Musæum regalis societatis, or, A catalogue and description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham Colledge made by Nehemiah Grew ; whereunto is subjoyned The comparative anatomy of stomachs and guts by the same author.

PART III. Of Minerals.

SECT. I. Of STONES.

CHAP. I. Of ANIMAL BODIES PETRIFY'D; and such like.

IT hath been much disputed, and is not yet resolv'd, of many subterraneal Bodies, which have the semblance of Animals, or Parts of them, Whether they were ever such, or no. And I am not ignorant of the Arguments offer'd on both hands. If I may speak my own sense a little, Why not? Is there any thing repugnant in the matter? Why not a petrify'd Shell, as well as wood? Or is the place? If Shells are found under ground, far from Sea, or in Hills, unchanged; as we are sure they are; then why not petrify'd? Or is the form, to which no Species of Shells doth answer? The assertion is precarious: no man can say, how many are known to some one or other; much less, how many are not known: I have reason to believe, that scarce the one half of the under Species of Shells are known to this day. And so for Artisicials: if Coyns are found, every day under ground, then why not sometimes also Pictures, and other Works, in time petri∣fy'd? And although Nature doth often imitate her self; yet to make her in any case to imitate Art, is unphiloso∣phical and absurd: for the one, a natural reason may be given, not for the other.

On the other side: although Nature cannot be said to imitate Art: yet it may fall out, that the effects of both may have some likeness. Those white Concretions which the Italians, from the place where they are found, call Confetti de Tibuli, are sometimes so like round Confects, and the rough kind of Sugar'd-Almonds, that by the eye they cannot be distinguish'd. To call these Petrify'd Sugar-Plums, were senseless. What if we find in some Stones under ground the likeness of a Cross? Doth not Sal Ammoniac often shoot into millions of little ones? Or do we find in other Stones the resemblance of Plants? Why not naturally there, as well as, in Frosty Weather, upon Glass Windows? Or as Salts sometimes figure themselves (as Sir Th. Brown, a 1.1 and Dr. Daniel Cox b 1.2 observe) into some likeness to the Plants whereof they are made. Nay, why not too, a Face, or other Animal Form? Since we see that there are divers Palm-Nuts which have the like. That the Volatile Salt of Harts-Horn, will shoot it self into the likeness of little branched Horns. That of Flesh or Blood, into the shape of little flat fibrous Tendons or Muscles, as I have often observ'd. And though I have not seen it my self, yet I have been told by one c 1.3 that doth not use to phancy things, that the Volatile Salt of Vipers, will figure it self into the semblance of little Vipers. But there can be no convincing Argument given, why the Salts of Plants, or Animal Bodies, washed down with Rains, and lodged under ground; should not there be disposed into such like figures, as well as above it? Probably, in some cases, much better, as in a colder place; and where therefore the Work not being done in a hurry, but more slowly, may be so much the more regu∣lar. I shall now come to the Particulars, and leave the Reader to judge of them.

Part of the Upper JAW of a strange HEAD, toge∣ther with some fragments of other Bones, and three very Great Double TEETH, or Grinders, all supposed to be of the same Animal. Found, about twelve years since, seventeen feet under Ground, in Chartham a Village three miles from Canterbury. The Ground within twelve Rods of the River running thither, and so to Sandwich-Haven. An Account hereof is written by Mr. William Somner: yet without a Description of the Jaw. But supposing it to be part of

the Head of an Hippopotamus, takes occasion thence for a Discourse, wherein he endeavours to prove, That all the low Ground from the East-Kentish shore, to Romney-Marsh, was once under Water, and an Arm of the Sea. Published, since his Death, by his Brother Mr. John Somner: in whose Ground these Bones were dig'd up; and by whom they were bestowed upon this Musaeum.

This Jaw-Bone, is only part of the far Cheek; about fifteen inches long, and seven where deepest: yet part of both the ends, and the Sockets of the Teeth are broken off. The Orbit of the Eye, neither so round, nor so big, as in the Hippopotamus: yet the Teeth far bigger. For the bigest Grinder in the Head of the Hippopotamus here preserv'd, is less than six inches about: one of these, near eight. And 'tis much, if they belonged to that Animal, that none of the long Cutters which grow before (as is represented in Tab. 1.) should be found with them.

Besides, in that Skull of the said Animal, the Orbits of the Eye stand so high, and the Forehead lies so low, that it looks like a Valley between two Hills: whereas in this Bone, the Forehead evidently stands higher than the Eye. The Knob also at the Corner of the Eye in this Bone, is six times as big, as in the said Skull. Although this perhaps, as well as the tuberousness of the Bone in some places, may be the effect of its lying so long under ground; as if it were there∣by a little swell'd in those places: for they are more rare and soft, than the other, and the whole Bone, than the Skull of any grown Animal not bury'd. Considering all toge∣ther, it seems to me more likely to belong to a Rhinoceros, for the being whereof in this Country, we have as much ground to suppose it, as of the Hippopotamus. See Wormius's Description of the Double Tooth a 1.4 of a Rhinoceros.

A PETRIFY'D CRAB. Carcinites. It seems to be of the undulated kind; whereof see the Description in Ronde∣letius. 'Tis very hard and solid, and as heavy as a Pebble. Yet dissoluble with Acids. There is one pretty like this in Aldrovandus, b 1.5 under the Name of Pagurus lapideus. And another in Besler.

A FISH-MOLD. Ichthyites in modum Typi. There are several figures of Fishes in Stones in Besler, Aldrovandus, and Moscardo. In Aldrovandus also of the Heads of Birds,

Beasts and Men, in Flints. Septalius hath a Head in Mar∣ble. And Mr. Boyle a 1.6 a Pebble with a Serpent (all but the Head) perfectly shap'd, and coyl'd up in it. All these (except perhaps the last) are either semblances on a Plain, or at least in solid Stones. But this here is hollow, and was so found in the Island-Sea. About five inches long; now split into two halfs, like those of a casting Mould. On the insides of which, are fairly impress'd the form of the Spine, with the Ribs, Fins, and Tail, of a Fish. With∣out, a long Plate of the same substance, grows to each side; and others cross to these: as if to the Mould of the Fish, were also added that of its Funeral Cloaths.

This Stone, for consistence, is like that called Saxum Limosum, soft, inequal, and unpolishable. Of a blewish hue, like that of Tobacco-Pipe Clay, with some very small glossy Grains intermixed. Not only Spirit of Nitre, but Oil of Vitriol droped upon it, dissolves it, and is excited into a violent Effervescence. But the Saxum Limosum stirs not with any Acid. So that it is to be rank'd amongst the Gypso-limosa, or Calcilimosa.

A petrify'd BONE, taken out of a Gravel-pit in St. James Fields, above eight yards deep.

A Stone like the VERTEBRA of a Fish. Given by Sir Philip Skippon. It may be called SPONDYLITES.

Part of the SPINE of another Fish, consisting of seve∣ral Vertebrae. 'Tis hard and ponderous; yet dissoluble with Acids. It breaks flaky, as the Lapis Judaicus, and many others, or with plain and glossy sides.

The TOOTH of a TIGER, growing to a kind of Lime∣stone. 'Tis about as big as that described in the First Part, and of the same shape and colour.

A square crooked TOOTH, not much unlike that of a Bevir.

A very great DOUBLE TOOTH or GRINDER. 'Tis about five inches long, and two broad; twice as big as a Sea-Horse's. The stumps seem to have been saw'd off. The top divided into several Points and Ridges, as other double Teeth. Of a greyish colour and glossy; ponderous, and hard as a Flint or the hardest Pebble.

