A tutor to astronomie and geographie, or, An easie and speedy way to know the use of both the globes, coelestial and terrestrial in six books : the first teaching the rudiments of astronomy and geography, the 2. shewing by the globes the solution of astronomical & geographical probl., the 3. shewing by the globes the solution of problems in navigation, the 4. shewing by the globes the solution of astrological problemes, the 5. shewing by the globes the solution of gnomonical problemes, the 6. shewing by the globes the solution of of [sic] spherical triangles : more fully and amply then hath ever been set forth either by Gemma Frisius, Metius, Hues, Wright, Blaew, or any others that have taught the use of the globes : and that so plainly and methodically that the meanest capacity may at first reading apprehend it, and with a little practise grow expert in these divine sciences / by Joseph Moxon ; whereunto is added Antient poetical stories of the stars, shewing reasons why the several shapes and forms are pictured on the coelestial globe, collected from Dr. Hood ; as also a Discourse of the antiquity, progress and augmentation of astronomie.

Example.

December 10. at half an hour past 9. a clock at Night, here at London, I see two bright Stars at a pretty distance one from ano∣ther in the South; I desire to know the Names of them; There∣fore having the Globe rectified to the Latitude of London, and the Quadrant of Altitude screwed to the Zenith, the Hour-Index also Rectified, and the Horizon posited Horizontally, as by Prob. 2. I observe the Altitude of those Stars in Heaven, (either with a Quadrant, Astrolabe, Cross-staff, or the Globe it self, as hath been shewed Prob. 13, 16.) to be, the one 78. degrees, the o∣ther 42, degrees above the Horizon. Therefore having their Altitudes, I count the same number of degrees as for the first 78. upon the Quadrant of Altitude upwards, and turn it into the South, under the Meridian, and see what Star is under 78. de∣grees, for that is the same Star on the Globe which I saw in Heaven. Now at the first examination of the Globe you may see that that Star is placed in the Ey of that After time which is called Caput Medusa, and indeed, that being the only Star of Note in that Constellation, bears the Name of the whole Con∣stellation. The other Stars about it you may easily know by their Scituation. As, Seeing two little Stars to the Westwards of that Star in Heaven, you may see on the Globe that the hithermost is in the other Ey of Caput Medusa, and the furthermost in the Hair or Snakes of the same Asterisme. Looking a little to the Southwards of those Stars in Heaven, you may see two other smal Stars a little below those in the Eyes; Therefore to know those also, you may look on the Globe, and see that there is one on the

Nose, and another Starre in the Cheek of Caput Medusa

In like manner for the second Star in the Meridian, which is 42 degrees above the Horizon: If you move the Quadrant of Altitude (as before) to the South or Meridian, and count 42 de∣grees upon the Quadrant of Altitude, you will find a Star of the second Magnitude in the Mouth of the Whale: Therefore you may say, that Star in Heaven is in the Mouth of the Whale: and because close to it on the Globe is written Menkar, Therefore you may know the name of that Star in Heaven is Menkar.

In the South East and by South 56 degrees above the Hori∣zon, I ••ee a very bright Star in Heaven; therefore I bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the South East and by South point in the Horizon, and find under 56 degrees of the Quadrant of Alti∣tude a great Star, to which is prefixed the name Occulus Tau∣rus; Therefore I say, the name of that Star in Heaven is Oc∣culus Taurus.

In the South East in Heaven you may see three bright Stars ly directly in a straight line from one another, the middlemost whereof is 25. degrees or thereabouts above the Horizon, there∣fore bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the South East point of the Horizon, and about 25 degrees above the Horizon you will see the same great Stars on the Globe, in the Girdle of Orion: There∣fore those Stars are called Orions Girdle.

At the same time South East and by East you have about 10 degrees above the Horizon the brightest Star in Heaven, called Sirius, in the Mouth of the Great Dog; Canicula a bright Star in the Little Dog East and by South, about 25 degrees above the Horizon: Cor Leonis just Rising East North East: you have also at the same time on the East side the Horizon, the Twins, Auriga, the Great Bear; and divers other Stars, eminent both for their splendor and Magnitude.

In the West side the Horizon you have South West and by West about 4 degrees above the Horizon a bright Star in the Right Leg of Aquarius: and all along to the Southwards in Cetus the Whale, you have other eminent bright Stars: More upwards towards the Zenith you have a bright Star in the Line of the two Fishes: Higher yet, you have the first Star in ♈, an eminent Star, because the first in all Catalogues that we have cognizance of; and therefore probably in the Equinoctial Colure when the Stars were first reduced into Constellations: yet more

neer the Zenith you have a bright Star in the Left Leg of An∣dromeda: From thence towards the North, you find other very eminent bright Stars in Cassiopea, Cepheus, Ursa Minor, in the Tail whereof is the Pole Star: and Draco: Hecules: where you turn back, to Lyra, Cygnus, Pegasus, the Dolphin, &c. all which, or any other, you may easily know by their Altitude a∣bove the Horizon, and the point of the Compass they bear upon.

