A treatise of the art of war dedicated to the Kings Most Excellent Majesty / and written by the Right Honourable Roger, Earl of Orrery.

Of Camping an Army within a Line or Intrenchment.

THere are three sorts of Camps,

The Temporary Camp, which is for a Night, or some short space.

The Standing Camp, whereby Countries are kept in sub∣jection, which have been Conquer'd, or in which Armies are lodged for some time, either to avoid being necessitated to Fight, till they saw a fitting time, or for some other great design.

And the Besieging Camp,

Of which latter I intend to discourse in that Chapter which concerns Sieges, it seeming to be best reserved till then. And now only to speak of such a Camp with a Line or Intrenchment about it, as is of extent and capacity sufficient to lodge an Army within it, both for the accom∣modation of your own Soldiers, and resisting the Enemy, if he assaults you.

The Camping of an Army within a Line or Intrenchment, is attended with so many solid Advantages, and the neglect of it accompanied with so many Dangers and Inconveniences, that by as much as the Roman Discipline, which constantly obliged their Armies to lodge tho' but for one Night in intrenched Camps, is to be praised; by so much the neglect of it ought to be avoided: I shall enumerate some of the most material Benefits, which are inseparable from the doing it; in which, by the Rule of Contraries, the Mischiefs of omitting it, may be the clearlier and more convincingly in∣ferr'd.

First, Such an Intrenchment of an Army keeps it safe, and frees it from those Dangers which it is alwayes exposed unto, by Quartering in open Towns and Villages, where if your Enemy be awake, he will every Night endanger the carrying or beating up of some quarter of it, which by its being lodged in a Body, and within a Line, it is exempted from, since to assault an Army so Retrenched, is so daring

an Act, and so dangerous, that we hear of few who under∣take it, and of much fewer who are successful in it.

Secondly, It eases the Army from keeping many and great Guards, since a few serves the turn for All, when all are at hand, in case of the Enemies attempt; whereas if they are Quartered, Dispersed in Villages, and without a Line, eve∣ry Quarter must do almost as great, and as hard Duty for its own security, as if the Army were well encamped would suffice for the whole. But above all, it eases and secures the Cavalry, which if Quartered in open places, must be mount∣ed the most part of every Night.

Thirdly, Your Army is better than within a strong Town; for there you are mingled with Inhabitants, (some of which are too likely to be Spies for your Enemy) but usually are Corrupters of that excellent Discipline of which Sobriety is a chief Ingredient; both which great Evils are not only avoided in Camps, but from them also you may go secret∣ly, and with what numbers of Soldiers you please, on all great designs, and leave your Train, Baggage, and Sickmen, &c. secure, during your absence.

Fourthly, In an Intrenched Camp, none can compel you to Fight but when you please, and Woe be to that Army which by an Enemy is made to Fight against its Will.

Lastly, (to omit many other material Advantages) an Intrenched Camp, by reason of the open Air, the healthi∣ness of its scituation, which alwayes must be minded, and the cleanness which may, and ought to be kept in it, is ex∣ceedingly less subject to Infection and Sickness, than Villa∣ges are, insomuch that some great Captains have concluded, an Army will be likelier preserved, and kept sound and un∣tainted three months in a well seated and regulated Camp, than three weeks in the ordinary Villages and Countrey Towns.

All which seems to prove, that one of the most necessary and beneficial parts of the Military Art, is to know how to Incamp well, and constantly to practice it Nor could I ever hear of any Objection against it, which did not relish chiefly of Laziness; for such as disuse it, take for their pre∣tence, the over-harassing of the Soldiers, and consequently often casting them thereby into sicknesses; when, on the

contrary, Idleness does oftner produce the last, and the for∣mer, by practice, will soon be overcome; for no mens bo∣dies are usually so sound, and continue long so, as the daily Labourers.

For as to the charge of buying Pickaxes, Shovels, Spades, and Wheelbarrows, &c. and the Horses, or Oxen, Carts, or Wagons to carry them in, it is insignificant if weighed with the real advantages an Army derives from the good employ∣ing of them; and as to the Labour, it ought to be without wages, since none do it, but those who find their own safety, and ease of Duty by it; And since we make the Soldiers carry their Arms for their Defence, and their Knapsacks for their Food, which all do willingly, because 'tis rational, and they are accustomed to it; so it being as reasonable that men should sleep safe, and keep fewer and less Guards with security; if what conduced thereunto were made habitual to them, they would as contentedly undergo it. If one should say that the Roman private Soldiers were better than ours are, and fitter for War, we should take it as an Affront; and yet 'tis evident, that in this laborious, and advantageous part of War, they excell'd us; we should either not deny it by our words, or contradict it by our actions. At least if we would do no more, I could wish we did but so much, as when ever we Camp, though but for a night, we would at the Angles of those great Inclosures we lodge in, raise little Bastions, or Flankers of Earth, and Sod; And where the sides of such Inclosures were longer than a Musket would carry point blank, make little Ravelins or Redoubts to clear them, it would be a great safety to the Camp, and would ease the Duty of the Guards, who would not need to be so many, or so strong; And if you came to Camp in an open place, only but raise little Bastions, or small Redoubts round the Ground you Camp on in a Musquet shot the one from the other; And instead of a Line, draw Carts, Wagons, and Carriages between the several Redoubts, (leaving Avenues) which is done in a little time, and with much ease; for those Redoubts need not be above Parapet-high, and the Grafts of them no broader nor deeper than the Earth rais'd out of them will suffice to fill between your Sod-work, which faces and lines the Redoubts; nor need

they be larger within, than will serve to contain 60 men apiece; but if you Incamp for some time, 'twill be worth the pains of making a Graft, and a Line, and enlarging and heightning your Flankers.

These little Labours would be exceeding useful and safe, and would so accustom the Soldiers to work for their own safety and ease, that in time of necessity, they would be the fitter and abler to undergo, and answer it.

I do not find that the Greeks ever tyed themselves to make the Line about their Camps equal or regular, but drew them according to the benefit and advantages of the ground. The Romans seldom or never varied the form and figure of their Camp, but alwayes made their Rampards higher, and the Graft broader, and deeper, according to the apprehen∣sion they had of the Enemy.

I think it is not amiss here to set down the form of a Ro∣man Camp, for there are many particulars in it worthy the imitation, and some things which our late Experience has with much Reason alter'd, and amended.

The Line and Rampard, which consisted of four equal sides, was equally distributed to be raised by the two Ro∣man Legions, and to the two Legions of their Allies, who without intermission perfected it, which was their first work; and 'tis probable when they Camped but for one Night in a place, and fear'd not to be Attacked, they made the Line but low, and the Graft but broad and deep enough to fill Earth enough between the facing and lining of it; I observe they did not use Sods commonly, if at all, for those Works; but they drove double Rows of Stakes of a sufficient thickness and length into the Earth, leaving so much of the length above ground, as the heighth of their Work was to be of; then wattled them like our Hurdles, and raised them by degrees, as they fill'd them with the Earth rising out of the Graft. This way was expeditious enough if they Incamped still in places, where they were certain to find those Materials; And where they wanted them, I suppose they made use of Sods to face and line their Ram pards with, as the Moderns do: But their way of Sta∣kingand Wattling, having many Iron Crows, or other like Tools to make Holes for their Stakes, (if the Materials

were ready) was more quick than ours; for our way re∣quires much time both to pare the Sods, and to ram the earth and the tayles of the Sods, sufficiently; and without both, the Work is very apt to belly, and then to slide, which also it will very often do, if the earth have not time to set∣tle, and that cannot be allowed when Men come to the place of Camping but for one Night; whereas when the Rampard is faced and lined with strong Stakes, and good Wattles, the Work cannot slide, till either the Stakes, or Wattles rott, and that they will not do in many months; neither is there need, to ram the earth, for it being firmly shut up, on both sides, it will settle of it self, without en∣dangering the sliding of the Rampard; and 'tis in this manner that we do in sandy and gravelly Grounds, secure our Lines of Circumvallations, which proves it is firmer than Sod work can be.

Between the inside of the Rampard, and the outside of the outwardmost Tents, there was an open place or street of 200 feet in breadth, which was continued all along the four equal sides of the Camp, and this was the place to draw up the Soldiers in, who were to defend the Line, and for their Cavalry to scour it, which in my poor opinion was too narrow to answer both services; and if it were only to draw up the Foot in, they lost the benefit of their Horse, which experience has taught us, in such occasions, is of sin∣gular use; for whatever Foot scale, or storm a Line, must enter it in great confusion and disorder, and can very hard∣ly indeed resist small Squadrons of Horse, who are ready to receive them, and charge them all along the inside of the Line.

The four Orders of their Infantry, the Velites, the Hasta∣ti, the Principes, and the Triarii, under the names only of the three latter, (for they divided and mingled the Velites among them) were thus ordered, ten Cohorts of the Hasta∣ti, which at sixscore in a Cohort made 1200 Men, had 480 Velites join'd with them, and made one Body of 1680 Men.

The like number of Velites were joined to ten Cohorts, of the Principes.

But in regard the Cohorts of the Triarii consisted but of

sixty Men each; ten Cohorts of those made but 600 Men, and therefore the Velites join'd to them were but 240, both which made a Body but of 840 Men.

The Romans allowed ten Foot of Ground square, to lodge two Foot Soldiers with their necessaries, so that 100 Foot in breadth, and 1000 in length, was sufficient to lodge 2000 Foot Soldiers, whereby ten Cohorts of the Hastati, when the Velites were joined to them, (which made but 1680 Men in all) were lodg'd at large in that compass, and had enough to spare for their Baggage.

The like quantity of Ground served to lodge ten Co∣horts, of Principes when their Velites were joined to them.

But only half as much Ground was allow'd to ten Co∣horts of the Triarii, and to the Velites joined to them, be∣cause they were half less in number.

To the Cavalry, they allow'd for every 30 Horse 100 feet of Ground square, and for 100 Turmae 100 Foot in breadth, and 1000 Foot in length.

To the Allies they allowed the like proportion of Ground to Camp in, which they allow'd to the Roman Le∣gions.

But because the Consul had alwayes a fifth part of the Foot of the Legions of the Allies, and one third part of their Horse for his Guard, they lessen'd the allowance of Ground where the Allies Incamped, and added as much elsewhere in the place where the Guards were Quar∣ter'd.

The Lodgment of the Cavalry, and Infantry only, was separated by five streets, every one of 50 Foot in breadth, at 1050 in length; which streets were divided by a cross street in the midst, which they called Quintania.

At the head of this Lodgment of the Cavalry and Infan∣try, there was a large street of 100 Foot in breadth, which went quite cross the whole Camp, beyond which street was the Lodgment of the 12 Tribunes, opposite to the two Ro∣man Legions; but opposite to the two Legions of the Al∣lies, was the Lodgment of their 12 Prefects, but the Lodg∣ment of the 12 Tribunes was in the middle, and those of the 12 Prefects of the Allies, were on the right and left hand of the Tribunes.

To every one of these 24 Lodgments, was allow'd 50 Foot of Ground square, which with the Intervals between each Lodgment, took up the breadth of the whole Camp to the street of 200 Foot wide, which went round next the Inside the Line of the Camp.

Beyond the Tents of the Tribunes and Prefects, was an∣other street of about 50 Foot broad, and beyond it was the Consuls Lodgment, which had allow'd for it 200 Foot square, and was call'd the Pretorian; which was still in the midst of that Line, and had on the right and left hand two great spaces of Ground; the one for the Questor, who was the Treasurer; the other for the Market, on all sides where∣of, but on that side where the Tribunes and Prefects lodged, were the Lodgments of the 400 Horse, and the 1630 Foot which the Consuls drew out of the Legions of the Allies, and were as it were their Guard; with Room for the Vo∣lunteers, and Lodgments for some extraordinary Horse and Foot which might repair to the Camp: all which compos'd a perfect square, and beyond which square, was the 200 Foot street, which went along the four sides of the Camp. And this was a standing Rule among the Romans, that their Infantry was alwayes lodged the nearest to every side of the Line, or Intrenchment of the Camp, as those which were still to defend it, and shelter the Cavalry, which always were placed in the midst of the Lodgments.

When a Consular Army consisted of more than four Le∣gions, they were lodged still in the same Order, but then the figure of the Camp was a long square in proportion to the additional Forces which were to be contained in it; and when both the Consular Armies were united, they took up the ground of two such perfect squares.

Every side of the Camp had but one Gate; that which was next to the Consuls Lodgment, was called Pretorian, ex∣traordinary; the other three were called Principal, Quinta∣nia, and Decumen; but where they were placed, I find not. Nor in what place of the Camp was lodged, nor how much ground was allow'd, the two Lieutenants of the Consul, (one for each Roman Legion) nor for the Prefect of the Camp, (who was the chief for administring Justice) nor for their Victuals, Arms, Cloaths, and Engines of War, or their Carriages.

But 'tis probable that the Gates were in the midst of eve∣ry side of the Line; that the Lieutenants were quarter'd near the Consul; that the Questor had the larger scope of ground allow'd him, because under his care, was the Money, the Victuals, the Arms, the Cloaths, and the Military En∣gines.

But this we find, that the Tents of the Romans, to the time of Iulius Caesar, were all made of the Skins of Beasts.

There seem to be two considerable defects in the Roman Camping.

The first is, what was observed already, that the distance between the outwardmost streets of Hutts, and the Ram∣pard, or Line, was not broad enough for the Horse, and Foot, which were to defend and scour it, especially the Files of their Foot being so exceeding deep.

The second is, that their Market-place could be but small, being within the Intrenchment of the Camp, which was al∣so very incommodious, if not dangerous; and might with much more advantage and safety have been kept without the Camp, in some open place near it, and under the com∣mand of it, whereby none of the Countrey who brought their Goods to be sold, needed to enter into the Camp to spy, or set it on fire, or to surprize it; and keeping the Market out of the Camp, the Camp would thereby have been kept the cleaner, and less crouded, and consequently more wholsome.

Besides, so many Soldiers as were quarter'd in the Camp, of a Consular Army, could hardly, if possible, buy in a day, what the Market afforded, because the place it was kept in was so small, and the few streets to it, so nar∣row.

Sextus Iulius Frontinius in his 4th Book of Stratagems, sayes, That till the Romans had vanquish'd Pyrrhus King of the Epirots, they never used a Line about their Camp, but lay in the open Fields; but having found that Princes Ar∣my intrench'd, they liked it so well, as that ever afterwards they practised it themselves.

The modern way of Camping, which I have seen, within a Line, or Intrenchment, is as followeth.

By Retrenchments, I do not only mean the Line cast up about the whole Circuit of the Camp, but also all sort of Works by which the Camp is invironed, and shut up, as Redoubts, Bastions, Ravelins, Forts, Tennailes, Hornworks, Crownworks, and all other sorts, which flank and defend the Outside of the Line, and such of them as are closed, the In∣fide of the Line, as Forts and Redoubts do.

The Ordinary Line cast up, to inviron a Temporary Camp, is about six Foot high, and three Foot broad at the top, which is in effect but a Parapett, or Breast-work.

• 1. The Basis or Breadth of the bottom from the Out∣side of the Out-Sod, to the Inside of the Inward-Sod, about seven Foot.
• 2. The sloping, battering, or Talud Exterior, about two Foot and an half.
• 3. Of the Inside but one Foot.
• 4. The Exterior height of the Line five Foot.
• 5. The Interior height of it six Foot.
• 6. The Breadth of the Foot Bank, or Banquet, three Foot.
• 7. The Height of it, one Foot and an half.
• 8. The Breadth of the Ditch, or Graft, eight Foot.
• 9. The Battering, or Talud Exterior and Interior of the Ditch, four Foot.
• 10. The Depth of the Graft, five Foot.
• 11. The Breadth of the bottom of the Graft, four Foot.
• 12. The Lisiere, or distance between the first Outward∣most Sod, and the Brink of the Graft, two Foot.

These are the Ordinary Dimensions of the Line and Ditch of a Camp intrench'd; but if the necessity require it, the one may be raised higher and of greater thickness, and the other made deeper and broader, accordingly.

'Tis to be observed as a standing Rule, That at the di∣stance of every Musket-shot point blank, a Flanker must be made, either a Redoubt or a Ravelin, or Bastion, &c. and

at every Angle where the Line turns, a Bastion or Fort, they being the fittest Works to secure the said Angle, and to command the Lines on both sides. And those Flanker Works are commonly more high, and thick, and the Ditch of them more broad, and deep, than the Lines are; for they are the defence of those Lines, since without them, when the Enemy came to the Ditch, they could not be of∣fended considerably.

The raising of this Line, and these Flankers, is to be equally distributed between the Regiments of Foot which are not in Guard; for those which are to Watch, and Fight for all the rest, till they come up; and the Horse Regiments are exempted usually from these Works, being to provide Forage for their Horses, and to Scout, but they are to make their own Hutts themselves, to fetch in Forage, and to scour the Countrey. The Work therefore of Intrenching the Camp, is to be equally divided among all the Foot Regi∣ments, every Regiment taking according to its number of Men, his equal proportion of the whole; every Division of each Regiment relieving by turns, the other Divisions of it. As if a Regiment consist of 1200 effective Private Soldiers, 600 must be at Work for one hour, and the other 600 must at the hours end relieve them; and so by Spells, till the Work be done, which must never be given off till it be finished.

Every 100 Soldiers ought to have one Commission'd Of∣ficer, one Serjeant, and one Corporal, to supervise those 100 Soldiers, and see that they lose no time, nor do their Work carelesly. Some must be employ'd to cut Sods; others to carry them to the Work, either in Wheel, or Handbarrows; some must be appointed to lay them, others to ram them, and cut, or pare them with a broad Spade; some must break up the Earth of the Ditch, others with Shovels must cast it up within the Sod Work; always filling the Earth between the Sod, as fast as the Sod Work rises; and some must cut, and bring Frith to mingle with the Earth, which is cast up betwixt the exterior and interior facing of Sods, which will hinder the Earth from sliding.

