A new treatise of architecture, according to Vitruvius wherein is discoursed of the five orders of columns, viz. : the Tuscan, Dorick, Ionick, Corinthian, and Composite : divided into seven chapters : vvhich declare their different proportions, measures, and proper names, according to the practice of the antient architects, both Greeks and Romans : as also of all their parts general and particular necessary in ... the beautifying of buildings in cities, as for necessary fortifications of them / designed by Julian Mauclerc ... ; whereunto are added the several measures and proportions of the famous architects, Scamozzi, Palladio, and Vignola : with some rules of perspective ; the whole represented in fifty large prints ...; so set forth in English by Robert Pricke.

A New Treatise of the TUSCAN ORDER. CHAP. I.

THE first Column, which is the Tuscan, is like unto a gross man, strong and well set, therefore it is call'd the Rustick Work. The height of this Column, with the Pedestal, Architrave, Friese, and Cornish, is divided into nine parts, whereof two shall be for the Pedestal: These two parts divided in six, one shall be for the Basis, the other for the Cornish. The four parts remaining, are to be drawn into a square, which are to be divided by two Diagonal lines; within this square, set a Circle be made, and within that Circle let another square likewise be made; and within this, let a Circle be made which shall be the thickness of the body of the Column below noted A; but the out∣most square shall be the breadth of the Plinth of the Basis, noted B. The thickness of the body above, shall be the square which is in the middle, to be divided into eight parts; whereof two shall be the di∣minishing of the body of the Column. The Projecture of the Cimatum of the Plinth, noted C, shall be divided into six parts; whereof one must projecture where the square must be, as you shall see it marked with a Cross on the right side. The Basis, on the left side, noted D, must be divided in two parts, one shall be the Plinth: the other divided into four, the one shall be the Fillet above the Basis; another of the said four parts divided into two, one maketh the lower Fillet, which must project into the square, as may be seen in the great Pedestal following. And by this the whole Projecture shall be the seventh part of the Pedestal. The Cornish of the Pedest••l on the left side, noted E, is divided in∣to four parts, whereof one is to be given to Cima, two to the Plinth, the fourth to the Astragal. The Base of the Column noted F, is to be set upon the Pedestal, at half the thickness of the Column, di∣vided in two parts, whereof one shall be the Plinth; the other divided into three parts, whereof two are for the Thorus, and the part remaining for the Fillet: The Projecture is as much as from the outward square unto the inward square; the Fillet must project one square beyond the Column, and the remainder must be for the Thorus. The height of the body of the Column noted G, is of six parts of its diameter with its Base and Capital. The Capital noted H, shall be as high as half the body of the Column below, and is divided into three parts, whereof one part is to be for the Abacus of the Capital, another for the Boultin; the part remaining for the Neck, the Egs and Achors, being di∣vided into four parts, one part shall make the Fillet, the rest make the Egs and Anchors. The Neck noted I, is divided in two parts, which is marked with two little Crosses, the one is the breadth of the Astragale; this Astragale again divide into three parts, whereof one shall be for the Fillet, the eighth part of the thickness of the body of the Column below, shall be the Projecture of the Capital: the Astragale must project in a square; as may be seen more plainly in the great Capital following the projecting of the body of the Column noted K; is made after this manner, The said Column in its length, between the Base of the Column and the Astragale, it shall be divided into six parts, where∣of two shall remain below, and is the third part of the height; having made a division from the bot∣tom to the top, you shall draw lines passing through on each side; and upon the line of the third part, you shall set a Compass compassing from one end to the other; apply the Compass to the side, and divide the Circle from one of the sides of its half Circle, unto the place where the Perpendicular line falleth off the Scapus or thickness of the Column above, until it be on the sixth part of Icnographia, being on the Pedestal, where they divide the round of the side into four parts, which you shall make with lines across, as it appeareth in this Figure. Likewise you shall draw out of each part, a line pro∣ceeding upward, beginning on the outside, and reaching unto the sixth part of the body of the Column, and so following the second and third of the lines so drawn, each in his place; let the lines of the di∣minishing be drawn, proceeding across unto the other, and by this the body shall have its diminish∣ing: and to render it more equal and pleasant to the eye, whereas the Circle is divided into four parts, divide the same space into 5, 6, 7 or 8, and the body of the Column likewise; for the more divisions you make thereof, the said diminishing will be the more equal and pleasing; but I would not make it into more then four; for to make the manner thereof more intelligible to those that have less skil in this Art, the which having practised in four divisions, will make the other more easie to them.

