Socius mercatoris: or The merchant's companion: in three parts. The first, being a plain and easie introduction to arithmetick, vulgur and decimal, the extraction of the square and cube roots, with a table of 200 square roots, and their use in the resolution of square equations. The second, a treatise of simple and compound interest and rebate, with two tables for the calculation of the value of leases or annuities, payable quarterly, the one for simple, the other compound interest, at 6 per cent. per annum, with rules for making the like for any other rate. The third, a new and exact way of measuring solids in the form of a prismoid and cylindroid, with the frustums of pyramids and of a cone: whereunto is added, some practical rules and examples for cask-gauging. By John Mayne, philo-accomptant.

ARITHMETICK IN Whole Numbers.

NOTATION.

IT is necessary, that all Persons that would acquaint themselves with the Nature and Use of Numbers, do first learn to know the Characters by which any Quantity is expressed.

These Characters are in number nine, who with a Cypher are the Foundation of the whole Art of Arithmetick. Their form and denomi∣nation as in this Example.

0.	Cypher
1.	One.
2.	Two.
3.	Three.
4.	Four.
5.	Five.
6.	Six.
7.	Seven.
8.	Eight.
9.	Nine.

These Characters standing alone express no more than their simple value, as 1 is but one, 2 standing by it self signifies but two, and so of the rest; but when you see more than one of those Figures stand together, they have then another signification, and are valued ac∣cording to the place they stand in, being dig∣nified above their simple quality, according to the Examples in this Table.

								Unites.
							Tens.	1
						Hundreds.	1	2
					Thousands.	1	2	3
				Ten Thousands.	1	2	3	4
			Hundred Thousands.	1	2	3	4	5
		Millions.	1	2	3	4	5	6
	Ten Millions.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Hundred Millions.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

The denomination of Places according to this Table, must be well known, and are thus exprest; those standing in the place of Unites, signifie no more than their value before taught; but standing in the second place toward the left hand, they are increased to ten times the value they had before, 1 or One in the Unite place signifies but One; if it stand in the second place toward the left hand, and a Cypher be∣fore

it thus 10, it hath ten times its simple value, and is called Ten; if 2 stand in the place of the Cypher thus 12, it is then Twelve, being Ten and two Unites; 1, 2, or 3, standing in third place, with Figures or Cyphers toward the right hand of it, doth signifie Hundreds, as 100 is One hundred, 123 is One hundred twenty three, 321 is Three hundred twenty one, 213 is Two hundred thirteen; and so any three of the other Figures have like value, according to their Stations, the first to the right hand in the Unite place signifies so many Unites, the second, or that in the place of Tens, is increased to ten times its simple value, and in the third place, or place of Hundreds, any Figure there standing hath a hundred times the value it would have had were it in the Unite place.

The fourth place is the place of Thousands, any Figures standing there, with three Figures or Cyphers to the right hand of it, is so many Thousands as simply it contains Unites, so 3000 is Three thousand, 9825 is Nine thou∣sand eight hundred twenty five, &c.

The fifth place is Ten thousands, and any five Figures placed together, are to be read after this manner: Example.

45326 Forty five thousand three hundred twenty six.

12345 Twelve thousand three hundred forty five.

The sixt place hath the denomination of

Hundred thousands, and those six in the Table that stand in a rank are to be read, One hun∣dred twenty three thousand four hundred fifty six.

The seventh is the place of Millions, and the seven in the Table are, One million two hundred thirty four thousand five hundred sixty seven.

And the eighth Rank of Figures are to be read, Twelve millions three hundred forty five thousand six hundred seventy eight.

The ninth rank is, One hundred twenty three millions four hundred fifty six thousand seven hundred eighty nine. And so any greater number of places, every figure one place more toward the left hand, is increased ten times in value more than in the place it stood before.

ADDITION.

ADdition, is a gathering or collecting of several Numbers or Quantities into one Sum, by placing all Numbers of like Deno∣mination under one another, carrying all above ten to the next place, as in these Examples.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

There is likewise another kind of Addition, that is not of whole Quantities, wherein is necessary to be known the number of Parts the Integer or whole Number is divided into, as Pounds and Shillings, every Pound is di∣vided into 20 Shillings, and one Shilling is divided into twelve Pence, one Penny into four Farthings.

