An history of the late warres and other state affaires of the best part of Christendom beginning with the King of Swethlands entrance into Germany, and continuing in the yeare 1640 / written in Italian by the Count Galliazzo Gualdo Priorato and in English by the Right Honourable Henry Earle of Monmouth.

The Warres, and other State-Affaires of the best part of Christendome. THE IV. BOOK.

The Contents of the Fourth Booke.

Duke Weymar in Swabenland affrights Tiroll, withdrawes, and joynes himselfe with the King before Nurenberg; Charles Duke of Loraine being environed by the French, promises to forbeare taking up Armes for the Austrians; His consultation; He secretly holds intelligence with the Spaniard; adheres to the Duke of Orleance conspiracy against the King, his Brother; Duke Momerancy is routed, tane prisoner, and beheaded. Ernestus Count Montecuculi is dispatcht away to defend Alsatia; is routed by the Swedes. The Duke of Wirtenberg not sa∣tisfied with the Austrian Ministers of State, declares himselfe for the King of Swedes; His reasons and resolutions. Horne goes to the enter∣prise of Alsatia; His proceedings. The Imperialists enter Lusatia; their proceedings. The Duke of Orleans perswaded by his Favorit Pilleran, flyes out againe from the obedience of the King his Brother, and retires to Flanders. Treveres is taken by the French. The Hollan∣ders in the siege of Mastricke defend themselves valiantly against the endeavours of Pappenheims Army, and take the Town••. The procee∣dings of George Duke of Lunenburg in the Dukedome of Brounswyck. The Swedish and Imperialists Armies keep still before Nurenberg; fight fiercely in their Trenches; Treason discovered in the Roman Ca∣tholique Camp; The King of Swedes rises from before Nurenberg; Walesteine doth the like; their proceedings. Gustavus Horne from Alsatia enters Bavaria; the Duke thereof and Aldringer hasten to the def••nce thereof. The Country people in the upper Austria make insur∣rection; The King of Swedes at Erfart; his counsels, conceptions, and resolutions; he marches towards Walesteine, desires battell, which is not by the Romanists refused; both Armies come to a pitcht field before Letzen; the King dyes.

BOth the Chieftaines of the Armies remained constant in their opinion of confounding their Enemies. Walesteine desired to raise the King, and to besiege Nurenberg; The King resolved to maintaine it, and to raise the Romanists Army; they each entertaine

other dayly with skirmishes and other slight incounters; when Duke Weymar having indeavored the taking of Lindaw in Swabenland & being come even to the gates of Vbberlingen and Cell, Townes seated upon the Bodem Sea in the uttermost easterne parts thereof, failing in his intentions (which was to surprise the said Fort, and thereby possesse himselfe of the Lake, and of those passes which lead into Retia; which if he had done he might have easily lead his Forces even into I∣taly, since that the Grisons the greatest part whereof are Prote∣stants, and at this time very much incensed against the Austrian par∣ty, would gladly have seen such a novelty, hoping by such an assi∣stance to fall upon their so much desired recovery of the Valteline,) he resolved upon another no lesse considerable enterprise; which was to invade Tiroll, a bold thought and not easily to be effected, though made to appeare easie by his exalted imaginations; for things unex∣pected prove alwayes easier then those that are foreseen; this was so weighty a designe, that if he had prospered therein, as indeed it was not impossible he should doe, he would not onely have inlarged him∣selfe even to the Confines of Italy, but descending by the River Inn, (which taking it's head from the Alpes in Rhetia with a swift current becomes navigable from Inspruch to Passaw, where it fals into the Da∣nube) he would have brought himselfe into the Archbishopricke of Saltzburg, (a Province which extends it selfe on the East to the Con∣fines of Austria, upon the West to Bavaria, and the Country of Ti∣roll, upon the North is inclosed by the Inn, and is bounded on the South by Stiria, which abounds in Mines of divers. Metals, and in Cattle, is rich, and delightfull, belonging to the Archbishop there∣of, (one of the richest Prelates of all Germany, whose rents come to neer upon 300000 Dollers yearely) and winning that City which was not yet fully fortified as was intended, he might doubtlessely with∣out much difficultie passe on to Passaw, a place of great importance, and from thence to Lintz, (a City in the upper Austria seated upon the Danube,) where joyning with the discontented people of those parts he might have over-run Austria, and marched up to the very gates of Vienna, wasting and plundering all that Province, which not having yet quartered any of the enemies Forces promised good booty. Had this enterprise succeeded (as it was undertaken, and af∣terwards deserted) it had apparently indangered the Roman-Catholick Camp before Nurenberg, or brought it to some great necessity; for the greatest part of their Victuals and Ammunition came from Austria, and Bavaria. He then with this intention passed about the midst of August with 8000 Souldiers to Mimingen, from thence to Kempten, and unexpectedly set upon Feltzen, a Towne invironed with Towers, and imperfect Ditches, after the ancient manner, which being seated in the utmost parts of Swabenland upon the Leech, and in the Con∣fines of Tiroll, where those Mountaines meet, which divide Tiroll from Swabenland, was upon these present emergencies, of no contemptible consideration. The onset being ordered, the Garrison made no resi∣stance, neither stay'd they to be assaulted, but at the enemies first ap∣proach, they rose in mutiny against their Governour; for he being one

that had tane up Armes for his particular gaine, and desirous rather to inrich his purse then his reputation, turn'd the greatest part of the Contribution-mony due to the Souldier to his owne privat use; trea∣ting them with severe avarice, and keeping in his owne quarters, peo∣ple who were to watch over, and punish such as complained of his government; so as taking him prisoner (and for his greater shame binding him with cords, and plundering his house) they surrendred themselves and the Towne unto the Swedes.

Whil'st Weymar was intent upon this affair he received a redoubled Command from the King, that all other businesse whatsoever set aside he should come with all his Forces to Nurenberg, so as he was by obedience bound to forgo the occasion, which had unlooked for presented it selfe unto him, of entering into Tiroll, and being returned to Kempten he had already begun his march towards Nurenberg, when Charles Duke of Lorayne, being on all sides incompassed by the French Forces, that they might keep him from taking up Armes, though he publiquely appeared to be onely for the Emperour, yet having some little dependency upon the Crowne of France, he resolved, though his warlike and couragious spirit could not well admit of thoughts of peace, to call his most intimate friends into his privat Cabinet, and consult with them upon the present emergency, being forced thereun∣to by necessity, which maketh men oftentimes incline to that which they have formerly much abhorred. Hereupon there wanted not some, who foreseeing how he was running into imminent danger told him;

that nothing ought to be so deerly esteemed of by a Prince, or be so pretious in his eyes, as peace; that no more profitable or usefull Counsell could be given him, then to shun warre; that the relying upon the power of great and potent men was little advanta∣gious, or rather oft-times prejudiciall, for that these, (either that they may work themselves into their friends territories, under pre∣tence of assisting them, and so appropriate it unto themselves; or else that they may keep warre aloofe from themselves, and bring it into their friends home) doe never contract friendship but upon particular ends, and such as being foreseen by wisemen, ought to be shunn'd, as we would doe usurers, who taking double use for what they lend, ruine them that adheare unto them: that his Highnesse Forces were but small in comparison of so great a King; that he had no strong hold to withstand or stop a Kings Army save Nancy and Motha; that in Lorayne there could not be raised above 20000 Souldiers, the Inhabitants being more vers'd in ploughing and cookery then in mannaging of weapons; that he could not defend himselfe without the Austrian succours, and that these were onely to be expected from Flanders, Burgundie, or Germany; that the Ger∣mans were imployed in the defence of their owne Country; that the Flemmish Army was imployed against the Hollanders who were very strong and were upon the Guard of the Frontiers of France: that Burgundie was a little State, and unable to give fitting helpe unlesse strengthened by Italy, Germany, or the Switsers: that to bring in forreigne Forces was to bring the warre home to ones owne house,

and to deprive ones selfe, of the free and absolute authority injoyed in peace; and to receive more harme oft-times by friends then we doe by enemies; that Princes ought never to indeavour a breach with such Potentats, against whom all contending being vaine, men onely play that they may lose; that faith ought not to be given to the promises or profers of the mighty, for that they use to indure no longer then serves for their owne occasion; that he is an enemy who onely aspires to get the Command of another mans authority, and that such as these ought alwayes to be suspected; that occasions are oft-times invented by the great and powerfull, whereby they doe hoodwinke their inferiours, that they may pick a cause to take from them what they possesse, and that they aime no lesse at the oppressi∣on of their friends, then of their enemies; that they did advise his Highnesse to abandon the suggestions of the Spanish Ministers of State; to keepe quiet within his owne dominions; and peace∣fully to injoy that which hee could not so easily preserve in warre.

These reasons though very strong, and such as the Duke (had hee been wise) should have followed, were neither embraced nor rejected; but the greater part of his Councell who were wisely by the Spaniards kept partiall on their side, either by pensions, hopes, or promises, thinking it not fit to forgo the friendship and protection of the Au∣strian party, for any pretence or threats of the King of France, ground∣ing their hopes upon the event of the secret practice held by the Spa∣niard, by the Duke of Orleans, and other Princes of France, which was to raise new troubles in France, whereby they might inlarge their owne limits, said

Peace was alwayes good, where Warre was harm∣full; as it was likewise alwayes prejudiciall when by the idlenesse thereof ruine was well-nigh caused: that wise men ought to observe the meanes how to secure their dominions, which was not to be done by suffering their neighbours to increase in power; that Princes were alwayes in suspition, either to be treated as vassalls, or to lose their estate, when they suffered themselves to be brought into the bo∣some of one greater then themselves. That France was no more powerfull then it was daily indeavouring to increase its power; that the memory of their pretensions upon Lorayne, (a faire Jewell for the Crowne) was of great efficacy; that fit occasions to weaken such Forces as we stand in feare of, ought not to be let slip, when the permitting of them may cause jealousie; that it was better to hazard ones selfe in warre, then to be sure to lose all in peace; that inferiour Princes thought it a great advantage to have a sanctuary whereunto to fly, when they are injured by their superiours; that nothing could preserve Lorayne from the ambition of the French, but protection from Spaine; that it might be said to be lost be∣tween the Swedish and the French Forces: that reason of State would have Alsatia preserved, Burgundie kept flourishing, Flanders strengthened, and France troubled: that the King wanting issue was lesse observed by his subjects; that such successours as were most adhered unto by the unstable and wavering multitude had reason

to hope well; that therefore Orleans ought to be fomented, and that it was safer to follow the Austrian party, then by fearing the French Forces, to grant them that which would be more profitable to deny them

Although these reasons prevailed much with the Duke, who was sufficiently thereunto inclined, and did lively worke upon the affection which he bore the Imperiallists, occasioned by the good entertainment he had received from them▪ whilest he was a Voluntier in their Armies against the Count Palatine, during the life of his Unckle Duke An∣thony; yet for that the fiercest spirits are sometimes kept under by the scourge or rod of the more powerfull, fearing the inundation of the French upon his State, (who were already in readinesse, and had a good will thereunto) he by the advise of his Councell resolved upon a peece of cunning; which was to satisfie the King with complements and faire words, and with all outward appearance which might make him forbeare his threats, and to conceale the ill will he bare him, to a fitter occasion.

And for that the French (a Nation of all others, of a more nimble spirit, boldnesse of minde, and unquiet disposition,) are hardly plea∣sed or contented with the idlenesse of peace, but still desiring novelty, is oft times prodigall of its wisedome, and runs without foundation to graspe at shadowes, which to their passion seeme bodies; those that had seduced the Queene Mother to absent her selfe from the Court, and to put her selfe into the hands of the Spaniard, being still distasted with the present condition of affaires, and thinking they should be more esteemed of when they were forth of the Kingdome, then when in it, having likewise wrought upon the Duke of Orleans, (the Kings only brother) to incense him against the Cardinall Richelieu (an officer of State, to whom the whole government of the Kingdome being com∣mitted, did faithfully governe it, and with so much advantage as France had never before knowne) upon pretence that the authority where∣with this man was intrusted, belonged better to a Brother then any other subject, feeding him with vast hopes, kept him still in Lo∣rayne.

