An account of several new inventions and improvements now necessary for England, in a discourse by way of letter to the Earl of Marlborough, relating to building of our English shipping, planting of oaken timber in the forrests, apportioning of publick taxes, the conservacy of all our royal rivers, in particular that of the Thames, the surveys of the Thames, &c. : Herewith is also published at large The proceedings relating to mill'd-lead-sheathing, and the excellency and cheapness of mill'd-Lead in preference to cast sheet-lead for all other purposes whatsoever. : Also A treatise of naval philosophy, / written by Sir Will. Petty. ; The whole is submitted to the consideration of our English patriots in Parliament assembled.

CHAP. III.

1. THe reason of Ships going against the Wind, and in what proportion she maketh way between her be∣ing right afore the wind, and lying within five points of the wind.

2. The whole Doctrine of Steering and Rudders.

3. The whole doctrine of Mooring and Anchors.

4. Of the Lee-boards, their use, dimension and place.

5. What Sails, Masts, Yards, and Rigging is fittest for every size and sorts of Vessels, according to the Seas and service whereunto it is to be applyed.

6. Of the Shape, Cutting, Sowing, and Setting in of Sails into the Headropes and Boltropes; of the several substance and thickness of Sails, and of the Effect and Welling them, Easing of Shrowds, Looseness of Masts, and upper Masts.

7. Of the Effects of true Trim, shutting up the Ports, general Quietness, firing of Stern-pieces, and the best course upon a Chase.

8. How Top-sails, Stooping, Weather, or Leeward Helm; as also how the Keel, Gripe, and Mizen Sail, may be

fitted to promote or hinder the Sailing upon occasion.

9. What makes a Ship Roll and laboursome in the Sea; what makes her wear and stay well; and what makes her ride hard or easie at an Anchor: what makes her pitch and scend too much: what makes her fall easie or hard into the Sea; what makes her Leeward or keep a good Wind.

10. Of the just proportion of Sails with more or less, that which will make the Ship go worse; of Equations be∣tween the spread of Sails, and the Velocity of the Wind: Of the utmost Velocity of a Ship with Wind and Tide: Of the proportion of the counter-resistance of winds or tides; why some Ships sail better with much, and some with less proportionably.

11. How to compute the Impediment which Foulness and Weeds do make in a Ships way, and in what pro∣portion Smoothness, Sope and Tallow doth quicken it.

12. How a Ship is to be fitted with Decks, to beat it up to windward in foul weather, why the Fore-sail must be less than the Main-sail.