ANOTHER of the same shape, but not an inch long. Besler hath one like this, under the Name of Pseudocorona Anguina.

The SHARKS TOOTH. Glossopetra: so call'd, for that these Stones were fabled by some to be the Tongues of Serpents, in the Isle Malta or Melita, turn'd into Stones ever since St. Paul Preached there. But the English Name, is much more answerable to the shape. Which yet is va∣rious, as well as the size and colour; as ash-colour'd or black, long or broad, strait or crooked, with the edges toothed or plain. Of the brown, strait, indented and broader sort here are several very great ones. One, three inches broad; and four, long: with the exerted part, smooth; the Root, rough. Every way, in shape, so like the Tooth of a Shark, that one Tooth cannot be liker to another. Yet if it be such, then by comparing those in the Head of a Shark, with This, That to which This be∣long'd, to bear a just porportion, must have been about six and thirty feet in length.

A GLOSSOPETRA, growing to a stony Bed. 'Tis of a lightish colour: and was brought as is supposed, from Melita.

ANOTHER, of a lesser sort. The Root of this is rough, as of the rest. But not expanded with the exerted part, as is usual, but of a globular Figure.

These Stones are dissoluble with any Acid. Whereby it appears, That (besides such Metallick Principles they are sometimes tinctur'd with) they abound with an Alkalizate-Salt. They are found not only in Melita, but in Germany, and many other places. Figur'd by Aldrovandus a 1.7 and by others.

DRAGONS TEETH. Given by Sir Phil. Skippon. Glossopetrae Claviculares. So I call them, because they seem to be of the same kind; and are long and slender, somewhat like a small Nail; and much more like a Tongue (sc. of some small Bird) than any of the former.

The GOATS-HORN. Tephrites Boetij; from its ashen colour. Selenites Cardani; from its almost Semilunar Figure. Inwardly, 'tis of a blewish Grey. Outwardly, mixed with oblique and white streaks. Of a bended figure, yet with one end thicker than the other, not unlike a Goats Horn; whence I have taken leave for the English Name. Broken at both ends, yet above ½ a foot long, and two inches and ¼ where broadest. The Belly or inward Ambit,

an inch over, and furrow'd; the Back somewhat edged. 'Tis found in Germany, Moravia, Silesia, and other Parts.

A Scruple a 1.8 hereof in powder, is an excellent Sudorifick▪ Spirit of Nitre droped hereon, dissolveth it with an Effervescence.

The FISHES EYE. Ophthalmites. A parcel of them given by Sir Philip Skippon. 'Tis a kind of Pisolythus. But by some of them, the Humors of the Eye, with the Tunica Uvea, and therein the Iris, are not ill represented: for which reason I have plac'd them here.

SOME other Varieties, from the same Hand.

The HERMAPHRODITE. Commonly called Hyste∣rolithos. By Pliny, b 1.9 Diphyes, more properly; as repre∣senting, in some sort, the Pudenda of both Sexes. Well described by Wormius. 'Tis a black Stone, not much broader than Half a Crown; very hard, and dissoluble with no Acid. Accounted an Amulet against Hysterical Fits.

Another of the same shape, but lesser.

A soft BUTTON-STONE. Echinites albus. Given by Sig^r Boccone. Of these Stones there is some variety, with several Names, but confounded by Authors. They all agree, in having some likeness to the shell of the Button-Fish. This resembles that most with all small prickles. Of a white colour. Not very hard, and dissoluble, with Acids. See an excellent Figure hereof in Calceolarius's Musaeum.

Another of the same Species and colour:

THUNDER-STONE or hard Button-Stone. Brontias. So called, for that people think they fall sometimes with Thunder. Yet different from the Ceraunias. This is shaped like a little round Cake. Very hard and indissolu∣ble with Acids; being a kind of yellowish and opacous Pebble.

Another, a lesser one of the same Species.

A THIRD, also very hard (as all of them are) but Se∣miperspicuous.

A FOURTH, which is a whitish FLINT, stained with blew specks.

A FIFTH, a small one, and having a little flinty Stone growing to the middle of it on both sides. This particu∣larly resembling Gesner's Ombrias. c 1.10 Or the Stone sent him by the Name of Lapis Hyaeniae. d 1.11

A SIXTH, somewhat oblong and striated all round about.

The SERPENTS EGG. Ovum Anguinum. From the roundness, and form of Snakes Tailes pointing upward, and towards the middle of the Stone. This also is an Echinites, and by Ferranti Imperato called Histrix Marinus petrisica∣tus. Agricola makes it a sort of Brontias. It most resembles that sort of Button-Fish, with several Orders of great Knobs or Prickle-Bases, divided by lesser; described in the First Part of this Catalogue.

A STONE with the SIGNATURE of a Button-Fish upon it. So that it was once a Bolus or Clay.

The soft OVAL HELMET STONE. Given by Sig^r. Boccone. So I name it from its similitude to the shell of the Echinus Spatagus, a 1.12 which the English call Helmet—Fish. Oval, to distinguish it from the Conick. Soft, as being very brittle, and easily dissoluble with Acids. Several of these Stones are figur'd by Aldrovandus, b 1.13 with the Name of Scolopendrites. And some leaves after, divers others not much unlike, with that of Pentaphyllites from its likness in some part also to the Cinquefoyle.

ANOTHER of the same kind, with four narrow Fur∣rows, composed of fine short Rays, and meeting in the form of a Cross; to which a fifth is added, more broad. 'Tis somewhat hard, yet dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

The HARD OVAL HELMET-STONE. 'Tis an opa∣cous Flint, and of a dark colour. But figur'd as the former.

ANOTHER, also flinty, and opacous; but betwixt citrine and yellow.

A THIRD, opacous and white.

A FOURTH, with one half, opacous and yellow; the other, whitish and Semiperspicuous.

A FIFTH, somewhat rounder and more depressed than the former; and may therefore more particularly be called Pentaphyllites. Some of these Ambrosinus c 1.14 hath misplaced with the Astroites.

The blunt CONICK HELMET-STONE. It hath, as it were, the Signature of the Echinus Spatagus. But rises up in the form of a Cone. Of which Figure I have not

yet seen any shell. The top is blunt, and of a middle height. Encompassed with five double pricked Rows, all meeting in the fore part of the Belly. The spaces betwixt which, are cancellated much after the manner of the Sea-Tortoise∣shell. 'Tis a perfect Flint, brown without, and whitish within.

ANOTHER of the same sort, with bigger pointed Rows.

A THIRD, of the same Figure, but soft, sc. of a kind of Limy substance, or that of Gypsum.

The SHARP CONICK HELMET-STONE. 'Tis a Semipellucid Flint. Surrounded with five double pointed Rows, meeting not only on the top, but also at the centre of the Base or Belly. Besler figures a small Conick Helmet, by the name of Echinites: a great one, by that of Scolo∣pendrites. And several Species hereof are also figur'd by Al∣drovandus. a 1.15 None of the flinty or other hard Helmet Stones make any ebullition with Acids.

The HELIX or Stone Nautilus; as from its Figure it may not improperly be nam'd. Cornu Ammonis; From Jupiter Ammon, pictur'd with Horns. Here are several of them, both in size, shape, and substance distinct. I find no Author describing them much broader than the ball of a mans hand. The highest Boetius reckons, about three pounds in weight. But in this Musaeum there is one near two yards in circumference, and proportionably thick. Of an Ash-colour, and somewhat gritty substance. The several Rounds, as it were, carved with oblique waves. Given by the Right Honourable Henry Duke of Norfolk. With,

ANOTHER GREAT CORNU AMMONIS almost as big, sc. about five feet round about.