The Spaniards, by whose knowledge all this businesse was set on worke, considered how much the troubles of France would make for their greatnesse, and the profit they might receive by the Civill dis∣cords of that Kingdome, whose union was their jealousie, and was only able to counter-ballance their desired ends: and this so much the ra∣ther, for that by reason of the French Forces falling downe upon the Frontiers of Germany, they rationally enough suspected they might have called the Swedes into those parts to frighten the Roman Catho∣liques, and consequently invite them to flye for protection to them, whereby fencing themselves from being injured by the Protestants, and without unsheathing their sword, yea under a religious pretence, this was a fitting meanes to possesse themselves of many Forts of great importance: But it being foreseene by the wisedome of the Austrian Councell, that this was the Center wherein the lines of many cir∣cumstances of reflection was to fall; for that the getting of the French

are such as are much facillitated by the peoples necessity, who had no other meanes (Spaine being growne too weake) to defend themselves against the warre, but by their protection; and that as this would be a considerable addition to the greatnesse of France, so would it be no small trouble to the Austrian power, since it was not in good policy of State to be permitted. Hence it is that many thinke they upheld the fearefull with hopes, fomented the male-contents with Counsell, and endeavoured to stirre such as were constant by feigned appearan∣ces; so as these practises passing from one to another already infected with treachery (as the Duke of Momerancy, Dukes of Rohan and Delbeaf, the Bishops of Vsiers, Nismes, and Besiers, and many other principall subjects) the businesse seemed already to have had a good beginning.

But on the one side they found the Swedes proceedings to be such, as neither the German Forces, nor yet the Forces of Flanders (which were much weakened) seemed to be any wayes able openly to second the commotions in France; and that the straights whereinto they were by the Swedes reduced, did not well comport with the irritating of France, and thereby drawing upon them a dangerous warre: and on the other side they considered, that to passe by such an occasion as this, whereby to moderate the greatnesse of France, was to lose that wisedome, which, as the Pilot of the Spanish Counsels, brought their resolutions often∣times to a happy shore; since wise Polititians ought never to abandon those undertakings out of feare, which may suffocate feare, nor em∣base themselves in those difficulties which valiantly withstood, are usually by time and fortune dissolved. Wherefore finding no lesse danger in bearing with those jealousies threatened by the Frontier Army, the gray-headed Spanish wisedome, refined by the Italian subtilty, and made perfect by the continuall mannaging of so many and various examples, measuring their height of profit, with their depth of danger, unanimously agreed to endeavour intestine trouble in France, to shelter themselves from the cloud which threatened them, and to win time, which being of great help to those who study witty projects, t••ey hoped to reape thereby good advantage: and though the small Forces which Orleans had with him, promised no great effect, yet the hopes they had, that many others, who had not yet discovered themselves, and who bore ill will to the Cardinall, would joyne with him, as being the Kings onely Brother, and Heire apparent to the Crowne of France, made them hope for some good event; And for as much as past examples doe much authorize the Counsells of Princes, whereupon building their Maximes, they thinke that what hath once happened, may be an unvariable Law to future times; the Duke growing somewhat coole in the enterprise, having no other hopes then those already layd, and his Councellours rather blinded by desire, then guided by vertue, egging him on by cal∣ling to mind past examples, whereby ••e might see what effects the instabilitie of other Princes had wrought who were much inferiour to the onely Brother of the King, they conjectured the like issue must be expected from the troubles, so prejudiciall in former times, as also at the present, to all France.

It was therefore commonly said by many, That the Duke of Orle∣ans, perswaded by these suggestions, and likewise comforted by Mome∣rancyes promises, who was Governour of Languedock, and by the hopes of receiving succour from Spaine, suffered himselfe to be perswaded▪ and that therfore drawing in an undue season into the Field, and being come out of Lorayne, He with the Dukes of Ro••an, and Delbeafe, Count Moret, and his Favourite Pilloran, came into Languedock, where joyning with the Forces raysed by Momerancy, and being in this folly followed by many from all parts, great troubles were likely to have insued in France; For the which, though the Spaniards designe seemed then to have had a good beginning, for Marshall De la Force, who was with his Army upon the Frontiers of Germany, towards the Duke∣dome of de Pont, for the enterprise of Filisberg belonging unto Tre∣vers (as has beene said) being sent for to suppresse the Rebell••, freed those Frontiers from the jealousies the Austrians had conceived; yet did not that effect follow which was hoped for by the Enemies of France, for the Kings Forces hastened thither, and these being with good conformitie mannaged by the wise orders of Cardinall Richelieu, and the Rebells Forces being divided within themselves, by the bad correspondency held betweene the Duke Delbeafe, and Pilloran, with Momerancy, and Marshall Schamburg (who was a particular Enemy to Momerancy) closely pursuing him, and fighting with him neere Cha∣steauno d' Arri, Count Moret was slaine, the Rebells disper'd, and Mo∣merancy taken Prisoner. At which accident, Monsieur being exceed∣ingly troubled, and they fayling in their courage, who inciting sediti∣on and instabilitie, use onely to keepe so long constant, as their hopes meet with no opposition; And finding he could expect safetie from no where else but from the King his Brothers clemency, for he was not onely pursued by Schamburgs victorious Forces, but likewise by those of Marshall De la Force; he resolved to aske forgivenesse of his Ma∣jestie, and to returne to his obedience. He to this purpuse dispatcht away Monsieur De Caudebonne, he found no resistance in the King, who accounting it a piece of greatnesse to pardon, could not but be mollified at the intreatie of an only Brother, mislead by evill Coun∣sellours. His Majestie therefore dispatcht away Monsieur D' Aygue∣bonne (Brother to the said Caudebonne) to the Duke his Brother, to assure him of his pardon; And at the same time, going from Daw∣pheny towards Languedock, and Monsieur comming to meet the King, the Articles of agreement were (as they were upon the way) conclu∣ded on by the Duke of Boullognie, the contents whereof were:

That Monsieur confessing his fault, did desire the King would be plea∣sed to pardon him, promising to give his Majestie any reasonable se∣curitie that he would no more commit the like error: That he would forgoe all practices as well within as without the Kingdome; and more particularly that he would forsake all intelligence held with the Spaniard, the Duke of Lorayne, and the Queene Mother, as long as she should keepe her selfe out of France; that he would not take in ill part any thing his Majestie should doe to any one that had beene guiltie of Treason, nor that he never would aske pardon of the

King for any forreigner that had accompanied him in this his mis∣chiefe intended to the Kingdome:

(to all which (notwithstanding) six dayes time was allotted to retire themselves into the Country of Ross••glion:)

that he should not keep neer his person, nor in his Court, any one that his Majestie should not approve of; and if he ••ad any such ••eer him, hee should (to free suspition) put him away: and for that it could not be believed, but that all those evill Coun∣sels had proceeded from Pilloran, that the said Pilloran should be bound to make knowne any Treaty that might have beene prejudi∣ciall to the Crowne.

These being signed by the King, great was the joy thoughout the whole Court, and the Count D'Allois (sonne to the Duke of Angolesme, and Colonell of the light Horse) was ap∣pointed to waite upon his Highnesse to the King, who spoke with him upon the way: and thus was this fire quencht, which perhaps might have set all France on a flame.

The Duke of Momerancy not being comprehended in the Articles, and the Duke of Orleans having promised not to beg pardon for any one that was not therein specified, remained to be disposed of as the King should please;

who knowing how much prejudice Princes re∣ceive by pardoning their Subjects for the breach of their Alle∣geance, and that to free ones selfe of enemies otherwise then by iustice, is a signe of some feare, maturely weighing the salve for this sore, which by indulgency is alwayes renew'd, although his Majesty was alwayes more inclined to mercy then to justice, yet at last he resolved to let France know by the example of this Prince, (one of the chiefest of all his Kingdome) that his mercy extended not to pardon high treason, which should he doe, it would soon be set at nought, that he had been taught by the government of his predecessors, not to admit of yoak-fellowes in his Kingdome; and that it was not praise-worthy to passe by those offences which ten∣ded not onely to his owne privat harme, but to the prejudice of the publique.

Nay, by this notable example of his upright govern∣ment, this mighty Monarch afforded the world occasion to admire his great vertue, which as he did abound in conferring favours, on those that did deserve them, so was it plentifull in justice towards Delinquents. Hee therefore about the latter end of October was brought prisoner to Tholo••se; his cause was tryed, and upon Inquisi∣tion made, he was found guilty of death: and though some thought he might have merited pardon, (aswell for what he himselfe had done formerly for the Crowne, as in respect of his forefathers deserts, who had planted the Christian faith in France, and had maintained it with their blouds; and this a great deale the more, for that by this mans death, that so noble family did wholly rest extinct) yet were not these reasons of force enough; since no merits can be so perspicuous, but that the least shadow of Treason may cover them with blacke obli∣vion. He was therefore two dayes after brought by the Guard to the Piazza or market place, where his sentence of death, together with the confiscation of his goods, and his title of Rebell, was read unto him: and the same afternoon, being first disroabed of his orders of

Knighthood, his head was strucke off in a privat house, whereby he paid for his infidelity; not knowing that the governments of Princes are not alwayes the same, but that they alter as doth the understanding and experience of their assisting Officers.

The death of this so conspicuous prince, in whose linage greatnesse flourished, in whose name Nobility shone, whose valour was famous, and in whose person much vertue appeared, in his strength of years, of a healthfull body, begirt with honours, and abounding in riches, manifested the inconstancy of fortune, the uncertainty of humane af∣faires, the slippery footing of greatnesse, the fall of glory, and the va∣nity of ambition. At the newes hereof those unquiet spirits who only sought means how to produce Novelties, (not unlike to travellers who seeke to shelter themselves from the aire when great with tem∣pest it threatens stormes) so these men with-drawing their bold fan∣cies under the security of feare, knew what was the insatiatnesse of desire, the deceitfulnesse of passion, the feignednesse of presumpti∣on, and the harme of infidelity. France being by this blow terrified, the common-people by this example undeceived, the Nobility re∣strained, every mans minde was more bent upon their obedience to their Prince, then upon their owne particular greatnesse.

This mean while Montecuculi who then was Generall of the Caesarian Artillery, and was in Swabenland, was commanded to march with the Forces that were about Lindaw and Constantz, to guard Alsatia, and particularly Brisach, a Fort whose situation was of very great consi∣deration, upon the ascent of a hill, which having no other hill neer for the space of two Leagues, is an Island upon the Rhyn in the midst of a large Champion, having a Bridge over the River fortified on the one part and the other with moderne fortifications, which make it al∣most impregnable by Force, and renders it aswell beneficiall to all the Townes thereabouts, as likewise fitting to assemble together the levies of men, which by Walesteines order were made in Burgundie and in Lorayne, by the Colonels Cornelius Bentivoglio, Marcus Fiston, Ara∣court, Bambaglioni, and others. And because the Arch-Duke Leopald was much concerned in the preservation of Alsatia, (and chiefely in that of Brisach, the key of that Province) the care of seeing this place well Fortified was recommended to Colonell Ascanio Albertini, Go∣vernour thereof: and moreover many other Commanders were sent thither to survey those Bulworks, and to be assistant to Montecuculi; amongst the which I my selfe being one, I forthwith went from the Camp before Nurenberg, and came with what speed I could to the said Count of Colmar.

The Elector of Trevers being this meane while taken into the pro∣tection of the French, Marshall Horne, who had taken Coblentz, seated upon the Rhyn in that Angle which the Mosel makes there, (a River which taking its head in the Mountaines of the valley of Listraye, which parts Lorayne from Helvetia and Alsatia, falls into the Rheine, and is comprehended within the jurisdiction of the Elector of Tre∣vers) he by the Command of his King, delivered it into the hands of the French, as he did likewise Tareber, (a walled Towne upon the

bankes of Mosel, between Trevers and the said Coblentz) the taking of which places forced the Spaniards (who were lodged in the neighbour∣ing Towns) to forgoe those parts and retire to Luxenburg.

