A tutor to astronomie and geographie, or, An easie and speedy way to know the use of both the globes, coelestial and terrestrial in six books : the first teaching the rudiments of astronomy and geography, the 2. shewing by the globes the solution of astronomical & geographical probl., the 3. shewing by the globes the solution of problems in navigation, the 4. shewing by the globes the solution of astrological problemes, the 5. shewing by the globes the solution of gnomonical problemes, the 6. shewing by the globes the solution of of [sic] spherical triangles : more fully and amply then hath ever been set forth either by Gemma Frisius, Metius, Hues, Wright, Blaew, or any others that have taught the use of the globes : and that so plainly and methodically that the meanest capacity may at first reading apprehend it, and with a little practise grow expert in these divine sciences / by Joseph Moxon ; whereunto is added Antient poetical stories of the stars, shewing reasons why the several shapes and forms are pictured on the coelestial globe, collected from Dr. Hood ; as also a Discourse of the antiquity, progress and augmentation of astronomie.

The First BOOK. Being the first RUDIMENTS of Astronomy & Geography. Or A Description of the Lines, Circles, and other Parts of the GLOBE.

PRAEFACE.

THe Students of all Arts and Sciences have ever proposed a Maxime, whereon (as on an allowed Truth) the whole Science hath dependance: and by so much the more demonstrable that Maxime is, so much the more of Excellency the Science may claim.

This of Astronomy and Geography comes not behind any; for herein we shall only admit (with the Ancients) that the Form of the visible World is Spherical: Neither shall we beg our Ascertion any farther then Occular Appearance will demonstrate: every Mans Ey being his Judge, if he be ei∣ther on a Plain field, or at Sea, where nothing can hinder a free inspection of the Horizon.

Vpon good grounds therefore they ascerted the Spherical form of the Whole: and also concluded the Parts to be Round: I meane, very intire Subsistence, as the Stars, Planets, and the Earth. In the Celestial Bodies (as the Stars and Planets) this is also visible; and therefore un-controullable: But that the Earth is Round proves with the unskilfull matter of di∣spute;

they frequently objecting with S. Austine the words of the Scripture, which say, He hath stretched forth the corners of the Earth; not considering whether those words were spoken as alluding to the amplitude of Gods Omnipotence; or that the Corners were meant Capes of Land, which indeed are stretched forth into the Sea. But that the Earth is Round is proved by divers certain and in∣fallible Reasons,

As first, By the Navigations of our Age, Divers able and honest Mariners having Sailed and continued an Easterly Course, have at length arrived (without turning back) to the same place from whence they set forth: witness Magellani∣cus, Sr. Francis Drake, Tho. Cavendish, Oliver van∣der Noort, W. Schouten, &c.

Secondly, By the length of degrees in every Parallel; for it is found by Dayly observation that the degrees of every Parallel upon the Earth, hold the same proportion to the de∣grees of the Equinoctial, as the degrees of the same Parallel upon an Artificial Globe or Sphear do to the degrees of the greatest Circle of the same: This Argument alone is suffici∣ent: yet take one more from Visible Appearance: And that is this: The shadow which the Earth and Water together make in the Eclipse of the Moon is alwaies a part of a Cir∣cle; therefore the Earth and Water which is the Body sha∣dowing must also be a Circular or round Body; for if it were three square, four square, or any other form, then would the shadow which it makes in the Moon be of the same fashion.

Besides, Of all figures the Sphear or Globe is most perfect, most Capacious, and most intire of it self, without either joynts or Angles; which form we may also perceive the Sun, Moon, and Stars to have, and all other things that are bounded by themselves, as Drops of Water, and other liquid things.

But there is another frequent Argument against the Globulus form of the Earth; and that is, That it seems im∣possible

that the Earth should be round, and yet also Inhabi∣ble in all Places: For though we that inhabite on the top of the Earth go with our heads upwards; yet those that inhabite underneath us must needs go with their Heads downwards, like Flyes on a Wall or Ceeling; and so be in danger of falling into the Air.

For Answer hereunto, first, You must understand that in the Center of the Earth there is an Attractive and drawing power, which draws all heavy substances to it: by vertue of which Attractive power, things though loosed from the Earth will again incline and cling to the Earth, and so much the more forcibly, by how much the heavier they are; as a bullet of Lead let fall out of the Air, inclines towards the Earth far more violently and swiftly then a bullet of the same bigness of Wood, or Cork.

Secondly, you must understand that in respect of the whole Vniverse there is no part either upper or under, but all parts of the Earth are alike incompast with Heaven; yet in respect of the Earth, it is Heaven, which we take for the upper part; and therefore we are said to go with our heads up∣wards, because our head (of all the parts of our body) is nearest to Heaven.

Now that this Attractive power lies in the Center of the Earth, is proved by this Argument: If the Attractive power were not in the Center, a Plumb-line let fall would not make Right Angles with the Superficies of the Earth; but would eb Attracted that way the Attractive vertue lies, and so make unequal Angles with the Superficies: But by so many Experiments as hath yet been made, we find that a Plumb-line continued, though never so deep, yet it alters no Angles with the Superficies of the Earth; and therefore undoubtedly the Attractive power lies in the very Center, and no where else.

CHAP. I.

I. What a Globe is.

A Globe according to the Mathematical Definition, is a perfect and exact round Body contained under one surface.

Of this form (as hath been proved) consists the Hea∣vens and the Earth: and therefore the Ancients with much pains Study and Industry, endeavouring to imitate as well the imagina∣ry as the real appearances of them both, have Invented two Globes; the one to represent the Heavens, with all the Constel∣lations, fixed Stars. Circles, and Lines proper thereunto, which Globe is called the Celestial Globe; and the other with all the Sea Coasts, Havens, Rivers, Lakes, Cities, Towns, Hills, Capes, Seas, Sands, &c. as also the Rhumbs, Meridians, Parallels, and other Lines that serve to facilitate the Demostration of all manner of Questions to be performed upon the same: and this Globe is called the Terrestrial Globe.

II. Of the two Poles.

Every Globe hath two Poles, the one North, the other South. The North Pole is in the North point of the Globe: The South Pole in the South point.

III. Of the Axis.

From the Center of the Globe both waies, proceeds a line through both the Poles, and continues it self infinitely; which is called the Axis of the World; and is represented by the two wyers in the Poles of the Globe: Upon these two wyers the Globe is turned round, even as the Heavens is imagined to move upon the Axis of the World.

IIII. Of the Brasen Meridian.

Every Globe is hung by the Axis at both the Poles in a Bra∣sen Meridian, which is divided into 360, degrees; (or which is all one) into 4 Nineties: the first beginning at the North Pole, is con∣tinued from the left hand towards the right till the termination of 90 degrees, and is marked with 10, 20, 30, &c. to 90. from whence the degrees are numbred with 80, 70, 60, &c. to 0. which is in the South Pole: from whence again the degrees are numbred

with 80, 70, 60, &c. to 0, and lastly, from 0 the degrees are num∣bred with 10, 20, 30, to 90. which is again in the North Pole.

This Brasen Meridian is of great use; for by help of it you may find the Latitude of all Places, the Declination of all the Stars, &c, and rectifie the Globe to any Latitude.