A SMALL CORNU AMMONIS, of an ashen colour, and softish substance: yet dissoluble only with Nitrous Acids. It maketh but one or two Rounds; ratably, far more swelling, than in the other kinds.

ANOTHER, of a soft and whitish substance; dissoluble in any Acid, and consisting of several Rounds.

A THIRD, growing upon a Stone of a like substance. Figur'd in Calceolarius's Musaeum, and that of Olearius; in both under the Name of a Petrify'd Serpent.

The CASED CORNU AMMONIS. The outer part

of this is dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre: of a shining black∣ish colour, thin, and as it were the shell of the far greater part within it. This also is very glossy, and transparent as Glass. Of a brittle substance, breaking into square flakes, like those of a flaky Spar. Yet no Acid will stir it.

The HARD CORNU AMMONIS. 'Tis a perfect whitish and pellucid Flint. These Stones are found in Germany.

Note, that if one of these Stones be broken, the several Rounds will part so, as the ridges of one, and the answer∣able furrows of the other, are apparent.

Likewise, that in some of them, there is not only a ridge, but a round part about as thick as the biggest string of a Tenor Viol, winding round between two Circumvolutions, as the Medulla Spinalis runs within the Back-Bone.

The Helick SERPENT-STONE. Ophites Ammoneus. See the Description hereof in Wormius, with the Title of Lapis Sce∣leton Serpentinum ferens. 'Tis of kin to the Cornu Ammonis; wrought all over with Striae, imitating the Scales of a Ser∣pent. In some parts of This, rather the jagged Leaves of a Plant. Of a pale Okre colour, but somewhat hard, and dissoluble only with Nitrous Spirits.

ANOTHER, which in the room of Scales or Leaves, is wrought all over, and as it were joynted, with sutures in the form of an s. obliquely waved from the rim towards the centre. Which Articulations are not only on the Sur∣face, but, as Wormius well notes, in its intimate parts. This is of a dark amber colour, and somewhat hard; yet maketh an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre.

The HELICK MARCASITE. Marcasita Ammonea. So I name it, for that it hath the same Figure with the Cornu Ammonis, and to the first of these in Boetius, is next a kin, if not the same. Yet appears to be a sort of Marcasite or Gold colour'd Fire-Stone; both by its Weight, and Cop∣peras Tast. And some of them are cover'd with Vitriolick Flowers. Ambrosinus a 1.16 figures two of these under the Title of Crysammonites: not so properly, as not having a grain of Gold in them.

The HELICK MARCHASITE, having shallow Furrows on the Rim.

ANOTHER, with some also channell'd.

A THIRD, with the utmost round far more swelling, than in the other kinds; having its Centre lying deep, and its front spread wide on both sides.

A FOURTH, of all, the most flat, and with a sharp or edged Rim. Wrought all over, with undulated Striae, al∣most as in the Serpent-Stone. These two last, particularly, figur'd in Aldrovandus. a 1.17

A FIFTH, with the Rounds, on one fide, all concave: so that it looks almost like one split through the middle.

A SIXTH, beded within a tuberated Fire-Stone.

Several small ones, of the kinds above-mentioned.

The SHORT WHIRLE-STONE. Trochites.

The LONG WHIRLE. Turbinites. There are several of them. In one, the several Rounds are hollow: a ground to believe it was once a shell.

The WHIRLED or SPIRAL MARCHASITE.

The CONICK SNAIL-STONE. Cochlites pyramidalis. Very brittle, and maketh an Effervescence with any Acid.

Divers others SNAIL-STONES; some of them of a Limy substance, others perfect Flint.

The SEA-OYSTER-STONE. Ostrites Cymbiformis. Shaped almost in the figure of a Boat. In the right side especially there is as it were the signature or seat of the Animal. So that one can hardly doubt of its being once a shell. Yet this kind of Stone is sometimes found many miles from Sea or any great River.

A Petrify'd Oyster and Wilk growing together.

A great petrify'd SCALLOP. Figur'd by Ambrosinus b 1.18 with the Name of Hippopectinites. Given with several more of the same bigness, by Mr. Wicks. 'Tis half a foot over. Many of the same kind were taken out of a great Rock in Virginia, forty miles from Sea or River.

The smaller PECTINITES, with smooth ridges.

ANOTHER, of a kind of Lead-colour. Dissoluble with Acids.

The Coralline PECTINITES, furrow'd, and wrought all over with the Species of fine Needle-WORK. Also so∣luble with Acids.

A blackish PECTINITES, a perfect Flint.

A soft Stone of a blewish grey, with part of the Belem∣nites growing to it on one side, and a Pectinites on the other.

A petrify'd COCLE immersed in a Flint.

The SMOOTH SPONDYLITES, with an Oblique Navle.

ANOTHER, with an Oblique Navle, all over striated.

A THIRD of the same, furrow'd.

A FOURTH, also furrow'd, and with the Navle sharper and more produced. So hard, as scarcely dissoluble with any Acid.

A FIFTH, with a strait Navle, and numerous Joynts.

The OXES HEART. Bucardia. So call'd from its figure. Described and figur'd by Ferranti Imperato, and others, and out of them by Wormius. 'Tis divided, by a ridge along the middle, into two halfs. Each of them having a prominent Knob, a little winding, somewhat like a Navle: so that it may not be improperly called Con∣chites umbilicatus. Figur'd by Besler with the name of Hysterapetra.

A SMOOTH CONCHITES, with an Oblique Navle, unequal sides, somewhat round, and fill'd with a Limy sub∣stance.

Part of one, filled with a sort of granulated Spar.

A smooth and round one, undulated.

ANOTHER, as hard as a Pebble; of a yellowish and pellucid red.

Another hard one, yet dissoluble with Acids.

Another, with the Margins of the two halfs furrow'd and indented one into the other.

A LONG CONCHITES, of a black colour.

Another, undulated, and white; filled with a black and yellow substance, which with Acids maketh a strong Effer∣vescence.

ANOTHER, compressed, and the end opposite to the Base, pointed, like the common form of a Heart: and may therefore be called Cardites. 'Tis of a Limy substance dis∣soluble with Acids.

A Broad equilateral CONCHITES, radiated.

Another, undulated, and radiated.

A Third, undulated, radiated, and circinated.

A Broad one, of a Limy substance, and fill'd with a flaky and glistering Spar.

The HIGH-WAVED CONCHITES; that is, where the middle of one Valve making a high and broad ridge, the other falls into it. 'Tis of a white Limy substance.

ANOTHER of the same, but shining and pellucid like a Spar. Dissoluble with Acids. I meet not with any shell of this form.

A little BIVALVOUS MARCASITE. Conchites Mar∣chasita.

The MUSCLE-STONE. Musculites. This is black and of an oblong Figure.

A Second, lesser and rounder.

Another of the same, more Concave.

A Third, broader, and more expanded.

A sort of MUSCULITES fill'd with Earth like Tobacco-Pipe Clay or Marle. Found amongst the earth of a Hill that was overturn'd at Kenebank in New England.

The square MUSCULITES. Musc. quadrilaterus. I have not yet met with any shell of answerable shape. 'Tis, as it were, bivalvous: and each Valve, hath two sides. Of the four, two are broader, and a little Convex, especially towards the Base, at the other end somewhat sharp: with oblique furrows, from the first to the last growing shorter. The other two, striated and plain, joyned with the former at obtuse Angles. Of a limy substance dissoluble with Acids.