Montecuculi and Ossa (the Emperours Commissary who watched over the safety of Alsatia) being advertised that (besides the depar∣ture of the French from those parts) there were not many Swedes left there, the greatest part of them being joyned with the King before Nurenberg, so as there remained not there above 500 Horse, and 800 Foot, thought therefore to make some further advancement whereby (if they should get no other benefit) it would be some advantage to them to get Contribution from the Townes formerly taken in, and satisfy in part their Souldiers, who grew impatient of living without pay: and it was yet more considerable, that the Duke of Wirtenberg, who seemed to leane more towards the Swedes then towards the Em∣rour (although he durst not yet make publique shew thereof) main∣taining two Regiments of Foot in his state, (as it was thought) to as∣sist the Swedes, when he should finde the Caesarian Forces neer upon his Confines, would be carefull not to doe any thing contrary to the du∣ty he ought to the Imperiall Crowne. To this purpose, (as likewise for other reasons,) they went from Colmar and Brisack, and resolved to enter the territories of Turlach to make the Marquesse thereof (who being a Protestant, followed the Swedish party) aware of the Errors of such Princes, who forsaking the faith and loyalty which they owe unto their superiours, throw all the goods they doe possesse upon the hopes of getting more and greater by the helpe of others. Ha∣ving therefore mustered 1500 commanded Muskettiers, and 1300 Horse, with two Companies of Dragoones, and two pieces of Can∣non, under the Command of the Colonells, Aracourt, Montrec••, Fi∣ston, Bambiglioni, and the Marquesse of Baden, they took their way thitherward, and came happily to Turlach. The Inhabitants of that place advertised of the Romanists approach, (and not having where∣withall to withstand their Artillery) sent Commissioners to the Count, desiring him that he would keep without the City, and that they would provide him with all things necessary, and that they would receive him and his domesticke attendants into the Towne: but this was to no purpose, for the Count resolved to lodge there with all his people that night; the which he did without any prejudice to the Inhabitants: from thence he advanced to Pretem, a little Towne barely walled about, and guarded by 400 Foot, which hee forced to yield to his discretion.

Whilest things went thus, Montecuculi was advertised that the Duke of Wirtenberg was marching towards him with 6000 Foot, and 800 Horse, so as commanding me to make the discovery, and I find∣ing that they were but Country-people, come out of hot••houses and places under ground, no accompt was made of them; he comman∣ded us to march in Battaile-array, resolving to fight with them: but the Wirtenbergers coasting along the woods, never parted from them; for though they were more in Foot then we, yet came they short of us in Horse, and Discipline, wherein the Caesarians were growne prefect,

by their former warres. A businesse of so great importance, as is the advantage that old Souldiers have over new ones, and in particular Country people; for these men taking up Armes against their will, not to serve their Prince, but to obey him; and being bread up in the idlenesse of Peace, are not able to indure the hardnesse of warre; so as their mindes being alwayes upon their owne families, it is impossi∣ble to divert them from the thought thereof, and their intensivenesse to peace and quiet imbaseth their courage.

Montecuculi (desirous to adde to these his proceedings, and being in∣couraged by information and scouts, which assured him that there were no other Forces then what hath been said in those parts) came the next morning with his Horse and Dragoones to Knitling, a Towne of Wirtenberg, weakly walled and situated; the Inhabitants whereof prepared for defence, refusing to surrender the Towne. I know not whither they did this as knowing succour was at hand, or for that the Imperialists wanted Foot and Cannon, or for that it is naturall to cow∣ardly people, to seem valiant, when they feare nothing. But not be∣ing able to withstand a fierce assault made by the Dragoones, and Light-horse, (who upon this occasion were lighted from horseback,) they fled in such confusion from their stations, and foure of the Caesa∣rian Souldiers advanced so couragiously forward, as possessing them∣selves of the wicket of the great gate, (which was left open and a∣bandoned) they let downe the draw-bridge and let in their Compa∣nions; who being followed by the Horse, put as many to the sword, as at the first they met withall, and angry that they found therein no booty (for the Townsmen had conveyed away all the best things they had to Heylburne) they revenged themselves by setting the Towne on fire in foure places; which being (as is usually in Germany) for the most part built of wood, it was in six houres burnt to the ground. Which may serve for an example to such Citizens as never having seen the sword drawne at their gates, and thinking to affright and oppugne the enemy with lovely plumes in their Helmets, and rich Scarfes a∣bout their necks, doe not afterwards make good their bravery of speech with gallantry of heart, and so lose their Country, Honour, Substance, and lastly their Lives.

The Emperours Commanders were not delighted with this fiery spectacle, occasioned by wicked and distrustfull Souldiers; they themselves being Gentlemen full of honour and humanity: but soon after some Scouts being returned, who were sent abroad to learne the Condition of the enemy, brought word backe that the Governour of Heidelberg, beeng issued out of the Towne with 800 Foot to surprise Wiseloch a walled Town of those parts, was incompassed in a wood by 500 Horse of the Rheingraves, for the which he desired assistance; pro∣testing that if they would speedily free him frō that danger (the Swedes being easily put to flight,) the Town would remaine at the good will of the Roman-Catholicks, wherein the best things of the Country-peo∣ple that lived thereabouts was brought. Montecuculi though hee list∣ned unwillingly to these hopes, yet Ossa, (who was an old man, and ex∣perienced in these parts) insisting that they should go on (the desire

of bootie being able to blind-fold the eyes of difficultie) resolved to march thither-ward; yet did he this onely with his Horse, to the end, that upon any extremitie he might safely retire; and therefore he sent his Foot and Cannon towards Filsburg, Mounsieur De Bambaglione a Loraynese, and Colonel of the Emperours side, was therefore ordered to advance: who descrying two Companies of the Enemies Horse, (which conveyed some Carriages of Baggage) believing there were no more there then the aforesaid 500. Horse, and no whit fea••ing such an number, gave on furiously against them; who betaking them∣selves to their heeles retired upon a good gallop, till such time as be∣ing past a narrow passage in a plaine, which led them into another o∣pen Country invironed with thick Woods, they faced about, making Bambaglione believe their trust lay onely in the advantagiousnesse of those Woods: Here passed a slight Skirmish, the Swedes still retiring towards Wiseloch, and Bambaglione pursuing them till such time as he fell upon an Ambush of the Reingraves, and of Colonell Bernard Sci∣avalis Ki, (one who was well conversant in those parts,) from whence he was so played on by Musquets, and set upon by Curiassiers, as af∣ter having made what brave defence could be expected from a gallant Souldier, he fell downe dead, most of his Souldiers being together with him slaine, or taken Prisoners; Those who were not so farre ad∣vanced as the rest, and who were better Horst, and knew the wayes through the Woods, assisted by the night, recovered Filsburg, from whence Montecuculi soone removed with the rest of his men, and came to his former Quarters of Brisack and Colmar.

This indeavour of the Imperialists wakened those that slept; there∣fore the Duke of Wirtenberg, (who durst not formerly declare him∣selfe an Enemy) finding himselfe injured by the surprisall of Knit∣ting, and other Townes, assembled all the men of his state together, and marcht into the Field, intending to doe by the Austrians, as they had done by him.

But because nothing rayses a Princes mind more to consideration then doth the importance of Warre, though the Duke of immature age, well inclined to Warre, full of vast designes, (which were fo∣mented by the troubles begun in France, and confirmed in him by his Councellours, out of the hatred they bore to the Roman Catholiques, and the Swedes suggestions, and the hopes they had in them) minded not what the event might be, which a wise man ought alwayes to have like a looking-Glasse before his eyes, and though he infinitely desired to enter friendship with the King of Swedes; yet not forgetting the Maxime, That it is good to have the opinion of others, (as well that he might have wherewithall to cloake the defects of wisedome, as likewise that he might lay to their charge any thing of evill that might befall,) resolved to send for his Chiefe Councellours, and to advise with them upon the injuries he had received from the Caesari∣ans, and what revenge he ought to take.

He with great resent∣ment urged, that the Imperiall Officers were insufferable in their demeanour; that they thirsted after other mens estates, were un∣gratefull to their friends, intending onely their owne interest; that

they thought they should merit at Gods hands, by being cruell un∣to, and by ruinating the Protestants; that the pretence of Religi∣on was so esteemed of by the Romanists, as they thought their faith was not broken, when the occasion being palliated by some inventi∣on, they know they may usurpe that from their friends, which they desire; that there was no safe living amongst them, who coveting to rule over all men, keepe their ambition onely so long hidden as they thinke it not fit to discover it; That the reverence pretended to by the Church-men, was knowne to be too pleasing, and that they could not chuse but thinke them their Enemies that did not reverence them; that their avarice was tinder so ready to take fire at their owne interest, that any least sparke of profit was able to make them spread abroad a combustion of all manner of mise∣ries and vexations; that the Declaration made some yeares before by the Emperour, at the instigation of the Ecclesiastiques, was not to be indured; (to wit, that he would have restitution made 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Churches goods, a large part whereof had beene by the Protestants possessed for above a hundred yeares;) that this was much to his prejudice, whose incomes were for the most part composed thereof; that this one pretence of the Austrians was sufficient to demon∣strate their ends tended to suppresse the Princes of the Empire, and to overthrow the faith of the Gospel; that wise men ought not to refuse an occasion of securing themselves from those they feare; that it was a more profitable expedient, to follow the for••une of Warre with a bold resolution, then being exposed to the injuries of friends, to live continually full of feares, under the yoake of sub∣jection, in an uncertaine peace.

Princes (even in their weaknesses) have a certaine kind of preroga∣tive above the wisedome of private men; so as though the Duke was for these reasons confirmed in his desired resolutions; yet since in consultations, all men ought to be heard what they can say, he earnest∣ly desired the rest to speake freely their opinions. Some who were made wary by experience, did not in silence passe by the example of those unadvised Princes, who siding with the Emperours Enemies, became food to the ravenous fury of the Militia, and had inriched those who would have alwayes lived miserable in peace:

They said, The disorder of the Souldier was to be borne withall, particularly when covering their Licencionesse by the credit of their advancing they are freed from their deserved punishment; that such occasi∣ons were to be taken away as doe cause pretences, by him who de∣res not to be by them convinc'd; that covetousnesse is not by any meanes more allayd, then by the easie comming thereby; that the designes of great men are not to be loosened by the hands of inferi∣ours: That it is alwayes good not to take notice of offences, when by taking notice of them we againe pull them upon us; that patience in peace was more profitable then the inquietudes of Warre; that the Dukedome of Wirtenberg stood betweene Alsatia and Swaben∣land, (Provinces full of the Austrians Forces:) That it could not rayse above 12000. Souldiers, and those unexperienced in Warre,

accustomed to rest and quiet, and free from noyse; that in all the Dukedome there were onely Sordendorfe, Heybrun, and Onviell Ca∣stle, which were able for any time to withstand a Field Army: That it would be found better counsell to keepe in good correspondency with the Emperour (as the Dukes his Predecessors had done, leaving behind them the fame of having beene loyall to the Empire) then by leaning to a Forraine and dangerous friendship, to purchase the ti∣tle of Rebell.

Yet were not these reasons of force enough to allay the heat of his spirit, and quench that fire which (the Dukes inclinati∣on considered) was kindled in the greatest part of his Counsellours; so as conveying what he had most precious into Onviell Castle, stand∣ing upon the side of an unaccessible Rock in the midst of an open Countrey betweene Constance on the East-side, the Rhyne and Zwitsers on the South, and Wirtenberg on the North, he took up Armes in the Swedes behalf▪ Gustavus Horn (who was about Francfurt upon the Main) hea•••• ••hereof, advanced suddenly with all the men he could get out of the Garrisons of the lower Palatinat, and Franconia, into Alsatia, as well to make further progresse into that Country, as to assist & foment the Duke in the Declaration he had made, who hating intirely the Papists, and being a young-man so given to Warre, when he should see himselfe thus upheld, would not stick to declare himselfe an open Enemy to the Emperour: The which the Swedes desired much he should doe; for it was hard for them to subsist in Alsatia, under those Forts, without the Dukes assistance; from whence they might have Men, Munition, Pioniers, Carriages, and necessary Victualls. Which being done, Horne assembled the Body of an Army together, consist∣ing of 10000. fighting men, and ten pieces of Cannon.