V. Of the Horizon.

The Horizon is a broad wooden Circle, encompassing the Globe; having two notches in it; the one in the North the other in the South point: The notches are made just fit to contain the Bra∣sen Meridian that the Globe is hung in: In the bottom or under Plane of the Horizon there stands up a rop or (as it is called) a Bed, in which there is also a notch, into which notch the Brasen Meridian is also let, so lo, as that both it and the Globe may be divided into two equal halfs by the upper Plane of the wooden Ho∣rizon. These Notches are as gages to keep the Globe from inclin∣ing more to the one side of the wooden Horizon then the other.

Upon the upper Plane of the Horizon is several Circles delinea∣ted: as first, the inner Circle, which is a Circle divided into twelve equal parts, viz. into twelve Signes; every Signe having its name prefixed to it; as to the Signe of ♈ is the word Aries; to ♉ the word Taurus, &c. every Signe is again divided into 30 equal parts, which are called Degrees, and every tenth degree is marked with 10, 20, 30.

Next to the Circle of Signes is a Kalender or Almanack, ac∣cording to the Old stile used by us here in England, each Moneth being noted with its proper Name; as January, February, March, &c. and every day distinguished with Arithmetical figures, as 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. to the end of the Moneth.

The other Calender is a Calender of the New stile; which is in a manner all one with the Old; only in this Calender the moneth begins ten daies sooner then they do in the other: and to this Ca∣lender (because it was instituted by the Church of Rome) there is annexed the Festival daies Celebrated by the Romish Church.

The two other Circles are the Circles of the Winds; the inner∣most having their Greek and Latine names; which by them were but twelve; and the outermost having the English Nanes, which for more preciseness are two and thirty.

The use of the upper Plane of the Horizon is to distinguish the Day from the Night; the Rising and Setting of the Sun, Moon, or

Stars, &c. and for the finding the Azimuth, and Amplitude, &c.

VI. Of the Quadrant of Altitude.

The Quadrant of Altitude is a thin brass plate, divided into 90. degrees; and marked upwards with 10, 20, 30, 40, &c. to 90. It is rivetted to a Brass Nut, which is fitted to the Meridian; and hath a Screw in it, to screw upon any degree of the Meridian. When it is used it is screwed to the Zenith. Its use

[illustration]

is for measuring the Altitudes, finding Amplitudes, and A∣zimuths, and discribing Almicantaraths. It would sometimes stand you in good steed if the Plate were longer by the bredth of the Horizon then 90. degrees; for then that length being turned back will serve you instead of an Index, when the Nut is screwed to the Zenith, to cut either the degrees or Daies of either Style, or the Points of the Compass in any of those Circles concentrical to the innermost edge of the Horizon, which the Ey cannot so well judge at.

VII. Of the Hour Circle, and its Index.

The Hour Circle is a smal Brasen Circle, fitted on the Meridi∣an, whose Center is the Pole of the world: It is divided into the 24 hours of the Day and Night, and each hour is again divided into halfs and quarters, which in a Revolution of the Globe are all pointed at with an Index, which to that purpose is fitted on the Axis of the Globe.

The use of the hour Circle is for shewing the Time of the se∣veral mutations and Configurati∣ons of Celestial Appearances.

[illustration]

VIII. Of the Nautical Compass, or Box and Needle.

Just under the East point of the Horizon, upon the undermost Plane, is sometimes fixed a Nautical Compass, whose North and South line must be Parallel to the North and South line of the Horizon. The use of it is for setting the Angles of the Globe correspondent to the Angles of the World.

IX. Of the Semi-Circle of Position.

This is a Semi-Circle made of Brass, and divided into 180. degrees, numbred from the Equinoctial on either side with 10, 20, 30, &c. to 90. at the two ends there is an Axis, which is fitted into the two hole, of two smal studs fixed in the North and South points of the upper Plane of the Horizon: upon this Axis it is moved up and down, according to the intent of your operation.

The use of this Circle of Position is, for the finding the twelve Astrological Houses of Heaven; and also for finding the Circle of Position of any Star or Point in Heaven.

Thus much may serve for the lineaments Circumjacent to the body of the Globe. The next discourse shall be

CHAP. II.

Of the Circles, Lines, &c. discribed upon the Superficies of the Globe; beginning with the Terrestrial Globe; and

I. Of the Equator.

THe Equator is a great Circle, encompassing the very middle of the Globe between the two Poles thereof, and divides it into two equal parts, the one the North part, and the other the South part. It is (as all great Circles are divided into 360. equal parts, which are called Degrees. Upon this Circle the Longitude is numbred, from East to West: and from this Circle both waies, viz. North and South the Latitude is reckoned. It is called the E∣quator, because when the Sun comes to this line (which is twice in one year, to wit, on the tenth of March, and the eleventh

of June) the Daies and Nights are equated, and both of one length.

II. Of the Meridians.

There are infinite of Meridians, for all places lying East or West from one another have several Meridians; but the Meridians deli∣neated upon the Terrestrial Globe are in number 36. so that be∣tween two Meridians is contained ten degrees of the Equator. From the first of these Meridians (which is divided into twice 90 degrees) accounted from the Equator towards either Pole) is the beginning of Longitude, which upon our English Globes is at the Ile Gratiosa, one of the Iles of the Azores, and numbred in the Equator Eastwards, with 10, 20, 30, &c. to 360. round about the Globe, till it end where it began.

They are called Meridians, because they divide the Day into two equal parts: for when the Sun comes to the Meridian of any Place, it is then Midday, or full Noon.

III. Of the Parallels.

As the Meridians are infinite, so are the Parallels; and as the Meridian lines delineated upon the Globe are drawn through no more then every tenth degree of the Equator, so are the Parallels also delineated but upon every tenth degree of the Meridian; lest the Globe should be too much filled with superfluity of lines, which might obscure the smal names of Places. The Parallel Circles run East and West round about the Globe, even as the Equator; only the Equator is a great Circle; and these are every one less then other, diminishing gradually till they end in the Pole. The Parallels are numbred upon the Meridian with 10, 20, 30, &c. to 90. beginning in the Equator, and ending in the Pole.

They are called Parallels; because they are Parallel to the Equator.

IIII. Of the Ecliptick, Tropicks, and Polar Circles.

These Circles though they are delineated upon the Terrestrial Globe, yet they are most proper to the Celestial; and therefore when I come to the Celestial Globe, I shall define them unto

V. Of the Rhumbs.

The Rhumbs are neither Circles nor straight lines, but Heli∣spherical or Spiral lines: They proceed from the point where we stand, and wind about the Globe till they come to the Pole; where at last they loose themselves. They represent the 32 winds of the Compass.

Their use is to shew the bearing of any two places one from another: that is to say, upon what point of the Compass any shoar or Land lies from another.

There are many of them described upon the Globe, for the better directing the ey from one shoar to the other, when you seek after the bearing of any two Lands. Some of them (where there is room for it) have the figure of the Nautical Card drawn about the Center or common intersection, and have (as all other Cards have) for the distinction of the North point, a Flowerde∣luce pictured thereon.

They were first called Rumbs by the Portugals; and since used by Latine Authors, and therefore that name is continued by all Writers that have occasion to speak of them.