The TOOTHLESS MUSCULE. Found, of several sizes, beded in a lump of Irish Slate: yet not petrify'd, but a perfect shell. It is of a rare kind, no where figured or men∣tion'd, that I find, nor have I met with it elsewhere. The biggest of them two inches long, and ¼ over. That end near the Base, as it were pinched up, almost into the form of a Childs fore-Tooth. On the outside of the Base, stands a plated piece, contiguous therewith at both ends, but in the middle, joyned to it by the intervention of other very small transverse Plates, like the Wards of a Lock: supply∣ing the use of the Teeth in other Muscles, which are here wanting; from whence I have nam'd it. The outside, is adorn'd with circinated Lines, and in some sort also radiated with very small Tuberculi, especially at the narrow end.

The SHEATH-STONE. Solenites. Like the petrify'd shell of the Sheath-Fish. 'Tis fill'd with a kind of limy substance.

A piece of WHIRLY-ROCK. Turbinites Saxum. A sort of Gypsum of a dark colour, with the semblance of divers kinds of turbinated or whirled shells immersed therein. Dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre, but very slowly. There is one like to this in Besler.

A Piece of white MUSCLE-ROCK. Musculites Saxum. With the similitude of little, white, furrow'd Muscle-shells.

Another Piece of an Ash-colour, and more soft.

A piece of spoted MUSCLE-ROCK, sc. with white, red and brown, in imitation of Marble. In which also are beded, as it were, several Muscle-shells. Although it hath the face of Marble, yet is it a kind of Gypsum, dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

A Piece of MIXED SHELL-ROCK. Conchites miscella∣neus. Composed of petrify'd shells, both of the Turbina∣ted, and the Bivalvous kinds, beded in a kind of gritty Lime-Stone. In Calceolarius's Musaeum a 1.19 is one like to this, in the form of a Choping-Knife, but without a Name. Another in Ferranti Imperato. b 1.20 And in Aldrovandus's Musaeum, by Ambrosinus called Ostracomorphos Lapis. Not properly, Lapis, as being part of a Rock: nor, by the former word, sufficiently expressing the mixture of shells therein.

Another, consisting of such like shells (or their resem∣blance) beded in a brown Stone.

CHAP. II. Of VEGETABLE BODIES petrify'd, and other like STONES.

OF this kind, here is also great variety; being, or representing, Fruits, parts of Flowers, Leaves, Branches, Stalks, Trunks, and Roots: in which order I shall set them down. Only reserving CORALS with other like Marine Productions, to be spoken of by themselves.

A Petrify'd KATHERINE PEAR, or a Stone naturally very like one. Being, as that is sometimes, a little bended, very

slender at the Stalk or Base; turbinated next the other end; umbellated at the top of all, or depressed round about the place of the flower; and of a yellowish tawny colour.

A STONE like a petrify'd DAMASCENE-PLUM. As that of a black colour, and of the same Figure; so far as to shew the seat both of the Stalk and Flower.

The Great petrify'd STONE of an exotick PLUM. As one would think, both from the figure of it, and the pro∣duction of Fibers by the length, round about it, (as in many Indian Plum-Stones) very apparent especially, near the top. The granulated part of it, being turn'd to a soft opacous Stone; the Fibers into pellucid Flint.

A black Stone figur'd like the STONE of (a Praecock-Plum) an Aprecock.

A petrify'd NUX VOMICA, sc. that of the Shops. As I call it from its figure exactly respondent; being round, and flat, on one side a little Concave, on the other some∣what Convex. In Aldrovandus a 1.21 we have the Figure of a petrify'd Nux Methel Officinorum: but under the mistaken Title of Castanites. As also the exact figure of a petrify'd Castanea Purgatrix; but this too with the false Name of Anacardites. The same Author represents likewise a most exact figure of a petrify'd Melopepon.

A large JUDIAC STONE (Lapis Judaicus) in the form of a PEAR. 'Tis an inch and half long; stalked like a Pear; Next the stalk slender; turbinated upwards, to an inch in Diametre; and umbellated at the top, or depres∣sed as a Pear, round about the flower. Adorned also round about with small tuberated Striae which run from end to end. This Species not well figur'd by any Author.

ANOTHER of a somewhat like Figure, but much smaller. Best expressed by the least of the four in Boe∣tius. b 1.22

A THIRD like an ALMOND; both of the same big∣ness, and shape, oval at one end, pointed at the other, and somewhat flat. Besler hath one or two like this, which he calls Petrified Almonds.

A FIFTH, like an AKORNE, being of a like thickness at both ends. Another of the same. This sort particularly called Phoenecites.

A SIXTH, like an OLIVE-STONE; being more ob∣long

and oval than the precedent. Besler two or three Stones somewhat like this, which he calls Petrify'd Olives.

A SEVENTH, of a long slender Figure, and knobed as the rest, almost like a Hazel Catkin.

An EIGHTH, in shape like a Pestil. The upper part of this is knobed, the other smooth, whether naturally appears not.

These Stones either grow chiefly, or were first taken no∣tice of in Judea; from whence their Name. They are commonly found, not in Earth, but in the Clefts of Rocks, by those that work in them. They are dissolved with Spi∣rit of Nitre, not without Esservescence, especially when reduced to powder. And may therefore be justly esteemed Diuretick, and so sometimes bring away, or (as people think) break the Stone: for which, by Pliny, a 1.23 'tis call'd Teco∣lithos.

These Stones always break flaky, and with a strong gloss, like a Spar; or the Entrochus hereafter describ'd.

Of these Stones it is further observable, That being cut and polish'd transversly, and then wetted, they fairly exhibit, at least in colour, a twofold substance. The one, whitish; answering to the Parhenchyma or Flesh of a Fruit: the other black or dark-colour'd, not only in the Stalk, but also thence produced, and disposed into two Rings, a large one next the Circumference, and a small one in the centre of the Stone; answerable to the Lignous Fibers, distributed in much alike manner in some Fruits.

Two strait slender Stones, resembling the COLUMNS erected in the middle of some FLOWERS. One, Convex at the top, and almost flat. The other, spherically trian∣gular, somewhat like the Seed-Case of a Tulip. Beneath, of an ash-colour; upward, of an obscure or brown Bay. Of that hardness, that if struck or let fall one upon ano∣ther, they have a kind of Metallick sound, like that of small round Button-Bells.

Two other joynted Stones of the same nature with the former: looking as if they were pieces of the GENICU∣LATED STALK of some Plant.

'Tis pleasant, especially with a Glass, to see the wrought Work on the surface of these Stones. In which the small and curious Striae which run by the length, answer to the

Lignous Fibers, or the warp: and those which are transversly as it were interwoven; to the Parenchymous Fibers, or Woofe of a Plant. A more particular explication of which real Work in all Plants, hath been by me elsewhere given. a 1.24 Calceolarius hath one or two of these last fairly figur'd.

A Stone with the exact signature of a STEM of PO∣LYPODY with the LEAVES. 'Tis softish, and somewhat brown. Stirreth not with Acids.

HIPPURITES. Or a Stone with the impressed Image or signature of the Equisetum or HORSETAIL. There are three stalks which very elegantly rise up from one Root.

DENDRITES. Or a Flint naturally adorned with the Images of several epitomiz'd or minute TREES. There is the figure of a fair one like to this in Calceolarius's Mu∣saeum.