Now being to add a Number of Pounds and Shillings together, they are thus set down with a small Line or Point between them.

3-5

6:16

If these be added together, observe in casting up your Shillings, so many times as you have 20 in the Shillings, you must carry Unites to the Pounds, and set down the Remainder, being under 20, as in these Examples.

l.	s.
3:	5
6:	16
10:	01

l.	s.
4:	17
3:	15
5:	9
6:	12
19:	13

In the first Example, I find in adding the Shillings together, they make 21, so I set down 1 and carry 1 Pound to the Pounds: In the second Example, I find among the Shillings 53, which is 2 Pounds 13 Shillings, so I set down 13 under the Shillings, and 2 to the Pounds.

Any number of Shillings and Pence being to be added together, if your number of Pence amount to above 12, carry 1 to the Shillings, and set down the remainder under the Pence; if they make above 24, carry 2 Shillings, and set down the remainder, as before.

Examples.

s.	d.
1:	6
2:	7
4:	1

s.	d.
8:	9
2:	8
3:	10
15:	03

s.	d.
1:	7
2:	6
3:	9
4:	8
5:	11
18:	05

In the first Example, you carry one Shilling; in the second, two; and in the third, three.

In Addition of Pence and Farthings, carry so many times four as you find in the number of Farthings to the Pence, setting down the remainder under the Farthings, as in these Examples.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

When you would know the Sum of any number of Pounds, Shillings, Pence, and Far∣thing, they are to be placed thus: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Addition of Weight and Measure is perfor∣med after the same manner.

• 16 Ounces Averdupois, make a Pound.
• 28 Pounds, make a Quarter.
• 112 Pound, or 4 Quarters, make an Hun∣dred gross.
• 20 Hundred, make a Tun.

Examples.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Where observe, that so oft as I find 16 Oun∣ces, I carry 1 to the Pounds; so often as I find 28 Pounds, I carry 1 to the Quarters; and as many times as I find 4 in the Quarters, so many times 1 do I carry to the Hundreds.

SUBTRACTION.

SVbtraction is the taking a lesser Number from a greater, and exhibits the Remainder.

In Subtraction the Numbers are placed one under another, as in Addition, thus: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

The first of these Numbers is called the Minorand, the second the Subducend, and the third Number, or the Number sought, is the Residuum.

8	The Minorand
6	The Subducend
2	The Residuum or Remainder

EXAMPLES of COINS.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

But when the number of Pence or Shillings, are greater than the number that stands over it

in the Minorand, you must borrow the next Denomination, as in this Example.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

This Example I work after this manner, saying 9 d. out of 3 d. I cannot have, where∣fore I borrow 1 s. from the Shillings, and sub∣duct the 9 d. from that, and there will remain 3 d. which added to the other 3 d. maketh 6 d. I place therefore 6 d. in the Place of Pence, and proceed saying, 1 s. that I borrowed and 19 is 20 from 1 I cannot, wherefore I borrow 1 l. from the Pounds, and subduct from that the 20 s. and there remains nothing but the 1 s. which I place under the Shillings, and say, 1 that I borrowed and 6 is 7 from 7 and there remains nothing, then I place a Cypher under the 6, and say, 1 from 2 and there remains 1, which I set down, and 1 from 1 and there re∣steth nothing. After this manner is performed Subduction of Weight and Measure.

Examples.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

By which Examples, the Learner may per∣ceive, that where the number to be subducted is greater than the number standing over it, I then borrow one from the next greater denomination, adding the remainder, if any be, to the lesser number before-mentioned, and setting them underneath those of like denomination with them.

The Proof of Subtraction is by adding the Subducend and Remainder together, and their Aggregate must always be equal to the Mino∣rand, as you may see by the last Example.