There is yet another manner of diminishing of Columns, which Vitruvius sets forth in his third Book, Chap. 2. which is made after this manner; it is, That each of those Columns which shall reach from the Basis unto the Capital, about fifteen foot of height, the Diameter of this Column below, ought to be divided into six parts; and of this it will suffice that the end above have five of them: Of those which shall be from fifteen to twenty foot, the greater end below shall be divided into six parts and a half, whereof you must allow five and an half for the end above: of another, which may have from twenty to thirty feet, let the Diameter below be divided into seven parts and an half, whereof there

shall be allowed six and half for the end above, and the lessening thereof will be convenient: when one shall be presented between thirty and forty feet of height, divide the end below into seven parts and a half, then allow six and a half for the end above, and so the Columns will have a good dimi∣nishing. But if you find any between forty and fifty feet, you must divide their Diameter below in eight parts, whereof you shall allow seven for the diminishing the end above, and that shall be done rightly which belongeth to it; nevertheless observe the manner here above described, noted by the Fi∣gure 3.

Above the Capital is the Architrave noted L, and hath half the Diameter of the body of the Column below; and being divided into six parts, one part is for the Cimatum; and the said part being divided into three, one part shall be for the Fillet, on the left side. The other five parts of the Archi∣trave divide into nine, whereof five shall be for the upper Fascia, the four for the lower. The whole having Projecture, as this Figure sheweth. Over the Architrave, is the Friese noted M, of which the height is half the Diameter of the Column below; over the Friese shall be set the Cornish, and it is of the same height with the Friese. Its Projecture noted N on the side, is equal to its height, and is divided into four parts, whereof the first is for the lower Cimatum, divided into three, one for the Fil∣let, and the two remaining for the Cima. Of the three parts remaining of the Cornish, one is for the Boultin and Fillet: the said part being divided into four, one for the Fillet, and three for the Boultin. The two parts remaining of the first parts are for the Projecture of the Corona, which is equal to the height: the part below is divided into eleven parts, whereof two are for the Fillet, and one for the Dentecules; it is fitting to have three as deep as large.

This is the Description of this Column, with the true Symmetry and Compartition of its parts, used by the Romans and Ventians, according to that which I have been able to gather thereof out of all the most antient Authors which God hath given me the opportunity to see; And to make the use and practice of the Members of the said Column more easie here above, to particularize to the Reader and Artist very exactly, to observe the Measures and Proportions which ought therein to be kept, he shall find hereafter, in a great propottion, a Pedestal accompanied with its Basis enriched; the said Pedestal being noted in the middle with O, and the said Basis with the letter P. in its Plinth. In the other part of the leaf, on the left side of the said Pedestal and Basis, may be seen a Capital of great Proportion, agreeable to the said Basis and Pedestal, which is noted in his Friese with Q. And above the which Capital is the Icnography thereof, answering proportionably to the Icnography or plain which is described within the said Pedestal, marked O. And on the side of the Capital may be seen the Draught of the Egg or Oval, Geometrically described for the benefit of the Workman, whensoever he would use the same in his enrichments, for to make them the more perfect and pleasing to the eye. After you may see in two pages following, two different Architraves, Frieses, and Cornishes, likewise in great proportion, garnished with their Enrichments requisite, according to the capacity of the said Tuscan Order, where the one of the said Pourtracts containing the Architrave, Friese, and Cornish; the one is noted in its Friese with R, the other being over against it with S.

Here followeth the Antiquity of the Tuscan Column first in Order.