This preparation of the Swedes made Strasburg bethink themselves, which till then had kept Neutralls, as not knowing who should have the better; the which Town, wishing well to the Swedes, either for their Conformitie in Religion, or for the apprehended greatnesse of the Imperialists, added to these their desires by the rationall pretence of seeing themselves on all sides surrounded by them;

And affirmed, it was rashnesse to deny that which could not be made good; that the Imperialists, Forces were farre off; that opiniatricy could not be maintained without neere and opportune succours; that the liber∣tie of Cities consisted in keeping friendship with those who they stood in feare of, in taking away the occasion of threats;

and pro∣testing, They would doe the like to the Austrians whensoever they should be encamped neer them; they declared themselves to side with the Swedes, and assisted Horne with what they were able▪ Stras∣burg is seated in the middle of Alsatia, being the Metropolis of that Province, in a spacious, fruitfull, and lovely place, within Cannon shot of the Reine, upon the which a Bridge of no small consideration is maintained with exact Fortifications: It is perfectly wel Situated & furnished with all sorts of defence; in so much, as it may be tearmed one of the best Cities of Germany: It enjoyes its libertie, is well peopled with Merchandizing-men, and by Traffique becomes Rich, Faire, and Great. Now whil'st the Imperiallists kept on the other side

the Rhyn, Horne made himselfe master of all the Townes on this side, which upon the first appearance of the enemy were abandoned by the Romanists: so drawing neer Offemberg, a Towne Fortified with Wals and Towers after the ancient manner, four Leagues from Strasburg, upon the Confines of Wirtimberg, the Towne maintained it selfe a∣gainst him, and thrice repused his assaults, but at length not finding themselves able to make a safe resistance, it came to composition, and tooke Lawes from the Conquerour.

Thus went the affaires in Dlsatia, when the Austrians who were under the Command of Count Shamburg in Slesia, and of Don Balta∣zar Maradas in Bohemia, received orders from Walesteine to enter Lusatia; and that whil'st he should entertaine the Kings Forces under Nurenberg, they should indeavour some-what of advantage in those parts. The Commission was obeyed; so as Sittaw and Guben, two Townes pa••ted by the River Neisse, with divers other places, weake in Defence and Garrisons, yielded themselves to the Caesarians. But the Duke of Saxony awakened by this invasion▪ assembled all his Ar∣my which lay scattered in divers Townes, and went against the Au∣strians, who were not strong enough long to withstand him; so as af∣ter some dayes defence▪ they were necessitated to abandon Gub••n, to sur∣render Sittaw, and to quit other places they had tane. The Saxons likewise possessed themselves of Freiberg, watered by Polsnitz, Sagan neere Bober, and Glogaw watered by the Oder, chiefe Cities in Slesia, together with many other Townes which were forsaken by the Imperi∣alists, who got into Steinaw, seated between Glogaw and Breslaw, where they fortified themselves: but being afterwards set upon by Harnem the Saxon Generall, (having first by their singular valour supplied the defects of their Bulworkes with the bodies of men) they were infor∣ced to yield; whose example was followed by Lignitz, a walled Town seated upon the Angle made by Ratsbach, Schwartzwasser, (Rivers which taking their head not farre from thence, joyne there, and a little below fall into the Oder) this Towne was taken by Kalchesteim a Saxon Colonell.

This meane while Maradas being joyned with Schamburg, Count Mansfeild, and Schaff••uts, (chiefe Commanders of the Emperours Army) opposed the Swedes proceedings; and Mustering their Forces, (which came to 14000 Souldiers and 12 piece of Cannon) he thought it might make much for them to recover Steinaw; hee saluted it with divers Cannon-shot, and couragiously assaulted it, and with many threates invited the Garrison to surrender the Towne; as they basely did, having had onely Thirty Great-shot made at them. The taking hereof incouraged the Caesarians to undertake the winning of Glossaw; (a thing very much desired by them, aswell for their owne honours, as to satisfie Walesteine, for it belonged unto him as being Duke there∣of) being afterwards informed that Tuball one of the Swedish Colo∣nels was intrencht about it with a good body of an Army, which would make their designe the harder, they deserted the effecting thereof, and some little skirmishes passing between the Swedes and them with equall successe, they left a fitting garrison in the Fort, and withdrew

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themselves to Breslaw, the Metropolitan of Slesia, a free Towne as are the other Hauns Townes of Germany, rich and given to Merchan∣dise, by the traffique it holds with Poland; but not much confiding in the Magistrate thereof, and suspecting the faith of the Protestant Inhabitants; fearing likewise to be set upon by the Swedes, who made haste towards them; they resolved to go to Neisse, a place strongly but irregularly fortified, and there to attend succour from Wale∣steine,

Their hopes being vanished to aire, (who built their greatnesse up∣on the ruines of France) by the death of Momerancy, by the punish∣ment of the Rebels, and by Monsieurs reconciliation, and the Imperia∣lists being filled with new fears, through the formidable power of that now united and warlike Kingdome, wavering in the uncertainty of their resolutions, they openly declared themselves▪ when new businesse being set on foot by the Spanish wisedome, and a firme resolution ta∣ken to sow discord in France, (that they might thereby secretly enjoy their desired fruite) they applyed themselves to the effecting thereof. And for that whil'st Monsieur stayed in Lorayne, his favourite Pilloran fell in love with the Dawager Princesse of Psalsburg, (Sister to Duke Charles) love being of power sufficient to overcome what ever defence wisedome could make, and the Princesse by secret messengers cor∣responding with him in his desires, he gave himselfe so totally over to the hopes of this marriage, by which his Condition would be not a little bettered; and being much troubled at Momerancy's example, thinking his person more considerable when out of France then when in it, where he was not wel looked on by those who were faithful to the King, making use of the credit he had with Monsieur, raising him by new hopes to fresh undertakings, troubling his thoughts with Mome∣rancy's death, and by putting him in minde, that Princes (how mer∣cifull soever they be) never forget the injurie of high Treason, hee brought him againe to resolve of absenting himselfe: the which he did by withdrawing himselfe againe into Lorayne, where Pilloran ho∣ping to make himselfe worthy of the Princesse Dowager, by some ser∣vice which he might doe to Duke Charles, did negotiate and privatly conclude the marriage with the Princesse Margaret, which (as was very well knowne) was yielded unto by the Spaniard, that they might have the greater obligation upon the Duke, in binding him to effect their desires, that they might by this allyance oblige the affection of these Princes reciprocally the one unto the other; and by this knot, make both their hatreds to the King of France implacable, and by the as∣sistance of this State and the Forces thereof make fitting preparati∣ons for to trouble France; and by the interposition of this State free Alsatia and the Palatinat from the power of that Crown. Moreover the most Christan King being without issue, and having but small hopes of any, his Brother was to succeed unto him; so as the making of his brother sure did not meanely import them, whereby they might not onely afterwards ransome such Townes and Provinces of theirs as were fallen under the government of the Crowne of France; but afford matter of thought to the subjects of that Kingdome, who

should take up Armes against the Kings onely Brother and Heire, as well for the respect which is due to the blood Royall, as likewise for feare, lest he being afterwards possest of the Scepter of that King∣dome might remember such as had stuck unto the King. Many were therefore of opinion, that the Spaniards unwilling that he should stay in Lorayne, where being so neere, he might soone alter his determina∣tion, and returne to France, (as by all possible art it was by the King indeavoured he should doe) they wrought so with Duke Charles, as that he should perswade Monsieur, it were better for him to retire him∣selfe into Flanders; for that by his stay in that his Dukedome, the King might take occasion to threaten him the Duke of Lorayne, and make Warre upon him; whose Forces wanting the Austrians assi∣stance were but weake; that it was better to see the issue of the Empe∣rours Armies under Walesteine, then by buckling thereunto without a good foundation runne upon the like hazard with little hopes of good successe: Monsieur being then perswaded by these reasons, and much more confirmed therein by the advice of such as were of credit wi••h him (not minding their policy) went to Brussels▪ to the great satisfaction of the Spaniards; whose end (as was said) by some wise men, was to keep him as an Hostage, and under some specious pretence, either of waging war against Languedoc, or some such like thing, to draw him in∣to Spaine, and so secure themselves by their keeping him aloofe from France from being unquieted thereby, and that if their mentioned hopes should faile them, or that they should meet with any obstacle not to be overcome, he might returne to his former station.

The Count De Susa, a Gentleman well ••ryed in Warre, who a good while before had received Orders from the King of France to march into the Elector of Trevers Territories and cease upon that Citie, and to force the Chapter, if the Arch-Bishop would not be perswaded to acknowledge him for his Lord and Master, past over the Mosell with a good strength of people, and drew neere to the Walls thereof, the Garrison whereof not yeelding to his desires, but making some resistance, were forced (upon Articling) to receive in the French forces, which had hindred the Count Isemburgh, Master of the Field of the Spanish Army from comming to their succour; and yet the Au∣strians not thinking it yet time to come to an open breach with the French, did not much apply themselves to defend that State. Triers, or Trevers, is sea••ed upon the banks of the Mosell, betwixt the Du∣chy of Luxenburg and the lower Palatinat, upon the confines of the Countie of Barrois towards the West: It is no strong Citie, being barely Walled about, nor is it very faire, as being too narrow, and ••ot having in it many faire buildings; 'tis onely tane notice of in History, because from thence the Electorat takes it's name.

Maestrich•• was at this time streightly besieged by the Hollanders, a place of no small moment: The River Maes runnes through the midst of it, which taking its head from the furthest parts of Lorayne to••wards France, after a long course falls into the Lake of Don in Hol∣land; it is perfectly well Forti••ied, and lying betweene the Countries of Liege, Iuliers, and Braband••, it is knowne to be the Key which opens

and shuts the ingresse from Germany to the United Provinces. The Spa∣niards, fearing this Citie should be besieged, not being of themselves able to succour it, and force the quarters of the Hollanders (which had quite surrounded it) perswaded themselves, that if Count Pappenheim (who was neerer those parts then any other of the Emperours Com∣manders) would joyne himselfe with the Spanish Forces, they should be able to relieve it. They therefore made their desires knowne to the Emperour, and to Walesteine, who yeelded thereunto, and the more to hearten Pappenheim, they promised him the Order of the Golden Fleece, and 100000 Crownes to boot, upon condition hee would rayse the Siege and relieve the Citie. These tydings being therefore brought to the Hage▪ my Lords the States were not slack in providing with all possible diligence for their Fortifications. They therefore re∣inforced their quarters; they put the Elector of Coln (who had pro∣fest himselfe to stand a Neuter) in mind that he should observe his promise, and doe nothing that might be prejudiciall to them. But 〈◊〉〈◊〉 availed but little, for the Elector making faire excuses, suffered Pappenheim to passe, and to refresh his men in the Townes of the Arch-bishoprick, who quickly joyning with the Spaniards, marched on to the designed enterprise. The Prince of Orange, resolute not ••o rise from before the Towne, having provided all things fitting for his Quarters, and ordered Count William of Nassaw to advance with a good strength of men, prepared to resist the Imperiallists Invasion▪ which hapned luckily for the Hollanders; for the Austrians were brave∣ly fought withall and beaten back; and though Pappenheim, madded at the difficulty he found by the obstinate defence of the besiegers, nor yet being according to promise seconded by the Spaniards, turned again to renew his assault upon the English Quarter, and though all meanes pos∣sible were used from the Citie by sallying out, yet was he forced to re∣treat with the losse of about one thousand of his Duch-men: the which, when the besiged saw, dispairing of any further succour, and wanting Ammunition and Victualls, they capitulated, and surrendred the Town, to the unspeakable sorrow of the Spaniards, and all the Ro∣man Catholiques thereabout.

