A tutor to astronomie and geographie, or, An easie and speedy way to know the use of both the globes, coelestial and terrestrial in six books : the first teaching the rudiments of astronomy and geography, the 2. shewing by the globes the solution of astronomical & geographical probl., the 3. shewing by the globes the solution of problems in navigation, the 4. shewing by the globes the solution of astrological problemes, the 5. shewing by the globes the solution of gnomonical problemes, the 6. shewing by the globes the solution of of [sic] spherical triangles : more fully and amply then hath ever been set forth either by Gemma Frisius, Metius, Hues, Wright, Blaew, or any others that have taught the use of the globes : and that so plainly and methodically that the meanest capacity may at first reading apprehend it, and with a little practise grow expert in these divine sciences / by Joseph Moxon ; whereunto is added Antient poetical stories of the stars, shewing reasons why the several shapes and forms are pictured on the coelestial globe, collected from Dr. Hood ; as also a Discourse of the antiquity, progress and augmentation of astronomie.

Thirdly, Of the Zodietical Constellations:

1. ARIES, the Ram, it is called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, it containeth in it 13. Stars, which were brought un∣to this Constellation by Thyestes, the son of Pelops, and brother of Atreus. This is the Ram upon which Phrixus, and Helle his sister, the children of Athamas did sit, when they fled from their step-mother Ino, over the Sea of Hellespont: which Ram was afterward for his good service, translated into Heaven by Jupiter. Others say, that it was that Ram which brought Bacchus unto the spring of water, when through drought he was likely to have perished in the desert of Lybia. Novidius will have this to be the R••m which Abraham offered up in stead of his son Isaac. The Star tha•• is first in the head of the Ram, is that from whence our ••ater Astronomers do account the Longitude of all the rest, and it is distant from the head of Aries, in the tenth Sphear, 27. degrees 53. minutes. The unformed Stars belonging unto this Constellation, are five.

2. TAURUS, the Bull, which consisteth of 23. stars. This was translated into Heaven in memorial of the rape commit∣ted by Jupiter on Europa the daughter of Agenor, King of Si∣don; whom Jupiter in the likeness of a white Bull stole away, and transported into Candia. Others say, That it was 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the daughter of Inacus: whom Jupiter loved, and turned into the form of a Cow, to the intent that Juno comming at unawares, should not perceive what a part he had playd: Jupiter afterward in memorial of that craftie conveyance, placed that Figure in Heaven; The reason why the Poets name not certainely whether it be a Cow or a Bull, is because it wanteth the hinder parts; yet of the most of them it is called a Bull. In the Neck of the Bull there are certain stars standing together in a cluster, which are commonly called the seven Stars; although there can hardly he discerned any more then six. These are reported to be the seven daughters of Atlas, called Atlan••iades, whereof six had com∣pany with the immortal Gods, but the seventh (whose name was Merope) being married unto Sysiphus a mortal man, did

herefore withdraw and hide her self, as being ashamed that she was not so fortunate in matching her self as her sisters were. Some say, that that star which is wanting is Electra, the eldest daughter of Atlas, and that therefore it is so dim, because she could not abide to behold the destruction of Troy; but at that time and ever since, she hid her face. The reason why they were taken up into Heaven, was, their great pittie towards their father, whose mishap they bewayled with continual tears. O∣thers say, that whereas they had vowed perpetual virginity, and were in danger to lose it, by reason of Orion, who greatly as∣sayled them, being overtaken, with their love; they requested Ju∣piter to stand their friend; who translated them into stars, and placed them in that part of Heaven. The Poets call them Ple∣iades, because when they rise with the Sun, the Mariners may commit themselves to the Sea. Others will have them to be so termed a pluendo; because they procure rain. Others give them this name, of the Greek word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because they be ma∣ny in number. They be also called Vergiliae, because they rise with the Sun in the Spring time: likewise Athoraiae, because they stand so thick together. Our men••call them by the name of the seven Stars, or Brood Hen. The Astronomers note this as a special thing concerning these stars, that when the Moon and these stars do meet together, the eyes are not to be medled withall, or cured if they be sore: their reason is, because they be of the na∣ture of Mars and the Moon.

Moreover, there be five stars in the face of the Bull, represen∣ting the form of the Roman letter V, whereof one (which is the greatest) is called the Bull's Ey. They be called Hyades, and were also the daughters of Atlas, who so long bewayled the death of Hyas their brother, slain by a Lion, that they died for sorrow, and were afterwards placed in Heaven for a memorial of that great love they bare to their brother. The ancient Ro∣mans call the Bul's Ey, Parilicium, or Palelicium; of Pales their goddesse; whose feast they celebrated after the conjunction of this star and the Sun. The unformed stars belonging unto this Constellation, are eleven.