Some Generals allow half the Regiments which are off the Guard, to be making the Hutts for themselves, and for

those which Work at the Line, that thereby when they have done the Line, they may have their Hutts ready to rest in; and that their Comrades may provide for them, their Straw, and their Suppers.

This may well be allow'd in two Cases:

The first, where the Army is so numerous, and well pro∣vided, that half the Soldiers of it may suddenly compleat the Line.

Secondly, where you are certain no Enemy can assault you, while your Line is a making.

But where you are not certain of both these, especially of the latter, all other Advantages must yield to that of the general Safety.

Whatever Utensils, as Spades, Shovels, Pickaxes, Wheel∣barrows, Handbarrows, &c. are the Kings, and only lent to the Soldiers to make the Works; the Commissary of those Stores is to give them by tail, to the Commission'd Officer, who first supervises the Soldiers who are to Work, who is to give his receipt for them, as the Officer who re∣lieves him in that Duty, must do the like to him who is re∣lieved; and the Officer of the last relief of all, is to go with the Soldiers who are to carry them, and deliver them up by tail to the Commissary, who is thereupon to deliver up the first Officers receipt, which the last Officer is to send or carry to him that night; else the Kings Utensils would be imbezel'd to his damage, and that of the service.

As to the Hutting and Camping of the Regiments, when the Line is finished, these Rules may be observed.

All along the four sides of the Line, I would still leave the space of 300 Foot, for the drawing up the Soldiers which are to defend the Line, in case it be attacqued, and for small Parties of Horse to scour it, in case it be en∣tred.

A Foot Company is to be lodged as follows, supposing it to consist of 100 Men; which will also serve for a general Rule for the Lodgment of one Regiment, or 20 Regi∣ments, if the Army to be Camp'd consist of so many.

The Ground to lodge 100 Men in, within an Intrench'd Camp, is 300 Foot in length, and 24 Foot in breadth; out of which 300 Foot in length, 40 Foot in length, and 24 in

breadth, is taken for the Lodgment of the Captain, be∣tween which Lodgment, and the first of the Soldiers Hutts or Tents, a void space is left, of 20 Foot in length, and the breadth is to be the very same of the whole Companies when they have Hutted, viz. 24 Foot.

From this void space of 20 Foot, the Soldiers begin their Street, or Line of Hutts in manner following:

There is left for them 200 Foot in length intire, and 24 in breadth; the 24 in breadth is to be divided into three equal parts; the middlemost, is to be the Lane, in the two outward two thirds; the two Files of Hutts are to be made, and the Lane of 8 Foot is to be left between them; and no Man must dare to enlarge or lessen his Hutt above 8 Foot from Out to Out, lest he thereby subvert the whole Order of Camping; the length of every Hutt is to be at most 7 Foot, and 3 are to be in one Hutt.

I lay Incamp'd several years, and all in Tents; the Troop∣ers and Foot Soldiers had Trench-Tents, not so large as these sort of Hutts, yet I allow'd every six Foot Soldiers but one Trench-Tent, and every three Troopers but one Trench-Tent, (because of their Saddles and Furniture) and with this allowance, they were satisfied.

Behind the last Hutts of these two Files of Hutts, there is a void space of 20 Foot in length, and the breadth is that of the Lane, and the two Files of Hutts beyond which said void place, the Suttlers, and Victuallers, have their Hutts, which are 10 Foot long; and their Hutts for their Drink, and for their dressing their Meat, is also 10 Foot long; and this void space of 20 Foot between the Soldiers last Hutts, and the Hutts of the Victuallers and Suttlers, is left, because by continual dressing Meat for the Soldiers, the Hutts of the Victuallers are apt to take Fire, and this vacuity, in case they do take Fire, is convenient for People to quench it, before it can take hold of the Soldiers Hutts; in none of which, on any pretence, Fire is to be allow'd.

So the whole 300 Foot in length for the Lodgment of one Company, is thus employed.

• 40 Foot for the Captains Lodgment.
• 20 For the Street between it, and the foremost Hutts of the Soldiers.
• ...

• 200 Foot for the Soldiers Hutts.
• 20 For the void space between their Hutts, and the Victuallers Hutts.
• 10 Foot for the Victuallers Hutts, and
• 10 Foot for the Kitchins and Cellars of the Victual∣lers and Suttlers.

In all 300 Foot in length.

The Doors of the Soldiers Hutts do all open into the Lane, and the Right-hand File of the Hutts, open just op∣posite to the Left-hand File of the Hutts.

Only the foremost Hutt of each File of the Hutts have their Doors to open towards the 20 Foot Street between them and the Captains Lodgment; of which two Hutts, one is for the Lieutenant, and the other for the En∣sign.

And the two last Hutts of the File of Hutts, have their Doors to open towards the 20 Foot Street between them, and the Victuallers and Suttlers, in which two Hutts the two Serjeants are lodged

And the Victuallers and Suttlers Hutts are open towards the Hutts of the Soldiers, that the Soldiers may come to them in a direct Line.

This may be the Lodgment of an intire Company of 100 Men, with their Officers, and Suttlers, and Victuallers. But if a Foot Company consist of 150 Soldiers, then the Lodgment of that Company shall consist of the three Files of Hutts; and if it consist of 200 Soldiers, then it shall have four Files of Hutts, and three Lanes, and so more or less, as the Company is in number. But every Hutt, and every I ane, is to continue the same for its Dimension; and only the breadth of the ground for the Lodgment of it, is inlarg'd, but never the length of 300 Foot alter'd; else it would unavoidably disorder the Lanes or Streets of the whole Camp, which will be regular, while the length of every Lodgment is equal; so that a Company which con∣sists of 150 Men, has 16 Foot in breadth added to it, 8 Foot for the File of Hutts, and 8 Foot for the Lane; but the breadth of the Captains Lodgment in the Front, and the Suttlers and Victuallers in the Rear, are still to be as broad as the whole breadth of the Hutts and Lanes, to

make the long square of the whole Lodgment equal in the Lines, and in the Sides of it.

This is to be also observed, that between every five or six Hutts, a space of about three Foot is to be left, to hinder the Fire, if by any Accident it should take in any of their Hutts, which commonly are thatch'd; but the Victuallers Hutts ought alwayes to be cover'd with Sods, or the Hydes or Skins of the Beasts they kill, which are not so liable to take Fire.

In ancient Times they used Tents instead of Hutts, for then the way of making War was in the Field, and Armies were daily in motion; and in such cases, Straw, Rushes, or Flags, to cover, and Wood to make Stakes and Roofs were not alwayes at hand, nor to frame the Roofs easie; but now that for the most part War is made in the Besieging of strong places, or in standing Camps, both Officers and Sol∣diers use to Hutt, which is more warm, and more lasting than Tents; however, in the pitching of Tents, where they are used, the like Order may be observed, as is set down for Hutts.

I shall now proceed to shew how a Foot Regiment is to be Lodged, in an Intrenched Camp.

If a Regiment consist of 20, 18, 15, 12, 10, or 6 Com∣panies, the Regiment is to be divided into two equal parts, and every Company of it is to be Lodg'd as the Company of 100, or 150, or 200 are; (as is newly before set down) and if there be an odd Company, let it be Lodg'd in the Files of Hutts of the Right-hand Division; if the Compa∣nies be unequal in number, it matters not for the length of 300 Foot being constantly observed, the breadth only va∣ries according to the greatness or smallness of the Compa∣ny; but the long square must still be observed, for the pre∣serving the Regularity of the Camping throughout the whole Army.

When the Regiment is divided into two parts, there must be constantly allow'd 300 Foot in length for the Lodgment of the intire Regiment, but as to the breadth of the Lodg∣ment, it varies according to the quantity of the Companies; alwayes keeping this standing Rule, as is before exprest, (viz.) that 200 Foot in length of the said 300, is to be

kept intire for the Hutts of the Lieutenant, Ensign, Ser∣jeants, and private Soldiers with their Corporals, and every Company of 100 Men is to have 24 Foot in breadth for their two Files of Hutts, and the Lane between them of eight Foot wide.

The rest of the 300 Foot, viz. 100 Foot is to be thus divided, 40 Foot for the Lodgment of the Colonel, and each of the Captains (which takes up the whole breadth of the Lodgment of the Regiment) 20 Foot for the Street between their Lodgment and the Hutts in File, 20 Foot for the Street between the lower end of the Soldiers Hutts, and the Victuallers, 10 Foot for the length of the Victual∣lers Hutts, and the other 10 Foot for the Victuallers Kitch∣ins and Cellars, which extend the whole breadth of the in∣tire Lodgment of the Regiment.

Between the two Divisions of the Regiment, there is to be left a space of Ground of 68 Foot in breadth, through∣out the whole 200 Foot in length, and 16 Foot more for two Lanes of 8 Foot broad, each Lane for a passage be∣tween the two inwardmost Files of Hutts, of each of the two Divisions of the Regiment; whereby an intire Regi∣ment consisting of 10 Companies, each Company 100, to∣gether with the Lodgments of the Commissioned Officers, Staff-Officers, Non-Commission'd Officers, Suttlers, Victual∣lers, and for their Baggage, shall contain 300 Foot in length, and 388 Foot in breadth; that is, reckoning the length from the front of the Colonels and Captains Lodgments, to the Rear of the Victuallers and Suttlers Hutts, and the breath is the wideness of all the spaces between the said length, else it would be incongruous to say the length was 300 Foot, and the breadth 388 Foot; which therefore I thus explain, that the Criticks may not except against the expression: for the length in such Incampings of a Regi∣ment, is to be taken from the depth of the Files of the Hutts; and so from the Lodgment of one Company of 100 Men which has 300 Foot in length, and but 24 in breadth, the depth of the File of Hutts is still called the length of the Lodgment, though by the addition of the other nine Companies of the Regiment, the breadth is more than the length of the Lodgment. Besides, the length being still a

Standard for the whole Lodgment, that the Lanes or Streets of it may be kept regular, and the breadth accidental and variant, it having regard to the numbers of the Companies; that space which is from the front of the Officers Lodgment, to the Rear of the Victuallers Kitchins, is still called the length of the whole Lodgment, whatever the breadth may be.

This length and breadth then so explain'd of the entire Lodgment of a Regiment of 1000 Men divided into 10 Companies, may be distributed as follows:

The front of the Lodgment of the whole Regiment is to be taken up with the Lodgment of the Colonel, and that of the 10 Captains; the Colonel is to be in the middle, and five Captains Lodgments on the right hand, and five on the left hand, (reckoning the Captain Lieutenants for one of the Captains) the Lodgment of every Captain is to be 40 Foot in length, and 24 Foot in breadth; the Colonels, in regard of his Dignity and greatest Baggage, is to have 68 Foot in breadth, yet but 40 in length; thereby to keep the Street between the said Officers Lodgments, and the first of the Files of the Hutts equally broad; between every Cap∣tains Lodgment, as also between their Lodgments, and the Colonels, is to be left a Lane of 8 Foot wide, which con∣tinues during the 40 Foot of the length of every of the said Lodgments.

The Colonels Lodgment, and every particular Lodg∣ment of each Captain, is invironed with an Intrenchment five foot high, the Graff four foot deep, and four foot broad, within which is the Captains Hutt, the Hutt for his Stable, and the Hutt for his Kitchin, and the remaining void places of his Lodgment are for his Hay, Wood, &c. the like for the Colonels Lodgment according to its dimen∣sions.

The Front therefore of the Colonels, and 10 Captains Lodgments, with the Lane of 8 foot wide between each Lodgment, takes up in breadth 388 foot: that is,

The Colonel in the midst 68 foot, the five Captains on each hand of his Lodgment, that is, ten times 24 foot, in all 240 foot; then the five Lanes of 8 foot wide each of them, that is, five times 8 foot on the right hand of the

Colonels Lodgment, and five times 8 foot on the left hand of it, in all 80 foot; so that 68 foot, and ten times 24 foot, and ten times 8 foot, make in all the 388 before men∣tioned, which is the intire breadth of the Lodgments of such a Regiment.

Every Captain is to have his Lodgment in the front of his Company, which with the two Files of Hutts, and the 8 foot Lane between them, makes 24 foot in breadth, which is the breadth of every Captains Lodgment.

The beforementioned space of 68 foot wide, and 200 foot long, which is to be left between the two beforemen∣tion'd Divisions of the Regiment, is to be thus employ'd: (viz.)

One hundred foot in length thereof is to be divided for the further accommodation of the Lieutenant Colonel, and the Major, who being persons of greater quality, and con∣sequently having more Retinue than the Captains, and yet being in the front of the Regiments Lodgment, allow'd no more ground than the Captains, are to be supplied with more in proportion to their need out of the said 100 foot in length, and 68 foot in breadth, of the space of ground between the said two Divisions of the Regiment, and the residue of the said 100 foot in length, and 68 in breadth, is for the Chaplain, the Marshal, the Chyrurgion, and other Staff-Officers of the Regiment; but the remaining 100 foot in length, and 68 foot in breadth of the said space between the two Divisions of the Regiment, is to be for the Wagons, Carts, &c. of the Colonel and his Officers.

The ground 200 foot long on each side of the two Di∣visions of the Regiment, is to be employed for the two Files of Hutts, and the Lane 8 foot wide between, which is for every of the 10 Companies, each of which is but to have 24 foot in breadth, for their two Files of Hutts, and the said Lane, and but 200 foot deep.

The two Streets between the Soldiers Hutts, and the Cap∣tains Lodgment in the front, and the Soldiers Hutts, and the Victuallers Hutts in the Rear, are each to be 20 foot wide in the Clear, and their length is the whole breadth of the Lodgment of the Regiment, viz. 388 foot.

Behind the last of these two Streets, are the Suttlers and

Victuallers Hutts, Cellars and Kitchins, both which take up 20 foot of the length of the 300 foot, including the two foot space between their Hutts, and their Kitchins, and Cel∣lars.

Every Company is to have the Door or Opening of eve∣ry Hutt towards the Lane, which is common to the said two Files of Hutts.

In the Street 20 foot wide, which is between the Colo∣nels and Captains Lodgments, and the front Hutts of the Soldiers, are usually erected three Poles, or long Stakes of the figure of a Door-case or Gallows, against which the Pikes of the Company are to be set on both sides; for the Hutts of the Ensigns and private Soldiers which trail Pikes, are not long enough to contain them; these are usually placed 5 or 6 foot within the Street over against the opening of the Lane between the Hutts.

There are also four Stakes, or small Posts, with a Rail be∣tween every two Stakes, which are to lay the Soldiers Mus∣kets upon; the square made by those four Posts is about 6 foot long, 4 foot broad, and 3 foot high; but if the weather be wet, the Soldiers keep their Muskets in their Hutts. These squares to lay their Muskets on, are on each side of the Door-cases where their Pikes are placed, and are 5 or 6 foot within the Street, but are over against the front Hutts, as the Pikes are over against the mouth of the 8 foot Lane; the Colours whether furl'd, or flying, are pitch'd in an even Line, between where the Pikes and Muskets are rested.

The Ichnographie of a Company, and then of a Regi∣ment of 600 Men, and so for larger or smaller Regiments so lodged, is in the following figure Number 1, and for the clearer understanding thereof the Scenographie of it is in the figure Number 3.

And because Troops of Horse, and Regiments of Horse, are often lodged in Intrench'd Camps, I have thought fit to set down how the Officers of a Troop of 100 Horsemen, and the Troopers of it, and of a Regiment of those Troops, each of 100 Horse are to be lodged, which will shew how larger Horse Regiments are to be Incamped.

[illustration]

The Ichnographie of a Reg^t of six Companys Consisting every one 100 men, in their Lodgments fig first

ABON the Lodgem^t of the intire Regem^t. of 600 men. A g b C one of y^e Cap^ns. Lodgm^ts. a d b 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the files of hutts for y^e Cap^ns Company w^th. the Street between them X the 20 foot broad Street between the Cap^tns. Lodgem^ts and the first files of the hutts of the Sold^rs Y the 20 foot Street between the Sold^rs. hutts and the Suttlers B D i k the 20 foot for the Victuallers and Suttlers hutts and Kitchins Z the Colenells Lodgem^ts Z Z the Intervall between the 2 divisions of the Regim^t. in w^ch. first 100 foot thereof w^ch. fronts towar•…•… the Colon^lls. Lodgem^t is the L^t Colon^ll. addiconall Lodgem^t w^th. the staff officers of the Reg^t. and the last 100 foot thereof for the Carriages and baggage of the Regim^t.

[illustration]

Place this foll: go

[illustration]

the Scenographie of a Regiment of foote Consistin•…•… of Six Companies every one of 100 men. fig: 2

[illustration]

Place this foll: go

This in the first place is a standing Rule, that the Caval∣ry in Intrench'd Camps is never to be mingled with the In∣fantry, but are to have their Lodgments distinct, else many incommodities would too probably happen.

Therefore for the Lodgment of a Troop of 100 Horse, I would observe this Rule.

The length of the Lodgment of it should be still 300 foot, as that of the foot is; but the Troop should have in breadth 70 foot, whereas the Company had but 24 foot, within which space of 300 foot long, and 70 broad, the Captain, Lieutenant, Cornet, Quartermaster, the three Cor∣porals, the two Trumpets, and all the Troopers, with their Horses, Forage, and Victuallers, are to rest con∣tented.

This quantity of ground is to be divided as follows:

In the Front of the said long Square shall be the Lodg∣ment of the Captain, which shall take up 40 foot of the length of the 300 foot, and 70 foot in breadth, which is to be the whole breadth of the intire Troops Lodgment.