Pappenheim being gone from Westfalia, George Duke of Lunenburg had faire opportunitie to over-runne that Countrey, and to beset and take Duderstat, and Eimbeck (walled Towns, in the Dukedom of Brauns∣wick) and likewise to besiege Wulfenbuttell, the Garrison whereof being strong, and well provided of all necessaries, did by their many sallyes much infest the Neighbouring parts; but this Siege lasted but for a while, for Pappenheimes returne made the Duke desist from that enterprise, two of his Regiments being hardly dealt withall by Pappenheimes men, who set upon them at unawares in their quarters not farre from the Citie.

The King of Swethland and Walesteine, stayd all this while in the Fields before Nurenburg, watching over each others wayes; the Fa∣mine grew greater and greater in both Armies as well for Man as Horse; so as each of the Generalls apprehending, that by being the first should rise, they might meet with some disadvantage in the open

Field which might oblige them to a Battel upon bad tearms, and wher∣on the fortune of both Crownes consisted; both of them sent for their Souldiers from their Garrisons and Townes of greatest impor∣tance. The King, as he whose forces were weakest, desirous to get out of those streights and come into the Field, had not onely sent for Way∣mer and Bannier to come back, but likewise for all those Forces which lay in Swabenland, in the Bishoprick of Erbipoli and of Bamberg.

Walesteine likewise dispatched away Orders to Montecuculi, that he should come speedily to his Campe before Nurenberg, not think∣ing that had happened which hath beene said in Alsatia; for the Duke of Wirtenbergs march, and the comming of Gustavus Horne was unex∣pected. The Count departed, but first by sundry Posts informed Wa∣lesteine of the small number of his men, which came not to 2000 Foot and 1500 Horse, and what need Alsatia stood in of Forces, being assaulted by great numbers of the Enemy; and whil'st he staid, expe∣cting other Orders from the Generall, he met with a new Commissi∣on not to stirre from Brisack. The King, having his Army increased by the accesse 12000 Souldiers, brought unto him by Waymer and Bannier, went out of his Trenches in Battell Array, thinking to storm Walesteines quarters, by the intelligence held with two Souldiers sent by him a little before to that purpose into the Enemies Campe; the one being Master Sadler to Waymer, and the other a Sutler; the Sadler entred Walesteines Campe under pretence of his Trade, and the Victu¦aller feigning to be of Auspech, a Towne not farre from those quar∣ters, was brought by the meanes of Colonell Cornembergs Stewart, to be a Sutler to the said Colonells Regiment: When the Swedes were to give the assault, the Sadler promised to give fire to the Ammuniti∣on, and the Sutler to the Quarters, but they failed in this their Con∣spiracy, God not suffering such a scourge to fall upon the Romanists; for the Sutler having stolne a piece of Plate the day before out of the said Cornembergs Buttery, and endeavouring to go out of the Trenches, as he past through a Court de guard kept by the said Colonells Soul∣diers, a Corporall casting his eye upon him, and finding he had some∣what underneath his Cassock which raysed it up, asked him whether he went, and what it was he had under his Cassock? The other replyed, It was bread, & that he was going for Victuals; whereat the Corporall desiring to have part thereof, found it to be a piece of Plate, so as he stopped him upon suspition: The Sutler being hereupon dismaid, believing that this had not befalne him onely for the Plates sake, but for his having intelligence with the King, presently confessed all, and peached his Compagnion, who was taken, and on the very day the King came to charge the Imperialists quarters, he and his fellow Col∣league were broken upon a Wheele. Such events use often to bef••ll Traytors, who for money sell themselves to death, and to eternall in∣famy.

The King went streight on to charge Aldringers Trenches; who being aware thereof, and expecting his comming, beat him back brave∣ly with no little slaughter of the Swedes; so as seeing he was not here able to execute his intent, he wheeled about and fell upon those Tren∣ches

that were guarded by the Bavarians, by whom being likewise re∣pulsed he resolved to plant some Cannon upon a hill neere a little wood, hoping by his frequent shot to make the enemy dislodge, and bring them into the field, where he might fight with them upon great advantage; ••e began then to play so furiously with his Cannon upon the Imperialists quarters, as that in lesse then six houres he had made a∣bove 400 shot at them: Walesteine perceiving how the Swedish Can∣non molested some of his quarters, Commanded that all the Soul∣diers should keep themselves under the Trenches, and that all the boyes, women, and other uselesse people should withdraw themselves into a hallow Dell which lay between Gallasse his quarters and Al∣dringers, whereby he remedied the mischiefe he might have received; for all the shot flying over them did them no harme. The King seeing how little good his Cannon did, removed from thence, and thought to possesse himselfe of the rise of another hill which more comman∣ded the enemies quarters; but this being foreseen by Gallasse, who speedily brought two Regiments of Foot thither, and there Intren∣ched them, the King gave over the enterprise, and retired to his for∣mer station in a wood hard by; where being pursued by the Caesarians (who incouraged by Walesteine fought couragiously) a faire skirmish was begun on both sides, which continued from Friday night the 4^th of September, till about Ten of the Clock the next Sunday-morning: great was the losse of both sides, but without comparison much grea∣test on the Swedes; for besides many brave Commanders and Gentle∣men of Worth, they lost about a thousand Souldiers; there were slaine of the Imperialists about 400 amongst which Colonell Don Ma∣ria Caraffa a Neopolitan, and Colonell Fucari. Both Armies shewed singular valour in their behaviour, the King, Walesteine, and all the Commanders keeping still amidst the haile of Musket-shot to give fitting directions.

This bloudy skirmish made the King know to his cost, that many times event sutes not with expectation; for besides the losse he suffe∣red here, he foresawe a greater danger threatned by Famine, Victuals and Forrage for horse growing every day more scarce, so as on the 15^th of September he held a long consultation with the chiefe of his Commanders, wherein was discussed how they might be gon from Nurenberg; but so as the Citizens thereof might not be left to the discretion of the Romanists: 'twas evidently seen that any longer stay there was prejudiciall to the Souldier, who was not therewithall con∣tented, but beginning to waver on all sides, said, these were not the ef∣fects the King had promised them, to lye and moulder away before a Towne, and doe no good: they saw that the remainder of Victuals which were necessary for the maintenance of the Citizens, being con∣sumed by the Swedish Army, the Swedes and Citizens would both of them be reduced to great streights; and Nurenberg being full of peo∣ple would be for want of Victuals in great danger of falling into Wa∣lesteines power, who had cunningly sowen sedition amongst some of the Citizens; he for this and other reasons resolved to be gon; and having very well satisfied the Senate of the City with the necessity of

his departing, renewed his friendship with them, and taking a friend∣ly farewell of all the people, (who filled the aire with their wishing God to blesse him, and good fortune to follow him) leaving with them 2000 Foot for their better strength, he marched with his whole Army which consisted of 26000 fighting men towards Bamberg, to refresh his men wearied with continuall duties. Walesteine who knew like∣wise he could tarry no longer there, his Victuals and Forrage being well-nigh exhausted, and fearing lest whilest he should finde it a hard businesse to take Nurenberg, the King might easily advance to some new designe, and that his Forces being weakened by lying before that Town, he should be the worse able to keep afterwards in the field, He likewise raised his Camp and marched towards Sindetspacke not farre from Nurenberg, where he haulted and mustered his men, who appea∣red to be 36000 Souldiers; he left Gallasse in the Reare with directi∣ons to fire all the Villages of those parts, (which he did) and that then he should go towards Misuia, to drive the Saxon Forces thence, whil'st he himselfe went to Bamberg, (a City in Franconia upon the Mayne, belonging to the Bishop thereof, who hath there the power of Civill Juridiction) and stayed with his whole Army in some neer neighbouring Villages: for his end was onely to entertaine the King, and not to put himselfe upon the danger and uncertainty of a Battaile, whil'st Gallasse and Holke going into Saxony with 10000 Souldiers, might ruinate the Country, and force the Elector thereof to come to an accommodation, when he should see himselfe not succoured by the Swedes, who would have worke enough found them by Walesteines Forces He afterwards sent the Marquesse Grana, an Italian, with 4000 Foot, and 1500 Horse, (all Commanded men) to invade the Marquessat of Brait a jurisdiction of the same Province, not farre from the Diocesse of Nurenberg, which the Marquesse Grana did with good successe, and little trouble; Brait not being in condition to with∣stand a good Body of choice men, wanting Rampiers, Men and Mu∣nition, for their defence.

But Hornes proceedings in Bavaria (whereinto he was entred with eight thousand Foot and foure thousand Horse) occasioned fearfull confusion in those who were accustomed to the security of peace; and therefore the assistance of their Princes Forces being acknow∣ledged to be necessary, it behoved the Elector to part from Walesteine, and with his men and those of Aldringers, amounting to the number of 14000 Souldiers, to returne into Bavaria towards Raim, (a place invironed with strong wals after the ancient mode, in a considerable situation upon the Leech, lying between Dunawert and Augspurg, which was the passage from Swabenland into Bavaria) aswell to guard those places which were threatened by the Swedes, as to stop the for∣wardnesse of the Austrian Country people about Lintz; who ma∣king use of the Imperialists taking up Armes against the King of Swede, and of their Princes troubles, tooke the liberty to take up Armes, and by way of insurrection, to hinder the navigation upon the Danube, by rifling the Barkes: yet this their insurrection lasted but for a while; for they no sooner knew that Iohn Went, Colonell of the Catholique

League was comming against them with foure Caesarian Regiments, then (as is usuall to basely minded people) they laid downe their Armes, and peaceably retired to their owne homes, terrified at the Chastisement inflicted upon some of the heads of the sedition: so as Walesteine seeing himselfe much weakened, and totally overcome by the misfortune of warre, for want of fitting accommodation in those Territories, he resolved to go from thence towards Coburg, to take that Towne and the Castle, which were very considerable: for it was seated in Franconia, upon the Confines of Thuringia, begirt with an∣cient Wals, and in some places fortified with Rampiers, and Ditches upon the River Asch, which taking its rise from within that Pro∣vince towards Thuringia, after having made a small course fals into the Mayne, whereby he might hinder the Swedes from setting upon him on the Flanke, where at any time he should advance into Misnia to joyne with Holke and Gallasse. The King was now at Newstat neere the Straij (a River which taking its head from the County of Henneberg, after having watered part of Franconia fals into the Mayne) when hee was advertised that Walesteine having raised his Camp from the terri∣tories of Nurenberg, and being parted from the Duke of Bavaria, bent towards Coburg, that afterwards he might proceed to prejudice Misnia, wherein Holke had already taken some Townes, as Gallasse had likewise done on the other side: therefore having an eye to the Impe∣rialists proceedings, and finding that their end was to lead their For∣ces into Saxony, thereby to force the Elector to accept of peace, since they could not prevaile by their words and Treaties, hee com∣manded Duke Waymer to march with part of the Army towards Sindlypach, (not farre from Nurenberg) and that he should watch o∣ver Walesteines proceedings, and not lose sight of him; and that he should likewise have an eye to the comming of Pappenheim; who be∣ing thereunto solicited by continuall expresses from Walesteine was returned from Flanders, and was likewise gone towards Franconia and Misnia, to set upon them on the other side. The King having left the Duke of Be••kinfelt with a body of men raised by the said Duke, of 5000 Foot and 2000 Horse, to guard the Townes neer Bavaria, mar∣ched with his Army towards Nurenberg; where being advertised by the Citizens what dammage the Country thereabouts suffered by the Imperialists Garrison, left by Walesteine in Lauff, belonging to the ju∣risdiction of that Senat, upon the Pignitz, hee resolved by suddenly setting upon it to drive the Enemies Forces from thence; he therefore came before it with his Cannon, and set upon it, which though at the first it seemed resolute to stand out in its owne defence, yet at last re∣solved to submit to the Swedes discretion, there still remained the Fort of Listenaw between Nurenberg and Fortheim: but this proving a difficult businesse, as being conveniently well fortified by Art, strong by nature, and well garrisoned, so as some time would go to the win∣ning of it, the King thought it not good to make any stay there, and lose his men whil'st his enemies were in the field, strong in men and re∣solution. Leaving therefore Colonell Sperater with 3000 men in those parts for satisfaction of the Senat of Nurenberg, (which began to

conceive amisse of the Swedes proceedings, that Citie being little lesse then destroyed for their sakes,) he led on his Army to Erfurt, the Metropolitan of Thuringia, divided by the River Iera, which takes head in that Province, and falls into Vnstrutz there to prevent Pappen∣heim, before he should execute his designe of taking it in; who having left Count Gronsfield in the Bishoprick of Hidelsheim (a Country w^ch extends it selfe from the River Glien, to the Fuse in the Province of Braunswyck) with 7000 Souldiers to besiege Newburg, a strong place seated upon the side of Abre, used much diligence in his marching a∣way with the remainder of his men, finding how irreparable an other Battell would be by reason of the being at hand of so great for∣ces; and for the scarcitie of Victualls in those parts unmanured for want of Inhabitants, and abandoned by the Enemy, who could not any longer suffer the incommodities thereof. Great was the diligence that this Count used to prevent the Kings arrivall at Erfurt, yet not such as could out-doe the King in speedy march; for fearing the prejudice he might receive if he should therein be prevented by the Romanists, he made his Vanguard march by day, and his Rereguard by night, loosing no more time then what was requisite in some sort to refresh the Souldier.