I could here add many more Examples of Weight and Measure, but to the ingenious Practitioner I hope it will be enough, all other being wrought af••er the same manner, respect being had to the number of lesser denomina∣tions contained in each greater. As

In Troy Weight,

• 24 Grains make a Penny-weight.
• 20 Penny-weight one Ounce.
• 12 Ounces one Pound.

Long Measure.

• 4 Nails make a Quarter of a Yard.
• 4 Quarters one Yard.
• 5 Nails one Quarter of an Ell.
• 4 Quarters one Ell.
• 12 Inches a Foot.
• 3 Feet a Yard.
• 16½ a Perch.
• 40 Perches a Furlong.
• 8 Furlongs make an English Mile.

Liquid Measure.

• 8 Pints make a Gallon.
• 63 Gallons make a Graves Hogshead.
• 4 Hogsheads make a Tun.
• 36 Gallons make a Beer Barrel.
• 32 Gallons make an Ale Barrel.

Dry Measure.

• 8 Gallons of Corn make a Bushel.
• 8 Bushels make a Quarter.

MULTIPLICATION.

MVltiplication is a kind of Addition, and resolveth Questions to be performed by Addition in a different manner: In order where∣unto, it is necessary the Learner do well ac∣quaint himself with this Table; the having this Table perfectly by heart, will make both this Rule and Division also very facile, other∣wise they will be both troublesome and unplea∣sant.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
2	4	6	8	10	12	14	16	18	20	22	24
3	6	9	12	15	18	21	24	27	30	33	36
4	8	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48
5	10	15	20	25	30	35	40	45	50	55	60
6	12	18	24	30	36	42	48	54	60	66	72
7	14	21	28	35	42	49	56	63	70	77	84
8	16	24	32	40	48	56	64	72	80	88	96
9	18	27	36	45	54	63	72	81	90	99	108
10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100	110	120
11	22	33	44	55	66	77	88	99	110	121	132
12	24	36	48	60	72	84	96	108	120	132	144

In the first Rank of this Table, you have an Arithmetical Progression from 1 to 12,

and also in the first Column toward the left hand downwards. This Table doth at first sight exhibit the Sum of any number, so often repeated as you shall require, provided the numbers do neither of them exceed 12.

Multiplication hath three Members, thus called, a Multiplicand, a Multiplicator, and a Product: The Multiplicand, is the number to be repeated; the Multiplicator, is the number of times the first is to be repeated; and the Product, is the Sum of the Multiplicand so often repeated. As for Example.

A Countrey-man sold 6 Bushels of Wheat for 5 s. how many Shillings ought he to receive?

By Addition 6 must be 5 times set down thus: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Or 5 six times repea∣ted thus: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

But by Multiplication it is done thus:

6 The Multiplicand.

5 The Multiplicator

Now if you look in the Table precedent, in the first Column find 5, then look in the first Rank for 6, and cast your Eye down to their Angle of meeting, and you will find 30 standing under 6 and against 5, I then con∣clude that 5 times 6 is 30; that is called the Product, and they will stand thus:

6 The Multiplicand.

5 The Multiplicator.

30 The Product.

But when you have a number to multiply, greater than any in the Table, as for Example:

A Gentleman having forborn his Rent of a Farm, at 157 l. per Quarter, for 3 Quarters, what ought he to receive?

The Multiplication will stand thus:

157 The Multiplicand.

3 The Multiplicator.

471 The Product.

I then say, 3 times 7 is 21, I set down 1 and carry 2; then, 3 times 5 is 15 and 2 is 17, I set down 7 next the 1, and carry 1; saying, 3 times 1 is 3 and 1 is 4, as in the Example before-going; and the Product is 471 l.

There is yet more variety, of which take these Examples following.

If 65 Ships do carry 536 Men in every Ship, how many Men will there be in all?

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

I say 5 times 6 is 30, set down 0 and carry 3; then 5 times 3 is 15 and 3 is 18, set down 8 and carry 1; then 5 times 5 is 25 and 1 is 26, which I set down: Then for the next Fi∣gure, I say, 6 times 6 is 36, I set down 6 one place short of the former rank, and carry 3; then 6 times 3 is 18 and 3 is 21, set down 1 and carry 2; again, 6 times 5 is 30 and 2 is 32, these I set down: Then draw a line, and cast them up as they are placed, and the Sum is the Product and Answer to the Question, viz. 34840 Men.