Twenty foot more of the 300 foot in length, shall be al∣lowed for the Street between the Captains Lodgment, and the first Hutts and Stalls of the Troopers, and of their Hor∣ses, 200 foot more out of the length of the 300 foot, shall be wholly for the Troopers Hutts, and their Horses, Stalls, or Stables. There are to be (as in the Lodging of the Foot) no more than two Files of Hutts for the Men, and two Files of Stalls for the Horses.

The Street between the Files of Hutts for the Troopers, is to be 20 foot wide, and 200 foot long.

At the end of which 200 foot, is to be left 20 foot more out of the said 300 foot length, for a Street from the Rear of the Hutts, to the Victuallers Hutts and Cellars, which Street is to be 70 foot in length, being the breadth of the whole Troops Lodgments, the remaining 20 foot of the said 300 in length, is to be for the Victuallers, and Sutt∣lers Hutts, Kitchins, and Cellars, as 'tis in the Lodgment of a Regiment of Foot.

The 20 foot Street 200 foot long, being taken out of the 70 foot wideness of the whole Lodgment for the Troopers, the 25 foot wideness of each side of the Street, is to be disposed as followeth:

Ten foot of the breadth of the 25 foot on each hand of the Troopers Street, and 4 foot of the length of it is for every Troopers Hutt, which lodges 100 Troopers in the two Files of Hutts on both sides the Street of 20 foot wide.

The Lieutenant and Cornet of the Troop are to lodge in the Front of the two Files of Hutts, which are to lodge the Troopers, the Quartermasters and the Corporals are in the Rear of the said two Files of Hutts, which fronts against the Suttlers and Victuallers Hutts.

Five foot more of the said 25 in breadth, is to be for a Lane on each side the whole length of the 200 foot, between the Troopers Hutts, and the Horses Stalls; and the remain∣ing 10 foot, in breadth of each side, is to be for the Horses Hutts or Stalls, every Horse having, as his Rider, 4 foot of the said length, and 10 foot of the said breadth; the Troo∣pers accommodation is larger, because of his Armour and Furniture.

The Hutts for the Horses are to be left open behind, and before, and only shut up on the two sides, but cover'd over head to defend them from the rain, great cold, and great heat.

Every Horses head is to stand towards his Riders Hutt, that he may the better and the oftener have his eye on his Horse.

They make little Mangers of Canvas for their Horse to eat their Hay, Chopped Straw, and Oats in, which are sup∣ported by 4 little stakes at the 4 corners.

Between every 5 or 6 Hutts of the Troopers File, they usually leave a space of 4 or 5 foot, for the Troopers to pass from their Street, to their Horses Hutts.

This may be the manner of Lodging a Troop in an Intrenched Camp.

And then the like measures and methods may be obser∣ved for the Lodgment of a Regiment of Horse consisting of three Troops, or more, as has been mentioned for a Re∣giment of ten Companies, or more, or less, which for brevi∣ty I will not enumerate, but set down in the Map Figure (2) the Ichnographie of a Troop of 100, and

[illustration]

The Ichnographie of a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Three Troops in their Lodgm^ts. euery one Consis•…•… •…•…f 100 Troopers with their horses fig: 3^d.

[illustration]

ABEF the whole Contents of the Regim^t. of horse of 3 troops Containing in all 300 men a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 b i the 2 files of hutts and 2 files of Stalls for horses for one troop 〈◊〉〈◊〉^th. the Street between them X the Captains Lodgement Y the Street between the Captains Lodgem^ts. and the files of the troopers hutts and the Stalls for their horses Z the Street between the files of the troopers hutts and the Victualers and Suttlers hutts and Sellars B C t n the Suttlers 20 foot for their hutts kitchins and Sellars

Place this foll: 92

[illustration]

The Scenographie of a Regement of Horse 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of three Troopes, every one of 100. fig: y^e 4^th.

[illustration]

Place this foll: •…•…2

Regiment of 300 Horse; and in the Map Figure (4) the Scenographie of it, for the rendring it more easily intelligi∣ble and practicable; only on the right hand of the Regi∣ment, I shew in the Scenographie Map, how the Horses Stalls are to be before the Horses are in them.

To which I shall only add, that whereas the space between the 2 Divisions of a Regiment of Foot, is but 68 Foot, I would have it for a Regiment of Horse of 600, double as wide, that is, 136 foot; within which breadth, and 200 foot long, 100 foot towards the front of the Lodgment, (as in the Foot Regiment) shall be employed for the better ac∣commodation of the Field-Officers, and Staff-Officers of the Regiment; and the other 100 foot long towards the Rear, for the Carriages, &c. of the Regiment: and by making the said space between the said two Divisions, 136 foot wide, you will by consequence make the Colonels Lodg∣ment, which is between the Lodgments of the six Captains, 136 foot wide, but still but 40 foot long, wherein his own Hutt, his Kitchin, Stable, and other needful accommodati∣ons, may be the better placed.

The Lodgment of a Regiment of 300 Horse consisting of three Troops, takes up in length 300 foot, and in breadth 408 foot of ground, the Scenographie of such a Regiments Camping I only present, because the Page could well con∣tain no more. But in a Regiment of six Troops, every one of 100, I would leave the Interval before mention'd be∣tween the two Divisions for the Reasons before set down, and the like Rule may be observ'd proportionately for lar∣ger Regiments of Horse.

And lastly, still 'tis to be observed, that whereas the pre∣sent Computation is but for a Troop, and for a Foot Com∣pany each of 100 Men, if they be 150, or 200 to each, the breadth must be inlarged accordingly, (but never the length) and where a Troop or Company is 150, there must be two Streets, and three Files of Hutts; and where it is 200, three Streets, and four Files of Hutts, and the like for the Stalls of Horses.

The before mentioned methods were usually and a long time observed by those Generals who regularly incamped their Regiments and Armies. But as in all other Arts, so in

War, Alterations are made sometimes, (I wish I could say alwayes) to the improving of it effectively. But some∣times the Capriciousness of a General, otherwhile the Af∣fectation of having the Honour to him and his Nation of altering old Forms, produces those Changes which only should be the effect of clear Ratiocination on Experi∣ments.

I will therefore shew what Change has been made, in the Incamping of Regiments within these 60 last years, and then the alledged Reasons for the doing of it.

The 300 foot in length still remained as a Standard in all Incampings of a Troop, Company, Regiment of Horse, or Regiment of Foot, for the Lodgment the breadth varied according to the numbers which were to be lodged, but the 50 foot wideness for the Streets, and distance between gross Lodgment and gross Lodgment, has been often alter'd, and sometimes all, or many of the Streets, enlarged to 100 foot, but seldom, if ever, has exceeded.

The old way of Lodgment was, as I have set down.

The new way is thus: The Colonels Lodgment is 80 foot in length in the forepart of the Interval, between the two Divisions of the Regiment, the hinder part of that In∣terval being 100 foot in length, is for the Wagons, and other Carriages of the Regiment, 180 foot of the 300 foot in length is all that is allow'd for the Hutts of the Soldiers, from the Rear of which Hutts, was 20 foot of a Street left, and then in the whole breadth of the Lodgment is the Lieu∣tenant Colonels, Majors, and Captains Lodgment of the Regiment, beyond which was 40 foot left for another Street, beyond which was the 20 foot for the Victuallers, and Sutt∣lers Hutts, Kitchins and Cellars; in the Front of the Lodg∣ment, as the Door-cases, and Squares to place the Pikes, and Muskets of the Soldiers, between which, the Colours were to be placed, either flying or furl'd; and nothing else was between the Front of the Files of the Soldiers Hutts, but the 300 foot vacuity to the Line which inviron'd the whole Camp. I know that the usual breadth of that vacuity, pro∣perly called the Alarum place, is but 206 foot wide, whereof 6 foot for the Parapet; but I should recommend the breadth to be 300 foot (for the labour is not much more in the

whole Circumvallation) the Alarum place then would be larger, for all needs both for the Horse and the Foot, the Camp the more Airy; and the more spacious the Alarum place is, the unlikelier to be Miry; but where any part is Miry, it ought to be well gravel'd or pitch'd with stone as Streets are; in the Front Hutts, the Lieutenant and Ensign were lodged; in the Rear Hutts, the Serjeants and Corpo∣rals; the Lodgment of the Chaplain, the Quartermaster, and the Chyrurgion of the Regiment, were in the Interval of the 68 foot between the two Divisions of the Field Of∣ficers, and Captains Lodgments, and are equal in length, and depth to them; only they had but 68 foot wideness of that Interval for their three Lodgments, the Provost Martial of the Regiment had his Lodgment in the 68 foot Interval be∣tween the two Divisions of the Hutts of the Suttlers and Victuallers, in an equal Line with them, as is demonstrated in the Figure Number 5, which is the Ichnographie of such Incamping, with the Alphabetical Table of Reference there∣to belonging.

The Reasons of this Change are:

I. The Soldiers upon any present necessity, could not so expeditiously draw out into the Alarum place, because of the narrowness of the passages between the Colonels, Field Officers, and Captains Lodgments.

II. Because not only the Colours, Pikes and Muskets were somewhat cover'd from the sight by the Field Officers and Captains Lodgment, which by this method are fully exposed to the view, and make a handsom and formidable shew, but also they are readier to be handled by the Sol∣diers, and they to draw up in a moment to defend the Line.

III. To prevent, or immediately to punish the insolence of the Soldiers upon the Suttlers, and the Suttlers imposing ill Food, or hard Rates on the Victuals and Drink they set to the Soldiers, which it was believed would be more hope∣fully hinder'd, or more expeditiously redrest, when the Field Officers and Captains Lodgments, were between the Sol∣diers Hutts and the Victuallers, than when only the Serjeants and Corporals were nearest to do it.

IV. The 40 foot wide Street between the Field Officers and Captains Lodgments, and the Hutts of the Victuallers, was judged most convenient, because a 20 foot Street, the whole wideness of the Regiments Lodgment, was thought too narrow for the great resort of Wagons, Carts and Car∣riages which were daily brought to furnish the Suttlers and Victuallers, and in which Street the Soldiers usually stood which were to buy their necessaries of them. In the obser∣ving this newer way of Incamping, these four Inconvenien∣cies seem to attend it.

1. The Lieutenant Colonel and the Major have thereby no further Accommodation as to their Lodgment, than the Captains, though their Baggage and Equipage is usually greater; unless the number of their Companies do make 2 or 3 Files of Hutts requisite for the Soldiers, in which case only the breadth of the Field Officers Lodgments was pro∣portionately inlarged.

[illustration]

fig: 〈◊〉〈◊〉^th.

A the Colon^lls Lodgem^t 68 foot broad & 80 foot long B the S^t Colon^lls Lodgem^t 40 foot broad & 40 foot long C the Majors Lodgem^t 40 foot broad & 40 foot long D the Provost Marshalls Lodgem^t 20 foot long & 24 foot broad E the Captains Lodgem^ts 40 foot long & 24 foot broad F the Cherurgeons Lodgem^t 40 foot long and 24 foot broad G the Quarterm & Lodgem^t 40 foot long and 17 foot broad H the Chaplains Lodgem^t 40 foot long and 17 foot broad

[illustration]

I the •…•…acuity for the Carriage &c 100 foot long & 68 foot wide K the Suttlers and Pictuallers hutts 20 foot long and wide according to the Company they belong to L the Street between the Offic^s Lodgem^ts and the Suttlers and Victuallers 40 foot wide M the Street between the Officers Lodgem^s and the files of hutts 20 foot wide n the files of hutts for y^e Souldiers 180 foot long 8 foot wide o the Lanes between the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hutts 8 foot wide from p to q are the places for y^e pikes and muskets the Square ones whereof are for y^e musket

Place this foll. 96

2. All the Field Officers, except the Colonel, and all the Captains, are almost in the very Rear of the Lodgment, and consequently farthest from the Line and Alarum place, where they ought to be the very first.

3. There is no Breast-work between the Line of Circum∣vallation, and the very Colours and Arms of the Regiment, so that should the Line by surprize be entred by the Enemy, he may the more easily act his ends.

4. Twenty foot in the length of the 200 for the private Soldiers Hutts, is cut off, which may streighten them too much.

Whereas in the old manner of Incamping, there seems to be these Advantages.

First, The Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, Major, and all the Captains, are at the head of the Lodgment, and nearest the Alarum place, and the Line, where they ought in time of need to be the very first; as well to give the requisite Or∣ders to the Guards in Function, as to act in their own per∣sons; and also the more to hasten the Soldiers to them, which they are the more apt to do, when they know their chief Officers are on the place to take notice who is most diligent; and to dispose of them to the best advantage of the service, as fast as ever they come.

Secondly, The Field Officers and Captains are nearer the Colonel, to receive and obey his Orders, in time of sudden need.

Thirdly, The Accommodation for the Lieutenant Colo∣nel and Major is certainly larger, though their Companies in number should be but equal to the Captains.

Fourthly, The private Soldiers, Corporals and Ensigns, and Lieutenants, have 20 foot more in length for their Hutts.

Fifthly, The Regiments Lodgment is open in the Front of it, which also being next the Alarum place, where all Men generally walk and pass their time, the Colours and Arms of the Regiment are the more exposed to prejudice, and imbezling.

Sixthly, The whole Lodgment of the Regiment is shut up by the old way of Incamping, and the Lodgment of the Colonel, Field Officers, and Captains, being every one in∣viron'd

with a Breast-work, it makes, as it were, a Retrench∣ment within the Line of Circumvallation, and renders it the more defensible, as also it more certainly covers and se∣cures the Colours, Pikes, and Muskets, by their having the Colonels, Field Officers and Captains Lodgment, between them and the Alarum place; for none can come but within the Regiments intrench'd Lodgment, to imbezel or preju∣dice them.

As to the narrow passages between the Field Officers and Captains Lodgment next the Alarum place, it needs be no narrower than the Lane between the Files of the Sol∣diers Hutts, and if they will pass the one, they may as well pass the other, nay, better do it; for the utmost length of those narrow passages, is but 24, and the utmost length of the Lane is 180 foot.

I have thus shew'd the Forms of the ancienter and newer way of Incamping a Regiment, and what advantages and disadvantages seem to attend them, and so leave it to the judgment of those who shall command in chief, to elect which form (all things consider'd) they most ap∣prove.

Before I conclude what is to be observed in the Incamp∣ing of a Regiment, I shall set down these two following par∣ticulars.

1. When that Regiment is to be quartered in one Di∣vision, which has also often been done, (especially when Incampings are but for a very little time) the more to shorten the work of Intrenching the whole Army, the usual manner of the Lodgment of the Companies of it, is thus: The Colonels Company is quartered on the right hand, the Lieutenant Colonels on the left, the Majors next the Colo∣nels, the eldest Captains next to him, and so all the rest of the Captains by their Seniorities in order, from the right hand.

2. If the Regiment be quartered in two Divisions, which is the usual practice, then the Lieutenant Colonels Compa∣ny quarters on the right hand of the second Division, and the Serjeant Majors Company on the left hand of the first Division; the eldest Captains next the Colonels, the second on the left hand of the second Division, the third next the

eldest, the fourth next the Lieutenant Colonels, the fifth next the third, the sixth next the fourth in the second Di∣vision, and so all the rest of the Captains according to this order.

This is the usual method, but in the Ichnographie in the newer way of Incamping a Regiment, I have placed the Lieutenant Colonel and his Companies Lodgment, to close the right flank of the right hand Division, and the Majors, to close the left flank of the left hand Division; whereby the Colonel is in the Centre of the Lodgment, the Lieu∣tenant Colonel on the right flank of the Regiment, and the Major on the left; which seems to be the best form of di∣stributing the Lodgments of the three Field Officers, and in my poor opinion, will sooner and better answer the service on a sudden; for by the new Form of Incamping, all the Field Officers, and Captains of the Regiment, being lodged in the Rear of the Lodgment, are consequently farthest from the Alarum place, and Line of Circumvallation; and can hasten to it with their Soldiers, but through Lanes 8 Foot broad, where but 3 Men at most can pass a-breast; and there∣fore I offer to consideration the Lodgment of the Lieutenant Colonels and Majors with their Companies, to be on the right and left flanks of the Regiment; for all gross Lodg∣ments are to be divided the one from the other, by Streets at least 50 Foot wide; through which Street on either flank of the Regiments Lodgments, the two Field Officers of it, may readily march their Men up to the Alarum place about 18 a-breast, when as by their own and their Companies be∣ing lodged the usual way (the Lieutenant Colonel on the right hand of the second Division, and the Major on the left hand of the first) they and their Companies have but 8 Foot passage to that place of action; where 'tis to be wish'd, they were still the very first, and well follow'd.

But since this is not according to the practised Form, I on∣ly propound it to consideration with some of the Reasons which makes me do it.

Having thus shewed the several wayes of Incamping a Regiment, I shall now proceed to shew how an Army may be Incamped within a Line or Intrenchment, with the seve∣ral

gross Lodgments for the General, the General Officers, Train of Artillery, Carriages, the Regiments of Horse and Foot, and all other gross Lodgments and Requisites belong∣ing to an Army.

Only I would first recommend to Consideration, That the Lodgment for the Powder, Fireworks, and other com∣bustible things, be at one of the Angles next the Alarum places; because two parts of four of that Ground, is not near other Lodgments, and in which, if Fire should take by accident, or design, (unless the Wind blows maliciously) they may the better avoid the danger of it.

I would still have the Powder, and Fireworks, in the General of the Artilleries own Lodgment, and in a Re∣doubt apart cover'd with Hair-cloth, or Sod; where his own eye, and the immediate care of his own Officers may pre∣vent, or remedy much mischief.