The King stayd two dayes in Erfurt to comfort his Army, and more particularly his Foot who were very weary with so long marches, in which time he understood how that Walesteine had wonne Coleburg, how his Cannon playd upon the Castle to render his Forces the more secure by the taking thereof; as likewise those of Pappenheim, who was marching to joyne with him, and what progresse Holke and Gallasse made to the prejudice of Saxony. The Kings Forces and Waymars be∣ing joyned, he call'd a Councell of Warre, where he, with his Chiefe Commanders, consulted upon what course was best to be taken;

Wherein some wisely weighing the present condition of affaires, were of opinion, It was not fitting for them to bring themselves to such a passe, as that they could not shunne a Battell upon disadvanta∣gious termes; that the Imperialists had a considerable greater number of Souldiers then they, who were ambitious to win by their Swords Walesteines good opinion, who was a large rewarder of gallant acti∣ons (a thing worthy of consideration:) that the Enemy was pro∣tected by favourable situations, & fit places to retreat unto; that the Swedes on the contrary were an Enemies Country, and that devasted, there being no appearance of Provisions sufficient for them to keep the Field against the Imperialists, who were furnished with all things necessary from Bohemia; that there was not any more commenda∣ble resolutions to be had in warfairing then such as did secure the keeping of what was already got, and did maintaine the Souldier in strength and vigour; that to doe so, was more praise, worthy in a Commander in Chiefe, then the gaining of Townes; that such re∣solutions were alwayes blamed and prejudiciall, as were undertaken without having an eye to the event; that the whole ought never to be endangered for a part; that in the losse of one Battell, the down∣fall of all their already wonne renowne, their ruine, their being op∣prest

by their Enemies, the amazement of the Subject and Souldier, and the fame and reputation of their Armes did consist: That Vi∣ctory is thought best when wonne by Wit, not by the Sword; that wise men ought not onely to consider what advantage may accrue, but provide for what of damage may happen: That their opinion was to temporise upon the Confines, to incommodate the Enemy now upon the Flanks, now upon the Front, now upon the Reare; to take from them their Provisions, and to prejudice them more by the hardnesse of the season, and scarcitie of Victualls, then by com∣mitting all to the hazard of a Battell; that it was very advantagious to make good what they had alleady wonne; the which the Austri∣ans having lost, they would be constrained to keepe their Campe in their owne Hereditary Territories, and so warring against them∣selves, and thereby weakned, they would the easilier be overcome.

These Reasons were attentively listned unto, and well liked of, almost by every one, and by the King himselfe; but it was considered on the contrary side;

That to seeme fearfull of the Enemy, is the first step to losse; that Armies were not said to be advantaged by the number of men, but by the Souldiers courage, and Commanders worth; that barren places were to be forgone, and the getting of more op∣pulent Cities indeavoured, against the which the Souldier goes the more boldly on incited by the hopes of gaine; that what was won by Armes, was not to be maintained without Armes; the bold under∣takings whereof is usually favoured by Fortune, who when she finds her favourer abused, doth oftimes turne her backe. Thus did the King speake and resolve; adding, That in Warre men ought not by speculary shadowes and imaginations of feare, to deterre that bold∣nesse which far from any thought of danger ought only to be confident of, and in it selfe: That he confessed, reflection ought to be had of past successes, but that it behoved not the Conquerour to shun en∣countring the conquered, that it was no reason to hazard all for a part, amongst those Enemies, in whom even that Army with so much difficultie recruited, being comprehended, the utter ruine of their Dominion did consist: That they were to fight boldly a∣gainst those, who once beaten, were not likely to make head again; that it behoved them to fight who had nothing to lose, and those to shun fighting, who by losing might be undone; that it was never good to abandon those Confederates, who building upon their friendly pro∣tection, have without respect drawne the Warre upon themselves; that it was dangerous for them to faile in the promises they had made, and hopes they had occasioned: That the Elector of Saxony was worthy to be assisted, and to have good correspondency kept with him; that all delay was harmefull, neither could the Prince be blamed of error, who being deceived by his friend, for the preserva∣tion of his owne Estate falls to treat with the Enemy; that there∣fore they ought to thinke of advancing, and having an eye to the Im∣perialists proceedings, not to shunne an occasion of Battle; that they should succour Saxony where it had need of them; or by Invading Bohemia, recall Walesteine from his designes upon Misnia.

These

conceptions carrying more of weight and substance with them in the present conjuncture of time, then did the other, wonne the appro∣bation of all: so as the King (leaving fitting orders for the good go∣vernment of those Townes) went from Erfurt, the Inhabitants where∣of running a vye to see the Kings preparations, and upon their knees doing reverence to him, they powred their prayers to Heaven out for him, and with much acclamation and confidence wisht him good for∣tune. 'Twas observed that the King being troubled at this their beha∣viour, broke forth into these words;

What do these people fancy unto themselves; doe they believe me to be a god? O how they are deceived; we are all mortall; our soules may well be of steel, but our bodies are of glasse; I presage mischiefe to my selfe from hence, and apprehend Divine punishment.

These speeches though proceeding from a King that profest enmi∣ty to the Roman-Catholique Religion, made many know he had a well composed minde: Having mustered his men (which he found to a∣mount to 16000 Foot and 11000 Horse of divers Nations) hee gave the Van-guard to the Command of Duke Bernard Waymar, consisting of 4000 Horse, Dutch and Finlanders, 1000 Dragoones, and 6000 Foot divided into six Squadrons; hee recommended the maine Bat∣taile to the Marshall Kneiphausen, with 6000 Foot divided into three Bodies, and 4000 Horse parted into eight Squadrons, and he himselfe kept in the Rear with 1000 choice Horse, 1000 Dragoones and 4000 Foot, every Battaglion of the Van-guard, as likewise of the Battaile, and other Squadrons of the Reserve having 5 field-Pieces in their Front. In this order he began his march towards Nurenberg, but ha∣ving notice by the way that Walesteine had raised his Forces from be∣fore the Castle of Coburg, that he had taken Leypzig, and that the quartering of his Army extended to Newburg and weisnfeld, (walled Townes upon the Sala, and upon the Confines of Saxony) possessing all advantagious places, he lead his Army to Newburg, a Towne sea∣ted a little lower upon the said River, towards Erfurt, that hee might make use of that station to joyne with the Saxon Army, (which was now about Torgaw, a place belonging to the said Elector, upon the bankes of Elb) consisting of about 12000 Foot and 4000 Horse, to oppose the designes of Holke and Walesteine, to whom Pappenheim be∣ing now joyned with 9000 Souldiers, hee notwithstanding kept still in his former quarters, to hinder the Saxons from joyning with the Swedes,

Whil'st these went cautiously preparing how they might upon ad∣vantage fight with the Imperialists, the King was by his Scouts adver∣tised, that Walesteine was gone from Weisnfeld, and had retired him∣selfe in close quarter towards Lutzen, a Village two Leagues off from Leypzig, and that Pappenheim was marched with part of his Army, towards Hall, to hinder the advancing of George Duke of Lunenburg▪ who being sent for by the King, for the better strengthning of his Camp, made long marches to joyne with the Saxons, that afterwards they might meet all in one Body with the Swedes. The King resolved not to lose time, but to make use of that conjuncture which hee found

fitting for him, to set upon Walesteine, who being severed from Pap∣penheim, had weakened himselfe of the best bands of his Souldiers, upon whom he might have relyed for Victory; so as the King thought he might easily bring his designes to their wished for end. Hee there∣fore arose from the quarters he had taken, and with flying Colours marched thither-wards, sending the Finlanders Horse who were then in the Van to discover the Country, who failed not in their duty; for the Kings commands were readily obeyed by all his Souldiers, the which they went the more cheerfully and willingly about, for that they were thereby invited to the hopes of a glorious Victory, big with booty and reputation.

Walesteine (being a wise Commander) having found the Kings de∣signes, and foreseen that making use of Pappenheime's absence, hee would force him to a Battaile, upon the successe wherof, the Sum. Total. lay; and having many and various thoughts hereupon, weighing duly all that made against him, that he might go upon secure grounds, he resolved to advise with his Astrologer (whom he used to trust with his greatest secrets) who found that the Constellations of that Month were not answerable to the Kings former fortune, or rather that the Planets seemed to have an ill aspect towards him. Grounding much hereupon, (for imitating the ancient Romans he had an opinion of A••guries, and was wont to governe his actions by Astrologicall sci∣ence which he had studied very diligently) he resolved to see whither the Starres (which had befriended him at other times) would now tell truth or no: he then secretly agreed with Pappenheim, that hee should temporise, and that each of them should advise the other when the King should advance, by the shot of Cannon set purposely in fit∣ting places, and should by speedy messengers acquaint one another with the Kings proceedings, and that in this case he should speedily returne to his men towards Lutzen; for hee would entertaine the Swedes with skirmishes, and so afford him opportunity to come time enough. The King having made haste with his marches towards Lut∣zen, Walesteine gave quickly the signe agreed upon by a three-fold Cannon-shot to Pappenheimes Centinels, who were placed at fitting distances to that purpose, and by speedy messengers gave him notice thereof; and this meane while fearing lest the King might advance further then he desired he should, he wrought all night in the digging of a Ditch, whereby he advantaged his station, and filling it with Muskettiers, which were flanked by Cannon, he stood expecting the comming of the Swedes; who arguing by this their paines, that the Imperialists were afraid, became the bolder. This meane while divers skirmishes were made between the Swedish Horse, and Isolani his Cra∣bats, with equall losse, and herein was passed all the night; the King being by the breake of day, as it were Master of the field; for Wale∣steine keeping himselfe close within his Ditch, would not quit his ad∣vantage till Pappenheime should be come to him.

The King stay'd all night armed in the field, not minding what his body suffered; and being desired by his Captaine to repose himselfe and take some rest, he answered,

That the example of the Generall

sweetens the suffering of the Souldier; that to forgoe his vigilancy would shew his care over his men to be but small, and make it seeme he did it that he might not feele the incommodities of his owne life; which they who doe respect, ought not to be in the Saddle with foot in stirrope, but at their owne homes, upon their downe-beds; that the troubles of many suited not with the peace and rest of one alone; that the world appertained to the industrious, not to the sloathfull; that rest was the daughter of idlenesse, and peace, labour the mother of glory and achievements.

Thus calling his chiefe Commanders about a little sire, (which he had caused be made to mo∣derate the ridgednesse of the night) he in a sprightly and couragious manner, acquainted them with his intentions of joyning Battaile with Walesteine.

