A tutor to astronomie and geographie, or, An easie and speedy way to know the use of both the globes, coelestial and terrestrial in six books : the first teaching the rudiments of astronomy and geography, the 2. shewing by the globes the solution of astronomical & geographical probl., the 3. shewing by the globes the solution of problems in navigation, the 4. shewing by the globes the solution of astrological problemes, the 5. shewing by the globes the solution of gnomonical problemes, the 6. shewing by the globes the solution of of [sic] spherical triangles : more fully and amply then hath ever been set forth either by Gemma Frisius, Metius, Hues, Wright, Blaew, or any others that have taught the use of the globes : and that so plainly and methodically that the meanest capacity may at first reading apprehend it, and with a little practise grow expert in these divine sciences / by Joseph Moxon ; whereunto is added Antient poetical stories of the stars, shewing reasons why the several shapes and forms are pictured on the coelestial globe, collected from Dr. Hood ; as also a Discourse of the antiquity, progress and augmentation of astronomie.

CHAP. II.

Of the Circles, Lines, &c. discribed upon the Superficies of the Globe; beginning with the Terrestrial Globe; and

I. Of the Equator.

THe Equator is a great Circle, encompassing the very middle of the Globe between the two Poles thereof, and divides it into two equal parts, the one the North part, and the other the South part. It is (as all great Circles are divided into 360. equal parts, which are called Degrees. Upon this Circle the Longitude is numbred, from East to West: and from this Circle both waies, viz. North and South the Latitude is reckoned. It is called the E∣quator, because when the Sun comes to this line (which is twice in one year, to wit, on the tenth of March, and the eleventh

of June) the Daies and Nights are equated, and both of one length.

II. Of the Meridians.

There are infinite of Meridians, for all places lying East or West from one another have several Meridians; but the Meridians deli∣neated upon the Terrestrial Globe are in number 36. so that be∣tween two Meridians is contained ten degrees of the Equator. From the first of these Meridians (which is divided into twice 90 degrees) accounted from the Equator towards either Pole) is the beginning of Longitude, which upon our English Globes is at the Ile Gratiosa, one of the Iles of the Azores, and numbred in the Equator Eastwards, with 10, 20, 30, &c. to 360. round about the Globe, till it end where it began.

They are called Meridians, because they divide the Day into two equal parts: for when the Sun comes to the Meridian of any Place, it is then Midday, or full Noon.

III. Of the Parallels.

As the Meridians are infinite, so are the Parallels; and as the Meridian lines delineated upon the Globe are drawn through no more then every tenth degree of the Equator, so are the Parallels also delineated but upon every tenth degree of the Meridian; lest the Globe should be too much filled with superfluity of lines, which might obscure the smal names of Places. The Parallel Circles run East and West round about the Globe, even as the Equator; only the Equator is a great Circle; and these are every one less then other, diminishing gradually till they end in the Pole. The Parallels are numbred upon the Meridian with 10, 20, 30, &c. to 90. beginning in the Equator, and ending in the Pole.

They are called Parallels; because they are Parallel to the Equator.

IIII. Of the Ecliptick, Tropicks, and Polar Circles.

These Circles though they are delineated upon the Terrestrial Globe, yet they are most proper to the Celestial; and therefore when I come to the Celestial Globe, I shall define them unto

V. Of the Rhumbs.

The Rhumbs are neither Circles nor straight lines, but Heli∣spherical or Spiral lines: They proceed from the point where we stand, and wind about the Globe till they come to the Pole; where at last they loose themselves. They represent the 32 winds of the Compass.

Their use is to shew the bearing of any two places one from another: that is to say, upon what point of the Compass any shoar or Land lies from another.

There are many of them described upon the Globe, for the better directing the ey from one shoar to the other, when you seek after the bearing of any two Lands. Some of them (where there is room for it) have the figure of the Nautical Card drawn about the Center or common intersection, and have (as all other Cards have) for the distinction of the North point, a Flowerde∣luce pictured thereon.

They were first called Rumbs by the Portugals; and since used by Latine Authors, and therefore that name is continued by all Writers that have occasion to speak of them.

VI. Of the Lands, Seas, Ilands, &c. Described upon the Terrestrial Globe:

The Land described upon the Globe is bounded with an irregu∣lar line, which runs turning and winding into Creeks and Angles, even as the shoar which it represents (doth) For the better di∣stinction of Lands, &c, this line is cullered close by one side thereof with divers Cullers, as with red, yellow, green, &c. these cullers distinguish one part of the Continent from the other; and also one Iland from another. That side of the line which incompasses the Cullers, is the bounds of the Land; the other side of the line which is left bare without Cullers, is the limits of the Water.

The Land is either Continents, or Ilands.

A Continent is a great quantity of Land, not interlaced or sepa∣rated by the Sea, in which many Kingdomes and Principalities are contained; as Europe, Asia, Affrica, America.

An Island is a part of the Earth, environed round with Wa∣ters; as Britain, Java, S. Laurence Isle, Barmudas, &c.

These again are sub-divided into Peninsula, Istmus, Promon∣torium.

A Peninsula is almost an Island; that is, a track of Land which being almost encompassed round with Water, is joyned to the firm Land, by some little Istmus; as Molacca in the East-Indies, &c.

An Istmus is a little narrow neck of Land, which joyneth any Peninsula to the Continent; as the Straits of Dariene in Peru, and Corinth in Greece.

Promontorium, is some high Mountain, which shooteth it self into the Sea, the utmost end of which is called a Cape, as that great Cape of Good Hope, and Cape Verde in Africa.

The Water is either Ocean, Sea, Straits, Creeks, or Rivers.

The Ocean is that generall collection of all Waters, which in∣vironeth the whole Earth on every side.

The Sea is a part of the Ocean; to which we cannot come, but through some Strait, as Mare Mediterraneum, Mare Balticum, and the like.

These two take their names either from the adjacent places, as the Brittish Ocean, the Atlantick Sea, &c. or from the first disco∣vere as Mare Magellanicum; Davis, and Forbishers Staits; &c. Or from some remarkable accident, as Mare Rubrum, from the red colour of the Sands; Mare Aegeum, Pontus Euxinus, and the like.

A Strait, is a part of the Ocean restrained within narrow bounds, and opening a way to the Sea; as the Straits of Gi∣bralter, Hellespont, &c.

A Creek is a crooked shoar, thrusting out as it were two armes to imbrace the Sea, as Sinus Adriaticus, Sinus Persi∣cus &c.

A River is a small branch of the Sea, flowing into the Land; as Thames, Tiber, Rhine, Nilus &c.

Now that these Lands, Ilands, Towns, Seas, Rivers, &c. may at the first search be found upon the Globe, all Geographers have placed them thereon according to Longitude, and Latitude,

VII. Longitude.

The Longitude is an Arch of the Equator, comprehended be∣tween the first Meridian and the Meridian of the Place you in∣quire after. It is numbred on the Equator from the West to the

Eastwards, with 10, 20, 30, to 360. degrees, till it end where it began.

VIII. Latitude.

The Latitude is an Arch of the Meridian, comprehended be∣tween the Equator and the place enquired after. It is numbred on the Meridian, from the Equator both waies, viz. North and South, till it come to the Poles, or 90 degrees.

Thus much may serve for the description of the Terestrial Globe: I therefore come to treat of the Celestial.