VI. Of the Lands, Seas, Ilands, &c. Described upon the Terrestrial Globe:

The Land described upon the Globe is bounded with an irregu∣lar line, which runs turning and winding into Creeks and Angles, even as the shoar which it represents (doth) For the better di∣stinction of Lands, &c, this line is cullered close by one side thereof with divers Cullers, as with red, yellow, green, &c. these cullers distinguish one part of the Continent from the other; and also one Iland from another. That side of the line which incompasses the Cullers, is the bounds of the Land; the other side of the line which is left bare without Cullers, is the limits of the Water.

The Land is either Continents, or Ilands.

A Continent is a great quantity of Land, not interlaced or sepa∣rated by the Sea, in which many Kingdomes and Principalities are contained; as Europe, Asia, Affrica, America.

An Island is a part of the Earth, environed round with Wa∣ters; as Britain, Java, S. Laurence Isle, Barmudas, &c.

These again are sub-divided into Peninsula, Istmus, Promon∣torium.

A Peninsula is almost an Island; that is, a track of Land which being almost encompassed round with Water, is joyned to the firm Land, by some little Istmus; as Molacca in the East-Indies, &c.

An Istmus is a little narrow neck of Land, which joyneth any Peninsula to the Continent; as the Straits of Dariene in Peru, and Corinth in Greece.

Promontorium, is some high Mountain, which shooteth it self into the Sea, the utmost end of which is called a Cape, as that great Cape of Good Hope, and Cape Verde in Africa.

The Water is either Ocean, Sea, Straits, Creeks, or Rivers.

The Ocean is that generall collection of all Waters, which in∣vironeth the whole Earth on every side.

The Sea is a part of the Ocean; to which we cannot come, but through some Strait, as Mare Mediterraneum, Mare Balticum, and the like.

These two take their names either from the adjacent places, as the Brittish Ocean, the Atlantick Sea, &c. or from the first disco∣vere as Mare Magellanicum; Davis, and Forbishers Staits; &c. Or from some remarkable accident, as Mare Rubrum, from the red colour of the Sands; Mare Aegeum, Pontus Euxinus, and the like.

A Strait, is a part of the Ocean restrained within narrow bounds, and opening a way to the Sea; as the Straits of Gi∣bralter, Hellespont, &c.

A Creek is a crooked shoar, thrusting out as it were two armes to imbrace the Sea, as Sinus Adriaticus, Sinus Persi∣cus &c.

A River is a small branch of the Sea, flowing into the Land; as Thames, Tiber, Rhine, Nilus &c.

Now that these Lands, Ilands, Towns, Seas, Rivers, &c. may at the first search be found upon the Globe, all Geographers have placed them thereon according to Longitude, and Latitude,

VII. Longitude.

The Longitude is an Arch of the Equator, comprehended be∣tween the first Meridian and the Meridian of the Place you in∣quire after. It is numbred on the Equator from the West to the

Eastwards, with 10, 20, 30, to 360. degrees, till it end where it began.

VIII. Latitude.

The Latitude is an Arch of the Meridian, comprehended be∣tween the Equator and the place enquired after. It is numbred on the Meridian, from the Equator both waies, viz. North and South, till it come to the Poles, or 90 degrees.

Thus much may serve for the description of the Terestrial Globe: I therefore come to treat of the Celestial.

CHAP. III.

Of the Celestial Globe, or the Eighth Sphear, repre∣sented by the Celestial Globe: its motion, and of the Circles, Lines, Images, Stars, &c. described thereon.

I. Of the eighth Sphear.

THe eighth Sphear which is the starry Heaven, is represen∣ted by the Celestial Globe, because upon the Convex∣ity of it all the Stars and visible appearances are placed according to the order that they are situated in the concavity of the eighth Sphear. It is called the eighth Sphear, because between it and us are contained seven other Heavens, or Sphears; as 1. the Moon, 2. Mercury, 3. Venus, 4. the Sun, 5. Mars, 6. Jupiter, 7. Saturn. and eighthly the starry Heaven. The antients have made the Systeme of the world to consist of 2 other Sphears, called the Chiristiline Heaven, and the Primum Mobile, or first Mover: as in the following figure is represented.

[illustration]

A figure wherein may be seen the Composition of the whole frame of the World.

II. Of the Motion of the eighth Sphear.

There hath bin attributed to the eighth Sphear a twofold mo∣tion; the one called its Diurnal Motion, which is made from East to West upon the Poles and Axis of the World: And the o∣ther called its Second motion; which is made from West to East upon the Poles and Axis of the Ecliptick.

The Diurnal motion is caused by the violent Motion of the

Primum Mobile; for in 24 hours it carries along with it, not only the eighth Heaven or Orb of fixed Stars, but the Orbs of the Sun, the Moon, and all the rest of the Planets. It is called the Diurnal Motion because it is finished in one Day.

The second Motion is unproperly attributed to the eighth Sphear; it being indeed the Motion of the Equinoctiall; tho Au∣thors sometimes carelesly mention the one insteed of the other. Therefore in the next Section, where I treat of the Equinoctial, I shall at large explain unto you the nature of this mis-called Second Motion.

III. Of the Equinoctial.

The Equinoctial upon the Celestial Globe, is the same line formerly called the Equator upon the Terrestrial; only with this difference, that the Equator remains fixt upon the Terrestrial Globe, but the Equinoctial upon the Celestial Globe is moveable; (or at least must be imagined to move) contrary to the Diurnal motion from West to East, upon the Poles of the Ecliptick: I say imagined to move, because in the Heavens it doth really move, tho on a material Globe it would be inconvenient to make a moveable Equinoctial, and therefore it hath one fixed: which for this and the next age will sufficiently serve, without much devia∣tion from the truth it self.

Now that the difference between the Equator upon the Ter∣restrial Globe, and the Equinoctial upon the Celestial, may be proved; and the motion of the Equinoctial be the better under∣stood; I shall only bring this example,

All places that were formerly under the Equator, do and will keep the same Longitude, and remain still under the Equator: as may be proved by comparing the Ancient and modern Geogra∣phers together: but those Stars that were formerly under the E∣quinoctial, do not keep the same Longitude, nor remain under the Equinoctial: because the Equinoctial (as aforesaid) hath a motion from West to East, upon the Poles of the Ecliptick. But the Stars being fixed in their one Sphear, like knots in wood, and therefore move not, are by the Precession of the Equinox left be∣hind the Equinoctial Colure, and so are caused to alter their Longitude; as by comparing the Observations of ancient and modern 〈◊〉〈◊〉 together, it will appear: for about 346

years before Christ, the first Star in the Rams horn was by the Egyptian and Grecian Astronomers observed to be in the Equi∣noctial Colure: and 57 years ago, when Tycho observed, it was found to be in 27 degrees 37 minutes of ♈. So that in about 2000 years it is moved forwards 28 degrees, and will according to Tycho's opinion, finish its Revolution in 25412 years: Ac∣cording to which motion, I have Calculated this following Table, for finding the Degrees and Minutes of the Equinoctial motion, answerable to any number of years within the said Re∣volution.

ye.	deg.	m	years.	deg.	m.
1	0	0¾	100	1	25
2	0	1½	200	2	50
3	0	2½	300	4	15
4	0	3⅓	400	5	40
5	0	4¼	500	7	5
6	0	5	1000	14	10
7	0	5¾	2000	28	20
8	0	6½	3000	42	30
9	0	7¼	4000	56	40
10	0	8½	5000	70	50
20	0	17	10000	141	40
40	0	34	20000	283	20
60	0	51	25000	354	10
80	1	8	25412	360

This Table may be of use for finding the Equinoctial posi∣tion of any Star, for any year either past, present, or to come. Its use is very easie, for if you desire to know the motion of the Equinox for any number of years, you need but seek your num∣ber in the Collumn of years, and against it you have the degrees and minutes of the Equinoctial motion.