In Multiplication, always make the lesser Number the Multiplicator, for it is all one whether I multiply 5 by 15, or 15 by 5, the Product is always the same.

If 128 Men of War have each made 746 Shot, how many Shot were made in all?

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Begin as before with the Unites place, and say, 8 times 6 is 48, set down 8 and carry 4; 8 times 4 is 32 and 4 is 36, set down 6 and carry 3; then 8 times 7 is 56 and 3 is 59, which set down: Then go forward with the 2, (but remember to place your remainder one Figure short of the former) saying, 2 times 6 is 12, set down 2 under the 6 and carry 1; 3 times 4 is 8 and 1 is 9, which set down; twice 7 is 14, which set down: Also then, once 6 is 6, which place under the 9; once 4 is 4, which set under the 4; and once 7 is 7, which set under the 1: Then cast th•••• up, as in Addition, and the Sum is the Product, and answers the Question, viz. 95488 Shot.

If any number be to be multiplied by 1 with Cyphers, it is but adding so many Cyphers to the Multiplicand as there is in the Multipli∣cator.

As for Example.

If 35678 be to be multiplied by 10, add one Cypher to the Multiplicand, thus, 356780; if by 100, add two Cyphers, thus, 3567800; &c.

And when any number is to be multiplied by any other number, that hath Cyphers an∣nexed, always place the Cyphers immediately under the Line, as in these Examples.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

DIVISION.

DIvision is also a kind of Subduction, and informs the Querent, how many times one number is contained in another.

There is in Division these three things to be observed, viz. the Dividend, the Divisor, and the Quotient. The Dividend is a number to be divided into parts, the Divisor is the quan∣tity of one of those parts which the former is to be divided by, the Quotient is the number of such parts as the Dividend doth contain. There is also by accident a fourth number in this Rule necessary to be known, which is a Remainder, and that happens when the Divi∣dend doth not contain an equal number of such quantities as it is divided by, as when 15 is to

be divided by 4, the Dividend is 15, the Di∣visor is 4, and there is a Remainder 3.

In Division you may place your numbers thus.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Multiplication is positive, but Division is performed by essays or tryals, after this manner: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Here I first inquire how many times 3 I can have in 14, I find 4 times, I place 4 in the Quotient, and then mul∣tiply the Divisor by that 4, placing the Product underneath the Dividend, as in the Example; say, 4 times 5 is 20, set down a Cypher under the 6 and carry 2, then 4 times 3 is 12 and 2 is 14, which I set down also, as in the Example; then subduct this Pro∣duct from the Figures standing over them, and set down the Remainder.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Then for a new Divi∣dend, I bring down the next figure, and postpone that to the Remainder, and inquire how many times 3 in 6, I cannot have twice, bacause I

cannot have twice 5 from 5, I say then once, and place 1 in the Quotient, proceeding as be∣fore saying, once 5 is 5, which I place under the first 6 toward the right hand, and once 3 is 3, which I set down under the other 6; subducting these as the former, I find the Re∣mainder to be 31.

A••ter which I bring down the next figure in the Dividend, and postpone it to the Remain∣der, as in this Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉 Then I inquire how many times 3 in 31, I sup∣pose 9 times, placing 9 in the Quotient I multi∣ply again, saying 9 times 5 is 45, 5 and carry 4; then 9 times 3 is 27, and 4 is 31; these being set down, as before directed, and subducted, there will remain nothing. I then conclude, that the Di∣visor is so often contained in the Dividend as i•• expressed in the Quotient, viz. 419 times.

For further Instructions, take these Exam∣ples.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

REDUCTION.

REduction is twofold, viz. bringing greater denominations into smaller, and that by Multiplication, as Pounds into Shillings, Shillings into Pence, &c. Also lesser deno∣minations are reduced into greater, by Division as Pence into Shillings, Shillings into Pounds Minutes into Hours, Hours into Days, and Days into Years, &c.