Some there were that advised him hee might doe well to stay for the Forces of Saxony and Lunenburg, and others, who were upon their march not farre from him, with the which hee might the more boldly assault the Enemy; that the Swedes being as well in numbers as in situation short of the Imperialists, they ought not to hazard the Victories of so many Moneths, upon the event of one day; that Walesteine commanded an Army who coveted Bat∣taile incited thereunto by necessity, and out of a desire that they might injoy the fruits of so many Victories, which they had not yet forgotten, and driven thereunto by despaire, seeing them∣selves onely subject to sufferings: that fortune was unconstant, and oft-times a friend to the desperate; that Walesteine had Comman∣ders under him desirous of revenge, obedient Souldiers, and who more apprehended their Generalls frowne then the Swedes Swords; that Pappenheim was not so farre off, but that if he came not time e∣nough to the Battaile, he might come soon enough at least to fall up∣on the wearied, and so totally oppresse them; that hee had people with him ancient in experience, and advise, but young in respect of their daring and ambition; and that fortune was obliged to pay tri∣bute to his valour▪ that respect ought to be had to the comming up of the Saxon Forces, without which they should fight upon unequall tearmes.

These reasons though strongly maintained, were notwith∣standing confuted by the King, with lively Arguments made good by the heat of his desire, and by his will. Too much presuming upon a mans selfe-darkens the wisedome of the wisest.

Hee replyed that Pappenheime was very farre off; that Walesteines Army was now dis∣membred, both of Men and Commanders, and that it did not ex∣ceed the number of 30000 fighting men; that this might be said to be an occasion offered by fortune, which ought to be taken by the foretop▪ setting upon the Enemy before he should be more incou∣raged by accesse of greater Forces; for that Walesteine being beaten, they might be sure to beat Pappenheime; that to expect the com∣ming of the Saxons and Lunibergheses, was a certaine losse of time, and an appearance of fearing the Enemy; that the same time which went to the bringing of them unto the Swedes, did not inhibit Pap∣penheime and others from joyning with the Roman-Catholiques, so as they should be still upon the same tearmes; that in warre occasion

was not to be fore-slowed; that Fortune was painted with a lock in the fore-head, to shew she ought to be layd hold off; that there was no fitter time to set upon an Enemy, then when he was discovered to be apprehensive; that Walesteine was so; who by fortifying him∣selfe, indeavoured to shunne giving Battell; that he himselfe would shew the way to any one that should be backward; that temporising was then good when advantage might be had by delay; that when an Enemy hath put on feare, he must not be suffered to dis-robe him∣selfe thereof; and on the contrary, when ones owne men are incou∣raged, the time which timely shewes it selfe ought not to be let slip.

These speeches comming feelingly from a King, kept all his Com∣manders from opposing them; and for that it was a nationall cu∣stome for Subjects to suit with the inclination of their Princes, they durst say no more in opposition, either not to seem cowards by disswa∣ding from a businesse that bore danger with it, or lest the King should take the more notice of such as did oppose his reasons. Therefore, eve∣ryone applauding what he had said, they speedily withdrew themselves to their Colours, to order their Battaglions, and to incourage their people. Wherefore the King hasting upon the first entrance of Lut∣zen fields, did thus order his Army.

The plaine of Lutzen, extends it selfe for the space of one League from the North to the South, and is girt about from the West to the North by certaine Woods, which divide it from another plaine: towards the North-side thereof is the Village Cursits, which amidst the descent of a pleasant Strond that runnes in Crookes, sometimes more, sometimes lesse, is rather an Ornament, then hinderance unto it: Amidst certain Hills there lyes another space of ground towards the South-East, which parteth Cursits and Lutzen; on the East-side stands Lutzen, from whence a plaine arising, the space between the East and South is back't by a delightfull ascent of Hills: The broadest part of the plaine falling downe betweene the West and the South, af∣fords a Prospect not bounded by the eye: About a League from Lut∣zen lyeth a ridge of Hills environed by a little Rivolet; thence from West to East there runs a Trench almost demolish't; at the end whereof, not farre from the Village stands a little house, which serves for a shelter to the Inhabitants of four Wind-mils seated on the ridge of those Hills.

Upon the left wing of the Vanguard led on by his Majestie, who kept before it with some of his Domestick Servants, not attired like a Prince, but clad in plaine Spanish Leather, upon a dapple gray Horse, were 3000 Horse, all Gothes and Findlanders (old Souldiers) divided into six Squadrons, under the Colonells, Vansleben, Ruthen, and Wistumb, Gentlemen of tryed experience; amongst which were ming∣led five Rankes of Musquetiers, betweene the one and the other Flank to play upon the Enemies Horse, before they should come within Pi∣stol-shot: All these were well mounted, armed with Curasses, Pistols and broad Swords like Faulchions, which being drawn, and held up by them in their bridle-hand, did by the reflection of the Sunne, adde to

the lustre of their Squadrons, and to the terror of the lookers on: These were followed by foure Battaglions of Dutch and Swedish Foot, who marching in equall distances, from the one Flanke to the other, were appoynted for the reserve, part of them in black Cassocks, part in Yellow, under 28 Ensignes, all garnished with the Kings Armes, to which were joyn'd the Regiments of Vincher, Reglingem, and Duke Waymer, led on by Vildesteime, under 18 Ensignes; these were all commanded by Count Waissemburg a Duch-man, who marched with his Pike in his hand foure paces before them; In the Battle it selfe, o∣ther foure Bodies of Foot marched with a large Front; and these marched after the former, so as they might without confusion enter in∣to the voyd place of the one or the other Flanks; they belonged to the Regiments of Stechnits, Breesteime, Lunisteime, Steimbech, and Ha∣nalt, all of them chiefe heads of the Army, under 34 Ensignes, led on by these Commanders clothed in glittering apparell, (an observation had in time of Battell, that they might be the better knowne) with each of them a Pike in his hand. On the left Flank were other 3000 Dutch Horse divided into six Squadrons, furnished with Curasses, Pistols, Swords, and Pole-axes, which had on the one side a Hammer, and on the other a wreathen poynt of Iron, wherwithall to throw Troo∣pers off Horse••back, pulling them therewithall, either by their clothes, or by the buckles of their Armour. These were led on by Duke Bernard Waymer, who rid before them on a Sorrell Horse, with a Curasse on his back, & accompanied with two Cornets of Gentlemen of worth, who desirous to learne the art of warfare kept neer him, and amongst these were five Ranks of Musquetiers, mingled for the afore∣said purpose; amongst which were the Regiments of the Kings Guard, under 22 Standards of the Colonells Coleberg, Curlander, Branghells, Wishawsem, and Corfilice: Afore the right Flanke were 20 pieces of field Cannon placed, and as many before the left, to shoot bags of Bullets; the greater Artillery, to the number of 26. Being placed in the mid'st of the Front of the Foot Battaglions; Marshall Kniphausen led on the Reare mounted on a browne Bay▪ composed of English, Scottish, and French Regiments, belonging to the Colonells Mila••i Chrestorfe, Torre, Hassia, Kniphausen, Offckercken, and Duke William of Waymer, under 52 Ensignes, divided into foure Bodies, soure in a square forme, foure with a long Front, and often Squadrons of Horse and Dragoones, five upon the right hand commanded by the Colo∣nells Oemens, Bosse, Isalers, and Agafelt, before which, Armed at all pieces, did the Baron Offckercken march, and amongst these divers Rankes of Musquetiers. The left Wing likewise conteined five Squadrons of Horse belonging to the Regiments of Peckerman, Ba∣larches, Galdesteim, Plato, and Duke William of Waymers; on the Front whereof marched these Gentlemen, followed by some of their Com∣rades, very well Armed and Horst. His Army being thus ordered, and having called before him all the chiefe of his Army, and acquain∣ted them with what orders he intended to have kept that day, com∣manding Psalmes to be sung throughout the whole Campe, and Pray∣ers to be made to God for Victory, he got upon an ambling Nag,

spotted blacke and white, and twice rode about and surveyed all his Squadrons, enlivening them all with his affable behaviour, sweetnesse of speech, and cheerfull countenance, telling them how confidently he relyed upon their knowne valour, how weake the Enemy was, in∣couraging them through the hope of bootie, this being the end of all their labours, the perfection of their glory, and the accomplishment of their greatnesse, which when they should obteine, nothing could stand betweene them and the Crowne of Victory; whereunto, being by all of them answered with joyfull acclamations, it was observed that some, as if they had presaged what was to insue, said unto him;

Oh Sir, have a care of your Person, and feare not us; to which he answering, "My Valiant and beloved Compagnions, wee have hitherto had but our first course, courage, now we are to expect the banquet; and making the Baggage women and boyes, who were mingled amongst the Troopes to be set a farre off, he himselfe being got upon a dun Horse, the Army moved (enheartned by the sound of warlike instruments, and with cheerfull martiall-like phrases, where∣by every one was incouraged) and thus he advanced towards the Cae∣sarians.

Neither was Walesteine wanting in vigilancy, but having recei∣ved newes that Pappenheim had faced about, and was marching apace towards him, having calculated the time aright, and finding that he would come in very opportunely, he advised with his chief Cōmanders, whether he should resolve to give the King Battell, or keepe undeneath Leypzig, and indeavour to overcome the Enemy, rather by Famine then by Sword. They all resolved upon fighting, and that they should in no wayes turne their backe upon the Swedes, who would thereby be the more incouraged seeing their King march't resolutely in their Front. He therefore upon the breake of day drew forth his Army likewise, and appeared in Battell array before the Swedish Vanguard, who with their Field Cannon were now in sight; and towards noone were come neer Lutzen, about the Wind-mils; Walesteine had upon his left Flanke a great Squadron of Crabats and Hungarians mounted up∣on very fleet Horses, commanded by Isolani, with 28 Standards of various Colours; after which, followed three Squadrons of Curas∣siers belonging to Cornemberg, Ghetz, Deffart, Tersica and Bredaw. The Front of the Battell was a great body of Foot belonging to Count Bertaldo Walesteine, Chisisa, Colorido, and Duke Lavell, men of experienced wisedome, with 25 severall Ensignes, before which seven peeces of great Cannon were drawne, and behind them marched two other Battaglions of Foot, drawne out of the Regiments of Gallasse, Grana, Holke, Gu••is, Contees, Prainer, and other Colonells, all of them Gentlemen of great hope, and good birth, under 32 Colours: These Foot were back't on the right hand by Squadrons of Horse belonging to Octavius Picolomini, Marquesse Gonsaga, Strozzi, and Coronino, (all of them valiant Gentlemen, and reputed for the best Sword-men of all the Army) under 24 Standards, followed by many Ranks of Mus∣quetiers; and neere these, above the Wind-mills, the way was shut up by other two Squadrons of Horse belonging to Count Ierome Coloredo,

Rachemburg, Spor, Schamburg, and Offcuts, all of them Chieftaines of good esteem under 33 Cornets who had neere unto them another Battaglion of Foot newly raised by the Baron Done, Montecuculi and Tersica, under 16 Ensignes guarded behinde with a Squadron of Cra∣bats and Dragoones under 15 Standards of Frocats a Gentleman of worth. Another body of Foot marched in the Reare commanded by the Counts, Maximilian Walesteine, (the Generals Nephew) Contrees and other two Regiments of Fucary, and the Duke of Sacen, with 22 Ensignes; and upon the left wing hereof other 3 Squadrons of Cura∣siers under 30 Standards led by the Colonels Maracini and Harcourt, and these were flanked by 10 other Ensignes of Crabats and Hungari∣ans. The Artillery with a good guard of Muskettiers was placed over the ditch in the field, and 17 other pieces upon the little hill neer the Wind-mils. Gallasse marched in the Van, having on his right Flanke and on his left the Serjeant Majors generall of the Battaile, Cornemberg and Deffart. Offcutz led on the Foot, the Generalissimo Walesteine followed in the midst of the Battaile accompanied by Prin∣ces of Tuscany, by Michena Commissary-generall, and by an infinite number of Counts and Voluntiers; Count Shamburg, and Rinoch commanded the left Wing of the Battaile, and the Seignior d'Harcourt, and Diodati Quarter-Master generall, brought up the Reare. Walesteine having thus ordered his Army and acquainted all his Commanders with what orders hee would have kept in fighting with the King, after he had caused Masse to be Celebrated through his whole Camp, and had incouraged his Souldiers with words expressing hope, honour, and greatnesse, He lighted out of his Coach, and moun∣ted a brown-bay Gennet expecting to be set upon by the Swedes.