But tho the Stars have this motion one way, viz. in Longi∣tude, yet do they not at all alter their Latitudes; because the mo∣tion of the Equinoctial is made upon the Poles of the Ecliptique.

IIII Of the Ecliptique.

The Ecliptique is a great Circle, lying oblique or aslope from the Equinoctial, making an Angle of 23 ½ degrees with it: It cuts the Equinoctial into two equal parts, and is cut by the E∣quinoctial in two opposite points, viz. ♈, and ♎. It divides the Globe into two equal parts, called Hemisphears; the one the Northern and the other the Southern Hemisphear. It is divided into 12 equal parts, which are called the twelve Signes, every part being noted with the Character of the Signes belonging unto it; as unto Aries, ♈: to Taurus, ♉: to Gomini, 〈◊〉〈◊〉; and so of the rest. From every one of these 12 divisions proceed both waies viz. North, and South, Circles of Longitude, into the Poles of the Ecliptique. Each of these twelve Signes is divided into 30 equal parts, which are called degrees; and are numbred upon every tenth degree with 10, 20, to 30, and upon may new Celestial Globe, for more preciseness, every degree is again divi∣ded into halfs.

It is called the Ecliptique as being derived from the Greek word: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which signifies to want light, because in and about it happen all the defects and Eclipses both of the Sun and the Moon.

It is also called the Way of the Sun, because the Sun goes alwaies under it, passing through it in all his Annual Course.

V. Of the Poles of the Ecliptick.

There are two Poles of the Ecliptick, the one the North Pole, the other the South Pole; and are called North or South accor∣ding to their position next the North or South Pole of the World. Each it distant from its correspondent Pole of the World 23 degrees 30 minutes.

As on the Terrestrial Globe all the Meridians discribed there∣on meet in the Pole of the World, so on the Celestial all the Cir∣cles of Longitude drawn through the twelve Signes meet in the Poles of the Ecliptick.

VI. Of the Axis of the Ecliptick.

Through the two Poles of the Ecliptick is imagined to pass a straight line, through the Center of the Plain of the Ecliptick; which is called the Axis of the Ecliptick, upon which the second motion of the Ecliptick is performed: even as the Diurnal motion is performed upon the Axis of the World.

VII. Of the Colures, and Cardinal Points.

There are two great Circles cutting one another at right an∣gles in the Poles of the World, which are called the Colures. Each Colure receives an additional name from the point in the Ecliptick that it Cuts; as the one passes from Pole to Pole through the beginning of ♈ and ♎, which being two Equinoctial Signes, name therefore that Colure the Equinoctial Colure: The other passes through the beginning of ♋ and ♑, which are Solsticial Signes, and therefore names that the Solsticial Colure.

These Colures by intersecting one another, divide themselves into four Semi-circles; and these Semi-circles divide the Ecliptick into four equal parts. viz. in ♈, ♋, ♎, and ♑,

The points of the Ecliptick that these intersections pass through, are called the four Cardinal points, and are of great use in A∣stronomy; for according to the Suns approach to any of them, the Season of the year is altered into Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter: as shall be shewed hereafter.

VIII. Of the Tropicks.

There are two smaller Circles Parallel to the Equinoctial, which are called the Tropicks; the one called the Tropick of Can∣cer, the other the Tropick of Capricorn: they are distant from the Equinoctial 23 degrees 30 minutes; and therefore are the bounds of the Ecliptick. They receive their names from the Celestial Signe that they are joyned unto; as the one the Tropick of Cancer, because it touches the Signe of Cancer; the other the Tropick of Capricorn, because it touches the Signe of Capricorn.

IX. Of the Circles Arctick and Antarctick.

About the Poles of the World are two smal Circles described; the one called the Arctick, the other the Antartick: That in the North is called the Arctick Circle: that in the South the Antarctick Circle.

They have the same distance from the Poles of the World that the Tropicks have from the Equinoctial Circle, (viz. 23 degrees 30 minutes) and that the Ecliptick hath from the Poles of the World; and therefore run through the Poles of the Ecliptick.

X Of the Images called Constellations, drawn upon the Celestial Globe.

Here I think fit to be beholding to Dr. Hood. for the paines he hath taken in his comment upon the Images and Constelations. He saith, The stars are brought into Constellations, for instructi∣ons sake: things cannot be taught without names, to give a name to every star had been troublesome to the Master, and for the Scholler; for the Master to devise, and for the Scholler to re∣member: and therefore the Astronomers have reduced many stars into one Constellation, that thereby they may tell the better where to seek them; and being sought, how to express them.

All the Constellations formerly notified by the Antients were in number 48. twelve whereof we call the twelve Signes of the Zodiack, viz. 1 Aries, ♈. 2 Taurus, ♉. 3 Gemini, ♊. 4 Cancer, ♋. 5 Leo, ♌. 6 Uirgo, ♍. 7 Libra, ♎. 8 Scorpio, ♏. 9 Sagit∣tarius, ♐. 10 Capricorn, ♑. 11 Aquarius, ♒. 12 Pisces. ♓. One and twenty more are Placed in the North Hemisphear, and are called 1 Ursa minor, 2 Ursa Major, 3 Draco, 4 Cepheus, 5 Bootes, 6 Corona Septentri, 7 Hercules, 8 Lyra, 9 Cygnus, 10 Cassiopeia, 11 Perseus, 12 Auriga, 13 Serpentarius, 14 Serpens Ophiuchi, 15 Sagitta, 16 Aquila, 17 Delphinus, 18 Equiculus, 19 Pegasus, 20 Andromeda, 21 Triangulum. The other 15 are scituated in the South Hemisphear, and called 1 Cetus, 2 Orion, 3 Eridanus, 4 Lepus, 5 Canis Major, 6 Canicula, 7 Argo Navis, 8 Hydra, 9 Crater, 10 Corvus, 11 Centaurus, 12 Lupus, 13 Ara, 14 Corona Austrina, 15 Pisces Austrina. Besides there are 2 other Constellations in the North Hemisphear, viz. Antinous,

and Coma Berenices: which because they were not specified by the Ancients are here inserted apart.

Now the Astronomers did bring them into these figures, and not into other, being moved therto by these three reasons: first these Figures express some properties of the stars that are in them; as those of the Ram to bee hot and dry; Andromeda chained, betokeneth imprisonment: the head of Medusa cut off, signifieth the loss of that part: Orion with his terrible and threat∣ning gesture, importeth tempest, and terrible effects: The Serpent, the Scorpion, and the Dragon, signifie poyson: The Bull, insinu∣ateth a melancholy passion: The Bear inferreth cruelty, &c. Secondly, the stars, (if not precisely yet after a sort) do represent such a Figure, and therefore that Figure was assigned them: as for example, the Crown, both North, and South; the Scorpion and the Triangle, represent the Figure which they have. The third cause, was the continuance of the memorie of some notable men, who either in regard of their singular paines taken in Astronomy, or in regard of some other notable deed, had well deserved of man kind.

