thought he had abundantly done what belonged to him; that seeing he could do no good neither by his Authority, nor by his Favour, he had resolved with himself to be quiet for the time to come, without medling any more in the Treaty of pea••e, which he had so often endeavoured in vain: Yet he had since alter'd this his resolution, by reason of the present condition of times, and of his ancient affection to the Common-wealth: That he had sent him therefore as his Legate to exhort the Senate in his name, that they would have 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sitting respect both to their particular Liberty, and to the safety of all Italy, and finally to desire them that they would be better advi∣sed: That the Venetians might serve to instruct others, what the Proceed∣ings of the French were, and how great a desire of rule they had, what 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they used towards the Conquered, how soon they forgot benefits recei∣ved, and that King Lewis his so eager desire to recover the State of Mil∣lan, tended to nothing else but to make himself Master of all Italy; for when he should have overcome Maximillian Storza, and driven him out of his paternal State, he thought he should be easily able to get the Empire of all Italy, and to bereave the Venetian Common-wealth, together with all the other Italians, of their Liberty. That whereas formerly the Vene∣tian Senate had in the height of all their misfortunes, and compell'd by ne∣cessity, apply'd themselves to the Friendship of the French, it might per ad∣venture be thought to be so far well done, as it related to the condition of Times and Affairs: But that if they would continue to do so any longer, let them take heed left whilst they went about to work more safety to them∣selves, they did not accelerate their ruine; for such was the nature and cu∣stom of the French, as their Friendship could not be long useful, which ought rather to be kept at a distance then near at hand. That many late examples might shew, what constancy and faith was to be expected from those people, who had abandoned the King of Navar, being driven out of his State for their Service, and for not having refused their Friendship; and that they had used the like ingratitude and inconstancy towards them,

who had deserved so well of the Kingdom of France: That therefore they were not to hope that those who had abandoned their nearest Allies, would be more loving or faithful to the Venetians, who were Strangers; and that this was the more unlikely, for that the French had plotted the final ruine of the Common-wealth, at the very time when they had been much beholden to her, and had not been by her injured in the last War, wherein there had been many bitter proceedings which might upon better grounds have aliena∣ted their minds. That therefore it became the Venetian Senate to gather that good from the friendship of the French, which occasion offer'd them, to wit, to treat upon agreement with Cesar more honourably, and to con∣clude it upon more ra••ional conditions: But that they should endeavour a∣bove all things to keep the French Forces far from Italy, there being no∣thing less credible then that when the French should have got••en the Duke∣dom of Millan, they would limite themselves, and not strive to make them∣selves Masters of the other Dominions. That the Venetians being weari∣ed with the length of War, ought now greedily to imbrace peace and quiet, to the which nothing could be more averse then the coming of the French in∣to Italy, from whence a cruel War might easily be foreseen, wherewith whole Italy might be long molested. But on the contrary if the Common-wealth would joyn with the Dutch, Spaniards, and Potentates of Italy to drive out the French, when they should but hear of this confederacy, it would be enough to make them lay aside the thought of renewing the War, which they were now preparing to do; and so the Affairs of Italy might be reduced to a peaceable condition. That if this his counsel should be contemn'd, the Pope took God and man to witness that he had never been wanting to the common good of Christendom, nor to the particular welfare of the Com∣mon-wealth of Venice. That it was to be imagined he had hitherto done as he was perswad••d by reason and experience: That he might peradventure give way hereafter to his own affections, siding with Cesar and the Spani∣ards, and joyn with them to the prejudice of those, of whose safety he had so long been in vain careful; nor ought they to be the more confident of him, for that the Interests of the Apostolique See and of the Common-wealth were the same, so as they were both to run the same Fortune, being both of almost alike subject to the same chances: That they should remember that they also being govern'd once, more by their own peculiar affections then by reason, and to revenge the injuries done by Lodowick Sforza, had not such consideration as they ought to have had, to the danger whereinto they put the Common-wealth, by calling in for their Companion of War a pow∣erful forreign King, who was to neighbour upon their Dominions, in stead of a weak Italian Prince. That therefore they should be well advised and learn how to reap some advantage by the Popes favour, which they had ever till now endeavoured to preserve.