3. GEMINI, the Twins; it consisteth of 18. stars. The Poets say they are Castor and Pollux, the sons of Leda, brethren most loving, whom therefore Jupiter translated into Heaven. Some say that the one of them is Appollo, and the other Hercu∣les:

but the most affirm the former. The unformed stars of this Constellation are seven, whereof one is called Tropus, because it is placed next before the foot of Castor.

4. CANCER, the Crab, it hath 9. Stars. This is that Crab which bit Hercules by the heele as he fought with the Serpent Hydra i•• the Fen Lerna, and for his forward service, was pla∣ced in Heaven by Juno, the utter enemy of Hercules. In this Constellation, there are Stars much spoken of by the Poets; al∣though they be but small; whereof one is called the Crib, other two are the two Asses, whereof one was the Asse of Bacchus, the other of Vulcan, whereon they rode to battel, when as the Gy∣ants made war with the Gods; with whose braying and strange noise, the Gyants were so scared upon the sudden, that they for∣sook the field, and fled. The Gods getting the victory, in try∣umphing manner translated both the Asses, and their manger into Heaven. The unformed stars of this Constellation are four. It is called animal re••rogradum, for when the Sun cometh into his Signe, he maketh Retrogradation.

5. LEO, the Lyon; it hath 27. Stars, this is that Lyon which Hercules overcame in the wood of Nemaea and was placed in Heaven in remembrance of so notable a deed. Novidius saith, this was one of the Lyons which were in the den into which Da∣niel was cast, and was therefore placed in Heaven, because of all other he was most friendly unto Daniel. In the breast of this Con∣stellation is that notable great Star, the light whereof is such, as that therefore it is called by Astronomers 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or Regulus i. e. the Victroy, or little King among the rest. The unformed Stars belonging to the Lyon are eight; whereof three make the Constellation which is now called Coma Berenices, that is, the hair of Berenice. This Constellation was first found out and invent∣ed, by Canon the Mathematician, but described by Calimachus the Poet. The occasion of the Story was this, P••olomeus Ever∣getes having married his sister Berenice, was shortly after enfor∣ced to depart from her, by reason of the wars he had begun in Asia: whereupon Berenice made this vow, that if he returned home again in safety, she would offer up her hair in Venus Tem∣ple. P••olome returned safe; and Berenice, according to her vow, cut off her hair and hung it up. After certain daies, the hair was not to be found; whereupon Ptolome the King was greatly dis∣pleased: but Canon, to please the humor of the King, and to cur∣ry

favour with him, perswaded him that Venus had conveyed the hair into Heaven. Canon attributeth seven Stars unto it, but Ptolome allotteth it but three, because the other be insensible,

6. VIRGO, the Virgin, it hath 26. Stars. This is affirmed to be Justice, which among all the Gods somtime living upon the Earth, did last of all forsake the same, because of the wickedness that began to multiply therein, and chose this place for her seat in Heaven.

Others say, that it was Astraea, the daughter of Astraeus, one of the Gyants that were called Titans, who fighting against the Gods, Aftraea took their parts against her own Father, and was therefore after her death commended unto the Heavens, and made one of the 12. Signes.

Others say, that it was Erigone, the daughter of Icarius, who for that her father was slain by certain drunken men, for very grief thereof did hang her self: but Jupiter taking pitty of the Virgin for her natural affection, translated her into Heaven.

In her right wing there is one Star of special note, which by the Astronomers is called Vindemeator (i. e.) the gatherer of Graps. This was Ampelos the son of a Satyr and a Nymph, and greatly beloved of Bacchus, unto whom in token of his love, Bac∣chus gave a singular fair Vine, planted at the foot of an Elme, (as the manner was in old time.) But Ampelos in Harvest gathering Graps, and taking little heed to his footing, fell down out of the Vine, and brake his neck. Bacchus in memorial of his former affection, translated him into Heaven, and made him one of the principal Stars in this Constellation. There is another great Star in the hand of the Virgin, called of the Latines Spica, of the Greeks Stachus, of the Arabians Azimech (i. e.) the Ear of Corn: whereby they signify, that when the Sun cometh to this Signe, the Corn waxeth ripe. Albumazar the Arabian, and Novidius, take this Constellation for the Virgin Mary. The unformed Stars in this Constellation, are six.

7. LIBRA, the Ballance, it containeth 8 Stars. Cicero calleth it Jugum the Yoak, and here it is to be noted, that the Ancient A∣stronomers that first set down the number of the Constellations contained in the Zodiack, did account but eleven therein, so that the Signe which now is called Libra, was heretofore called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is to say, the Claws of the Scorpion, which possesseth the space of two whole Signes. But the latter Astronomers, being de∣sirous

to have 12. Signes in the Zodiack, called those eight where∣of the Claws of the Scorpion do consist, by the name of Libra; not that there was any Poetical Fiction to induce them thereto, but only moved by this reason, because the Sun joyning with this Constellation, the Day and the Night are of an equal length, and are (as it were) equally poyzed in a pair of Ballance. Yet (as I remember) some will have this to be the Ballance wherein Justice, called also Astraea, weighed the deeds of mortal men, and therein presented them unto Jupiter. It hath 9. unformed Stars appertaining unto it.