The first Author of every particular Constellation is uncertain; yet are they of great antiquity; we receive them from Ptolomte, and he followed the Platonicks; so that their antiquity is great. Moreover we may perceive them to be ancient by the Sciptures; and by the Poets. In the 38 Chapter of Job there is mention made of the Pleiades, Orion, and Arcturus, and Mazzaroth, which some interpret the 12 Signes: Job lived in the time of Abraham, as Syderocrates maketh mention in his Book de Commensurandis locorum distantiis.

Now besides all this, touching the reason of the invention of these Constellations, the Poets had this purpose, viz. to make men fall in love with Astronomy: And to that intent have to eve∣ry Costellation invented strange conceited stories, (as you may read at the latter end of this Book) therein imitating Demost∣henes, who when he could not get the people of Athens to hear him in a matter of great moment, and profitable for the Com∣mom-wealth, he began to tell them a tale of a fellow that sold an Ass; by the which tale, he so brought on the Athenians, that they were both willing to hear his whole Oration, and to put in practice that whereto he exhorted them. The like intent had the Poets in of those Stories: They saw that Astronomy being for

commodity singular in the life of man, was almost of all men ut∣terly neglected: Hereupon they began to set forth that Art under Fictions; that thereby, such as could not be perswaded by com∣modity, might by the pleasure be induced to take a view of these matters: and thereby at length fall in love with them. For commonly you shall note this, that he that is ready to read the Stories, cannot content himself therewith, but desireth also to know the Constellation, or at leastwise some principal Star therein.

There are in Heaven yet twelve Constellations more, posited about the South Pole, which were added by Frederic•• Ho••t∣manno, inhabiting on the Island Sumatra who being accommo∣dated with the Instruments of that immortal Tycho, hath obser∣ved the Longitude and Latitude of those Stars, reduced them into Constellations, and named them as follows, 1 The Crane, 2 The Phenix, 3 The Indian, 4 The Peacock, 5 The Bird of Paradice, 6 The Fly. 7 The Camelion. 8 The South Triangle, 9 The Flying Fish, 10 Dorado, 11 The Indian Fowl, 12 The Southern Serpent.

XI. Of the Number of the Stars.

Although in Heaven there be a very great number of visible Stars, which for their multitude seem innumerable; yet no wise man will from thence infer that they are impossible to be counted: for there is no Star in Heaven that may be seen, but its Longi∣tude and Latitude may with meet Instruments for that purpose be exactly found; and being once found, it may have a name allotted it, which with its Longitude and Latitude may be Cata∣logized either for the memory of the Observer, or the knowledge of Posterity. Now therefore if any one Star may be observed, they may all be observed; and then may they all have Names given them; which tho to the ignorant it seem uncredible, yet to the sons of God, (as Josephus call Astronomers) who herein participate of their fathers knowledge, it is easie to number the Stars, and call them all by their Names Psal. 97, 4.

But tho all the Stars in Heaven may be numbred and named, yet have not the Ancient Astronomers thought fit to take notice of more then 1025 of the chiefest that are visible in our Horizon, they being sufficient for any purpose that we shall have occasion to apply them unto. Yet of late the industry of Frederick Hout∣man

aforesaid, hath added to the Catalogue 136 Stars, with their Longitude Latitude and Magnitude, and given Names unto them: which upon my New Globes I have also ascerted, as may be seen about the South Pole thereof. So that with these 1025, observed by the Ancients, and these 136, the whole number of the Catalogue is 1161.

Some other Stars of late have been also observed by Bai••rus, among the several Constellations aforesaid; but none of any Con∣siderable Magnitude, and therefore I think fit to pass them by, and come to their scituation in Heaven, according to Longitude and Latitude.

XII. Of the Scituation of the Stars:

The Stars are Scituate in Heaven according to their Longitude and Latitude As the Longitude of any Place upon the Terrestrial Globe is an Arch of the Equator, Comprehended between the first Meridian and the Place. So the Longitude of any Star upon the Celestial Globe is an Arch of the Ecliptick, contained between the first point of ♈ and the Star inquired after. But yet because the Ecliptick is divided into twelve Signes, the Longitude of a Star is therefore (in the most Customary account) an Arch of the Ecliptick comprehended between the Semi-circle of Longi∣tude passing through the beginning of the Signe the Star is in, and the Semi-circle of Longitude passing through the Center of the Star.

The Latitude of a Star is either North or South: North, if on the North side of the Ecliptick; South, if on the South side of the Ecliptick. As the Latitude of any Place upon the Terrestrial Globe is an Arch of the Meridian, contained between the Equa∣tor and the Parallel of the Place, So is the Latitude of any Star upon the Celestial Globe an Arch of a Semi-circle of Longitude, comprehended between the Equinoctial and the Star inquired after.

XIII. Of the Magnitudes of the Stars:

For the better distinction of the several sizes of Stars, they are divided into six several Magnitudes. The biggest and brightest Stars are called Stars of the first Magnitude: Those one degree

inferiour in light and bigness are called Stars of the Second Mag∣nitude, Those again one degree inferiour to the Stars of the second Magnitude, are called Stars of the Third Magnitude, and so the Stars gradually decrease unto the sixth Magnitude, which is the smalest, some few obscure Stars only excepted, which for their Minority and dimness are called Nebula. These several Magni∣tudes of the stars are expressed on the Globe in several shapes, as may be seen in a small Table placed on the Globe for that purpose.

Now for your further satisfaction and delight, I have inserted a Collection of D. Hoods, wherein is expressed the measure of every Magnitude, and the proportion it hath, first, to the Diame∣ter, and secondly, to the Body of the Earth.

The greatness of any thing (saith he) cannot be better expres∣sed then by comparing it to some common measure, whose quan∣tity is known: The common measure whereby Astronomers ex∣press the greatness of the Stars, is the Earth;

Sometimes they compare them with the Diameter of the Earth, sometimes with the Globe thereof: The Diameter accor∣ding to their account which allow but 60 miles to a degree, con∣taineth 6822 8/11 miles; and the whole soliditie of the Globe con∣taines 165, 042, 481, 283. miles and 79/137. According to Ptolo∣me, who allotteth to every degree 62½ miles, the Diameter con∣taineth 7159 miles 1/11, and the whole soliditie of the Globe, hath 192, 197, 184, 917, 473/1331 miles.

The proportion of the Diameters of the fixed Stars; Com∣pared with the Diameter of the Earth.

The Diameter of a fixed Star of the first Magnitude compared with the Diameter of the Earth hath such proportion to it, as 19 hath to 4: therefore it containeth the Diameter of the Earth 4 times and ¾.

The Diameter of a Star of the second Magnitude is unto the Diameter of the Earth as 269 is to 60: therefore it containeth it 4 ⅙ times.

The Diameter of a fixed Star of the third Magnitude is unto the Diameter of the Earth as 25 unto 6: therefore it containeth it 4 ⅙ times.