Thus did Bembo deliver his Embassie in such manner as he was commanded; but the Senate were much otherwise minded, esteem∣ing it neither a safe nor easie thing to have recourse to Cesar's favour and the Spaniards. So as these the Popes request being reported to the Senate by the Savij of the council, according to custome, they were not accepted of, but by frequent Votes they resolved to conti∣nue in the favour of the French, and to give this Answer to the Popes Legate.

That his Embassie was very w••ll received by the Senate, as well in re∣spect of his own person, whose worth and singular love to his Country was very well known to them all, as also in regard of that Prince who had sent him; for great had the observancy always been which the Common-wealth had born to the Popes of Rome, but that their inclination bore them more particularly to reverence, and observe Leo; wherefore the Senate had al∣ways highly esteemed his wise Couns••ls and friendly Admonishments. But that it had fallen out by a certain Fatality, that the more they had desired his Friendship and Association above that of all others in so great variety of Affairs, the less could they get to joyn in confederacy with him; so as though their good wills were never sever'd from him, yet it behooved that their Forces should be always divided. That therefore as they returned many thanks unto his Holiness, and did confess the great obligations which the Common-wealth had to him, for his having by many endeavours readi∣ly imbraced and favoured their cause; so were they very much troubled that they could not follow his advice, since the ancient custom of the Common-wealth would not permit, that leaving ancient Confederacies, they should make new ones, or unprovoked by any injury, forbear to do that which was convenient f••r them, and which by Articles and Conventions they were bound to do. That they had always been taught by their Fore-fathers that what was honest was useful; that therefore they could not without great Infamy to the Common-wealth, break that League which they had a little before made with the French. Moreover that if the Pope would call to mind the ancient merits of the Kings of France as well towards the Church, as towards the State of Venice, as also the Wealth and Power of so great a King, he would commend this their advice, and think that he himself ought to follow their example, for the safety of the Ecclesiastical State, and the greatness of his Family would be better founded, by his ad∣hering to the Forces of the French, and to the Venetians Friendship.

Moreover they acquainted Bembo with their Jealousies, which made them believe that such a Treaty of Peace would not be very safe: Since the Pope was perswaded thereunto by the Emperour, and by Ferdinand, who, as it did plainly appear, did under a pretence of agreement, plot as they formerly had done, a pernicious War a∣gainst the Common-wealth; for at the same time when the Embassa∣bour of Spain treated with the King of France touching the Affairs of Italy, Ferdinando had begun to renew these Treaties of Peace, out of no other end certainly but to make the King of France jealous of the Venetians, whereby he might make more advantagious conditions with him. Which when he should have done, and that the Veneti∣ans were dis-associated from the French, what could keep him from making himself Master of whole Italy, which he had long endeavour∣ed? Bembo returned to the Pope with this answer to his Embassie. The Venetians calling to mind what Leo had often affirmed, that he would never give way, no not though the Senate had assented there∣unto, that any part of the Common-wealth should remain in the pow∣er of any other, knowing that by her the Liberty of Italy was chiefly maintain'd, and that it behooved the Greatness of the House of Medi∣ci to have her for their leaning stock, they certainly thought they ought not to believe much in his exhortations; for at the same time

that he divulged these things under pretence of Friendship, he treated with them of peace after such a manner as that if it had been granted, the Common-wealth would be berest of the richest and noblest part of her Dominions; by consenting that Cesar should keep Verona, a gallant City, and the Gate of Italy, whereby he might always enter at his pleasure to ruine her. But the Venetians did build their chief∣est hopes upon the coming of the French into Italy, which made them care so little for Peace; for Lewis not being able to fall upon the Enterprize of Millan the year before, by reason of the War with England, and yet longing very much to put an end to the War in Ita∣taly, the differences being now accorded between him and Henry King of England; he had promised to send over a great and powerful Ar∣my very speedily to Italy; to which when the Venetian Forces should be added, they thought they might be able to drive their Enemies from the confines of the Common-wealth. Who as they were more insolent by reason of the late troubles of the French, so the force of the League being strengthened by their return into Italy, and they themselves wanting many things, especially Monies, they would lay aside their audaciousness, and for their own safeties sake put on new resolutions. To increase these their hopes, and to confirm such Princes as were their Friends, still in Friendship with them, they chose two Embassadours, to send to the two Kings, the one of France, the other of England, to wit, Francisco Donato, and Pietro Pasquillio; but Donato falling soon after desperately sick, they chose Sebastiano Giustiniano in his place.