The Horse by this time began to exchange Pistoll-shot on both sides, and the Imperialists Artillery began to play a pace upon the ene∣mies Squadrons in the Flanke, and the Kings saluted the Imperialists, who upon the rise of the hill lay open to the annoyance of the hale of bullets which flew from their Cannon, so as the Fray began to be ve∣ry hot; for the Foot being come to the brinke of the Ditch, and in their advancing, orderly discharging their Muskets, the King Commanded the Regiments of his Guard to passe over it, and he himselfe was in readinesse to second them with 4 Squadrons of Horse of the right Wing. Here the Files of the Swedes battaglions being opened, and the Field pieces loaded with bags of Musket-bullets playing upon the Caesarians, and very much gawling them, the Swedes were ready to passe over; but 4 battaglions of the Romanists standing close to their tackling, made good by the Horse, letting showers of Musket-shot fly upon the Swedes with their Cannon bearing downe whole Files of the Enemy, and with their Pikes sloaped throwing them down from the top of the Trench, and one File supplying the place of another, the fight grew to that heat as it lasted for halfe an houre; when the Swedes not able to passe over (hindred by the ditch & Muskets playing upon them) began to give backe▪ but the King, who stood looking on expecting the issue, that when these should have made the way, hee with the Horse might follow upon the Imperialists, foreseeing what

prejudice such a retreat might make▪ thrusting on the Regiments of Count de Torre, and the Prince of Hannault, nay, lighting off horse himselfe and taking a Pike in his hand, he made towards them, crying out unto them;

And what is become of my Soulders valour? who having waded through so many Rivers, scaled so many Wals, and overcome so many difficulties, cannot now win a dry ditch?

these words so much inheartened the Souldiers, as that joyntly answering,

Ah Sir, keep your Majesty aloofe off, and feare not us who are your faithfull Servants, have onely a care unto your selfe, and leave the care of this to us, they threw themselves headlong downe into the ditch;

where the Austrians no lesse incouraged by Walesteines arivall, who reproving them, fo•• that they should (having a breast worke to defend them) feare that Enemy, which upon equall tearmes they had made no account of; and putting his Captains in minde, that now it was time to give proofe of their valour, and experience; and every one of them being much more ambitious of being accounted valiant, then fearfull of death, making good their stations and incouraging each other, the Battaile grew so fierce that th'one and th'other of them breaking their Pikes and bloudying their Swords, great was the slaughter, the groanes of the wounded horrible, the losse of compa∣nions deplorable, and the number of dead bodyes nauseous and a hin∣derance; at last the Swedes incouraged each other with loud shouts of Victory, Victory, and the Regiments of Winchell, and Sticknitz com∣ming in unto them, the following Files making good the place of those that were slaine in the former, they got at last through the Trench, and passed on into the midst of Walesteines Forces. Here the Caesarian Horse hasting in, in close rankes, and giving upon the Swedes Foot, with their Swords in hand, who were not seconded by their Horse, by reason of the difficultie they found in descending the ditch, yet with their Musket-shot and Pikes withstanding the vio∣lence of the Enemy, and charging upon the Imperialists Horse, com∣ming on all sides close up unto them and breaking their first Rankes, the Imperialists broke in upon them with such violence, as that the wounded and halfe dead being by the Horse trod underfoot, and the strong and able cut in pieces by the Sword, both these Battaglions were little lesse then consumed, with so much honour though, as that witnessing their loyalty, and writing it in Characters of bloud, it is worthy observation, that many Souldiers as they lay gasping and gi∣ving up the ghost did notwithstanding with their Swords pricke the horses in the bellyes that trampled upon them, making it thereby be seen that the apprehension of death accompanies not valiant Soul∣diers to their grave. But the Swedish Horse being by this time come in to second their Companions, and the King supplying the fight with new Battaglions of Foot; and the Imperialists being no lesse diligent on their sides, the Battaile grew hotter then before, one Battaglion fighting with another not onely with Muskets but with Pikes, yea single Swords. Whil'st on this side blowes were thus dealt about, the Duke of Waymer appeared no lesse hardy on the other side, nor the Imperialists lesse couragious, for Levisteimes, Steimbechs, and Bristeimes

Foot being advanced against Granas, Fucari, Holke, and Prainers Re∣giments led on by Gallasse, the hurley burley was no lesse violent on this side then on the right Flanke. For the Swedish Foot, giving on in close Rancks upon the Millers houses, and the Ditch manfully made good by the Romanists, and the Caesarian Cannon from the Wind-mills, and the Swedish Cannon which were planted just against them, playing reciprocally one upon another, though the Imperialists shot, playing upon the Swedes on the Flanke, did them small hurt, yet were they so withstood by Musquet shot, and by the valour of the Austrian Commanders, as Waymer seeing he was not able to effect his intended designe, left Caleburgh, Corlander, and Theishansem, for a Conduct to the Foot, whilst he in the head of Corfilier, and Franghels Regiment, seconded by Vildesteimes Regiment of Foot, facing about to that part which lyes betweene L••••zen and the Wind-mills, fell upon the Impe∣rialists on the flanke, and so renewed the fight, which grew so hot on all sides, as nothing but clouds of smoake and lightnings of fire were to be discerned. At this time when the victory though very bloudy, appeared most on the Swedish side, the King being advertised that Pap∣penheimes men began now to appeare, and had already charged some of the light Horse of the Rear-guard; surprised at this unexpected ac∣cident, and madded to see so much time spent in passing the ditch Wa∣lestein had made, (& which he thought not would have been of such use) galloped to the Front of the Rear, and having given the Comman∣ders charge what orders they should keep in fighting with these fresh Forces of Pappenheim, longing to know their state and condition, though the Baron Offchercheim Lieutenant-generall of the Horse, cryed out unto him more then once,

I beseech you Sir, set not so small a value upon your owne life, I beg it here of you in the midst of all your Army, and do it for the common good of all your Soul∣diers and Servants, leave the care of discovering the Enemies con∣dition to me, and to this Sword▪ yet not weighing his words nor the supplications of the rest, but spurring forward with some of his domesticke Servants, and with the Regiment of Horse which was then his owne Guard, having discryed the Enemy, and being with some few advanced to discover them, a certaine Troop of Horse of Picco∣lominies Regiment being sent before with other bands of Horse to hasten Pappenheim•• to come and joine with them, to discover the Coun∣try, and learne the Swedes condition, meeting with him, who went in the head of his Regiment, and at their very first discharging of their Pi∣stols, fortune would so have it, as that one Bullet hit the King on the arme, and another underneath the right shoulder, wherewith falling from off his horse, he forthwith dyed.

That this was the end of so brave a King, no greater certaintie is knowne then from the mouth of a Page which was then with him; there being at that time but onely two more with him, who ran the same fortune as the King did; for he was so far before the Squadron that followed him, as that they could not see how the mischiefe happened.

The newes of this so great losse, being presently noysed throughout the Army, was likely to have bred some disorder, but Waymer cloaking

the businesse; by suffering his body to lye in the Field, and giving it out that he was not dead, but that he was taken Prisoner, and that it became his Souldiers to fight manfully that they might rescue him, the Swedes were so exasperated thereby, and the Commanders so in∣censed, as not thinking any death more glorious, then that wherein they should accompany their Lord & Master, They placed themselves in the heads of their Regiments, & Duke Waymer in particular placed himself in the head of the Blew Regiment, & recōmending the fight a∣bout the Wind-mils, to Ruthen and Waisemberg, advanced towards Pap∣penheim. So likewise did all the other Commanders against Walesteines Squadrons, who though they were with equall valour withstood by the Imperialists, yet were the Imperialists thereby much indammaged. Pappenheim, who in the head of his Vangard flew upon the Swedes that were led on by Kniphausen, in the beginning of the conflict was woun∣ded with a Cannon-shot, whereof he shortly after dy'd, as he was car∣ryed in a Coach towards Stalla to be cured.

The losse of this Commander was no lesse direfull to the Caesarian Campe, then was the losse of the King to the Swedes; wherefore Wa∣lesteine dispatched suddenly a Piemontesse Captaine to Major Gene∣rall Rinoch, with order, that he should charge with the Horse that was kept for reserve suddenly upon the Swedes, who were in some confusion by reason of their Kings death, which Waymer could not keep concea∣led. The Piemontesse inquired of Rinoch how affaires went, who an∣swered, very ill-favouredly, for that Pappenheim had received his deaths wound, and the Battell was lost, which though he said it onely to him, yet was it suddenly noysed abroad through the whole Campe, who were thereat struck with feare. So as Rinoch, that he might not hazard his men but upon some ground, and that he might see what the issue of the Battaile would be, kept his station, observing which way the fortue of the day would incline, before he would further ingage himselfe, and instead of falling upon the Enemy, forbore further ad∣vancing, which was a great cause of the Swedes safety, for many of the Roman-Catholique Commanders and Souldiers being hereby cast downe and afraid, they began to give back, leaving the field to the Enemies Horse, which desperatly pursued them.

Walesteine, perceiving how his Souldiers ran towards Lutzen to save themselves, fired the Towne, aswell to obviat the disorder as for his farther security on that side; and he himselfe came to the head of his men, to make them fight again, with threatning punishment, and promising reward; but it was impossible for him to make them stand, such feare had Pappenheime's death infused into them, and a rumour that said the Battaile is lost, we are all undone. Piccolominy seeing the confusion, and facing the Enemy, though he had tired foure horses and was now upon the fift, and though his bloud ran downe through the wounds he had received, and that he was desired by the other Com∣manders to retire himselfe, to whom he answered,

that bloud shed upon such occasions hightens glory, and gives proofe of loyalty;

no whit declining in his resolution, but incouraging his men, and ga∣thering unto them those who were else-where disbanded, and forsaken

by their owne Commanders, shewed himselfe miraculously worthy, and made it appeare that in times of greatest danger generous minded men ought to give testimony of their valour. This did abate the Ene∣mies eagernesse, and afforded Walesteine and Gallasse opportunity to re-order some confused Squadrons, and to withstand the Swedes Charge; who being acertained of their Kings death, and the Imperi∣alists being again reunited, there falling at that very instant likewise (which was about an houre before Sun-set) a very thicke fog or mist, which played the part of a charitable mediatresse, they fearing lest by further ingaging themselves they might run upon some disadvan∣tage, resolved to make a stand, and to make good their ground, and presse no further forward. Walesteine likewise finding himselfe aban∣doned by many of his Captaines, some of which were fled, some dead, and some wounded, and all his Camp full of confusion for Pap∣penheimes death, (who was generally beloved) and that neither he nor his Commands were obeyed, resolved to keep in his station without any further attempt; so as the one and the other of them contenting themselves with the advantage of their situations, they afterwards with-drew into their owne quarters. Thus ended the Battaile of Lut∣zen, fought on the 16^th of November, which was not partiall either to the one or to the other side, for each of them kept master of their own ground, and the losse was in a manner equall. Yet was the Kings death prised by the Caesarians, at as high a rate as whatsoever victory, and so indeed it proved, for with him perished the Swedes good fortune, the Souldiers obedience ceased, disorders sprung up▪ dissentions were bred amongst Commanders, and ambition of precedency, diversity of opinions, difference of Counsels, envy of actions, and dissonancy of confederacyes were stirred up.

There perished in this dayes fight of both sides about 10000 Soul¦diers, it is not known of which side most, and many Colonels and Commanders of esteem, of which there were wounded of the Impe∣rialists side (who afterwards dyed) Bartaldo Walesteine, and Colonell Chiese; and of the Swedes, Brundesteim, Winckell, and divers others: the action lasted from Sun rising to an houre before Sun set; the grea∣test slaughter and execution was about noone; the Imperialists left some pieces of great Cannon upon the field, for want of horses to draw them off; the Baggage was not touched either by the one, or the other side; yet 'tis true the Imperialists baggage was much damnifi∣ed by fire, which lightning in the Ammunition blew up many, and slew many that were the Guard thereof.

The end of the fourth Book.

Notes

• LIB. 4. 1632.
• August.
• October.
• Sept. 4.
• Sept. 15.
• Nov. 16.