The Diameter of a fixed Star of the fourth Magnitude is unto

the Diameter of the Earth as 19 unto 5: therefore it containeth it 3 ⅘ times.

The Diam. of a fixed Star of the fifth Mag, is unto the Diameter of the Earth, as 119 unto 36. therefore it containeth it 3 11/36 times.

The Diam. of a fixed Star of the sixth Mag. is unto the Diame•• of the Earth, as 21 unto 8; therefore it containeth it ⅝ times.

As for the proportions of the cloudie and obscure Stars, they are not expressed because they are but few, and of no great ac∣count in respect of their smalness.

The proportions of the fixed Stars compared with the Globe of the Earth, are as follow.

A Star of the first Magnitude is to the Globe of the Earth, as 6859, to 64. therefore it containeth the Globe of the Earth 107 ⅙ times.

A Star of the second Magnitude is to the Globe of the Earth, as 19465109 is to 216000. therefore it containeth it 90 ⅛ times.

A Star of the third Magnitude is to the Globe of the Earth, as 15625 is unto 216: therefore it containeth it 72 ⅓ times.

A Star of the fourth Magnitude is to the Globe of the Earth as 6850 is unto 125: therefore it containeth the Globe of the Earth 54 11/12 times.

A Star of the fifth Magnitude is to the Globe of the Earth, as 1685159: is unto 46656: therefore it containeth the Globe of the Earth 36 ⅛ times.

A Star of the sixth Magnitude is to the Globe of the Earth, as 9261 is unto 512: therefore it containeth the Globe of the Earth 18 1/10 times.

I confess all this may seem matter of incredulity to those whose understanding is swayed by their visual sence; but if they be ca∣pable to consider the vast distance of those Huge Bodies, (the Stars) from the face of the Earth, and also the diminutive qua∣lity of Distance, their reason will be rectified, and their increduli∣ty turn'd into an acknowledgement of the unspeakable wisdom of Almighty God; and they will say with the Psalmist, Great is our Lord, Great is his Power, his Wisdom is infinite. Psal. 147. 5.

The distance of the Stars therefore from the Earth, is accor∣ding to M. John Dee's Computation, 20081 ½ Semidiameters of the Earth. The Semidiameter of the Earth containeth of our

common miles 3436 4/11, Such miles as the whole Earth and Sea round about is 21600: allowing for every degree of the great∣est Circle 60 miles: so that the distance of the Stars from the Earth is in miles 69006540. Now as M. Dee saith, (almost in these same words) if you weigh well with your self this little par∣cel of fruit Astronomical; as concerning the bigness and distance of the Stars, &c. and the Huge massiness of the Starry Heaven, you will find your Consciences moved with the Kingly Prophet to sing the confession of Gods Glory; and say, The Heavens De∣clare the Glory of God, and the firmament sheweth forth the works of his Hands.

XIIII. Of the Nature of the Stars.

To many of the Principal Stars there is in Planetical Chara∣cters prefixed their Planetical Natures. The Astrologers make great use of them for knowing the nature of the Stars: for those Stars that have the character of ♄ adjoined are said to be of the nature of ♄: those that have ♃ adjoined, are of the nature of ♃: and so of the rest. If a Star have the characters of two Planets ad∣joined, that Star participates of both their Natures, but most of that Planets whose character is first placed.

The use Astronomers make of those characters, is for knowing that culler of any Star; as if a Star have ♄ adjoined, it is of the cul∣ler of ♄; if ♃, it is the culler of ♃, &c.

The fixed Stars are known from the Planets by their conti∣nual twinckling; for the Planets never twinckle, but the fixed Stars do.

XV. Of Via Lactea, or the Milky way.

This subject because it is already so fully handled by D^r. Hood, that more then he hath written cannot well be said, either of his own oppinion or other mens, I think fit therefore to give you his own words: which are as follow.

VIA LACTEA▪ or Circulus Lacteus; by the Latines so called; and by the Greekes, Galaxia; and by the English, the Milky way. It is a broad white Circle that is seen in the Heaven: In the North Hemisphear, it beginneth at Cancer, on each side the head thereof, and passeth by Auriga, by Perseus,

and Cassiopeia, the Swan, and the head of Capricorn, the tayl of Scorpio, and the feet of Centaur, Argo the Ship, and so unto the head of Cancer. Some in a sporting manner, do call it Watling street; but why they call it so, I cannot tell; except it be in re∣gard of the narrowness that it seemeth to have, or else in respect of that great High way that lieth between Dover and S. Albons, which is called by our men Watling street.

Concerning this Circle there are sundry opinions: for there is great difference among some writers, both touching the place, matter, and efficient cause thereof. Aristotle dissenteth from all other, both Philosophers and Poets, in the place, matter, and cause of this Circle; saying, that it is a Meteor ingendred in the Air, made of the vapors of the earth, drawn up thither by the heat of the Sun, and there set on fire. But his opinion is of all men confuted.

First, touching the place, it cannot be in the Air; for whatso∣ever is in the Air, is not seen of all men, at all times, to be un∣der one and the same part of Heaven. If we see it in the South, they that are in the West shall see it under the East side of the Heaven; and they that are in the East, shall see it in the West part of the Heaven; but this Circle is of all men seen alwaies un∣der the same part of Heaven, and to be joyned with the same Stars; therefore it cannot be in the Air.

Again, for the matter, it cannot be made of that which A∣ristotle nameth (i. e.) the vapours of the earth, because of the long continuance of the thing, and that without any alteration: for it is impossible that any Meteor made of vapours drawn up from the water, or exhalations from the earth, should last so long; as may be seen in blazing Stars; which though they have continued long, as namely, 16. moneths, some more, some less; yet at the length they have vanished away: whereas this Cir∣cle hath continued from the beginning unto this day. Besides, put case it were made of these exhalations, Whence will they in∣fer the uniformity thereof? The Comets do alter diversly, both in the fashion of their blazing, and also in their several quantities; whereas in this Circle, there is nothing but the same part, alwaies of one form and of one bigness. In the e••••cient cause therefore he must needs err: for if it be neither in the Air, nor made of the exhalations of the earth, it cannot be caused by the Sun; for the

one is the place and the other the matter, wherein, and whereup∣on the Sun sheweth his power.

All other, (besides Aristotle) agree in the place, but dif••er in the efficient cause thereof: and they are either Philosophers, or Poets. Both these affirm that it is in the Firmament (i. e.) in the eight Sphear; but they disagree in the cause thereof.

The Philosophers (and chiefely Demecritus) affirm the cause of the thing, to be the exceeding great number of Stars in that part of Heaven, whose beams meeting together so confused∣ly, and not coming distinctly to the ey, causeth us to imagine such a whiteness as is seen. But the best opinion is this, that this Milky way is a part of the Firmament, neither so thin as the o∣ther parts thereof are, not yet so thick as the Stars themselves. If it were as thin as the other parts of the Heaven besides the Stars, then could it not retain the light, but the light would pass through it and not be seen: If it were as thick as the Stars, then would the light be so doubled in it, that it would glister and shine, as the Stars themselves do: but being neither so thin as the one, nor so thick as the other, it becommeth of that whiteness we see.