They were first to congratulate with both these Kings for the Peace, and Marriage which had ensued between them, (for Lewis had married Mary, Sister to Henry) and that they should render them many thanks, for that the one and the other of these Princes, had in the Articles of Peace made be∣tween them, named the Venetians as their Friends and Confederates. That they should also assure the King of France, that the Senate had the same in∣tentions as he had, and the like desire of renewing the War, and to increase the strength of the League; that therefore he should not doubt of the Vene∣tians good will towards him, since they were not only most ready to continue the Friendship of the French, and to prefer it at all times, and upon what∣soever events before any other Friendship which might be propounded to them, but also, if occasion should require, be as ready for their service to undertake new enmities; that the condition of times had often caused an in∣terruption of their offices of good will, which was not notwithstanding irra∣dicated out of their minds. And that though the Embassadours should find a ready willingness in the King, concerning the Affairs of Italy, and of the Common-wealths Interests, they would not notwithstanding forbear to make use of publick authority to exhort him to come as soon as might be into Italy, promising him that the Venetian assistance should be such and so ready, as it was not to be doubted but that being joynd with his Forces, they might break the Forces of the common Enemies, and taking from them that which they had injuriously possessed, reduce such things under the Dominion of the King of France, and of the Venetian Common-wealth, as did belong to each of them. The Embassadours were enjoyn'd to perform the like offi∣ces with the King of England; that there had always many good offices been

mutually observed between the Kings of England and the Common-wealth; that they were confident that Henry would carry himself so as they shewed not need to desire any farther demonstration of Love from him; but that he would of himself do whatsoever he knew might make for the good of the Common-wealth. But that they should chiefly entreat him, to endeavour the increase of the King of France his affection towards the Common-wealth, and by his exhortations incite him to send his Forces away immedi∣ately into Italy to their succour; whereby great glory would redound unto his name.

This was that which was given in charge to the Embassadours. But whilst they were upon their way, King Lewis fell sick and dyed. It was thought that his death would have caused great alteration of Affairs. The Embassadours were not recalled, but commanded to go on; and for what concern'd their Embassie, they were to expect new commissions from the Senate. King Lewis afforded the Com∣mon-wealth of Venice occasion of proving various successes of For∣tune. His Friendship was useful to them at the beginning; for they made good advantage of his asistance to revenge the Injuries done them by Lodowick Sforza; so as she got Cremona, a great and rich City, and for a while the favour and friendship of so great a King, seemed to win the Common-wealth no small credit with other Prin∣ces; but afterwards, when not to part from the Friendship of the French, the Venetians took up Arms against the Emperour Maximil∣lian, they fell into great troubles and dangers. Moreover Lewis was the first Authour and Driver on of the League of Cambray, which was cause of great ruine to the Common-wealth; as may be partly known by what you have already heard. Lastly he who had plotted so great mischiefs against the Common-wealth, re-assuming his first affection towards her, began to desire and to endeavour her exaltati∣on, and did at this time use all the means he could to make her return to her former Power and Honour. And certainly the Common-wealths recovery of her State in Terra firma afterwards by the asist∣ance of the French, must be chiefly attributed to Lewis, who did use the same various and uncertain Proceedings all his life time; so as he made others, by reason of his inconstancy, make trial of Fortune seve∣ral times, so did not he neither continue stedfast either in prosperous or adverse fortune, nor did he long make trial of the same luck. All humane Affairs are for the most govern'd by such mutual alterations.

The End of the Second Book.