Having any number of Pounds to reduc•• into Pence, multiply them by 240.

Example.

In 869 Pounds how many Pence?

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉 Answ. 208560 Pence.

In 2486 Shillings how many Farthings?

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉 Answ. 119328 Farthings.

How many Minutes are there in 9476 Hours?

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉 The Answer 568560 minutes.

How many Pounds, Shillings, and Pence, are contained in 22929 Farthings?

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

In 544542 Cubique Inches, how many Beer Barrels, Firkins, and Gallons?

Inches in 1 B. Bar. 10152)544542(53:2:5 Bar. firk. g. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉 Inches in 1 Firkin 2538)6486 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉 Inches in 1 Gallon 282)1410 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

THE RULE OF THREE.

THis Rule is so called, because herein are three numbers given to find a fourth; of these three numbers, two are always to be mul∣tiplied together, and their Product is to be divided by the third, and the Quotient exhibits the fourth number, or the number sought.

And here note, That of the three given numbers, if that number that asketh the Question be greater than that of like denomi∣nation with it self, and require more, or if i•• be less, and require less, then the number of like denomination is the Divisor.

Or, if the number that asketh the Question be less than that of like denomination, and require more; or if it be more, and require less, then the number that asketh the Question is the Divisor.

Example.

If 3 Yards of Sarcenet cost 15 s. what shall 32 Yards cost?

Which 3 numbers if you please may stand thus: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Here you may see the term that asketh the Question is greater than that of like denomi∣nation, being 3, and the other 32, and also requires more, viz. a greater number of Shil∣lings; therefore, according to the Rule, the first term, or the term of like denomination to that which asketh the Question, is the Di∣visor.

And the Answer is 160 Shillings, which being divided by 20 will be found 8 l.

Again,

If 32 Ells of Holland cost 160 s. what shall 3 Ells cost?

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

In this Question (being the Converse of the former) you may see the term that asketh the Question, here 3, is lesser than that of like de∣nomination, being 32 Ells, and also requires less; therefore the first term here also is the Divisor.

And the Answer is 15 s.

If 36 Men dig a Trench in 12 Hours, in how many Hours will 144 Men dig the same?

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉144)432(3 Hours, the fourth number. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

In this Question, the term that asketh the Question is greater than that of like denomi∣nation, and requireth less; wherefore the term that asketh the Question is the Divisor.

If 144 Workmen build a Wall in 3 Days, in how many Days will 36 Workmen build the same?

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

This Question you may perceive to be the Converse of the former, here the term that asketh the Question is less than that of like de∣nomination, and requires more, the term that asketh therefore is the Divisor.

If 125 lb. of Bisket be sufficient for the Ships Company for 5 Days, how much will Victual the Ship for the whole Voyage, being 153 Days?

This Question is of the same kind with the first Example; here the two terms of like de∣nomination

are 5 Days and 153 Days, the term that asketh the Question being more than the term of like denomination, and also requiring more; so, according to the general Rule, the term of like denomination to that which asketh the Question is the Divisor. It matters not therefore in what order they ar•• placed, so you find your true Divisor; but if you will you may set them down thus: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

The Answer is 3825 lb. weight of Bisket.

A Ship having Provision for 96 Men during the Voyage, being accompted for 90 Days, but the Master taking on boord 12 Passengers, how many Days Provision more ought he to have?

Which is no more than this:

If 96 Men eat a certain quantity of Provision in 90 Days, in how many Days will 108 Men eat the same quantity?

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

The Answer is 80, so that for 108 Men he ought to have 10 Days Provision more.

If the Assize of Bread be 12 Ounces, Corn being at 8 s. the Bushel, what ought it to weigh when it is sold for 6 s. the Bushel?

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

In this Question, the term inquiring being less than the term of like de∣nomination, and requiring more; therefore is the term so inquiring the Divisor.

The Answer is 16 Ounces.

THE RULE OF PRACTICE.

IT is necessary that the Learner get these two Tables perfectly by heart, which are only the aliquo•• parts of a Pound and of a Shilling.