8. SCORPIO, the Scorpion; called of the Arabians, Ala∣trab; of Cicero, Nepa. It consisteth of 21, Stars. The Fiction is thus. Orion the son of Hyreus greatly beloved of Diana, was wont to make his boast, that he was able to overcome what beast soe∣ver was bred upon the Earth: The Earth being moved with this speech brought forth the Scorpion, whereby Orion was stung to death. Jupiter thereupon (at the request of the Earth,) translated both the Scorpion, and Orion into Heaven; to make it a lesson for ever for mortal men, not to trust too much unto their own strength▪ and to the end he might signify the great enmity between them, he placed them so in the Heaven, that whensoever the one ariseth, the other setteth; and they are never both of them seen together above the Horizon at once: Gulielmus Postellus will have it to be the Serpent which beguiled Eve in Paradise. The unformed Stars about this Scorpion are three.

9. SAGITTARIUS, the Archer. It hath thirty one Stars. Touching this Signe, there are among the Poets many and sundry opinions. Some say that it is Crocus, the son of Puphen••, that was nurse unto the Muses. This Crocus was so forward in learning of the liberal sciences, and in the practise of feats of acti∣vity, that the Muses entreated Jupiter that he might have a place in Heaven. To whose request Jupiter inclining, made him one of the 12. Signes: And to the end that he might express the excellent qualities of the Man, he made his hinder parts like unto a Horse, thereby to signify his singular knowledge in Horse-manship: and by his Bow and Arrow, he declared the sharpness of his Wit. Whereupon the Astrologers have this conceit, that he that is born under Sagittarius, shall attain to the knowledge of many Arts, and be of prompt wit, and great courage. Virgil affirmeth this to be Chiron the Centaur, who for his singular learning and Justice,

was made the Master of Achilles. At which time Hercules com∣ing to visit him (for he had heard both of the worthiness of the School-master, and of the great hopes of the Scholler) brought with him his quiver of Arrows dipped in the blood of the Serpent Hydra; but Chiron being desirous to see his shafts, and not taking heed of them, being in his hand, let one of them fall upon his foot, and being greatly tormented, not only by the anguish of the poyson working in the wound, but much more because he knew himself to be immortal, and his wound not to be recovered by medicine, he was enforced to make request unto the Gods, that he might be taken out of the World, who pittying his case, took him up into Heaven, and made him one of the 12. Signes.

10. CAPRICORNUS, the Goat, it consisteth of 28. Stars. The Poets say, that this was Pan, the God of the Shepherds, of whom they faign in this manner: The Gods having war with the Gyants, gathered themselves together into Aegypt, Typhon the Gyant pursued them thither, whereby the Gods were brought into a quandary, that well was he that by changing his shape might shift for himself, Jupiter turned himself into a Ram: Apollo became a Crow: Bacchus, a Goat: Diana lurked under the form of a Cat: Juno transformed her self into a Cow: Venus into a Fish: Pan leaping into the River Nilus, turned the upper part of his body into a Goat, and the lower part into a Fish. Jupiter won∣dring at his strange device, would needs have that Image and Picture translated into Heaven, and made one of the 12. Signes. In that the hinder part of this Signe is like a Fish, it betokeneth that the latter part of the moneth wherein the Sun possesseth this Signe, inclineth unto Rain,

11. AQUARIUS, the Waterman. It hath 42. Stars, whereof some make the Figure of the Man: other some the Wa∣terpot; and some, the stream of water that runneth out of the pot. This is feigned to be Ganimedes the Trojan, the son of Oros, and Callirhoe whom Jupiter did greatly love for his excellent favour and beauty, and by the service of his Eagle carried him up into Heaven, where he made him his Cup bearer, and called him Aquarius. Others notwithstanding thinke it to be Deucall∣on the son of Prometheus whom the Gods translated into Hea∣ven, in remembrance of that mighty deluge which happned in his time, whereby mankind was almost utterly taken away from the face of the earth. The unformed stars belonging unto this Signe are three.

12. PISCES, the Fishes: these, together with the line that knitteth them together, contain 24. Stars. The Poets say that Venus and Cupid her son coming upon a certain time unto the River Euphrates, and sitting upon the bank thereof, upon a sud∣den espied Typhon the Gyant, that mighty and fearfull enemy of the Gods coming towards them; Upon whose sight, they being stricken with exceeding fear, lept into the River, where they were received by two Fishes, and by them saved from drowning. Venus for this good turn, translated them into Heaven. Guliel∣mus Postellus would have them to be the two Fishes wherewith Christ fed the 5000. men. The unformed stars of this Constel∣lation, are four.