Bla••u saith, This Lactean whiteness and clearness ariseth from a great number of little Stars, constipated in that part of Heaven: flying so swiftly from the sight of our eyes, that we can perceive nothing but a confused light: this the Tubus Diopticus (more lately found out) doth evidently demonstrate to us: by the bene∣fit of which little Stars (otherwise inconspicuous to our eyes) are there clearly discerned.

About the Southern Pole are seen two white spots, like little clouds, colured like the via Lactea. One of which is trebble the Latitude of the other; some Mariners call them Nubecula Magellani.

This Milkie way is discribed on the Globe between two tracks of smal Pricks, running through the Images mentioned in the beginning of this Section.

Thus have you the definition of the Globes; with the descripti∣on of all the lines, Circles, &c. described thereon. I shall now ex∣plain unto you the meaning of Several words of Art, which in the use of them you will meet with, and then come to the Use it self.

And first, what is meant by the word Horizon.

When I spake of the Horizon before, I only mentioned the wooden Horizon or frame about the Globe; which because it represents the Mathematical Horizon, is therefore called the Horizon: but the word Horizon is to be considered more parti∣cularly, two manner of waies: as

First, the Natural Horizon.

Secondly, the Mathematical Horizon.

The Natural Horizon is that Appearent Circle which di∣vides the Visible part of Heaven from the invissible; it extends it self in a straight line from the Superficies of the Earth, every way round about the place you stand upon, even into the very Circumference of the Heavens. It is onley discerned at Sea, or on plaine ground, that is free from all hinderances of the sight as Hills, Trees, Houses, &c.

The Mathematical Horizon (which indeed is meant in this Treatise, so oft as I shall have occasion to name the word Hori∣zon) is a great Circle which divides that part of Heaven which is above us, from that which is under us, precisely into two equal parts: whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir. In this Circle the Azimuths or Verticle Circles are numbred: and by this Circle our Daies and Nights are measured out unto us: for while the Sun is above the Horizon it is day; and when it is under the Horizon it is Night.

This Circle is represented unto us by the upper Plain of the wooden Horizon: Therefore so oft as you are directed to bring any degree or Star &c. to the Horizon, it must be understood that you must turn the Globe till the degree or Star come just to the upper inner edge of the wooden Horizon.

The Zenith, and Nadir, are two points opposite to one another. The Zenith is that point in Heaven which is directly over our Heads: and the Nadir is that point in Heaven which is directly under our feet.

The Azimuths or Verticle Circles are great Circles passing through the Zenith, and Nadir, whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir. And as the Meridians cut the Equator, and all Paral∣lels to the Equator at Right Angles, so the Azimuths cut the Horizon and all Almicanthars at Right Angles also. The Azimuths (as the Meridians) are infinite; and are numbred by degrees from the East and West point towards the North and South in the Horizon: as also is the Amplitude.

The Almicanthars are Circles Parallel to the Horizon, whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir. They are also called Cir∣cles of Altitude, because when the Sun Moon or any Star, is in a∣ny number of degrees above the Horizon, it is said to have so many degrees of Altitude, which degrees of Altitude are num∣bred upon the Verticle Circle from the Horizon upwards, to∣wards the Zenith. The Almicanthars are also infinite: as Pa∣rallels, Meridians and Azimuths are.

The Amplitude is the number of degrees contained between the true East or West point in the Horizon, and the rising or set∣ting of the Sun, Moon, or Stars. &c.

The Declination is the number of degrees that the Sun, Moon, or any Star, is distant from the Equinoctial, towards either Pole: and hath a double Denomination, viz. North Declination, and South Declination: for if the Sun Moon or Star swarve towards the North Pole, they are said to have North Declination; if to∣wards the South Pole, South Declination.

The Right Ascension is the number of degrees of the Equi∣noctial (accounted from the first point of Aries) which comes to the Meridian with the Sun Moon or Star, or any other point in Heaven proposed.

The Oblique Ascension is the number of degrees of the Equi∣noctial which comes to the East side of the Horizon with the Sun Moon or any Star.

The Oblique Descension is the degrees of the Equinoctial which comes to the West side of the Horizon with the Sun Moon or any Star.

The Ascensional Difference is the number of degrees after subtraction of the Oblique Ascension from the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••scen∣sion, 〈1 line〉〈1 line〉.

So many degrees as you are said to sail towards the Pole, you are said to Raise the Pole; and so many degrees as you sail from the Pole, you are said to Depress the Pole.

Course, is the point of the Compass you sail upon; as if you sail East-wards, it is an Easterly Course, if West, a Westerly Course &c.

Distance is the number of leagues you have sailed from any Place, upon any Course.

A Zone is a space of Earth contained between two Parrallels. The ancient Geographers made five Zones in the Earth. Two Frozen, Two Temperate, and one Burnt Zone.

The two Frozen Zones are those parts of the Globe, compre∣hended between the North Pole and the Arctick Circle, and the South Pole and the Antarctick Circle; by the Ancients called inhabitable; because the Sun being alwaies far remote from them, shoots its beams Obliquely upon them, which Oblique beams are so very weak, that all their Summer is but a continued Winter, and the Winter (as they thought impossible to be at all indured.

The Temperate Zones are the space of Earth contained be∣tween the Arctick Circle and the Tropick of ♋, and the An∣tarctick Circle and the Tropick of ♑: by the Ancients called Temperate and Habitable; because they are composed of a sweet Mediocrity, between outragious Heat and extremity of Cold.

The Burnt Zone is the space of Earth contained between the Tropick of ♋, and the Tropick of ♑, called by the Ancients Un∣habitable; because in regard the Sun never moves out of this Zone but darts its Beames perpendicularly upon it, they imagined the Air was so unsufferable Hot, that it was impossible for any to inhabite in this Zone. So that as you see they held the two Tempe∣rate Zones only habitable; and the two Frozen Zones and one Burnt Zone, altogether unpossible to be inhabited. But their Suc∣cessors either animated by industry, or compeld by necessity, have apparently confuted that Assertion; for at this time many thou∣sands can witness that their bloods are not so greasie as to be melted in the Scortching heat of the one, or so watry as to be con∣gealed in the Icy frosts of the other.

The Ancients have yet otherwise divided the Earth into four and twenty Northern Climates, and four and twenty Southern Climates: so that in all there is eight and forty Climates. The Climates are altered according to the half hourly increasing of the longest daies; for in the Latitude where the longest daies are in∣creased half an hour longer then they are at the Equator (viz. longer then 12 hours) the first Climate begins; and in the Lati∣tude where they are increased an whole hour longer then in the Equator, the second Climate begins; where the daies are increa∣sed three half hours longer then in the Equator, the third Cli∣mate begins; and so onwards, the Climates alter according as the longest day increases half an hour, till you come to find the longest day 24 hours long

Now the Ancients (in those times) knowing no more then nine Habitable Climates, gave names only to nine. The first

they called Dia Meroes, after the name of a famous Inland Iland, which is scituate about the middle of that Climate, and is now called Gueguere. The second Climate they called Dia Syenes, after the name of an eminent Citty in Egypt, lying about the midst of that Climate. The third Dia Alexanderas, after the name of the Metropolitan Citty of Egypt. The fourth Dia Rhodes. The fifth Dia Romes. The sixth Dia Ponton. The seventh Dia Boristheneos, The eighth Dia Ripheos. The ninth Dia Daniam.