The Parts of a Shilling.

d.	q.
0	1	Forty eighth.
0	2	Twenty fourth.
0	3	Sixteenth.
1	0	Twelfth.
1	2	Eighth.
2	0	Sixth.
3	••	Fourth.
4	0	Third.
6	0	Half.

The Parts of a Pound.

s.	d.	q.
0	00	1	The Nine hundred and sixtieth.
0	00	2	The Four hundred and eightieth.
0	00	3	The Three hundred & twentieth.
0	01	0	The Two hundred and Fortieth.
0	01	2	The Hundred and sixtieth.
0	02	0	The Hundred and twentieth.
0	03	0	The Eightieth.
0	04	0	The Sixtieth.
0	05	0	The Forty eighth.
0	06	0	The Fortieth.
0	08	0	The Thirtieth.
0	10	0	The Four and twentieth.
1	00	0	The Twentieth.
1	03	0	The Sixteenth.
1	04	0	The Fifteenth.
1	08	0	The Twelfth.
2	00	0	The Tenth.
2	06	0	The Eighth.
3	04	0	The Sixth.
4	00	0	The Fifth.
5	00	0	The Fourth.
6	08	0	The Third.
10	00	0	The Half.

Having these Tables perfectly in memory, any Question propounded will be readily re∣solved, only by dividing the given number of

Yards, Ells, Feet, Inches, Gallons, Quarts, Pounds, or Ounces.

Of which take some Examples.

145 Ells of Cloth at 3d. per Ell. 36 s. 3 d.

Three Pence being the fourth part of a Shilling, I divide the number by 4, and the quote is the number of Shillings it is worth.

728 at 4.d.

242s. 8d.

Four Pence being the third part of a Shilling, I divide by 3.

654 at 6d.

327 s.

Here take the half.

321 at 1d. 2q.

40s. 1d. 2q.

Here the eighth part.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Here take the sixth and the eighth part of the quote.

Having any number of Shillings to reduce into Pounds, cut off the last figure toward the

right hand by a line, and the figures on the left hand of the line are so many Angels as they express Unites; draw a line under them, and take the half of them, and you have the num∣ber of Pounds.

Examples.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Any Commodity, the value of 1 Yard being the aliquot part of a Pound, is thus cast up:

836 Yards of Broad Cloth at 6s. 8d. per Yard.

278l. 13••. 4d.

Take the one third part, and that is the An∣swer in Pounds: 3 in 8 twice, and carry 2; 3 in 23 seven times, and carry 2; 3 in 26 eight times, and carry 2; the third part of 2 l. is 13 s. 4 d. where always observe, that the Re∣mainder is always of the same denomination with the Dividend.

654 lb. of Cloves at 5s. per lb.

163l. 10s.

Take the fourth part.

9464 Gall. of Brandy at 3s. 4d.

1577l. 6s. 8d.

The Sixth.

Where the Price is not aliquot.

625 at 3s. per Ounce. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Here I take the tenth and the half of that tenth.

348 Dollers at 4s. 6d. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

The fifth and the eighth of that fifth.

245 lb. at 2s. 3d. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

The tenth and the eighth of that quote.

To cast up the amount of any Commodity, sold for any number of Farthings by the Pound,

I borrow from the Dutch a Coin called a Guil∣der, whose value is 2 s. English.

Then if a Question be proposed of the Amount of an Hundred weight of any Com∣modity, by the Hundred Gross, viz. 112 lb. so many Hundred as there be, the Amount is so many Guilders so many Groats, as there are Farthings in the price of 1 lb.

As for Example.

A Hundred weight of Iron is sold for 5 Farthings the Pound, comes to 5 Guilders, that is 10 s. and 5 Groats, which together is 11 s. 8 d.

Again.

A Hundred weight of Lead is sold for 2 d. Farthing the Pound, that is 9 Guilders and 9 Groats, which is 21 Shillings.

But if it be the subtil Hundred, it is then but so many Guilders so many Pence: As if a Hundred weight of Tobacco be sold for 5 d. Farthing the Pound, the Hundred comes to twenty one Guilders and twenty one Pence, that is forty three Shillings and nine Pence.