ANOTHER; being a SLATE about ⅓^d of an inch thick, representing, as it were, a plain Field, inclosed with a HEDGE of TREES; some bigger, others less; all so lively, as if it had been the curious and elaborate Work of a Painter; or had been cast through a Glass (as Kepler shews the way sometimes of taking Lanships) upon a Tablet in a Dark Room.

It is very observable, That the same curious Work which appears upon one side of the slate, doth also on the other. Agreeable to what Ambrosinus b 1.25 also remarques, That if this sort of Stones be broken into several pieces, the like Work will appear in the intimate parts. Which plainly demonstrates, that not being superficial, it cannot be the effect of Art.

DENDROPOTAMITES. So I call it. 'Tis a piece of a kind of Alabaster, about seven or eight inches square, po∣lish'd and set in a Frame. It hath much and pleasing varie∣ty both in colour and figure: shewing a mixture of brown, tawny, white, and green; and not unaptly resembling a couple of Rivers. One crooked or very much winding too and fro; (as the Thames at Kingstone) and garbed all along with Trees upon the Bank. The other strait, with a Foot∣walk upon the Bank, and inclosed also with a little Hedge-Row.

A sort of ALABASTRITES, representing a Transverse Section of the TRUNK of a TREE. That part answering

to the Wood, consisting of white and black Rings one within another. The other answering to the Barque, of two or three thin ones (like that of a Cherry-Tree) of a russet or barque colour. Yet the black Rings, being held up against the light, are transparent. So the clearest Glass, in some postures, appears black. Spirit of Nitre droped on it, dis∣solves it with a vehement Effervescence.

A Stone expressing part of a Tranverse Section of OLIVE∣WOOD. On one side, 'tis very well polish'd. By means whereof, not only the Annual Rings (appearing in the Trunks of all Trees;) but also the Insertions or Parenchy∣mous Rays which run betwixt the Pith and Barque; and even the greater Vessels themselves (either for Aer or Sap) are all to a good naked eye, but especially with the help of a Glass, very fairly visible. 'Tis just of the colour of the browner sort of Olive-Wood well varnish'd. 'Tis as hard as a Jasper, and seems to be of that kind.

ANOTHER sort of Jasper representing a piece of WOOD. 'Tis of a green colour, and stained with blackish spots. One would take it for a sort of Lignum Vitae.

A Stone, which in Colour and Texture, seems to resem∣ble a piece of YEW-TREE.

ANOTHER, which looks like a piece of BEECH∣WOOD.

A large piece of PETRIFY'D WOOD (as it is supposed) above half a yard long, and ¼ of a yard about.

Another Piece about the same bigness.

A Globular Stone, which looks as if it had been a piece of ASH-WOOD turned in a Lathe into that figure. For it hath not only the colour, but the semblance of the Annual Rings, and of the Aer-Vessels, as in that Wood.

Small pieces of (reputed) petrify'd Wood, commonly found between the Beds of blew Marble. Two inches long, and near as thick as ones little Finger. Almost as black as Ebony.

A Piece of INCOMBUSTIBLE Wood, as it were HALF PETRIFY'D. For being held in the fire, it becomes red like a Coal; but neither flames, nor smoaks in the least.

A very odd Piece of the BRANCH of a TREE as thick as a Cable-Rope, whereof the Barque is turned into perfect Iron, or at least a very rich Iron Ore; and the Wood into Stone.

The petrify'd Barque of a Tree. 'Tis thin, and rowled up as Cinamon; but rather of the colour of that called Winterane's. Withall, rough and knobed without.

A Piece of Oak BARQUE cover'd with a stony Crust. Given by Philip Packer Esq From a Stump above Ground.

In Septalius's Musaeum, as I take it, is mention made of Petrify'd Wood found an hundred and forty Pertches un∣der the top of a Mountain. And by Kentman a 1.26 of a sort of petrify'd Beech (as the people call it) both Trunk, Branches, and Leaves, taken (for Whetstones) out of the Ground in the Joachimick Vale, an hundred and seventy Elns depth. But what kind of Eln is here meant, is not certain.

Of petrify'd Woods it may be noted, That none of them (at least of these here described) will make the least Ebullition with any Acid. Which would make one sus∣pect, That they are Stones originally, sui generis; else it were strange, That some of them should not lie in places where such Stones are bred, which with Acids make the said Ebullition.

The STELENTROCHITE. By some, called STELE∣CHITES: Entrochites, by most. But, in proper speaking, distinct from both. For it is not only of a Cylindrical Figure, or near it, and containeth a softer substance in the Centre, answerable to a Pith: and also radiated as the Branch of any Tree cut transversly. But moreover con∣sisteth of several flat round Joynts like little Wheels, evenly pil'd, and, with the said Rays, mutually indented, so as altogether to make a Cylinder. Described also by Gesner, b 1.27 Boetius, c 1.28 Ambrosinus, d 1.29 and others. But we have two Accounts hereof given us in the Philosophical Trans∣actions, far more accurate and particular, than is else∣where extant. The former, by Mr. Lyster; e 1.30 together with between thirty and forty Figures of their Varieties, with some other Congenerous Stones. The latter, by Mr. John Beaumont f 1.31 Junior; who hath added the De∣scription of some more Diversities. And the manner of their growth. In this Musaeum are several Species, which I shall here enumerate.

A ROUND one, near ¾ of an inch Diametre; with the Pith near a ¼, of a darker colour, hard and dense. The

several Joynts, about the tenth of an inch thick; distin∣guished by slender Circles composed of very small knobs. With part of the Rock to which it grew, altogether irregu∣lar, but of the same substance.

ANOTHER, with a Pith larger and more soft, the Joynts thicker, and the Surface almost smooth.

A THIRD, of the same thickness, with the Pith ½ an inch Diametre. 'Tis also a little bended; and the Joynts distin∣guished not with knobed but entire Rings.

A FOURTH, with a Pith not much bigger than to ad∣mit a little Pin. Yet at one end 'tis ½ an inch over. At the other somewhat more than ••/3^d. A little bended as the former. And the Joynts in proportion to its width, extream thin; not above ½6^th of an inch. Their circumference, convex, being distinguished not with edged Rings, as the former, but with furrows.

A FIFTH, about ¼ of an inch over. The Pith answer∣able. The Joynts distinguished with edged Rings. And as thick as in the former.

A SIXTH of the same thickness. And a little crooked. The Joynts distinguish with furrows.

A SEVENTH, with the Joynts unequal both in breadth and thickness; one narrower and thiner, the next broader, or standing further out from the centre, and thicker, and so alternately: whereby it looks like some sort of Turn'd-Work.

An EIGHTH, a small one, yet finely shap'd. First with a Joynt embossed with a knobed Ring. Next two small Joynts, each of them scarce thicker than a Groat; and so alternately.

A NINTH, not above ⅙^th of an inch in Diametre; yet with Joynts as thick as in the fourth: and smooth.

A TENTH, ••^th of an inch over, and with much thiner or more numerous Joynts.

An ELEVENTH, a very small one, scarce having any distinction of Joynts.

CORALLITES. As it may be call'd. With no Joynts, no Rays, nor Pith, but more like to a solid piece of Coral.

The ASTENROCHITE, or an Entrochites with a Pen∣tagonal Pith, like the signature of a little Asteria, a Stone hereafter describ'd; from whence I have nam'd it.

ANOTHER of the same. And also with a double Ring of Rays; so as to look like one of these Stones within another. And may therefore of all the kinds, be most pro∣perly called ENTROCHITES.

A FLAT ENTROCHITE. All the former are per∣fectly round: this compress'd; one way, an inch over; the other, about ••/••^ths.