I would also recommend that the Lodgments for the Can∣non, and Wagons of the Train, might be next to one of the sides of the Alarum place, that the bringing them in, and drawing them out, on any occasion, may be with less incum∣brance to the rest of the Camp; which will follow, if the 300 foot wideness of the Alarum place, and not the 50 foot streets, be made the passage to their Lodgments. When the Ground for Incamping is pitch'd upon, the usual way to put the doing of it in practice, is, That the Quarter∣master General, and the Officers belonging to him, or who are to receive their Orders from him, together with the En∣gineer General, and his Assistants, do forthwith meet, and on fine Pasteboard draw several parallel Lines by a small Scale, at 300 foot distance, (for that is the standing mea∣sure of the length of every gross Lodgment) and then be∣sides the said 300 foot parallel Lines, to draw other parallel Lines of 50 or 100 foot asunder for the streets, between the first Line of the gross Lodgments, and the second Line of them; and so in sequence till they have Lodgment Lines, and street Lines for all the Army to be Incamped; then calculating what breadth every Lodgment is to consist of, ac∣cording to the exact numbers of every Regiment, both as to the quantity of the Companies and Troops; and as to the true number of every Troop and Company, to divide the

said parallel Lines at 300 foot distance, into the due breadth of every Regiments Lodgment respectively, and so of all other gross Lodgments; and to write in the square for the Lodgment, the name of the gross Lodgment, or of the Re∣giments, with the number of feet allow'd in breadth to eve∣ry Lodgment, and an Alphabetical Letter in it, to which reference is to be made. This being done, to cut off of the Pasteboard every Lodgment, and then to turn them to and fro, until you have adjusted them on a large sheet of Paper, into a long Square, with the Streets between every Line of the Lodgments, which are to be at least 50 foot wide, the whole breadth of the Armies Incamping, and then the other Streets of the like wideness, where it may be between every gross Lodgment, and gross Lodgment, the length of the Armies Incamping, and observing these following Rules:

First, That the four Outsides of the whole Incamping which are next to the Alarum places, be in even Lines; for else your Alarum places would not be 300 or 206 foot wide (as you like best) in the clear; which must regularly be observed, both for the decency, and the usefulness.

Secondly, That from the proper front of the whole In∣camping, there be but one Line of Lodgments between the Alarum place, and the Generals own Lodgment.

Thirdly, That from the Alarum place next the front of the Generals own Lodgment, even till you come at it, there be a Piazza, or space of 400 foot wide, and on each side of his own Lodgment a Street of 200 foot wide, the whole length of his Lodgment, for the more State and Honour, and for the Officers and others to walk in, who resort unto him for business, or out of respect and duty; and for his Guards to draw up in, in case of danger from the Enemy, or tumult within the Camp.

Fourthly, The Lodgments for the General Officers, and for Strangers and Volunteers of Quality, are usually to be in the same Line of the Generals own Lodgment, and on the right and left hand of it, that they may be the nearer on all

sudden occasions to be advised with, and to receive his Or∣ders; but the General of the Artilleries Lodgment to be at one of the Angles of the whole Incamping, which is pro∣bably farthest from, and the unlikeliest to be attacked by the Enemy, for the Reasons before exprest.

Lastly, whereas the unequal Numbers of Regiments, and the various breadth of other gross Lodgments renders it im∣possible to make the intire Camping of the Army on the four sides of it, an exact long Square, if the breadth of eve∣ry Street between gross Lodgment, and gross Lodgment, be kept to 50 foot, therefore they may be inlarged or shortned to a breadth sufficient to answer the making of the four outsides of the general incamping in right Lines, which last must never be omitted.

These are the usual Rules, and in this manner are adjusted your several Pasteboard gross Lodgments, with the Piazza, and all their Streets, on a sheet of large Paper; to which with some Mouth Glew, they may be fasten'd, so that you may be certain if it be exactly done in the Tent or Cham∣ber, it will be exactly done in the Field; due care being taken.

But though the way of preparing the Camping of an Army, on Pasteboard, and drawing parallel Lines for gross Lodgments, and for Streets, is the most usual, and generally practised, yet I must own, I have found it so very tedious, and uncertain, that it put me upon finding out another, which whether it be in it self more expeditious, and exact, or whether my being byassed towards a method I lighted upon, and have often practised, made me more approve of it I will not determine, but shall submit it to those whose judg∣ments I more value than my own.

And first I shall say that what render'd the Pasteboard method tedious, and intricate, was, that since the Standard of the parallel Lines for Streets, was 50 foot in wideness, as well between gross and gross Lodgment, as between Line and Line of Lodgments, I found it, after many tryals, un∣practicable, and was forced to make many Calculations. For 'tis impossible where almost every gross Lodgment differs in

the breadth, if the Street between every gross Lodgment be 50 foot, that ever you can keep your second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth Line of Lodgment (if your In∣camping must consist of so many Lines) equal in extent with the first; which still must be done, else your long square in the whole Incamping cannot be kept, nor consequently, the exact breadth of the four alarum places, on the four sides which are round the Camp; which would be both uniform and very incommodious.

And if the Streets between gross and gross Lodgment, be more, or less, than 50 foot wide (which 'tis impossible to avoid) then your paralled Street Lines of 50 foot wide∣ness, are useless; and you must calculate the wideness of the Streets between most gross and gross Lodgments, and fling away your Pasteboard parallel Street Lines.

This is what on tryal will be found true, and it made me for my own ease endeavour to find out a better method; which to my satisfaction I did, and I shall set it down, as fol∣lows.

Suppose I am to incamp within a Line, an Army which consists of 17 Regiments of Foot, every one of them of different numbers, but make in all 25400 men; and of seven Regiments of Horse, every one of them of different numbers, but make in all 4900 Horse; and that I have be∣sides 12 other gross Lodgments to be within my general In∣camping viz. the Generals, three other General Officers, the General of the Ordnances, the Strangers, the Piazza before the Generals own Lodgment, the Sick, the Magazine, the Market-place, the Train, and the Wagons and Carriages.

The Ichnographie of which is in the ensuing Map Figure VI.

The first thing I do, is to calculate the breadth of every one of all these 36 gross Lodgments, viz. the 24 Regi∣ments, and the 12 Lodgments, that are not for Regiments, but General Officers, &c. every one of which Lodgments I mark with Alphabetical Letters, to which I have reference; and to every Regiments Lodgment I set down with it the number of Troops and Companies, how many Soldiers eve∣ry one consists of, and what is the exact breadth of every such Lodgment, for the length is still 300 foot.

Secondly, Having sum'd up all their breadths, I allow (by way of estimate) 50 foot wideness for every Street be∣tween every gross and gross Lodgment; and 50 foot wide∣ness for every Street between every Line of Lodgments, or 100 foot wideness for the Street, between every Line of Lodgments; (as I would do, if my Army be great, and my Camp be intended for a long time:) If my whole In∣camping be to consist of six Lines of Lodgments, then there must be five Streets the whole breadth of the Incamping of 50 or 100 foot wide; all which wideness of Streets, be∣tween gross and gross Lodgment, and between Line and Line of Lodgments, I add to the breadth of the 36 gross Lodgments, which I sum up all together, and divide by six; which is the number of Lines of Lodgments I intend to make; and the Quotient shews me the breadth of every Line of Lodgments.

As for Example.

I find the breadth of all the Lodgments for my 17 Regi∣ments of Foot, and 7 Regiments of Horse, to take up 12142 Foot.

I find my 12 other gross Lodgments (reckoning the Pi∣azza for one) takes up in breadth 4850 foot, my five Streets between Line and Line of Lodgments, take up at 50 foot to each Street, 250 foot; and my 36 Streets between my 36 gross Lodgments at 50 foot breadth for each Street, takes 1800 foot; all these sum'd together, makes 19042 foot; which being divided by six, the Quotient is 3173, which may be the breadth of every of my six Lines of Lodgments; but in regard I leave 200 foot Street on each side of the Generals own Lodgment, and a wide Street between the next Generals Officers Lodgment on the right and left hand of the Generals, and a very wide Street on each side of the Magazine, where all the Army are to attend in course, to take out their Provisions, (as is evident in the said Map) I make still my first Line of Lodgment less in extent by some feet, than it need to be, because I may thereby make the Streets in the other Line of Lodgments wider between some gross and gross Lodgment, which otherwise I could

not well do; for the breadth of the first Line of Lodg∣ments, gives the Rule to the five subsequent Lines, which must be exactly of the like extent with it.

Therefore though I might make every Line 3173 foot in extent, yet for the foregoing Reasons I make the said first Line of less extent.

I begin the first of my six Lines of Lodgments on the proper front of the whole Incamping, which usually is that which fronts towards the Enemies Countrey, or where he is likeliest to attack you; and I begin that Line, First from the midst of it with the Piazza, which is still to be 400 foot in breadth, and to be before the Generals own Lodgment, which I alwayes place in the second Line of Lodgments; I then lodge on the right hand of the said Piazza, the Regi∣ment of Foot R. (which may be the Generals Regiment of Guards) and contains 16 Foot Companies, every one of 150 Soldiers, and takes up in breadth 724 foot. Then on the left hand of the said Piazza, I lodge the Regiment of Foot P. which contains 14 Companies, every one of 150 Sol∣diers, and takes up in breadth 644 foot. Then I leave a Street on the right hand of Regiment R. of 50 foot wide, and on the left hand of the Regiment P. of 50 foot wide, and on the right of the 50 foot Street, and on the right of Regiment R. I lodge the Foot Regiment O. which consists of 13 Companies, every one of 150 men, and takes up in breadth 604 foot; and on the left, of the left-hand Street of 50 foot, I lodge the Regiment of Foot Q. which con∣tains 15 Companies, each of 150 Soldiers, and takes up in breadth 684 foot; so that the Piazza of 400 foot in the Centre, the Regiments R. and O. on the right hand with the Street of 50 foot between them, and the Regiment P. and Q. on the left hand of the Piazza, with the 50 Foot Street between them, make up in breadth for the first Line of Lodg∣ments 3156 foot, which being 17 foot less in extent, than it might be I six upon; and neither more or less feet must be in every of the remaining five Lines of Lodgments.

The second Line of Lodgments, as all others, I begin in the middle of it, for by doing so, and then fixing Lodg∣ments on the right and left hand of the said middle Lodg∣ment, I know what is left for the two outwardmost Lodg∣ments

of that Line, which else I should not be able exactly to do; and when I know that, I accordingly proportion the Regiments that are the outwardmost of the Line and the Streets breadth next to them.

As for Example.

I begin the second Line of Lodgments with the Generals own, which is in the midst of it, and is 600 foot in breadth, (for the length of 300 foot for every Lodgment whatever is still the same) then I allow alwayes 200 foot Street on each side of the Generals own Lodgment, which with the 400 foot Piazza before it, makes room for his Guards to draw up, and for all Comers and Goers to walk in, till they are dispatch'd, which is for use as well as state. On the right hand of the Generals Lodgment, and of the Street 200 foot wide, I place the Lodgment of the first General Officer B. B. which I allow to be 400 foot in breadth, and on the left side of the Generals Lodgment, and the Street 200 foot wide, I place the second General Officers Lodgment C. C. for which I allow 300 foot in breadth; then on the right of the Lodgment B. B I leave a Street 90 foot wide, and on the right of that 90 foot Street, I place another General Offi∣cers Lodgment marked D. D. of 300 foot in breadth; and on the left of the Lodgment C. C I leave a Street 90 foot wide, and on the left of that Street, I place the Lodg∣ment E. E. of 300 foot wideness, for Strangers, and Volun∣teers of quality; the two Streets 90 foot wide apiece be∣tween B B. and D. D. and C. C. and E. E. being be∣tween three General Officers Lodgments, and that of the Strangers of quality is for honour to them, and for the lar∣ger space for the attendance of those who belong unto them, or come for business, or respect, to wait on them.

I then find the Generals own Lodgment 600 foot, the two Streets of 200 foot in breadth on each side of it 400 foot, the four other Lodgments for three General Officers, and the Strangers, with the 90 foot Street between the two first General Officers Lodgments, amount in all in extent to 2480 foot, so that I have but 676 foot for the Lodgment of two Foot Regiments (which must be alwayes at the ends of

every Line of Lodgments,) and for the Streets between Lodgment D. D. on the right hand, and E. E. on the left hand, I therefore place the Foot Regiment A. consisting of eight Companies, every one of 100 men, which takes up in breadth 276 foot on the right of the Lodgment D. D. and the Foot Regiment B. consisting of nine Companies, every one of 100 Soldiers, which takes up in breadth 300 foot on the left hand of the Lodgment E. E. and I find I have 100 foot left besides; which I divide into two Streets, each of 50 foot wide, and all those seven Lodgments, with the six Streets between them, make up in all in wideness, 3156 foot, which is the just breadth of the front Line of Lodg∣ments, and shuts up my second Line of Lodgments, at both ends whereof I have a Foot Regiment lodged, which always on ht to be in every Line of Lodgments, except in that of the General of the Ordnance, and where the Wagons are placed; for the two ends of every Line of Lodgments being next the Alarum place, must still have Foot lodged there, to be at hand to defend the Line and Fortifications which shuts up, and flanks the whole Incamping.

I begin my third Line as the first and second from the midst, or centre of it; first I lodge there the Regiment of Horse Z. which consists of 10 Troops, every one of 100 Soldiers, and takes up in breadth 808 foot; on the right of Regiment Z. I leave a Street of 50 foot wide, and on the right of that Street I place the Regiment of Horse Y. which consists of nine Troops, every one of 100 Soldiers, and takes up in breadth 738 foot; then on the left hand of Regiment Z, I leave also a Street of 50 foot wide, and on the left of that Street I lodge the Regiment of Horse X. which consists of eight Troops, every one of 100 Soldiers, and takes up in breadth 668 foot. I then find that the three Regiments of Horse Z. Y. X. with the Street 50 foot wide between the Regiment Z. and Regiment Y. and be∣tween Regiment Z. and Regiment X. with the Street 50 foot wide between them, takes up in breadth 2314 foot; whereby I have left to complete that third Line of Lodg∣ments but 842 foot, within which I must lodge two Foot Regiments, with their Streets between Regiment Y. on the right, and Regiment X. on the left, I do therefore on the

right hand end of the third Line of Lodgments, place the Foot Regiment D. consisting of 11 Companies, every one of 100 Foot Soldiers, and takes up in breadth 348 foot; and on the left hand end of the Line, the Foot Regiment E. consisting of 12 Companies, every one of 100 Soldiers, which takes up in breadth 372 foot; and I find 122 foot left, which I divide into two Streets, each of 61 foot wide∣ness, and all these five Lodgments with the four Streets be∣tween, are 3156 foot wide, which is the due extent of the third Line.

I then proceed to the fourth Line of Lodgments, and be∣gin at, or near the midst or centre of it, when I cannot ex∣actly do it there, with the Lodgment L. L. which is the place for the Market, and contains 400 foot in wideness, I then leave a Street 50 foot wide on the right of L. L. and place the Regiment of Horse W. which consists of seven Troops, every one of 100 Soldiers, and takes up in breadth 598 foot; then I leave a Street of 50 foot wide on the left of L. L. and place on the left of that Street, the Regiment of Horse V. which consists of six Troops, every one of 100 Soldiers, and takes up in breadth 528 foot. Then I place in the right of the Regiment of Horse W. the Regiment of Foot N. which consists of 12 Companies, every one of 150 Soldiers, and takes up in breadth 564 foot, with a Street of 46 foot wide between the Regiment of Foot N. and the Regiment of Horse W. which shuts up the right end of the fourth Line of Lodgments, and then on the left of the Horse Regiment V. I leave a Street of 50 foot wide, and place the Lodgment G. G. which is 300 foot wide, for the sick; when this is done, I find I have left to close the left end of the said fourth Line of Lodgment, but 570 foot, I therefore lodge at the left end of that fourth Line the Foot Regiment M. which consists of 11 Companies, every one of 150 Sol∣diers, and takes up in breadth 524 foot, and so rests 46 foot for the wideness of the Street between Lodgment G. G. and Foot Regiment M. all which six Lodgments with the five Streets between them, takes up in breadth 3156 foot, which is exactly the due breadth of the fourth Line of Lodg∣ments.

I then proceed to the 5th Line of Lodgments, and begin about the middle, where I cannot exactly do it at the middle with the Lodgment K. K. which is the Magazine for the Victuals, and contains in breadth 500 foot, on the right I leave a street 136 foot wide, and on the right of that street, I place the Regiment of Horse S. which consists of four Troops, every one of which is 100 Soldiers, the breadth whereof is 388 foot; and on the left of the Lodgment K. K. I leave a street of 136 foot wide, and on the left of that street I place the Horse Regiment T. consisting of five Troops, every one of 100 Soldiers, and contains in breadth 458 foot; so that all my Cavalry I place in the midst of the General Incamping, that the Infantry may be still lodged nearest the Alarum places, and Works; then on the right of the Regiment I leave a street of 50 foot wide, and on the right of that street I place the Foot Regiment I; which con∣sists of eight Companies, every one of 150 Soldiers, and takes in breadth 404 Foot; all which four Lodgments with the three streets between them, I find takes up in breadth 2072 Foot, whereby I have left to my fifth Line of Lodg∣ments but 1084 Foot, and therefore proportion the two remaining Gross Lodgments, with the streets between them, accordingly. To complete that Line of Lodgments, I leave therefore on the right of the Regiment I. a 50 Foot street, and at the right of it I place the Lodgment I. I. which is for the Wagons and Carriages, which takes up 500 Foot in breadth, and shuts up the right end of my 5th Line of Lodg∣ments, where I choose to place the Carriages, because 'tis next the Alarum place, that those bulky Carriages may never come within the 50 Foot streets, lest it might incommodate all the Lodgments in them.

