The English academy, or, A brief introduction to the seven liberal arts grammar, arithmetick, geometrie, musick, astronomie, rhetorick & logic : to which is added the necessary arts and mysteries of navigation, dyaling, surveying, mensuration, gauging & fortification, practically laid down in all their material points and particulars, highly approved to be known by the ingenious, and as such are desirous to profit, or render themselves accomplished : chiefly intended for the instruction of young scholars, who are acquainted with no other than their native language, but may also be very useful to other persons that have made some progress in the studies of the said arts / by John Newton.

For Example.

A shadow and glory, are in themselves ve∣ry different things; but yet they agree in this, that the shadow doth accompany the body, and glory, virtue.

8. Dissimilitude, is the disagreeing of two or more things in some particular.

9. Contraries, are such things which can∣not both at the same time, agree with one & the same thing: Thus no man can be said to be wise in that thing in which he is a Fool.

10. Opposites, are such things as can ne∣ver agree together, as wrath and friendship.

11. Comparison, is the comparing of one

thing with another; This is either equal or unequal.

Equal Comparison is, when two equal things are compared together; as thus, He hath deceived thee, therefore he will deceive me also.

Unequal Comparison, is two ways, first, when we argue from the greater to the less: As God spared not the Angels that sinned, how then shall He spare Man?

Secondly, when we argue from the less to the greater; As, He will not let one sin go un∣punished; much more will he therefore punish a multitude of sins.

12. Causes, are such things by which any thing is in any sort produced; there are Four sorts of Causes; Efficient, Material, Formal, and Final.

The Efficient cause, is that which maketh a thing: Thus the Sun causeth or maketh the day.

The Material cause, is that of which a thing is made, as Money, of Gold and Sil∣ver, &c.

The Formal cause, is that by which the thing is what it is, or that by which it is distinguished from other things; thus a Ship and a Timber-house do differ in the form, or divers disposing of the parts.

The Final cause, is that for which a thing is made.

13. Effects, are such things as are pro∣pounded by their causes.

14. Adjuncts, are such things which are joyned to the thing or person propounded, but not of necessity; and these are usually seven.

Quis? Quid? Vbi? Quibus Auxiliis? Cur? Quomodo? Quando?

In English thus,

First ask, Who? What? and Where? and Then, What aid? with Why? and How? and When?

Quis? Who? doth signifie the quality of the Person, in which there must be conside∣red his Nature, Sex, Age, Nation, Kindred, and Estate, in respect of his Body, Mind, and Fortune.

Quid? What? importeth an Inquiry af∣ter the nature of a thing, as whether it be of importance or not; whether great or small; noble or ignoble.

Vbi? Where? denotes the place.

Quibus Auxiliis? VVith what aid? notes an inquiry concerning the person that joyn∣ed with him in that action, or other In∣struments by which it is effected.

Cur? VVhy? denotes the final cause, with what intent, or to what end it was done.

Quomodo? How? shews the manner of do∣ing it; as namely, with ease, or how hardly.

Quando? When? notes the time in which it was done, and this head doth many times afford great plenty of matter.

15. Antecedents, are such things which go before the thing or matter; as you made

him tremble, therefore he is sensible.

16. Consequents, are such things which do necessary follow after the thing or matter as he that is thrust through the heart, must needs die; these are the Intrinsecal or Arti∣ficial Topicks, from whence Arguments may be raised on any Theme or matter propoun∣ded in this manner.

Every Theme or Proposition doth consist of three parts; a Subject, a Predicate, and a Copula.

That is called the Subject, of which we speak; The Predicate, is that which is spo∣ken of the Subject; and the Copula, is some Verb, which joyns the Subject with the Pre∣dicate, as in this Proposition; Claudius laid snares for Milo: Claudius is the Subject, be∣cause it is of him that we are to speak. Snares for Milo, is the Predicate; because that is the thing which is said of Claudius. And the Verb laid, is the Copula, which joyns the Subject with the Predicate. Now then if you will find out Arguments on this Proposition, take the Subject, and go through every Topick: First go to Definition, and ask what it is? what is the nature of it? and how it is distinguished from other things? then go to Division, and see into how many parts the Subject may be divided; and so forward from Topick to Topick. And still observe to yourself every Argument, which doth by this means arise from the Subject,

and apply it to the Predicate; so shall you easily see, whether it doth fully confirm your Proposition, and when you have done with the Subject, take the Predicate, and run through the several Topicks with that also; but if the matter require it, and that you judge it more convenient to take the whole Proposition, then the Subject and Pre∣dicate a part by themselves, you may in that manner run through all the heads of Inven∣tion; but stay not too long upon any one, for if matter offer not it self in one head, go to another, for every head perhaps may not afford matter, at least not such as is apt and fit. But if you would know whether your Arguments or matter be drawn from the Subject, or from the Predicate, put it into the form of a Syllogism, and if the major be most certain, you may conclude, that the Argument is drawn from the predicate; but if the minor be most certain, it is then drawn from the Subject.

VVhen you have found the Arguments which prove the Proposition, you must re∣duce them into the form of a Syllogism, which doth consist of three Propositions: the first whereof is called the Major, the se∣cond the Minor, and the third the Conclusion or Inference.