These names belong only to the Climates on the North side of the Equator. But those on the South side (in regard of the smal Discoveries those Ages had on that side the Equator) were distinguisht only by the addition of the word Anti, to the same Southerly Climate: as the first Southern Climate (which is that Climate that lies as many degrees to the South-ward as the first doth to the North-ward) they called Anti Meroes. The second Anti Syenes. The third Anti Alexanderas: and so on to the ninth.

In every Climate is included two Parallels, which are of the same nature with the Climates, save only that as the Climates al∣ter by the half hourly increasing of the longest day, the Parallels alter by the quarter hourly increasing of the longest day.

Furthermore, in respect of the Horizon, we find the Sphear constituted into a threefold Position: as first, into a Direct Sphear, Secondly, a Parallel Sphear, Thirdly, an Oblique Sphear.

A Direct Sphear hath both the Poles of the World in the Horizon, and the Equinoctial transiting the Zenith. In a Direct Sphear all the Circles Parallel to the Equator make right angles with the Horizon, and are also divided into two equal parts by the Horizon: and in a Direct Sphear the Sun Moon and Stars are al∣waies twelve hours above the Horizon, and twelve hours under the Horizon, and consequently make twelve hours Day, and twelve hours Night.

It is called a Direct Sphear because all the Celestial Bodies, as Sun Moon and Stars &c. by the Diurnal Motion of the Primum Mobile, ascend directly above, and descend directly be∣low the Horizon.

They that inhabite under the Equator have the Sphear thus posited; as in the Iland Borneo, Sumaira, Celebes, St. Thomas a great part of Africk, Peru in the West-Indies: &c. as you may

see by the Globe it self; if you move the Brasen Meridian through the notch in the Horizon, till the Poles thereof touch the Hori∣zon. As in this Figure.

[illustration]

A Parallel Sphear hath one Pole of the VVorld in the Zenith, the other in the Nadir, and the Equinoctial line in the Horizon.

In a Parallel Sphear all the Circles Parallel to the Equi∣noctial are also Parallel to the Horizon, and in a Parallel Sphear from the 10th of March to the 11th of September (the Sun being then in the Northorly Signes and consequently on the North side the Horizon) there is six Moneths Day in the North, and six Moneths Night in the South: and contrarily from the 11th of September to the 10th of March, (the Sun being then in the Southerly Signes, and therefore on the South side the Horizon)

there is six Moneths Day in the South, and six Moneths Night in the North.

It is called a Parallel Sphear, because the Sun Moon or Stars in a Diurnal Revolution of the Heavens, neither ascend higher or descend lower, but alwaies move Parallel to the Horizon.

The Earth is thus Posited under both the Poles, viz. in 90 degrees of Latitude; as may be seen by the Globe, if you turn the Brasen Meridian till either of the Poles be elevated 90 degrees above the Horizon. As in this figure.

[illustration]

An Oblique Sphear hath the Axis of the World neither Di∣rect nor Parallel to the Horizon, but lies aslope from it.

In an Oblique Sphear all the Celestial Bodies, as Sun Moon or Stars &c. have (in respect of the Horizon) Oblique and un∣equal Ascensions and Descensions, and all the lines Parallel to the

Equator make unequal Angles with the Horizon, and are cut by the Horizon into unequal parts; for those lines towards the elevated Pole, have a greater portion of a Circle under the Hori∣zon then above it: only the Equator because it hath the same Center with the Horizon, doth divide the Horizon into two e∣qual parts, and is also divided into two equal parts by the Horizon.

Hence is follows that when the Sun is in any part of the E∣cliptick that declines towards the elevated Pole, the Daies in the elevated Hemisphear shall be longer then the Nights: and when the Sun is in any part of the Ecliptick that declines towards the Depressed Pole, the Nights shall be longer then the Daies. But when the Sun is in the Equinoctial, (because whether the Pole be either Raised or Depressed) equal portions remain both above and under the Horizon, therefore the Daies are of the same length with the Nights, and the Nights with the Daies.

Also in an Oblique Sphear, all those Stars that have as great or greater number of degrees of Declination then is the elevated Poles Complement of Latitude to 90, never set or come under the Horizon, and those Stars that have the same Declination a∣bout the Depressed Pole never rise.

It is called an Oblique Sphear, because all the Circles of the Sphear move Obliquely about the Horizon.

The Earth is thus Obliquely posited to all those Nations that inhabite under any degree of Latitude either North or South-wards between the Equator and either Pole: as may variously be seen by the Globe, when the Axis lies not on the Horizon, nor the Equator is Parallel to the Horizon. As in this following Figure.

[illustration]

Moreover all Places have their Antipodes, Peraeci and Antae••i.

The Antipodes of any Place is the opposite degree on the Globe. As if a Perpendicular were let fall from the Place you stand on, through the Center of the Earth, and continued till it pass quite through the Superficies of the Earth, on the other side; then in the point where the Perpendicular cuts the Superficies of the Earth on the other side, is the Antipodes of that Place.

The Inhabitants of any two Places that are in Antipodes to each other, go with their Feet directly against one another: and have a contrariety in the Seasons of the Year, and Risings, and Settings, of the Sun Moon Stars, and all other of the Heavenly Bodies: so that when with us it is Spring, with them it is Au∣tumn; when with us the Sun Rises, in our Antipodes it Sets; and therefore their Morning is our Evening, their Noon our Mid∣night,

their Evening our Morning; and their Longest Day our shortest.

The Periaeci of any Place is that point in the same Parallel which comes to the Meridian with the Antipodes.

In the Periaeci of any Place, there happens not that Contrariety of Seasons in the Year, that doth in the Antipodes; nor in the Length of Daies: for the Daies in both Places are of equal length: but in the times of the Day, there is the same contrariety, for (though their Spring be our Spring, and therest of their Seasons of the year the same with ours, yet) their Morning is our Evening, their Night our Day, &c.

The Antaeci of any Place is the point under the same Meridi∣an that is distant from the Equator on the South side so many de∣grees as your Place is distant from the Equator on the North side.

In the Antaeci there happens not that contrariety in the Daies as doth in the Antipodes, but in the Seasons of the Year there is the same contrariety; for in our Antaeci their Morning is our Morning, their Noon our Noon, their Night our Night: but herein is the Difference, their Spring is our Fall, their Summer our VVinter, &c. and their Longest Day our shortest: as in the ••ntipodes.

Notes

• Longitude of the Stars
• Latitude of the Stars
• The meas••res•• of the severa Stars
• Zenith.
• Nadir.
• Azimuths, or Verticle Cir∣cles.
• Almicanthars, or Circles of Altitude.
• Amplitude.
• Declination.
• Right Ascen∣sion.
• Oblique Ascen∣sion.
• Oblique Des∣cension.
• Ascensional Difference.
• Raise the Pole. Depress the Pole.
• Course.
• Distance.
• Zone.
• Frozen Zones.
• Temperate Zones.
• Burnt Zone.
• Climates.
• Parallels.
• Direct Sphear.
• Parallel Sphear.
• Oblique Sphear.
• Antipodes.
• Periaeci.
• Antaeci.