ANOTHER, a small one of the same shape.

A THIRD, not only flat, but also with two opposite edges, like the Scabbard of a Rapier.

The BRANCHED ENTROCHITE. Yet here the Branches, which grew alternately as Twigs on a Bough, are broken off. In one, leaving so many cavities in the Trunk on which they grew. In another, so many Knots. In both, radiated, and containing a Pith, as the Trunk it self.

The KNOTED ENTROCHITE. A very odd Species. Above two inches long, and ¾ in Diametre. The Surface smooth, yet with an obscure appearance of Joynts. The Knots, no way like those in the last mention'd, as not being radiated; and looking more like the bases of sturdy Thornes. Wherewith it not unaptly resembles a piece of a Crab-Tree-Cudgel. 'Tis composed of three distinct substances. The outer part, (as one would say, the Barque) is a flaky and glossy Spar, as in the rest. But as black almost as Jet. The middle part is Ore of Marcasite, or Yellow Mundick. The Pith, not unlike Tobacco-Pipe-Clay, when baked pretty hard.

A sort not much unlike these, being found in the Isle Malta, by some saith Mr. Ray, a 1.32 are call'd St. PAULS BATTOONS.

The SYNTROCHITE, as we may name it, to distin∣guish it from the rest. It consists of several Joynts as the former; yet not piled evenly one over another so as to make a Cylinder: but sliden as it were half on and half off.

The TROCHITES. 'Tis nothing else but one of the above described Joynts single; on both sides radiated, and also containing a Pith. So that it looks like a slice of a stick. These, saith Mr. Lyster, being usually hollow, or easily so made, and stringed, are therefore by some called St. CUTH∣BERDS BEADS.

The ASTROCHITES. As it were, the Trochites and the Asteria (hereafter described) together.

There's one which may be called an Enthrochite, yet not a Stelechite, because Oval, or at least smaller at both ends; no way resembling a Stick or Branch. But there is no example hereof in this Musaeum.

The True STELECHITES, branched. 'Tis not only ra∣diated, and furnished with a Pith: but is one single piece with∣out any Joynts or joynted Wheels: in which respect, it can∣not be called ENTROCHUS; but very properly Stelechites, (from whence the English word Stalk) as more answerable to the make of a stick or stalk, than are any of the rest. 'Tis of an ash-colour, and curiously wrought all over in the like manner as a Poppy-Seed.

A Piece of a Rock consisting wholly of several Species of ENTROCHI or Stelentrochi, immersed in a bed of their Mother-Clay.

Another, with two or three small STELECHITES.

A hard Stone of the colour of a Magnet, with the signa∣ture of a TROCHITES.

These Stones being broken, look flaky, and with a gloss, as the Lapis Judaicus; but somewhat more obscure. They also make a like Effervescence with Acids, especially with Spirit of Nitre. And may probably be as good a Diure∣tick. That All Fossiles of what figure soever make an Ebullition with Vinegar, is affirmed by Mr. Lyster: (a) but* 1.33 was a slip of his, otherwise most accurate Pen. For there are many, and those of several figures, which, although powder'd, yet are so far from making any Ebullition with Vinegar, that neither Oil of Vitriol, nor Spirit of Nitre it self, (which taketh place sometimes where the former doth not) will stir them: as appears in several Instances in this Catalogue.

They are found in as great variety here in England, as in any other Country. By Mr. Lyster, in certain Scarrs in Braughton and Stock, two little Villages in Craven: in some places of the Rock as hard as Marble. In such plenty, that there are whole Beds of Rock made of them. By Mr. Beau∣mont, in Mundip-Hills; in the Rocks, from the Grass to twenty fathome: but most in Beds of a grey and gristy Clay. In a Grotto, five and thirty fathome deep, he observed their growth: which was, from the finest, and the softest of the Clay. At first, they were whitish, soft, and smooth.

Afterwards, grew hard, and ridged, or divided into Trochi or Joynts; beginning at the top, and so descending. Be∣ing all the while in a manner quicken'd with Mineral Steams; conveyed, from the Mother-Bed, through the Pith of the several Feet of the Root (which Mr. Lyster figures) and of the Stock it self.

It were also further worth the enquiry, In what Time, one of these Stones will grow up. Whether it doth so, by Starts, as Ice often doth, and as I have seen a little Icy-Tree to grow level upon a Table? And whether so much as serves for the making of a single Joynt, at every start?

A Stone figur'd like a Piece of ANGELIC A Root; with a large Pith, and very distinct Rays, as the Cortical Insertions in that, or other like Root round about.

TWO lesser round ones or more Cylindrical: one re∣sembling the Root of CICHORY; the other of TORMEN∣TILE.

A STONE somewhat FLAT, like the Root of Iris: but radiated as the former. More visible, if one end, being first polished, be then made wet; for so, both the Pith and Ra∣diation are very distinct.

A FOURTH, as it were bared of the Rind; and having one end with a kind of Button, on which the Rays wind toward the Centre; as the Lines of a Rumb upon a Map, or the Suits of the Attire of any Corymbiferous Flower.

All these seem to be several stumps of Stone Roots, on which the above described Stones often grow.

A FIFTH, with a Pith and Rays; but CONICK and CROOKED, not unlike the young buded Horn of a Calf.

TWO more of the same Figure, but much less; rather resembling a COCKS SPUR.

Several CLUSTERS (as they appear) of petrify'd MOSSE. Imperatus, with Dioscorides, makes it a sort of Alcyonium.

A petrify'd TUBER, with several small papillary knobs, not much unlike that called CERVI BOLETUS. It stirs not with any Acid.

CHAP. III. Of CORALS, and other like MARINE Productions.

THese having also a resemblance unto Plants, and a near analogy unto those Stones, last described in the pre∣cedent Chapter; they may therefore not unaptly be here subjoyn'd.

A Piece of CORAL, smooth, white, and solid; with its Base or Root spread abroad upon a Chalky Bed.

A SPRIG of solid Red Coral.

A knoted TRUNK of the same ••/•• inches and 1/•• in compass.

A Piece of solid CORAL both RED and WHITE, growing together.

The ROOT of a solid Red CORAL, spread upon the TRUNK of a White CORAL: in the same manner, as the Membranous Roots of Sea-Shrubs are spread upon Stones or other steady Bodies. As if it had been indeed originally one of those Shrubs; particularly, of the Lignous kind, which hath no Pith, like the Horny; but, as this Coral, is altogether solid.

The SHRUB-CORAL. Corallium fruticosum. So I call it, for its more especial similitude to a little Shrub. 'Tis of a brownish colour, upright, and very much branched. Curiously adorned round about with Striae running by the length; looking like the superficial Fibers in the stalks of some Plants. And within, radiated, as the same when cut trans∣versly. In some of the greater Branches, the Rays being pointed or pricked, as by the laxer distribution of the Fibers, they are in some Plants. And many of them coming short of the Centre, so as also to form a kind of Pith.

The KNEED CORAL. Corallium geniculatum. Pseu∣docorallium fungosum Ambrosini. a 1.34 Madrepora ramo••a Impe∣rati. b 1.35 By which Name Bauhinus also describes it well. 'Tis striated without, and radiated within, almost as in the precedent. And is also ringed or knoted without, after the manner of Canes, or rather the upright Equisetum, and near of the same thickness. Imperatus hath another kind a kin to this, yet distinct; not only knoted, but joynted, and by him therefore called CORALO Articulato, in which

the Conick end of one Joynt is received into the like Cavity of another.