Thus have I breifly run over the Poetical reasons of the Con∣stellations: It remains now that I speak of the Milky way.

VIA LACTEA, or Circulus Lacteus; by the Latines so called; and by the Greekes Galaxia; and by the English the Milkey way. It is a broad white Circle that is seen in the Hea∣ven, in the North Hemisphere, it beginneth at Cancer, on each side the head thereof, and passeth by Auriga, by Perseus, and Cassiopeia, the Swan; and the head of Capricorn the tayl of Scor∣pio, add the feet of Centaur, Argo the Ship, and so unto the head of Cancer. Some in a sporting manner do call it Wa••ling street; but why they call it so, I cannot tell; except it be in regard of the narrownesse that it seemeth to have; or else in respect of that great high way that lieth between Dover and S. Albons, which is called by our men, Watling street.

Ovid saith, that it is the great Causey, and the high way that leadeth unto the Pallace of Jupiter; but he alledgeth not the cause of the whiteness: belike he would have us imagine that it is made of white Marble.

Others therefore alledge these causes: Jupiter having begot∣ten Mercury of Mai•••• the daughter of Atlas, brought the child when he was born, to the breast of Juno lying a sleepe: But Ju∣no awaking threw the child out of her lap, and let the milke run out of her breast in such aboundance that (spreading it self about the Heaven) it made that Circle which we see. Others say, that it was not Mercury, but Hercules; and that Juno did not let the milke run out of her breast; but that Hercules suckt them so ear∣nestly, that his mouth run over, and so this Circle was made.

Others say; that Saturn being desirous to devour his children,

his wife Ops presented him with a stone wrapped in a clout, in∣stead of his child: This stone stuck so fast in Saturn his throat as he would have swallowed it, that without doubt he had there-withall been choaked, had he not been relived by his wife, who by pressing the milke out of her breasts saved his life: the milke that missed his mouth (whereof you must suppose some sufficient quantity) fell on the Heavens, and running along made this Cir∣cle.

Dr HOOD Commenting upon Constellations, saith; The Stars are brought into Constellations, for Instruction sake, things cannot be taught without names: to give a name to every Star had been troublesome to the Master and for the Scholler; for the Master to devise, and for the Scholler; to remember: and there∣fore the Astronomers have reduced many Stars into one Constel∣lation, that thereby they may tell the better where to seek them; and being sought, how to express them. Now the Astonomers did bring them into these Figures, and not into other, being mo∣ved thereto by these three reasons: first these Figures express some properties of the Stars that are in them; as those of the Ram to to be hot and dry; Andromeda chained betokeneth imprisonment, the head of Medusa cut off signifieth the loss of that part: Orion with his terrible and threatning gesture, importeth tempest and terrible effects: The Serpent, the Scorpion, and the Dragon, sig∣nify poyson: The Bull insinuateth a melancholy passion: The Bear inferreth cruelty, &c. Secondly, the Stars, (if not precisely, yet after a sort) do represent such a Figure, and therefore that Figure was assigned them: as for example, the Crown, both North and South: the Scorpion, and the Triangle, represent the Figures which they have. The third cause was the continuance of the memory of some notable men, who either in regard of their singular pains taken in Astronomy, or in regard of some other notable deed, had well deserved of Man-kind.

The first author of every particular Constellation is uncertain; yet are they of great antiquity; we receive them from Ptolomie, and he followed the Platonick••; so that their antiquity is gre••a▪ Moreover we may perce••ve them to be ancient by the Scriptures, and by the Poets. In the 38. Chapter of Job there is mention made of the Pleiades, Orion, and Aucturus, and Mazzaroth, which some interpret the 12. Signes: Job lived in the time of Abraham, as Syderocrates maketh mention in his Book de Commensurandis locorum distantiis.

Now besides all this, touching the reason of the invention o•• these Constellations, the Poets in setting forth those Stories, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 this purpose, to make men fall in love with Astronomy: When Demosthenes could not get the people of Athens to hear him in a matter of great moment, and profitable for the Common-wealth, he began to tell them a tale of a fellow that sold an Ass; by the which tale he so brought on the Athenians, that they were both willing to hear his whole Oration, and to put in practice that whereunto he exhorted them. The like intent had the Poets in these Stories: They saw that Astronomy being for commodity singular in the life of man, was almost of all men utterly negle∣cted: Hereupon they began to set forth that Art under these Fi∣ctions; that thereby such as could not be perswaded by commo∣dity, might by the Pleasure be induced to take a view of these matters, and thereby at length fall in love them. For commonly note this, that he that is ready to read the Stories, cannot content himselfe therewith, but desireth also to know the Constellation, or at leastwise some principal Star therein.