Then on the left of the Regiment T. I leave a street of 50 Foot wide, and on the left of it I lodge the Regiment of Foot L, which consists of 10 Companies, every one of 150 Soldiers, and takes up in breadth 484 Foot, which shuts up the left end of my 5th Line of Lodgments, all which six Gross Lodgments placed in it, with the five streets between, takes up in breadth 3156 Foot, which is the exact breadth of that Line.

I then proceed to my sixth, and last Line of Lodgments,

in which I must place the seven remaining Gross Lodgments, of my 36 Lodgments, and I begin in the midst of it, by placing the Foot Regiment H. which consists of 15 Com∣panies, every one of 100 Soldiers, and takes up in breadth 444 Foot; on the right of the Regiment H. I leave a street 50 Foot wide, and on the right of that street I lodge the Foot Regiment K. consisting of nine Companies, every one of 150 Soldiers, which takes up in breadth 444 Foot, and on the left of Regiment H. I leave a street of 50 Foot wide, and on the left of that street I lodge the Regiment of Foot G. which consists of 14 Companies, every one of 100 Soldiers, and takes in breadth 420 Foot; then on the right of the Regiment K. I leave a street of 49 Foot wide, and on the right thereof I place the Lodgment H. H. which is for the Artillery, and contains in breadth 400 Foot; then in the left of the Regiment G. I leave a street 49 Foot wide, and on the left of it I place the Foot Regiment F. which consists of 13 Companies, every one of 100 Soldiers, which takes in breadth 396 Foot; all which five Lodgments, with the four streets between them, take up 2302 Foot in breadth; so that there remains but 854 Foot, to complete the 6th Line of Lodgments, and I have two Gross Lodg∣ments to place in it with the streets, between them one of those Gross Lodgments, is the General of the Ordnances F. F. which takes in breadth 450 Foot; with which I close the left end of my 6th Line, for the Reasons formerly men∣tion'd; and the other Gross Lodgment is the Foot Regi∣ment C. which consists of 10 Companies, every one of 100 Soldiers, and takes up in breadth 324 Foot; so that I have but 80 Foot left for the two streets between Lodgment H. H. and F. F. and Lodgment F. and C. which therefore I divide equally into two Forty Foot wide streets; all which seven Lodgments, with the six streets between them, take up in breadth 3156 Foot, which is the exact breadth that my 6th and last Line of Lodgments ought to consist of; so that your intire Camping of an Army which has 36 such Gross Lodgments, and contains 25400 Foot, 4900 Horse, with all the Lodgments for the General, General Officers Train, Wagons, Piazza, for Strangers, for the Sick, for the Maga∣zine, and for the Market-place, takes up in breadth 3156

Foot, and in depth 2050 Foot. As I place a Lodgment in any Line of Lodgments, I strike it out of the List of Lodg∣ments, that thereby I may see what is placed, and what is to be placed; else it would bring things into disorder.

When I have resolved what the Extent of the first Line of Lodgments shall be (which must be alwayes less wide, than it might be (for the Reasons beforementioned) then I see how many Gross Lodgments may be in every Line of Lodgments, and how much in all is left for the streets be∣tween Gross and Gross Lodgment, and proportion the breadth of my streets accordingly; but I never have any such street less than 40 Foot wide. All this I draw up first without a Scale, but set down the breadth of every Lodg∣ment in the Lodgment, and the breadth of every street be∣tween Lodgment and Lodgment; and when I have thus roughly done all my Lines of Lodgments and their streets, and find every Line of Lodgments punctually answer the breadth of the first Line of Lodgments, then I do it exactly by a Scale, which is finish'd in an hour, and then cutting them out in Pasteboard, or Paper-Royal, I write in the square of every Lodgment, what Lodgments are in every Line of Lodgments, what wideness of streets is between every Lodg∣ment in every Line, and what Lodgment or Vacuity on the right, and left hand, is next to every Lodgment, in every Line of Lodgments; and then by Mouth-Glew, or Pasting, I fix them in a sheet of Paper, which makes the Map or Figure of the whole Incamping; and may forthwith be unpasted, or unglew'd by the Quartermaster General, and distributed accordingly; or which is much better, he may keep the said Map, and give to every Lodgment in Paper the quantity of Feet in breadth that it is to have, in what Line of Lodgments it is to be in, and in what part of it; who, or what is on the right, and left hand of it, and the wideness of the street on each hand of it, whereby when every Lodgment is thus particularly set down, there can hardly be any Error in the laying it out, unless by gross Negligence, or Wilfulness; either of which must never 'scape unpunish'd in those who are guilty of it.

This is one of the wayes I usually practise.

Another way is thus, which I think is briefer, and as cer∣tain

I cast up the whole breadth of all the Lodgments and Streets as before, and divide it by six, because I resolve to have six Lines of Lodgments; then I resolve my first Line of Lodgments shall be of less Extent than it may be, for the Reasons before set down.

Then I find I may place the Piazza of 400 Foot wide, and the four largest Regiments of Foot R. O. P. Q. in the Front Line, which four Regiments with the Piazza I find take up in Extent but 3056 Foot, and then I have but 100 Foot left, which I divide into two Streets of 50 Foot each, be∣tween Regiment R. and O. on the right of the Piazza; and between P. and Q. on the left hand of it, and all those five Lodgments, with the two Streets, take up in Extent 3156 Foot; which being 17 Foot less than I might make the first Line of Lodgments to consist of, I fix on it and write it down.

In the second Line of Lodgment, where I always place the Generals Lodgment in the Centre, (that the Piazza on the first Line, may be before it) and the other three Gene∣ral Officers, and the Strangers, and unregimented Voluntiers of Quality, and two Regiments of Foot, one to close each end of that Line, I find those seven Lodgments take up in breadth 2476 Foot, viz. Lodgment A. A. 600 Foot, Lodg∣ment B. B. 400 Foot, Lodgment C. C. 300 Foot, Lodgment D. D. 300 Foot, Lodgment E. E. 300 Foot, Lodgment of the Foot Regiment A. 276 Foot, Lodgment of the Foot Regiment B. 300 Foot; And then I have left to complete my second Line of Lodgments but 680 Foot, which are for the six Streets, between the said seven Lodgments; I there∣fore give thereof 200 Foot Street on each side of the Gene∣rals Lodgment, and 50 Foot Street between the four other Lodgments, all which making but 600 Foot, I add to the Streets between the two Lodgments of the next chief General Officers on the right hand of the Generals Street of 200 Foot, 40 Foot, and on the left hand of the Gene∣ral Officers and the Strangers Lodgments, next the 200 Foot Street of the Generals own Lodgment, 40 Foot more, which makes those two Streets 90 Foot wide each, and com∣pleats

the Extent of my second Line of Lodgments 3156 Foot.

I find the three Regiments of Horse Z. Y. X in the third Line of Lodgments, and the Foot Regiment D. to close it at the right end, and the Foot Regiment E. to close it at the left end, take up, in breadth, 2934 Foot, viz. Regi∣ment of Horse Z. 808 Foot; Regiment of Horse Y. 738 Foot; Regiment of Horse X. 668 Foot; Regiment of Foot D. 348 Foot; Regiment of Foot E. 372 Foot; so that there remains but 222 Foot for the four Streets between the said five Lodgments, which at 50 Foot to a Street is but 200 Foot; therefore I add the 22 Foot remaining to the Street between the Regiment of Horse Y. and the Regi∣ment of Foot D. and between the Regiment of Horse X. and the Regiment of Foot E. which two Streets being 61 Foot wide each of them, makes my third Line of Lodgment also exactly 3156 Foot in Extent.

I find in my 4th Line of Lodgments I must place six Gross Lodgments, and therefore choose those to consist of the Lodgments for the Regiments of Horse V. and W. and between them near the midst of the Line, the Market-place L. L. for the equal coming to it from all parts, (al∣wayes observing where the number of Lodgments, in a Line are even, to begin as near the midst of it as I can; since I cannot in such case begin at the very midst, which I may still do where the Number of Lodgments are odd:) the second Lodgment on the left from the Market-place, is G. G. for the Sick; I then close my 4th Line at the right end, with the Foot Regiment N. and at the left end with the Foot Regiment M. all which Lodgments take up in breadth 2914 Foot, viz. Regiment of Foot M. 524 Foot; Lodgment for the Sick G. G. 300 Foot; Lodgment for the Regiment of Horse V. 528 Foot; Market-place 400 Foot; Lodgment for the Regiment of Horse W. 598 Foot, and Lodgment for the Regiment of Foot N. 564 Foot; so that I have left for the five Streets between the said six Lodgments, but 242 Foot, which I divide thus; 50 Foot to every of the three innermost Streets, and but 46 Foot to the two outward∣most Streets: all which makes up the exact Number of 3156 Foot, which is the due Extent of the 4th Line of Lodgments.

I find then that I have 13 Gross Lodgments to be placed in my remaining 5th and 6th Lines of Lodgments, to com∣pleat the 36 Gross Lodgments in the whole. I therefore place in the 5th Line these six Gross Lodgments, near the midst of it the Magazine of Victuals K. K. on the right of the Magazine, the Regiment of Horse S. on the left of it, the Regiment of Horse T; on the right of the Horse Re∣giment S. the Foot Regiment I. and then on the right of that Regiment, to close my Line on the right hand of the Lodg∣ment I. I. for the Wagons, Carts, &c. (for the reason be∣forementioned) then on the left hand of the Horse Regi∣ment T. I close the Line on that hand, with the Foot Regi∣ment L. all which six Gross Lodgments take up in breadth 2734 Foot, viz. Regiment of Foot L. 484 Foot; Regi∣ment of Horse T. 458, K. K. place for the Magazine of Victuals, 500 Foot, Regiment of Horse S. 388 Foot, Regi∣ment of Foot I. 404 Foot, place for the Wagons, Carts, &c. 500 Foot; so that there remains 422 Foot to be divided in∣to five Streets, between the said six Gross Lodgments; I therefore allow 50 Foot to each of the two Streets on the right of the Magazine for Victuals, and 50 Foot for the one Street on the left hand of the said Magazine between the Regiment of Horse T. and the Regiment of Foot L. which closes the left end of the Line, and I allow 136 Foot for each of the Streets on the right and left of the said Maga∣zine K. K. because of the constant resort of the Carriages to it, and of the crowd of the Soldiery which come to re∣ceive Provisions for Man and Horse-meat; as also that if Fire should happen, the more hands may come to quench it: All which six Lodgments, and the five Streets between them, make up in all 3156 Foot in breadth, which is the due Ex∣tent of my 5th Line of Lodgments.

In my sixth and last Line I must place seven Gross Lodg∣ments, viz. in the midst of it the Regiment of Foot H. the three other Lodgments on the right of Regiment H. I place the Foot Regiment K. next to it the Lodgment H. H. for the Artillery, and next to it the Lodgment F. F. for the Ge∣neral of the Artillery, the Powder, and the Fireworks, with which I close the right end of that Line (for the Reasons before set down) and then on the left of the Foot Regi∣ment

H. I place the other three Gross Lodgments, that of the Foot Regiment G. next on the left of Regiment H. next on the left of Regiment G. the Foot Regiment F. and next on the left of it the Foot Regiment C. with which I close the Line on the left end: All which seven Gross Lodg∣ments take up in all 2878 Foot, viz. Regiment of Foot C. 324. Regiment of Foot F. 396 Foot, Regiment of Foot G. 420 Foot. Regiment of Foot H. 444. Regiment of Foot K. 444. Lodgment for the Artillery H. H. 400 Foot, Lodgment for the General of the Ordnance, Powder, and Fireworks F. F. 450 Foot; so that there remains but 278 Foot for the six treets, between the said seven Gross Lodgments, which I thus divide; 50 Foot to each Street on the right and left of Regiment of Foot H. 49 Foot for each Street, between Regiment K. and Lodgment H. H. and between Regiment G. and Regiment F. and 40 Foot for each Street between Lodgment H H. and Regiment F. F. and between Foot Regiment F. and Foot Regiment C. all which makes 3156 Foot, which is the due Extent of my sixth and last Line of Lodgments, and exactly compleats the long square of the intire Lodgment of the 36 Gross Lodgments.

Either of these two ways before set down may be practi∣sed, but I still find the latter more expeditious, and therefore make oftnest use of it.

Though the Figure Number VI. does consist of six Lines of Lodgments, yet according to the nature, advantage, or disadvantages of the Ground your standing Camp is to be in; you may make your Camp consist of more or fewer Lines, as you find it most advantageous.

As for Example.

If I am limited to a certain Ground for my standing Camp, by reason that it is to command some beneficial Pass, or that it is to bridle a considerable City, or Town, where your Enemy has his Arcenals, Magazines, or Bridges, over some Navigable River; and that by so placing my standing Camp before his Army is Rendezvouz'd in or near that City or Town, I may make it of little use to him as to his inva∣ding

the Countrey I am to defend; for if I am posted so near it, as that he cannot imbattle his Army but under the reach of my Artillery, or march his Squadrons and Battali∣ons over his Bridges, but so as I may attack as many of them as I think fit, and which are come over, while the rest are on the other side, or marching to those which are got over; I say, if in these two Cases, or in other the like Cases, I am limited to a set proportion of Ground to incamp in, I will make the length and depth of my Lines of Lodgments ac∣cordingly: As for instance, if by making my standing Camp to consist but of four Lines of Lodgments, I thereby get some Eminences of Ground within my Camp, which if I made it consist of five or six Lines, I should be necessitated to leave out, and consequently must secure such heighths, by making Forts on the top of them, and Lines about the foot of them, which will be a prejudice to me if done; and by the Enemies possessing them, a disadvantage to me if not done, I would make the Number of my Lodgment Lines but four; and on the other side, if the Ground for my stand∣ing Camp be such, that if I should make but four or five Lines of Lodgments, I should thereby inclose within my Camp, or border upon it, some Moorish Lands, I would make it consist of 6 or 7 Lines of Lodgments, to avoid that mischief.

These two Instances will evidence no standing Rule can be given of how many Lines of Lodgments the setled In∣camping shall consist; for that must still depend upon the judgment of the General, and nature of the Ground; where∣fore the Romans manner of making their standing Camps alwayes an exact Square, and the usual modern way of ma∣king it a long Square, may neither of them be alwayes the best.

After the Ground for the standing Camp is resolved on, and that in Pasteboard or Double Paper, the Lodgments are agreed upon with how many Lines of Lodgments deep the whole shall consist of, it is the duty of the Quartermaster General, and of the Engineer General, to wait on the Ge∣neral with it, who approving of it, the Quartermaster Ge∣neral with his Assistants, and the Quartermasters of every Foot Regiment, and of every Troop of Horse, with those

appointed to take care of the Lodgments, for the General Officers, the Train, the Strangers, the Sick, and the Market-place (if you will have it within the Intrenchment) are to receive from him respectively, their Number of Foot in breadth, (for the length never alters) which every one of their Lodgments is to consist of, and also in what Line of Lodgments, and who is, or what is next on their right, or left hand, to be lodged or left void, with the breadth of the Street on each side of the Lodgment, when it varies from the usual wideness of 50 Foot, and then the four Angles of the whole Camp, and afterwards of every Lodgment are to be staked out, with the Streets, which are to run the whole breadth of the Camp, as also between Gross Lodgment and Gross Lodgment; after which, every Gross Lodgment is to be gone upon, by those appointed to work on the Hutts, and the Breast-work, which is to inviron every Gross Lodgment, yet so as no hands must be diverted, of the Foot Regiments from intrenching the whole Army, for that of all things, must be the very first gone about, and finished; then the Engineer General leaving the 300 or 206 Foot wideness for the Alarum place, round the whole Incamping, is to shew the General in Paper, his Project for fortifying the Camp, with the several sorts of Works which are to defend it, and flank the Line; alwayes having the largest Bastions, or Forts, on the four Angles of the whole Intrenchment, and the most capacious Works on the rising'st Grounds, to plant the most Ordnance on, the better to command the Fields with∣out the Camp, and with Graffs and Rampards, the deeper and the broader, to those larger Works; all things being seen by the General, and agreed unto by him, the Engineer General with his Assistants, is immediately to put them in practice.

And first he is to stake out the Alarum place, which is to be the 300 or 206 Foot in wideness, between the Circum∣vallation Line, and the Lodgments of the whole Camp; then to stake out the four Lines of the whole Circumvallation of it, erecting long Poles with Streamers on them, at the four right Angles of them; then to turn up one Sod all along the said Lines, for the better direction of those, who are to raise the Parapet, the whole length of it; leaving the Gaps

which are to be at the Entrance or Gorge of every Work or Bastion, which is to flank and defend it.

Next to stake out and mark the Fortifications, which are to secure the Camp, with their Graffs, and the distance be∣tween the undermost inward Sods of the Parapet, and Ram∣pards, and the outwardmost nearest the Graff; then he is to sum up how many Feet invirons the whole Line, which shuts up the Camp, together with the several Works which are to defend it round; afterwards he is to cast up how much in proportion to the just number of the whole In∣fantry of the Army, every Regiment is to do of all those Works and Lines, and to appoint every one of them the part they are to perform, which he is afterwards to stake out to their Officers, that every Regiment may know its proper task, and where it begins and ends, and then they are with∣out delay to fall to their Work, and never cease till it be finished.