A Piece of the same CORAL found on St. Vincents Rock.

The Matripora, saith Terzagi, a 1.36 and all Pores (as he calls them) and these only, are outwardly rough with transverse Wrinkles. But this now describ'd, seems by the Striae more apparently wrinkl'd by the length. So that what he means, I do not well understand.

A JOYNT of the shallow joynted CORAL. 'Tis near an inch in Diametre, two and ½ long, solid, heavy and white. Streaked by the length. The two ends a little thicker, as of Bones at the Joynts: and rising up from the Rim to the Centre into a little knob; and this it doth at both ends: whereas in that of Imperatus, the Joynts are deeper, and one end hollow. It was given by Sig^r. Boccone.

A Piece of white FIBROUS or striated CORAL, but not knoted. Given by the same Hand.

The BUBL'D CORAL. Corallium bullosum. From the same hand. 'Tis of an ash-colour; and rough cast all over, with very small Blisters or Bubles.

The COOME-CORAL. Corallium cancellatum. 'Tis white, and divided into several short and thickish Branches, turbinated or knobed at the top. Wrought all over with small cancellated Work, like that of an Honey-Comb, or the inside of that Ventricle in a Sheep or a Cow, called the RETICULUM.

The FLORID COOME-CORAL. The Branches of this also are short; and numerously flourished. Inwardly, white and porous. The Surface of a pale yellow, and wrought, as the former, in imitation of an Honey-Coome.

A sprig of Rough and POROUS Red Coral.

The PUMIS CORAL. Corallium pumicosum. From the Person above-said. 'Tis branched, of a grey colour, and porous, somewhat like a Pumis Stone.

The POUNCED CORAL. Corallium punctatum. 'Tis white, and the Surface pricked full of small holes, almost as in the precedent.

The BRANCHING POUNCED CORAL. It seems to be that described in Bauhinus b 1.37 with the Title of Corallium asperum cauditans adulterinum. The Branches

hereof are very broad, and divided only at the top. Not only porous within, but also pricked full of extream small holes on the outside.

The STOOPING POUNCED CORAL. C. punct. pro∣cumbens. Porus Ramosus Bauhino. In this, some of the Branches rise up obliquely, and distinct. Others of them, trail or stoop, and are in several places inosculated.

The RUSSET POUNCED CORAL. This is also branched; and the Root hereof, as that of a Sea-Shrub, spread upon an Oystershell.

The WARTED CORAL. This likewise is a sort of pounced and branched Coral; and white. The Branches being also as it were warted or knobed. a 1.38

ANOTHER of the same; MORE branched.

The White STARRY CORAL. From the Person before nam'd. Described and figur'd by Imperatus. So called, be∣cause it is perforated with round and radiated Holes re∣sembling little Stars.

The Brown STARRY CORAL. Within, a little whitish. Not so porous, as the precedent; and with nothing near so many Stars. The Branches flat, like the Horns of an Elk; and spread abroad.

The OCULAR CORAL. C. alb. oculatum Officinarum. Very well describ'd and figur'd by Ferranti Imper. b 1.39 and J. Bauhinus. c 1.40 This sort is fistular, and hath large round holes in the sides of the Branches, sometimes near ¼ of an inch over; somewhat like a Birds Eye.

A Piece of the same sort, with its expanded Root.

The same growing on or round about some of the Branches of a Sea-Shrub. As it is probable, That all the sorts of fistular Corals once did.

The CROWNED OCULAR CORAL. Given by Sir J. Hoskins. In this, which is also white, to the eyes on the sides, are added little Heads crowned or radiated round about.

A CLUSTER of Red Fistular Coral.

The spread FOLIATED CORAL. Clusius describes it by the Name of Planta Saxea Abrotonoides. Of whom Bauhinus borrows his figure. His Description not clear. 'Tis white, and porous; especially the centre of every Branch, in imitation of a Pith. The several Branches

encompassed with little short round hollow sprigs, or, as we may call them, Coral-Leaves, curiously striated round about.

The Upright FOLIATED CORAL. In all respects like the former, saving that it is less spread.

Coral is fish'd for from the beginning of April to the end of July. Not in the Ocean, but the Mediteranian-Sea only. In which there are eight or nine Fisheries, among the Rocks, no where above forty miles from Land. Three upon the Coast of Sardinia; on that of France, two; of Sicily, Catalonia, Corsica, and Majorque, one. a 1.41 Of white Coral, there is great abundance in Brasile. b 1.42

Of the Nature and Generation of Coral, it is affirmed by the Honourable Mr. Boyle, c 1.43 That whilst it grows, it is often found soft and succulent, and propogates it Species. And by Georg. de Sepibus, d 1.44 That of those who had been us'd for many years, to dive for Coral in the Red-Sea, Kircher learned thus much; That it would sometimes let fall a Spermatick Juyce, which lighting upon any (steady) Body, would thereupon produce another Coral. And further, by Wormius and Tavernere, from the Relations of others, That this Juyce is white or milky. Which may seem the more credible, when we consider, that the like milky substance is found in divers Mines. e 1.45 Sometimes inclosed as is observed by Mr. George Planton, in great Hol∣lows of the Metallick Rock. f 1.46 And that Mr. Beamont hath found in the Hollows of some Stones called Entrochi, and Rock-Plants, or a kin to them, an evident concretion of such milky Juyce. g 1.47

Of Corals, are chiefly prepar'd, The Powder ground upon a Marble; the Magisterial Salt; and the Tincture. To good purpose, in some Feavers, and some other Cases. But the Name of Tincture, according to the common no∣tion of it, is a meer deceipt: it being, in truth, no more but a Liquamen, or solution of the Magisterial Salt. For those Acid Liquors which are used as Menstruums for the making of it; by digestion or repeated heats, do always turn red: which not being heeded, the said colour hath been believed to proceed from the Corals. Of the Effect of this Tincture, or rather Salt of Coral, upon a Malignant Feaver, see a Memorable Relation of Boetius in his own Case. h 1.48

BASTARD-CORAL. Alcyonium. So call'd, because a Marine Production, often of a roundish form, like the Nest of an Halcyon, and by some phantastick thought to be one of those Nests petrify'd. Hereof there are seven or eight sorts here preserv'd. As

The Great, White, FISTULAR Alcyonium. Imperatus figures a Cluster of this under the ill Name of Vermi Marini Impetriti. a 1.49 And Besler a single crooked Tube, with that of Exuviae Serpentis in Lapidem conversae; which is as bad. This is such an one, but more strait and smooth, as thick as the upper end of a Tobacco-Pipe stalk. But with a much greater bore.

The Middle white FISTULAR Alcyonium. A Cluster of Coralline Tubes, in some places, meeting in parcels; in others, divaricated, almost as the Vessels do in Plants. Not equally thick at both ends; beneath, not exceeding the Quill of a Crow; at the top, as wide as that of a Goose. Rough all along with annular wrinkles, almost like the slough of a Silk-Worm, or a Serpent. Being hollow, 'tis probable they serve as the Matrices of some Sea-Insects.

The small white FISTULAR Alcyonium. By Imperatus b 1.50 (whom Terzagi imitates c 1.51) called Vermicchiara; and Alcyonio Milesio; a much better Name. A Cluster of crooked Tubes, not thicker than a Packthread; and also wrinkled.

The Red FISTULAR Alcyonium. By Imperatus call'd Tubularia purpurea. By Besler Alcyonium Maris Rubri. A Congeries of strait, and red Pipes, of a Coralline substance, about as thick as an Oaten straw, all standing parallel, as the Cells in a Honey-Comb: and divided into several Stories by transverse Plates or Floors, at several distances from a ¼ to ½ an inch, or thereabout.