BEcause the Tuscan Column is more gross and stronger then any of the other following, it hath been more used by the Antients in Fortresses, because it is more fit, as being less charged with moulding, and by this means less subject to be corrupted. Pliny the Historographer speaketh of its Antiquity, that the Tuscans which at present inhabit the Coun∣trey about Florence, were descended from the Greeks, wherefore the Tuscan much resembleth the Dorick. Some Architects do write, that this Column hath its name from a certain Gyant named Tuscan, of whom, as they say, the High Dutch Almaius are descended. But it is true, that the Tuscan is the thickest and strongest of all; by reason of its strength, I have set it in the first place, as hath been said before; for the said Tuscan hath but six Diameters of its Body at the bottom in length or height, the Dorick seven, the Ionick eight, the Corinthian nine, the Composite ten.

An especial Advertisement to Workmen that have only hand, practice and use of Rule and Compasses.

FOR the better intelligence of Workmen that have a desire, but are not much experienced in the said Art of Architecture, they may be helped by the said measures, in setting up Columns or Pilasters, whether for ornament of the fore-parts of Lodgings, Porches, Gates, Windows, or other chief Work which they would enrich with Columns or Pilasters, taking notice to both sides of one of the Columns hereafter set forth of this said Tuscan Order, as likewise of the other fol∣lowing, as well of the Dorick Order, Jonick, Corinthian, as of the Composite; that is to say, Of those which are on the right side, void of Figures and Characters, for to bring them to their perfection, he shall find on the side of the same, two Perpendicular Lines, the one of which being noted TV at the end, and that on the other side XY, each of them di∣vided into ten equal parts, each of the said parts supposed to be one foot, and each of the said feet divided into twelve lit∣tle marks, for to signifie the twelve inches that the foot by the Standard doth contain; one of the which inches may be divided into twelve other parts, by which means the Proportions and Measures of the said Columns may be more exactly found; by the means of which feet and inches contained in the said two Perpendicular Lines and Parallels, laying a Rule upon the said two lines, crossing from each of the figures contained in the said Perpendicular Lines, to the other beginning below it; the Pedestal two inches and an half above the two feet, marked in the said two perpendicular lines with the fi∣gure 2. which is the entire height of the said Pedestal, its Basis and Cornish in ten foot of height, the said Column con∣taining all its Members, that is to say, the Pedestal, Basis, body of the Column, Capital, Architrave, Friese, and Cor∣nish; which the said Workman continuing, going upwards towards the top and Cornish of the said Column, shall find the measures of all the particular Members in the said Column; as also in all other heights of Columns propounded, with∣out changing the Pourtract, changing only other perpendicular lines; as if instead of ten feet, which we have supposed for example, the said perpendicular lines were divided into fifteen parts, signifying fifteen feet, and each foot into twelve in∣ches, as hath been said above, and consequently also of all other heights which shall be propounded to the said Workmen, which have but only the practice of the Rule and the Compass, may be able by this means to help themselves by the said Pourtracts of Columns, and use them for any heights, as they shall please, without altering or changing the Measures and Proportions of the same; a matter of great benefit for ordinary Workmen which have not been bread up in learning, the which I was willing to add at the end of this first Chapter of the said Tuscan Column, according to a promise made by me in the brief of the first Book of my works of Architecture. But considering with my self that this Advertisement would be more convenient in this place then in any other, I had a desire to insert it, and yet I shall not cease to make men∣tion thereof in the end of some other Chapters following, for the help of the said unlearned Workmen, having, as is said, only the practice of Rule and Compass, and a hand fitting to perform any piece of Work undertaken by them, of what kind soever they may be, whereunto the said Colums and Pilasters may be fitly applyed.

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Notes

• The Diameter of the Column below, noted A. The diminish∣ing of the Co∣lumn, noted B. The Projecture of the Cornish on the side, no∣ted C.

  The division of the Basts on the right side of the Pedestal, noted D.

  The division of the Cornish of the Pedestal on the right side, noted E.

  The division of the Base, which is set upon the Pedestal, noted F.

  The height of the body of the Column, noted G.

  The height of the Capital, noted H.

  The Neck, no∣ted I.
• The manner of diminishing the Column, as it ought to be, no∣ted K.
• Another man∣ner of dimini∣shing Columns.
• Yet another manner for Columns of 30 feet, noted 3.
• The height of the Architrave and division of it, noted L.
• The height of the Friese, no∣ted M

  The Projecture of the Cornish on the left side, noted N.