This apportionating to every Regiment of Foot, its equal share of the whole Work, is done by the Rule of Three, and when thereby the exact share of Regiment A. is found, the like must be done as to every other Regiment, till all of them be gone thorow. In what is already exprest, I take it for granted, that the Works to flank the Line as well as the Line it self, are only in effect Parapets, and that may serve for a short time of Incamping, or when you are certain the Enemies Army cannot attack yours; but if it be for a standing Camp, and in which you will secure your self against his Attempts; then all your Works which flank your Line, ought to be fill'd with Earth, to the heighth you judge needful, and from that heighth to erect your Parapets, which may be Cannon-proof, with Portholes, or with great Can∣non Gabions well fill'd with Earth, or Skite Gates thorow the Flanks and Faces of the said Works; and in such cases, the usual method is to have your Pioneers or hired Soldiers, or both, to do those extraordinary labours; and this must be resolved upon at your first Incamping; since it will be too late to go upon it afterwards, because when your Bastions and other Works, to defend the Line, are only thin Para∣pets, made 6 foot high, both the casting the earth over those Parapets, to fill the Vacuities will be of hard labour, and al∣so

the Sod Work too weak to keep in the burden of new Earth, which by the great weight of it may belly and slide, and all Works which have Rampards, ought to have the Earth fill'd, but as the Sod-work rises, both that the casting in of the Earth may be the easilier done, and that it may have the more time to settle as the Work rises.

Besides if your intire Line, and the Work which scours it, is only to be six Foot high, and but six Foot thick at the bottom, and three at the top, the Sod-work which faces and lines it, is usually but one Sod thick, which is sufficient to keep in the Earth between, giving it so much battering; but if you come to fill the Vacuities of your flanking Works with Earth, then you ought to lay double, sometimes treble Rows of Sods, and those well ram'd, to face and line your Works; also good store of Frith must be mingled amongst the Earth, which fills the Vacuities; both which will bind it so, as it shall not be apt to slide.

This Caution I esteem'd not amiss to set down.

The Ichnographie of an Army Incamp'd, is in the follow∣ing Figure Number VI. with a Table annexed, as also a Prospect, how a Line may be fortified, and secured.

When the whole Circumvallation of the Camp is intire∣ly finished, for that must be the first Work of all, the gene∣ral safety depending on it, the General of the Ordnance, and his Officers, and others belonging to the Train of Ar∣tillery, must mount their Cannon or Field-pieces, on the several Works which are to command the Countrey about the Camp, and to defend the Line which invirons it; and to have them loaden with Round or Case-shot, and a suffi∣cient quantity of Ball and Powder, and number of Gunners and Matrosses, constantly to attend the Service. If your Camp be designed for a standing one, and that you appre∣hend an Enemy will straiten you in it, because you are too weak to give him Battel; then I would also raise some Ca∣valeers, or mounts of Earth, of a reasonable heighth, and plant the longest Ordnance on them, the more to command the Fields; the•…•…e Cavaleers I would raise on the most advan∣tageous places in the Bullwarks, at the Angles, and in the Works which inviron the whole Camp.

Whil'st these things are doing, the Quartermaster Gene∣ral and his Officers, ought to distribute to the General Offi∣cers, and those of the Train, as also to the Colonels of Horse, Foot, and Dragoons, &c. the quantities, dimensions and places, where their several Lodgments respectively are to be; the boundaries or outmost Lines of every one, be∣ing forthwith to be staked out; at the four Angles of eve∣ry Gross Lodgment respectively, and on those Stakes, small Streamers of Taffaty, or other slight Stuff, are to be placed; and of the colour of the respective Regiments, or General Officers, to the end that all of every Lodgment, by those small Streamers may know, where they are to lodge, and how much ground is allotted for it; then the Quartermasters of the Regiments, and of the Troops, with those appointed for the Lodgment of the General, and others, unregiment∣ed Officers, are immediately to fall to work, in dividing their Lodgments, and in making their Hutts and Stalls, the Qu•…•…r∣termasters of Troops with their Corporals, and the Se•…•…∣geants of Foot with their Corporals, are to see the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Stalls finish'd, for the Lod•…•…ments of their respect 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Troops and Companies, and the due regularity in hutt•…•…g or pitching their Tents, punctually observed; according

	feet
A Foot Regimt of 8 Comp. euery one 100 men bredth of its Lodgmt	276
B Foot Regimt of 9 such Companyes breadth—	300
C Foot Regimt of 10 such Comp. breadth—	324
D Foot Regimt of 11 such Comp. breadth—	348
E Foot Regt. of 12 such Comp. breadth—	372
F Foot Regt. of 13 such Comp. breadth—	396
G Foot Regt. of 14 such Comp. breadth—	420
H Foot Regt. of 15 such Comp. breadth—	444
Souldiers 9200 Breadth of Lodgmts.—	2880 foot

〈◊〉〈◊〉 Foot Regt. of 8 Comp. euery one 150 men bredth—	404
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Foot Regt. of 9 such Comp. breadth—	444
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Foot Regt. of 10 such Comp. breadth—	484
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Foot Regt. of 11 such Comp. breadth—	524
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Foot Regt. of 12 such Comp. breadth—	564
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Foot Regt. of 13 such Comp. breadth—	604
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Foot Regt. of 14 such Comp. breadth—	644
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Foot Regt. of 15 such Comp. breadth—	684
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Foot Regt. of 16 such Comp. breadth—	724
Soldiers of these 9 Regts. 16200 Breadth of the Lodgmt.—	5076 foot

〈◊〉〈◊〉 Horse Regt. of 4 Troopes each 100 men bredth—	388
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Horse Regt. of 5 such Troops breadth—	458
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Horse Regt. of 6 such Troops breadth—	528
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Horse Regt. of 7 such Troops breadth—	598
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Horse Regt. of 8 such Troops breadth—	668
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Horse Regt. of 9 such Troops breadth—	738
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Horse Regt. of 10 such Troops breadth—	808
•…•…orse 4900 Breadth of the 7 Lodgemts.—	4186 foot

〈◊〉〈◊〉 Generalls owne Lodgmt. breadth—	600
〈◊〉〈◊〉 One Officer Generall Lodgmt. breadth—	400
〈◊〉〈◊〉 One other Generall Officer Lodgmt breadth—	300
〈◊〉〈◊〉 One other Genll. Officer Lodgmt breadth—	300
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Strangers Lodgment breadth—	300
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Generall of ye Ordance Lodgmt breadth—	450
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Lodgmt for ye sick breadth—	300
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Lodgemt for ye Artilerye breadth—	400
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Lodgemts for ye Waggons Carts &c breadth—	500
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Lodgemt for ye Magazine of Victuall breadth—	500
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Place for ye Markett breadth—	400
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Piazza before ye Generalls Lodgmt breadth—	400
•…•…tall of ye breadth of these 12 Lodgements—	4850 foot

•…•…e Numbers which are sett down in the •…•…uerall Lodgem^ts are the Numbers of feet •…•…ontained in y^e breadth of each Lodgem^t

[illustration]

Figure six This is the Lodgement of an Ar•…•…y in six Lines of Lodgements the whole Consisting 7 Regimt^s. of Horse which make in all 49•…•… •…•…n and 17 Reg^ts. of •…•…oote which make in all 25400 The Generalls Lodgement 〈◊〉〈◊〉 O•…•…ers Gen^ll. Gen^ll of the Ordnance Traine Waggons Piazza Lodgem^ts. for strangers, for the sick 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…gazines and Market place

Place this foll: •…•…20

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to the beforementioned Rules, and that no time be lost.

The Romans in hot Weather, made the Soldiers by turns, to sprinkle well with Water all those Streets round their Line, as also the Piazza, other Streets, and void places, where the Officers and Soldiers use to walk all the day long; and if something like this were done in Camps, it would be of good use.

The distributing the Guards, the Word, and going the Rounds, I would recommend to have observed in the Camp, as in the Garison; only if you suspect to be assaulted in your Camp, you must have Parties of Horse, Day and Night; especially in the Night, beating the wayes, and scou∣ring the Countrey on all sides, that you may have timely notice for your defence; And if you believe your Enemy will attempt you in the Night, it would be adviseable to have great Piles of Wood, and Fagots, a convenient distance without your Line, to set them on Fire when your Enemy is ready to begin his Work, the better to see how effectively to bestow your small and great shot, amongst them; and still in case of Alarums or Assaults, those Regiments must be led to defend that part of the Line, which they are the nea∣rest unto, the like for the Horse; and every Regiment must know the portion of the Line, which they are to make good before there be need, lest then it may be too late. There seems to be ten Particulars which ought (if they be attainable) to be minded, in Incamping an Army in a standing Camp.

I. That the Camp be setled in a safe place, that is to say, that no heighths or eminent Grounds be so near it, as that an Enemy seizing on them on a sudden, may both by seeing into your Camp, or planting his Cannon and Mortar-pieces on those heighths, annoy, and disturb it.

II. If it be possible, that it be seated on a Navigable Ri∣ver; for by the benefit thereof, the expences of bringing Victuals, Ammunition, and Forage, will be cheap and expe∣ditious, but otherwise dear and slow, if all be brought on the Axel-tree, or Backs of Beasts; for whatever is so brought,

the Bringers (when it is for Sale) so heighten the price, as the poor Soldiers are hardly able to buy what they need.

But if you cannot Camp near a Navigable River, you must never omit to have your standing Camp by a River; for the dung of the Horses, and the stanch of the Butche∣ries, will else hazard the infecting the very Air of the Camp; besides Water must still be at hand for the Soldiers, the Horses, and the Beasts of draught, to drink; and if Water can be brought about the Graff of your standing Camp, or a great part of it, it will thereby become the more safe and defensible.

I would still have the Butchers Quarter, near the brink of the River, that they may with the less pains rid their Quarters of all the filth, which else will soon be nauseous in them.

III. Great care must be taken, that no Woods or large Coppices, be too near your Camp, lest your Enemy lodging in them, may from thence too safely annoy you, and accom∣modate himself.

IV. A flat Champaign Ground is the most eligible to In∣camp in, because in such a Scituation, the Enemy may be discover'd, and seen afar off, the Cannon of your Camp will be the more useful to you, and prejudicial to him; and when you find your opportunity, you may the sooner, and the more easily draw out your Army, and put them in Bat∣talia to fight.

V. A standing Camp, though it be best posted in a Plain, yet there must be no moorish or wet Ground in it, for the Vapors which will thence incessantly arise, may soon infect your Army.

VI. Great and strict Inquiry must be made, whether the Plain your standing Camp is to be in, cannot be overflow'd by the River near it, if great Rains should happen; and your own Engineers must diligently view, if your Enemy, (in case he be the stronger) by making great Dams below

your Camp, cannot force the River to overflow it, though the greatest Rains will not do it; as also, whether your Enemy being in effect the powerfuller in the Field, may not turn the River, from above your Camp into it, in which ca∣ses, if Floods, if Dams below, or turning of the River above, may drown your Camp, such a Scituation must not be made use of.

VII. In scituating of a standing Camp, you are to elect a place, near to which you may have good Grazing for your Horses, and Cattle; Grounds proper for Medow, (which usually are near a River) and Wood and Coppice, both for Fuel, and making your Hutts.

VIII. If the River adjoining be Navigable, or not al∣wayes fordable, Bridges of Boats must be cast over it, else you will be soon streightned by your Enemy, and probably he will raise Mounts and Batteries on the other side the Ri∣ver, which shall play into your Camp, and exceedingly an∣noy it, if not force you to abandon it, and in disorder too, whereby he will have too fair an opportunity to defeat you; therefore before your Bridges of Boats are cast over the Ri∣ver, you must immediately provide to secure them against they are cast over, by raising Forts, and Lines between the Forts, in which you may draw up safely your Battalions and Squadrons, and likewise furnish those Forts with good Artil∣lery, and man them alwayes sufficiently.

Also a competent distance above your standing Camp, you must have a Boom or Cable under Water, or Chain ready to draw across the River, and cover and well defend them at both ends, together with Boats well mann'd, there∣by to defeat any design of your Enemies, by floating En∣gines he may make, to destroy the Bridges of Boats.

IX. The standing Camp must not be too scant, nor too large, but duly proportionate to the Army, Train, and Bag∣gage, you are to lodge in it; and all the wayes unto it, you must with your best industry secure, and what you cannot secure, you must spoil and make them useless to your Ene∣my.

X. Lastly, If there be any Eminencies of Ground near your standing Camp, and yet without your Line that invi∣rons it, you must secure those heighths, not only by making Redoubts or Forts on the tops of them, but also by making a Line, if you have men enough to do it, round about the foot of those heighths; and you must make cover'd wayes from your Camp to those Redoubts, or Forts, the more safely to relieve them, in case your Enemy vigorously should attack them; nor is it amiss to have Mines under them, to blow them up, should your Enemy enter them; whereby he will be the more endamaged if they enter, or the more deterr'd from entring.

All Coppices and Woods which are at too much distance to be secured by a Line, ought to be cut down or burnt, to prevent those advantages, which else in many wayes, your Enemy will draw from them.

In making your Line, you may have sometimes unequal Grounds, through which you run it, some being high, and some low; on the heighths of a standing Camp, (which are natural Cavaleers) I would still make Forts, and plant my longest Cannon on them.

Where the Ground is sandy, or gravelly, or for any cause apt to slide, I would not depend on the facing of Sods, but drive Poles into the Ground, Wattle between them, and fling the Earth which arises out of your Graft, between the outwardmost and innermost Wattlings.

Where the Ground is Moorish on the Verge of your Line, and is sometimes, in dry Seasons, passable by Horse or Foot, I would with Pallisadoes and Stockades, secure it; or by many join'd Turnspikes, or Chevaleers de Freze, and without these I would, during the whole length of the Moorish Grounds, at a competent distance, cut two or three broad and deep Ditches, which will fill themselves with Water, and thereby discourage your Enemy to attack you in the weakest part of your Line, or if he did assault you there, much incommodate him, and render it almost impos∣sible for him to make use of his Horse in the attempt; I have also known in such cases, several Lines of deep and pretty large holes without, but near your Line, made at unequal di∣stances, and cover'd with slight Hurdles, with a little Earth

strew'd over them, both to intangle an assaulting Enemy if he know it not, or discourage him if he knows, or has cause to suspect it; for it were Temerity with Foot only, to enter the Line of an inviron'd Camp, where Horse, and Foot, and Cannon, are ready to welcome them; and by the immedi∣ately beforemention'd methods, it will be difficult, if pos∣sible, for him in case his Foot enter, to have them seconded by his Cavalry, without which they are much likelier to be driven out, than to be successful.

I would likewise for the better defence of those feebler parts of your Line, erect Batteries and Redoubts within it, the better to defend them, and to rake your Enemy, should he enter.

There are several Cares indispensably incumbent on a Commander in chief, who posts himself in an intrenched standing Camp, I shall enumerate some.

I. To have a Countrey behind his standing Camp, to supply it constantly, and at reasonable Rates, with Victuals, Forage, and all other Necessaries, and to preserve it, both from the incursions of the Enemy, and from the insultings or injury of his own Army.

II. To secure throughly those Towns, Forts, or Fortres∣ses, nearest to his Camp, and in which he lodges his Maga∣zines, which are to supply him, when the Countrey cannot, or will not do it longer; and therefore he ought alwayes, before his Enemies are near, (whereby they may awe the Countrey from supplying him, or the People of it may make that the pretence) to get into those places, with great diligence, all the Victuals and Forage he can; and from thence to furnish himself, with what his Camp cannot contain, or cannot be laid up dry in it; but still to have as much Provision within the Line of his Camp, as possibly he can, for there 'tis safest and at hand; for Bisket, Cheese, But∣ter, Meal, and such like meats, may be long kept in good condition, in little room, and are ready for food without Cookery; if the Countrey be not perfectly well affected to the General, he ought to take Hostages from it, to supply the Victuals, Forage, and other Necessaries, at the rates, times

and quantities, which shall be agreed upon; these Hostages, if well chosen, and diligently kept within the Camp, will make the Countrey punctual in performing, and be a suffi∣cient answer to make those of it, who would starve the Camp, or the Enemy, (who else might frighten them from supplying it) that they dare not but obey, because their Hostages else will suffer.

As the chief Commander of such a standing Camp, must make his agreement on equal terms with the Countrey, for his sustenance out of it, and see to their punctual per∣formance of it, so he must as punctually pay the Country, according to his Contract, since Fear and Gain, are usually the most operative motives with the People, to make good all Agreements.

III. The Convoys of Horse and Foot, which are to se∣cure those who must supply your Camp, must never omit their duties, in punctually meeting, rather before than after the hour, and in carefully conveying, what is brought to the Camp, and must be strong in proportion to the need; for should such Parties fail of meeting the Countrey, at the set time and place, it might discompose all your Affairs, dis∣courage the Bringers of Necessaries, and give them but too much cause to fail, by your example; or should the Con∣voys by being weak or negligent, be defeated by the Ene∣my, or the disaffected of the Countrey, you would not on∣ly lose that one Supply, but too probably, deter the Coun∣trey from coming with another.

IV. The Major General, and Commissary General of the Horse, must make all the Regiments of Horse and Foot, do equal and proportionate duty, according to their Num∣bers, in going on such Convoys; for which end they ought to keep exact and written Lists, of all the Parties they send on such employments, from time to time; and inform the General of them; else if by favor any be exempted, or fa∣vor'd, the duty will be the heavier, and the discontents the higher.

V. If the places in which the standing Magazines are set∣led, which must supply the Camp, be at a great distance from it, or may have the Wayes infested by the Enemy, Forts ought to be erected, and well mann'd at competent distances, the one from the other; into which should any of your Convoys be unexpectedly fallen upon, they may shelter themselves, and what they Convoy, till relieved from the Camp; for all such attempts from the Enemy, are sud∣den, and by surprize, and they dare not stay to force such a Fort, lest they draw the Camp upon them; besides when every two or three miles there are such Forts, erected in the fittest places, they do not only make the Convoys march the more securely, and discourage your Enemy from attempting them, but also the Countrey People without Convoys are the more invited to bring their Provisions for your suste∣nance.