Thus knowing some of the most eminent Fixed Stars, you may by the Figure of the rest come to the knowledge of them also. For Example, Looking towards the North North East in Heaven, you may see seven bright Stars constituted in this Figure; There∣fore looking towards the same Quarter on the Globe, you may (without taking their Altitude) see the same Stars lying in the same Figure in the hinder parts of the Great Bear; from whence you may con∣clude, that those Stars in Heaven are scitu∣ate in the hinder parts of the Asterisme called Ursa Major.

[illustration]

Yet nevertheless you may see some Stars of Note in Heaven, which you shall not find on the Globe, and those in or neer about the Ecliptick: They are called Planets, and cannot be placed on the Globe, unless it be for a particular Time, with Black Lead, or some such thing that may be rubbed out again: Because they having a continual motion alwaies alter their Places. Of those there are five in number, besides the Sun and Moon, which are also Planets, though they shew not like Stars. These five are called Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Mercury; yet Mecury is very rarely seen: because he never Rising above an Hour before the Sun, or Setting above a Hour after, for the most part hath his light so overspread with the dazelling Beams of the glittering Sun, that sometimes when he is seen he seems rather to be a More in the Suns Beams, then a Body en∣dowed with so much brightness as Stars and Planets seem to be.

Now there are divers waies (by some of which you may at all times) know those Planets from the Fixed Stars: as first, Their not twinkling, for therein they differ from fixed Stars; be∣cause they most commonly do twinkle, but Planets never; unless it be ♂ Mars; and yet he twinkles but very seldom neither.

Secondly, They appear of a considerable Magnitude, as ♃

sometimes appears greater ly far then a Star of the first Magni∣tude; and ☿ many times bigger then he. They are both glitter∣ing Stars, of a bright Silver collure; but ♀ most radient, especially when she is in her Perigeon. ♂ appears like a Star of the second Magnitude; and is of a Copperish colloure. ♄ shewes like a Star of the third Magnitude, and is of a Leaden Collour; and he (of all the others,) is most difficult to be known from a fixed Star; partly because of his minority, and partly because of the slowness of his motion. ☿ is very seldom seen (as aforesaid) unless it be in a Morning when he Rises before the Sun, or in an Evening when he Sets after the Sun: He is of a Pale Whitish Collour, like Quick silver, and appears like a Star of the third Magnitude. He may be known by the Company he keeps, for he is never above 29. degrees distant from the Sun.

Thirdly, The Planets may be known from fixed Stars by their Azimuths and Altitudes observed: (as hath been taught before) for if when you have taken the Azimuth and Altitude of the Star in Heaven you doubt to be a Planet, and you find not on the Globe in the same Azimuth and Altitude a Star appearing to be of the same Magnitude that that in Heaven appears to be, you may conclude that that in Heaven is a Planet. Yet notwithstanding it may happen that a Planet may be in the same degree of Longitude and Latitude in the Zodiack that some eminent fixed Star is in; as in the degree and minute of Longitude and La∣titude that Cor Leonis, or the Bulls Ey, or Scorpions heart is in, and so may eclipse that Star, by being placed between us and it: But that happens very seldom and rarely; but if you doubt it▪ you may apply your self to some other of the precedent and subse∣quent Rules here set down for knowing Planets from fixed Stars.

The fourth way is by shifting their Places; for the Planets having a continual motion, do continually alter their Places: as ♂ moves about half a degree in a day: ♀ a whole degree; but ♃ and ♄ move very slowly; ♃ not moving above 5. mi∣nutes, and ♄ seldom above 2. minutes. Yet by their motions alone the Planets may be known to be Planets, if you will precisely ob∣serve their distance from any known fixed Star in or near the E∣cliptick as on this Night, and the next Night after observe whether they retain the same distance they had the Night before; which if they do, then are they fixed Stars; but if they do not then are they Planets: yet this Ca••••on is to be given you in this Rule also,

That the Planets sometimes are said to be Stationary, as not al∣tering 1. minute in Place, forwards, or backwards in 6. or 7. daies together. Therefore, if you find cause to doubt whether your Star be a Planet, or a fixed Star, you may for the help of your understanding confer with some of the former Rules, unless you are willing to wait 8 or 9 daies longer, and so by observation of its motion resolve your self, Or,

Fifthly, you may apply your self to an Ephemeris for that Year, and see if on that day you find any Planet in the degree and minute of the Zodiack you see the Star you question in Heaven; and if there be no Planet in that degree of the Zodiack, you may conclude it is no Planet, but a fixed Star.