VI. If I foresaw, my Enemy would endeavor to straiten my standing Camp, by possessing the Countrey about it, I would immediately burn and drive whatever I could not se∣cure, in my Magazines, or within my Line, the sooner to ne∣cessitate him to dislodge; so that no two Particulars are more carefully and speedily to be perform'd, than to secure your own Victuals and Forage, and to destroy all that your Enemy will otherwise be Master of; and doubtless the first and most important duty of a General, is to provide Food and Ammunition for his Army; for men can live and fight without Pay, but can do neither without Food and Ammu∣nition; and he who intrenches well his Camp, and hath Food the longest, must in time have the better of that War, without fighting, though his Enemy be his Superior in strength; Gaspar de Coligny, Admiral of France, and who in military knowledge has been exceeded by few, if by any Captains in past Ages, would often say, War is a great Mon∣ster, which begins to be form'd by the Belly, meaning that Food ought to be the very first care of a General for his Ar∣my.

A standing Camp thus situated, fortified, and provided for, may truly be said to be in a good posture; but in re∣gard all these desirable Particulars beforemention'd, are not

usually to be compassed in all places; whatever is defective by Nature, must be supplied by Art and Industry.

There are several Orders for the well regulating a Camp within it self, which ought to be given, punctually observed, and the Breakers of them indispensibly punish'd.

I. That all Cursing, Swearing, Lying, Stealing, Drawing a Sword, and Quarrelling, be exemplarily punish'd, both in those who are the Guilty, and in those who knowing it, do not detect it; for which end, daily Court Martials ought to be held, that the Faulty may as soon suffer as their Offences are proved; that the Officers and Soldiers daily come to the Service of God, at the times the several Chaplains of the Regiments are appointed to officiate; for without the bles∣sing of Almighty God, how can any so much as hope to prosper: Yet alas how debauch'd are the Generality of the Soldiery, who hourly, as it were, carrying their lives in their hands, ought, most of all men, to be prepared for death; yet they, of all other Vocations, are too frequently the least fitted for it; and though God himself does at all times, and on all persons, forbid Wickedness, yet he repeatedly does it to the Soldiery, in the XXIII. Chapter of Deuteronomy, and the 9th Verse, viz. When the Host goeth forth against thine Enemies, then keep thee from every wicked thing. If we own God to be our General, which who dares deny he is, since he is pleas'd to call himself the Lord of Hosts, we ought to obey his commands, and punish those who break them, else we shall be found to be more obedient to a General, than to our God.

II. That the Camp be kept exceeding clean, which is not only decent, but healthy.

That none of the Soldiers do their Easements within it, but in some convenient places, at least 100 Foot without it, as the Martials of every Regiment shall appoint, either in the River or Brook, or in some Pits to be digged by every Regiment for that end.

That the Troopers, every morning and evening, be made carry out of the Line, all the dung of their Horses.

That the Butchers do the like as to all the filth in their Shambles, and be made kill their Beeves, Sheep, &c. out of the Camp, and that all dung and filth be buried; and that the Suttlers and Victuallers, keep their Cellars and Kitchins sweet, and that the latter be still cover'd with Sods, or raw Hides, for fear of Fire.

III. No man, without express leave of his Officer, is to go further than Cannon-shot out of the Camp; nor lie out of the Camp, under a most severe Penalty.

IV. That none be admitted who are Suttlers or Victual∣lers, to entertain Soldiers at Night, after the Warning-piece is gone off; nor in the morning, until the Reveille be beaten.

V. That none be admitted Suttlers or Victuallers, but by the Martial General, who is with his Under-Officers to take care, that no bad Meat or Drink be sold to the Soldiers, or good sold at unreasonable Rates; That he set the price on all the Camp Provisions, which are daily sold, and are not supplied out of the Magazine; nor must any thing be sold amongst the private Soldiery, but by his or his Officers Li∣cence; and by sound of Drum, to prevent the sale of stol'n Goods, to detect the Thieves, and to hinder many other mis∣chiefs. Many such and other Orders are given in standing Camps and Leaguers, according to the Wisdom of the Gene∣ral, the Discipline of the Army, or the present condition of the Countrey.

I have the longer and more particularly, insisted on this part of the Art of War, of intrench'd Incampings, because it is what in England we have not been much accustomed unto, and therefore are generally the less knowing in it; for I have seen eminent Commanders there, when they came with Armies for the War of Ireland, so great Strangers to the Rules of it, as their Camps appeared to me to be like Fairs; and some of them, not only have ingeniously ac∣knowledged to me, they were to seek in that great part of War, but condescended to inform themselves from me,

what I could tell them on that Subject, choosing rather to confess their ignorance, that they might mend it, than to continue under it; though I heartily wished them a better Instructer.

I also have been convinced by reading the Greek and Ro∣man Histories, that they ow'd as much of their Conquests, to their well Incamping, as to their other excellent Military Discipline, and their Valor; it would be almost endless to enumerate, what Kingdoms and Provinces they kept in obe∣dience, by their standing Camps; and how often they stop'd the invasions of Torrents of barbarous Nations (as they were pleas'd to term them) by the same proceeding; and having first wearied out their Enemies, by such safe and beneficial delayes, then on some great advantages, they would give them Battel, and defeat them; none of which they could have effected, or rationally have attempted, but by their thoroughly knowing how to Incamp advanta∣geously, by constantly practising it, and by a timely provi∣ding of Food, and Forage.

I have likewise observed these few last Years, that the French, who have not only many eminent Commanders, if not the most of any one Nation, and daily improve the Art of making War, have begun to revive, and with great benefit to themselves, this almost obsolete part of it; For I take the Prince of Conde, to be one of the famousest Cap∣tains, that any Age hath produced; and I observed when the Prince of Orange, the Imperialists, under the Count de Souches, and the Flemish Forces, were united; the Prince of Conde who was sent to oppose them, would not give them Battel, but Incamped himself advantageously on the French Frontiers; so that they justly apprehended to enter them, and leave him at their backs, whereby he kept them long at a Bay, and when he found his opportunity, gave them at Se∣neff so considerable a blow, as the French from having been on the defensive, they became afterwards the Assaulters, and closed that Campagne, by taking some of their Enemies Garisons.

The Mareschal de Turenne also, who was sent General to the War in Germany, and who in the Military Art had hardly a Superior, having there to do with the Count de

Montecuculi, who, I believe, has not been excell'd by any Captain in any Age, would still by intrench'd Incampings, when the Germans were the strongest, preserve himself and Army, by spinning out the time, and cover those Territories and places he had won, while he had been the most power∣ful; and to me it seems a thing very worthy observation, that after by the Mareschal de Turenne's being kill'd, when the French King sent the Prince of Conde from the Army in Flanders, to command his Army in Germany, he did also by intrench'd Incampings, weather that Storm; which in it self was so threatning, not only by the sudden loss of so great a Captain, but also by the Germans being led by the Count de Montecuculi, and the present Duke of Lorrain, two persons as considerable as the very Forces they lead; I say it seems to me very worthy of observation, that two such justly celebrated Commanders, as the Prince of Conde, and Monsieur Turenne, should observe the very same me∣thods, in managing the same War; whereas usually when one General succeeds another, in heading the same Ar∣my, and ordering the same War, the last Comer judges it a kind of diminution to his own skill, to tread in the very paths of his Predecessors; but the Prince of Conde not doing so, thereby, in my poor opinion, renders three things evi∣dent:

I. That he truly judged himself so justly secure in his own Reputation, as it could receive no diminution, in fol∣lowing the steps of the dead General; especially he having done the like before, and successfully in Flanders.

II. That a wise and great Captain, will rather by his actings, confirm that course to be best, (if it be so in it self) by imitating his Predecessor, than try new methods of War, whereby out of but a meer hope to do the like thing, by a different way, he may hazard his Reputation, his Army, and the Countrey he is to cover and protect.

III. What two such Generals have practised, (all cir∣cumstances consider'd) is to me an Evincement, that by Camps intrenched and well posted, a Countrey may be best

secured, an invading Enemy may be best resisted; and in time, all advantages being taken in the nick, may be defeat∣ed, or made retire

As the French King manages his Wars on the German side, by his Captains, and makes it oftner defensive there, than invasive; so on the Flanders side, he makes it generally offensive, and leads his Armies himself, which is the solidest way to be successful; some few of the many Reasons why I believe it is the very best way for a King to lead his own Armies, I shall here set down:

I. It evidences he has a Genius to the Wars, else he would not himself be at the head of his own Armies; and that makes the Nobility and Gentry of his Kingdom War∣like, since all Subjects of Quality, generally addict them∣selves to what they find their Prince is most inclined.

II. No Prince is likely to be so well served, or is so well served, as he who with his own eyes, sees who are active or remiss in their duties; to reward the first, and punish the last.

III. How many opportunities to be victorious are lost, by a Generals sending for, and staying to receive Orders from his Prince; all which, by his own being on the place, are laid hold of and improved.

IV. How many brave men will not go to the War, if the Prince be not there in person; who if he be, cannot then be kept from the honour and duty of waiting on him.

V. How many valiant men of his Guards are to attend his person, which if it be not with his Army, is thereby de∣prived of so many good Fighters.

VI. How many good heads may be consulted with in the Army, when the King is there, who would not be drawn thither, unless he were there; either by reason of their cra∣zy healths, or believing it below them to be in an Army,

where any commanded but themselves, or some such other Considerations.

VII. How many Garisons may be bought, and Comman∣ders bought off from the Enemy, when the King in person is the Merchant, which otherwise would not listen to, or trust to the Bargains offer d by his General.

It were endless to enumerate all the real advantages, which a Sovereign has, who makes War in person, against Enemies, which make War only by their Generals; nor can there be almost a larger illustration, of the truth of what I have said, than what we have seen with our own eyes, these three last Years; even that the French King singly, not only makes War, in effect, against all the Continents of Europe, but al∣so gains, rather than loses Ground; which possibly could hardly be done by him, though he is a great and brave Prince himself, though he has a large and noble Monarchy, many eminent Commanders, and almost an innumerable company of good subaltern Officers, and is absolute, and has all his Territories united, and fronting upon the Countries of almost all his Enemies; If to all these advantages he did not in person often lead his Armies, where he means to make his chief impressions; and if he did not by intrench'd In∣campings, oppose by his Generals, those of his Enemies, who else might invade his Dominions; and if he did not also excellently manage the Wars on his side; and if he were not also help'd by his Confederated Enemies being intang∣led under many inconveniencies, and hinder'd by many ob∣structions; I say, if all these did not concur, it would seem to me almost impossible to do as he does, especially since he hath also at the same time engaged himself in the protection of the Messineses, with his Maritine and Land Forces; whose Militia he must not only pay, but what is worse, feed the useless mouths of both Sexes, and of all Ages; and which perhaps is more than all this, he must send all things to them in his Fleets, by a long Navigation; and hinder'd therein, by the joint Naval Forces of Spain, and the United Provin∣ces, so that many conclude, he may gain more fame by ex∣tending his Arms so far abroad, even while he has so much

need of them near home, than solid benefit by engaging in that revolted Peoples defence, unless some considerable Emergencies be favourable unto him; but yet on the other side, why may it not be believed, that the inuring his Sub∣jects to Navigation and Sea-fights, is singly worth the ex∣pence of that Sicilian War; and indeed all things rightly consider'd, perhaps he could not more usefully attempt the attaining that end, than by making War in the Mediterranean Sea against Spain; for thereby he gives His Majesty and the States of the United Provinces less jealousie, than if he managed it in any other of the European Seas; he makes the War laborious, chargeable and tedious to the States, if they pay their Mediterranean Fleet; or to Spain, if that King be at the sole expence of doing it.

It is also no little augmentation of his Glory, that France, which till his Reign was so little considerable at Sea; and that Spain, which though during the Reign of King Philip the Second, made Europe, and the Ottoman empire apprehend his Armada's, yet cannot now, even in conjunction with the Fleet of the States, hinder France from frequently relieving of Messina, and the other revolted places of the Island of Sicily; nay, in Sea-Battels has forced his way to that end: so that all things duely weighed, perhaps the French Monarch could not make a more hopeful War by Sea than this, to train up his Subjects to fight on that Element, if he aspires to be as formidable on it, as he is actually on the Land; which may not be unreasonably presumed he does, by the Stupendious and Royal Foundations he has laid for the building of Ships, and equipping them; and for the educa∣ting his Subjects to Navigation, and encouraging them to pursue that Calling; and by the numerous and stately Na∣vy he has built in a very few Years; which is such, as some believe, may at the present, equal for Number, and size even the Fleet Royal of England, or the Navy of the States; and should this be true, may it not be more likely, that he may ten Years hence, if not sooner, attempt to give the Law at Sea; then that ten Years past, he should be so strong in Ships of War as now he is; especially if while his Navy is growing, he can render his own Subjects capable to manage it; for 'tis easier to increase Fleets, than at first to

build them: So that this Messinese War, which some consi∣der as a blemish in his Politicks, may be none of the least depths of them.

But since I have asserted two particulars, viz. the French Kings excellent management of his Wars, and the advan∣tage he reaps, by the intanglements and difficulties which his Confederated Enemies are under: I esteem my self ob∣liged to set down some of my Grounds for those two As∣sertions.

I. I find that having so many formidable Armies to deal with, and being thereby unable to have Forces, both to face every one of them, and reserve Armies also, he is very cau∣tious to avoid a general decisive Battel, lest the loss of it might hazard his Monarchy.

II. He has been usually in the Field about the beginning of March, and by having his Armies excellently well provi∣ded, and frankly hazarding his Soldiery, he has taken in 18 or 19 Weeks, before the whole Confederacy can imbody, more Countries and important Garisons, than they have re∣taken in the six succeeding Months after they are im∣bodied.

III. Being an absolute Monarch, and having none in his Armies but such as depend on his Will; he may alwayes pursue the Councel which is in it self best, and may execute it with expedition, and secresie; so that having resolved where to make his impression in the very opening of the Spring, he provides in the Neighbouring Territories his Ma∣gazines for Victuals and Forage accordingly; and thereby what supplies him with both, doth disable those Territories to supply his Enemies on the place, should they come to raise any of his Sieges, with an Army formed of the Forces of the whole Confederacy: And by his having formerly secured or consumed all Meat and Forage near his Leageurs, makes it impossible for the other in that ill season of the Year, to carry all of both forts on the Axle-tree, sufficient for them∣selves, though it were but for a few dayes; and having by his Lines of Circumvallation made it almost an act of Te∣merity

to attempt to force them, he makes it also an impos∣sibility to constrain him to raise his Sieges by a diversion. For what place can they besiege in a Season, when the earth yields no sustenance for Man or Horse; and when they have not Magazines of both laid in beforehand to supply them. And if they should attempt to raise his Sieges, but by such part of the Forces of the Confederacy as can carry Provision and Forage with them on the Axle-tree, or by Boats, 'tis much more than an even Wager, that they will re∣pent it, sooner than he.

IV. Since the Germans are the greatest force of the Confederacy, by his so early in the Year attacking the Spa∣niards, Flemish Territories, he renders the German assistance useless to those Countries in that Season; since 'tis almost a Winters march to lead Armies timely enough from the Centre, or remote parts of the Empire (where commonly they have their best Winter quarters) to the Frontiers of Flanders, were there no impediment but the length of the Way; but when to that is added, the ill season of the Year, and the vast charge and difficulty of carrying Horse and Mans meat, besides Artillery, Ammunition, and needful Baggage so far, to form also Magazines then timely enough to answer the occasion, Experience as well as the Reason of the thing, sufficiently evidences is not practicable; so that no formidable Army, can at such times be expected from thence: Besides the great Garisons the French keep at Bri∣sac, Schleckstad•…•… &c. and the Flying Camp they have on those Frontiers of Germany, renders it hazardous to send the Body of their Army to relieve Flanders lest during their absence, their own Territories be exposed to the incursions of the French. The Spaniards on the other side, though assisted by the States, are not over-able to cope with all the power of France, headed by their King in person, and at∣tended by all that brave and numerous Noblesse, which usu∣ally wait on him; nor is it over-likely that the States will be ready to hazard their Armies, onely to relieve the Spa∣niards, who some have thought are not able, and others have fancied are not very willing to relieve themselves in Flanders; so that to me it seems the French King plays a

wise and secure Game, as he orders his War: for if the Germans should march in that ill season, and unprovided with Magazines, they would probably by such a march in the dawn of the Spring, disable their Army to do much all the ensuing Summer; and if they do not make such marches in the Spring, the French King does then gain more than he can lose all the rest of the Campagne, which is a Military Dilemma can hardly be avoided: Besides, the farther the French King advances his Conquests, and the more Garisons he takes, in his Enemies Countries, during the Spring, the more he secures himself from having his own Dominions in∣vaded by them in the Summer, at least by the way of the Spaniards Netherlands.

There seems to remain then but two other probable ways for their doing of it, by Lorrain, or by Alsatia; in the first, he is not only gathering a great Army, but strongly fortifying all considerable places there, and in the latter, I hear, he has laid all the Countrey waste; so that it will be difficult, if possible, to invade him by Alsatia, and it will be no easie task to do it by Lorrain, when so many strong Garisons must be taken, his Army looking on; or if untaken left at their backs should they enter France, and Monsieur de Cre∣qui's Army to watch and attend their motions, which by great detachments may be reinforced according to their need by the French Armies in Flanders; and to me it would seem a temerarious Action, for the Confederates to enter France, if they could, and leave the French New Conquests in Flan∣ders, with the Armies which cover them, the old and newGa∣risons in Lorrain and the Mareschal de Crequi's Army there, and the Desart of Alsatia at their backs, and this too with∣out having any Confederates (that are yet visible) in France to join with them, or any Garison in it at their devotion, where they might form Arcenals, Magazines, leave their Sick or Wounded, &c so that in my poor judgment, it seems against all the Maxims of Reason and Military Experiment, that the Confederates will invade France if they could, as the present state of Affairs are: I know 'tis almost the gene∣ral opinion, that great Action will be this ensuing Summer, but I must own I cannot bring my self to believe, the Event will be proportionable to the Expectation. For to me it

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seems very probable, that the Game the French will play is, with their best and greatest Army to oppose (but without giving a decisive Battel) the Germans, when they enter Lorrain, which is the likeliest, if not the onely way they will come; and thereby the French having all the Garisons, and the standing Bridges over the unfordable Rivers, they may, by posting themselves in advantageous places, and by intrench'd Incampings, keep the Germans at a Bay, spin out the Summer, and by the little progress of the War, endea∣vor to render the Empire weary of it.

For having, in effect, made Lorrain the onely way by which the Germans can advance, they have doubtless already so well furnished their own Magazines in those parts, that they will be provided for plentifully; whereas 'tis to be doubted whether the Germans can be so well furnish'd with Victuals, when all they eat must be brought on Carriages, and often from Countries or Stores at a considerable di∣stance, and from Princes whose Territories get little, and suffer much by the War, while the French will have their Food at hand, and will destroy whatever they cannot secure; by which means, the farther their Enemy advances into Lor∣rain, the more unlikely and troublesom it will be to be fed, while they are there; Nor will the Germans probably be able to force any considerable place there, since such as are so, will be well fortified, mann'd and provided for, and to sit down before a strong Garison, while an Army which it may be is as strong as their own, is ready to relieve it, or to cut off all their Convoys, is no usual Enterprise.

If the Prince of Orange be strong enough to act apart with his own Army, and the Governor of Flanders, by additional Forces of the Germans, be able to do the like with his Ar∣my, the French, who have Armies to attend their motions, will, in all likelihood, either relieve the places they shall be∣siege, or if they shall have so strengthned their Lines of Cir∣cumvallation, before the French can fling the necessary re∣lief into those Garisons they shall besiege, as it will render it too hazardous to try to force the Line, the French, by diver∣sion, may besiege some places of theirs, and Take as much as they Lose; for in that Season they will have Forage in the Field, and their Magazines of Victuals near, neither of which

the Germans could have in the beginning of the Spring; when the French inlarge their Conquests, so that the French by that excellent conduct wherewith they order their Af∣fairs, do certainly take places, before the Confederates can come into the Field, and will, in all likelihood, lose few after.

On the side of Alsatia, the French keep but very few Garisons, and those excellently furnished, and the Countrey generally wasted; so that if the Forces of the Circles of the Empire besiege and reduce one of them the ensuing Summer, that will probably be the most they can aim at, and possibly all things consider'd, more than they can effect.

To the best of my observation, the French with great prudence, attack Places in the beginning of the Spring, when there is no Army to relieve them; and in the Sum∣mer, when the whole Confederacy is in the Field, they are usually on the defensive, and cover what they have took; and in my weak judgment, they do at least as much by their alwayes providing well to eat, and by their intrenched In∣campings, as by their good Fighting, which questionless is the most hopeful and the most solid way of making War; for it has been for many Ages a standing Military Axiom, That the lesser Army if it can feed and avoid being forced to fight, it will weary out the greater Army in no long time.

These are some of the many Reasons which induced me to commend the French Kings excellent manner of mana∣ging this War, and why I cannot readily believe the results of this ensuing Summer, will be so great as many think.

I shall now mention some of those Inconveniences and Intanglements which his Confederated Enemies, seem to me to lie under, and which are so helpful to him.

I. That Union being made up of many absolute Sove∣reigns, and States, some of the highest, some of the middle, and some of the lesser size, nothing can be designed, much less attempted by them, but by joint consent, and after long consultations; at which since the Sovereigns cannot be per∣sonally present, they must be carried on by their Ministers, whereby before any thing can be finally resolved, much time is consumed, motions are much slower, than the Nature of

War requires, the due secresie of designs cannot be observed, on which depends the life of all Military Action; and such Resolutions as possibly in themselves are the very best; are usually opposed by those of them, who find not their parti∣cular Interests in the observing and pursuing them.

II. When after much time and labour, during a whole Winter, all the Confederates agree how the War shall be best managed the ensuing Summer; it is great odds, but all or the most considerable measures then taken, will be broken again, for they only knowing their own Project for the Campania, and not their Enemies, his early actings may necessitate them to alter theirs; in which case most of the Summer will be consumed in concerting how it shall be employed. This un∣certainty, during which their Armies are at a gaze, does not only give great Advantages to an active and vigilant Enemy who is resolved what to do, and vigorously prosecutes his designs, but also slackens the courage of their own Soldiery; towards which, no one thing can more contribute, than Ir∣resolution in their Superiors; Nor is it a possible thing (at least in my humble opinion) to order a War as it ought to be, when those who command in it, must on all Emergencies send to their Masters for new directions. And therefore the Romans, as jealous as they were of their liberty, never were imbark'd in a dangerous War indeed, but they created a Dictator, who was absolute for the time being, and who was not fetter'd with the necessity of sending to the Senate for new Orders, on new Accidents, but was at his liberty to im∣prove them on the place. All which confirms on the account of Reason what Experiment in all Ages has clearly evinced, which is, That a Monarch who is at the Head of his own Ar∣mies, has a hopefuller Game to play in War, than many mighty Princes who compose a League, and act by several Generals, and are acted by various Interests.

III. Though the opposing the formidable and growing Power of France was the true Cement of the present Con∣federacy and Union, yet as by the greatness of their own strength their fears of France lessen; so many of it cool in their first vigor, lest by too much humbling their Enemy

abroad, they may too much heighten their greatest Allies at home; and so what in shew renders the League the stron∣ger, does, in effect, weaken the actings of it.

IV. Oftentimes they can neither agree to divide what they have gotten, nor how they shall divide what they may get; though possibly, the dividing of the Bears skin is more easily agreed unto before he is kill'd, than after; and pos∣sibly also those of the Confederacy which are weary of the War, had rather make their being unsatisfied with their Par∣tition past, or to come, the pretence of their withdrawing, or remissness, than to own they are tyred with the charge, trouble, and hazard they undergo, and then how apt are such Princes or States to listen to a Neutrality, if offer'd by the French.

V. What differences are and must be raised every Win∣ter, how the Armies shall be then quarter'd; for some So∣vereigns which are the least rich, and have the scantest Ter∣ritories, yet have the fittest to make Winter Quarters in; and whereby posting great Bodies of the Soldiery, they may be the better able to resist the incursions of their Enemy, and to make successful ones into his Territories; but if such Winter Quarters be granted by the lesser Princes, and States; than those who are to be least Gainers by the War, undergo the greatest burthen of it, and suffer the most considerable damage by it: And if they will not quarter the Forces where they are most useful, then not only the whole Union suffers thereby, but also those lesser Princes themselves and their Subjects; who not being willing to be eaten up by their Friends, and unable to resist with their own Forces those of France, become a Prey unto the latter, to avoid be∣ing devoured by the former.

Nay, sometimes the necessity of the common safety and benefit, makes the stronger of the Confederacy take Win∣ter Quarters on the weaker, without or against the permis∣sion of the Princes themselves; whereby Animosities are raised, in which Friends to the Wrong'd, or fear of being in the future under the like usage, makes others share in the discontents and resentments. And such Forces as are quar∣ter'd

in any Princes Territories against his leave, are thereby all the Winter put on double duty; that against the Enemy, and that against the People of the Countrey; who else, would by surprize revenge their Princes Affront, and prevent their own farther Sufferings. So that their Winter-quar∣ters which should be to refresh them against the Spring, is frequently more harassing to them, than all the Summer Ser∣vice is, or can be.

VI. Since the War is pursued by several Armies at once, and consequently a greater Monarchs Forces is to be often united with those of a lesser, many difficulties arise about the chief Command in an Army so composed, and greater mischiefs are too frequently the inseparable consequences of its being so composed. For where the two Sovereign Pow∣ers whose Troops make that Body, have their distinct Gene∣rals in it, though one of them be made the Superior as to Command, yet Battels are not to be given, nor Sieges un∣dertook, or continued, without the concurrence of the other General, who perhaps if the hazards both Armies are to un∣dergo, be to redound to the benefit of his own Master singly, or chiefly, will be more inclined to embark in them, than he will be, if the result of the Success be more for the advantage of his Colleague, whereby particular ends, often obstruct the general good of the Union.

I shall give two remarkable instances of this great Truth which very recently happen'd.

The Prince of Orange not being able singly to take Maestricht, is therefore join'd with the Flemish Forces, &c. When by the Valor, Conduct, Danger, and Indefatigable∣ness of that brave young Prince, (true Inheritor of the Vir∣tues of his famous Ancestors, and deservedly Worthy of the Royal Blood of England, which he has the honour to be of) the Siege was so far advanced, as that the place must be ta∣ken, unless relieved by a Battel, or his own being necessitated to raise it; the French King orders Monsieur de Schomberg with all the united Forces of those Parts, (which his Courage and Conduct justly intitled him to command) to try to relieve the place sufficiently, or make the Prince raise his Siege: Upon the advance of Monsieur Schomberg, the

Prince, (as I am credibly inform'd) was absolutely for giv∣ing him Battel, that the fruits of so much Time, Labour, Ex∣pence, and Blood, might not be lost, and lost with some dis∣paragement; but his Associates judging that to be too hazar∣dous a Counsel, the Siege was raised, and possibly with more loss of Men, Cannon, and Reputation, than the ill success of a Battel could have cost. Far be it from me to say, that those who were for raising the Siege, believed it of more importance to their King to keep his Troops entire, than that the Prince should be again Master of Maestricht; much less will I say that they would not venture all their Forces on an Engagement, where the States were to have the greatest, if not the sole benefit of the success, though the others were to run a great share of the hazard; but this I hope with∣out offence may be thought, that it had been more advise∣able never to have engaged in that Siege, than after having so far proceeded, to have quitted it: For who could in rea∣son believe, that so great a Monarch as the French King is, and so jealous of the Glory of his Arms, as all Europe has seen, and too many of it felt, would let a place of so vast importance as Maestricht, be torn from him without a Battel; so that in my poor judgment, the Siege should never have been resolved upon, or the Battel should have been given to have made it good. To be warm in undertaking a great de∣sign, and cool in justifying it when undertook, is seldom at∣tended with success, or reputation. All which that Gene∣rous young Prince so well foresaw, as I am confident nothing would have made him besiege Maestricht, if he had not ful∣ly believed his Allies would have ventured a Battel to have carried it. I know not whither to do so, was a part of their written Contract, but I take it to be clearly inferr'd by their sitting down before it; and therefore though the Prince might share in the trouble of the ill success, yet he ought to have no part in the fault of it.

The second Evidence of this Truth, was in the Year be∣fore; when the Prince of Orange was in conjunction with the Imperial Forces, and the Flemish; how little was there done when united, and how much was suffer'd, few are ig∣norant of; but as soon as the Prince commanded singly, how Gloriously did he end that Campagne, by the reduction of

Grave, which though it had been long besieged by General Robenhoft, who was a brave Commander, yet till the Prince of Orange came thither, the Siege moved not on, with the Life, Vigor, and Success, which his Example and Conduct gave unto it.

And in the taking whereof, it will not be so much a Com∣plement to him, as a Truth of him, if I should say, Alexan∣der the Great at his Siege of the Mallians, or King Henry IV. of France, (as great a Captain I believe as even Alexander himself) at the taking of Cahors, ran not greater hazards as to their Persons, than the Prince of Orange did for the re∣duction of Grave.

Lastly, (to omit many other Particulars) oftentimes those Generals which are really the fittest to manage the War, cannot be employ'd to do it; since if a Sovereign who is of the Confederacy, will go in Person to command an Army, or send his Son, Brother, or some first Prince of his Blood to do it, none of them but will be the chief, though some under them may perhaps be more capable of being it: Whereby Superiority in Command may not alwayes be vest∣ed in him, who is the fittest to discharge it; and therefore sometimes the War prospers accordingly.

I hope whoever shall undergo the trouble of reading what I write, will be in some degree satisfied, That I had Reason to assert both the French Kings excellent manage∣ment of his War, and his being help'd therein, by the una∣voidable obstructions and intanglements which the Con∣federacy of his Enemies does subject them unto, both from the nature of such an Union, and from the situations of the Territories of those Sovereigns which compose it.

But if the Body of the Confederates strength could con∣stantly lie as near the Frontiers of France, as the strength of France, by that Monarchs Absoluteness, Unitedness of his Dominions, and wise Management, can be brought (when he will) near the Territories of the less strong Princes of the Union; possibly his maintaining a War against almost all the Continent of Europe, might be a greater Trouble, Charge and Difficulty to him, than yet he has found it.

Nor indeed can so dull a judgment as mine is, readily fore∣see, why the French King may not continue the War, long

enough, to make his Enemies, or many of them, weary of it, unless his methods be broken by some unforeseen great Accident; as a Revolt within his own Territories, or some decisive Victory which the Confederates may obtain, either from the French Generals confident belief of winning it, or from the necessity of the French giving them Battel, to pre∣serve an endanger'd detachment of his Army, or a Garison or Territory worthy of that hazard, or some such other great Accident; or unless the Kingdom of Spain (now new∣ly under the intire Ministry of Don Iohn, a wise, and war∣like Prince) be able, and willing, to invade the South-west part of France with a Royal Army; such a powerful diver∣sion perhaps might put all the Affairs of France into a new Fold; for hitherto, little Armies have busied Spain at home, and preserved the French Pyrenean Frontiers, while all the great Ones have been employed against Germany, and the Spanish and States Netherlands: Nor is it very impro∣bable but such an Attempt may be made; for I have still ob∣served, that when the Ministry of a great Monarchs Affairs is on a sudden changed, the new Comer either intirely alters the measures taken by his Predecessor, or if he pursues those, he does it with greater Forces and Vigor; since in all such Mutations, the Honor of the new Minister, (if not his Safety) as well as the good of the State, incites him to a better, or more prosperous Conduct of Affairs, than that un∣der the late Administration has been. Now whether that Conduct shall consist in acting by Maxims diametrically op∣posite to the former, or in heightning considerably of those, does depend upon the judgment, or inclinations of him that sits at the Helm; or on the state of things as they are then circumstantiated. But that Don Iohn should attempt, or hope to incline his Master to a separate Peace, is not very likely; since to do it, nay perhaps but to attempt it, will be dangerous in it self, ungrateful to the Confederates, and in all likelihood is not solidly and durably attainable; And to en∣deavor to gain all the rest of the Union to it, or the major, or weightier number of them, looks more unlikely to be effected; for neither has there ever yet been made so nume∣rous, or so strong an Union against France, as this now is; and it may be no Age has seen, that so many Monarchs, and

States, and of such various Interests, and Religions, should be at once so firmly Confederated; which perhaps nothing could have brought about, had not the Examples of the Duke of Lorrain, and some other Sovereigns of the lesser size, fil∣led all of them with so great apprehensions of the like u∣sage, as nothing could allay, but such a League; which since they have after the employing of much time, treasure, and industry, so happily made, 'tis not probable they will dis∣solve it; especially when their Affairs seem more promi∣sing, and that notwithstanding this stupendious League, they have hitherto lost Ground. Whereby none of them all, nor no less than all of them, can judge himself safe til, by the Forces of all, they have by Arms reduced this deluge of France, into its first and natural Channel. For to think to do this by a Treaty, looks very improbable to me; because the French King is yet too high in his hopes and strength to fall so low, as to give more by a Treaty, than (it may be) he can lose by a War; and none of his Enemies can well think themselves secure, but by keeping fast this knot, which was so long a tying, and which experimentally they have found, has been their common safety; and that in nothing less, can it well be found; so that the continuance of the War appearing to be the likeliest measure that can be taken, 'tis hardly to be believed, that Don Iohn, whose Genius is for Arms, and his Education has been in them, will draw his Masters Sword but half out; but if he unsheaths it, 'twill be to purpose; which yet as I think can hardly be done, but by being at the head of a brave Army, (and possibly getting his young Monarch to be personally present) and thereby ma∣king an effective Invasion on the Southwest parts of France: For no Ministry that preceded his, did of late attempt it; and yet the only attempting it, may give more solid Advan∣tages to the whole Union, than hitherto all the Arms of Spain has done as they have been order'd; nor may he in any other way more acceptably Apologize to the Emperor in particular, and to the rest of the Union in general, for having got the Queen Regent out of the Government, than by his own being more beneficial to him and them in it.

Besides, the present complexion of the Affairs of Spain, seems such, that it may be his only true interest, to be consi∣derable

in Arms; which he can never be, but by being great with the Sword-men; and that he can never hope for, but by being at the head of them, and leading them to daring and high Attempts. All this seems to manifest, 'tis not im∣probable he may invade the French Pyrenean Frontiers, for there only he can be so considerable, and at once both so useful abroad, and safe at home; on which last there seems a necessity on him to fix one Eye, as the other on the hum∣bling of France; lest otherwise the late Ministry of Spain, get again into the Saddle.

I beg the Reader's pardon for this long digression, which perhaps I may the sooner obtain, when he shall be pleased to consider, that I was partly drawn into it, by observing how useful this revived Part of the Art of War, of posting Ar∣mies in Intrench'd Camps, has lately been to those, who have well understood, and on fit occasions practised it; And though all which I have now said, is not properly congruous to the Title I have given to this one Chapter; yet it may not be altogether impertinent to what the whole Book treats of; for the successful active part of the Art of War, has no less dependency on the considerative part of it, than the effect has on the cause; and what I have so weakly, and disorder∣ly exposed, may yet furnish a solid, and fertile judgment, with no ill Reflections, and Notions, on this Great Subject.