The BRANCHED Alcyonium. 'Tis white, and of a Coralline substance, but somewhat soft. The Branches so∣lid, and in some places coalescent.

The KNOBED Alcyonium. Of a white and coralline substance, but somewhat soft. Of such a Contexture, whereby it is every way, and pretty openly, pervious throughout; somewhat answerable to that of a Sponge. Evenly tuberated all over the top and sides.

Another, unequally tuberous, and of a little more open compages.

The LOBED Alcyonium. Of a like colour and substance with the former: yet not composed of round, but flat or lobed portions, with some likeness to Liverwort.

The BUBLED Alcyon. Given by Captain Th. Fissenden. About ½ an Eln in compass. Consisting wholly of Plate∣work, so conjoyn'd, as to make several large Apertures, run∣ing one into another: somewhat after the manner of a Ruff. The Plates or whole Body compos'd of most minute Bubles, divided by a very thin Sepiment, and standing all in even, strait, and parallel Rows. So that it looks not much unlike Linnen-Cloath: saving its brown tawny colour.

A NETED Alcyon. Retepora Imperat. So called from its Figure.

MUSHROON-CORAL. Fungites. So called from a little likeness it hath to a Toad-Stool. Here are divers sorts.

The WAVED Mushroon Coral. 'Tis round, and above two inches over; striated beneath round about. The Rim and Area, both undulated. With thin Plates standing all along, and on both sides transversly to the Waves.

ANOTHER, with DOUBLE WAVES. Circular, and about four inches in Diametre. With the top rising high and round. With transverse Striae, rather than Plates. And Waves both double, and more winding than in the former; much resembling those of a Mans Brain. From whence, this sort, most properly, are called BRAIN-STONES.

A POLISH'D BRAIN-STONE. It much resembles a sort of undulated Stone. Whereof hereafter.

Part of a large BRAIN-STONE from the Bermudas.

The PLATED FUNGITES. So especially to be called, because it hath no Undulations, but Plates only. All very thin and sharp, and radiated, to the circumference, after the manner of those in a common Mushroon; excepting, that there they stand underneath, here above. This sort is curiously figur'd in Calceolarius's Musaeum.

A FLAT RADIATED Fungites. Figur'd by Bauhinus. a 1.52 'Tis somewhat more than two inches broad, and with the sides as it were crushed together. Waved round about, and the Rim raised like a border pretty high.

A STARRY FUNGITES. Of a circular figure; beneath, a little concave; above, convex. Wrought all over with a great number of small radiated Stars, every where con∣tiguous.

A Piece of Fungites with GREAT STAR-WORK: every Star, with the Rays, being near ½ an inch over; and the Rays also plated.

The COOMED Fungites. The top hereof is circular; all over carved into radiated Tubes, the Rays standing high without, and deep within. Composed together so, as somewhat to resemble an Honey-Coome, from whence I name it.

ANOTHER of the same sort, of an Oval Figure. Given by Sir R. Moray.

A Fragment of a great One of the same sort. In which the Texture is fairly observable. For the aforesaid Rays, are indeed the extremities of so many Plates which run through the length of every Tube; and which are likeways all the way conjoyned with an infinite number of other extream small thin transverse Plates: dividing the whole Tube into little squares, after the like manner, as in the Pith of a Bull∣rush.

The Fungites is found in the Indian-Sea, and the River Nilus. a 1.53

CHAP. IV. Of GEMS.

A ROCK of DIAMONDS. Given by Sir R. Moray. They grow upon their Bed (which is about three inches broad, and four in length) in Crystals Sexangularly pointed. Of several sizes from the thickness of a midling Pin, to a ¼ of an inch Diametre, but all of them short. Not very perspicuous, but a little greyish, like the Calcedony. Saving one small cluster of them, tinctur'd yellowish. They cut Glass very deep and easily.

The principal Diamond Mines now known, are four. That of Raolconda, in the Kingdom of Visapour; discover'd 200 years since. In this Mine, the Diamonds lie in sandy Veins in the Rocks. Of all, the clearest, and of the whitest Water. They pound and wash the Vein for the Diamonds, just as we do some of our Ores for the Metal. A second

call'd the Gany, about seven days journey from Golconda; found out 100 years since. They dig here not above 14 feet deep. Sometimes above sixty thousand Men, Women and Children at work. It affords the largest Diamonds, but not clear: one sometimes above 40 Carats, i. e. ••/3^d of an ounce. And there was one here found which weighed 900 Carats (i. e. ℥vij ss.) A Third, that of Govel, a River in the King∣dom of Bengala. The Diamonds are found in the sand of the River, for the space of 50 Leagues. From hence come those fair pointed Stones called Natural Points: but not great. The Fourth, that of Succadan, a River in Bor∣neo. But there are none come from thence but by stealth. How the Indians prove, work, and sell their Stones, with other particulars, see in Tavernere. a 1.54

Rough Diamonds are often naturally figur'd into Trian∣gular Plains: a mark to know a right one by, b 1.55 as well as hardness. Many also of the best are pointed with six An∣gles; some, with eight; and some Tabulated, or Plain, and Square. c 1.56 Diamonds receive no hurt, but are rather mend∣ed, by the fire. d 1.57 Some, saith Garcias, e 1.58 being rub'd, will take up straws, as Amber and other Electrical Bodies. And Mr. Boyl f 1.59 speaks of one of his, which with a little friction attracts vigorously. Of another, g 1.60 which by water made a little more than luke-warm, he could bring to shine in the dark.

'Tis the property of all true Diamonds, To unite the Foyle closely and equally to it self, h 1.61 and thereby better augment its lustre, than any other Gem. That which is called the Foyle, is a mixture of Mastick and burnt Ivory: The latter, being one of the blackest of colours; used by Painters for Velvet, the Pupil of the Eye, &c.

The Water of those which are drawn, not from the Rock, but the Ground, commonly partakes of the colour of that Soil or Ground: i 1.62 and some are found as yellow as a Topaz. k 1.63

Between the Grain and the Vein of a Diamond, there is this difference, That the former furthers; the latter, being so insuperably hard, hinders the splitting of it. Although it seems, that a Vein, sometimes is nothing else, but a Cross-Grain. Our European Jewelers, when they split one, they take a very small iron Wyre, and having daubed it

with Oil and Powder of Diamonds; draw it upon the Dia∣mond, by a Tool, to and fro like a Saw, so long as is needful for that purpose.

The BASTARD-DIAMOND. Pseudo-adamas. Now re∣maining, as it was found, bred in a Musculites, a Stone like a Muscleshell. Given also by Sir Robert Moray. 'Tis angular, pointed, and very clear. And cuts Glass with great ease and depth. Of our Bastard-Diamonds here in England, the Cornish are the best; much better than those on St. Vincents Rock near Bristol.

CRYSTAL. From 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: because supposed to be only Water contracted or condensed with cold. Here are several sorts.

A CRYSTAL ROCK. In which, several lesser Crystals Sexangular, pointed, and most perspicuous, grow round about a great one, in the form of a Pyramid, above eight inches about. The bottom of it being polish'd, all the sides to the top, are very pleasantly apparent through the same.

A small COLUMN of Crystal, also exceeding clear.

A ROCK of midling Crystals, growing upon a Semi∣perspicuous Bed, or Grey-Mother. They are very clear, notwithstanding that beneath they seem to be tinctur'd yellow; being there only daubed with some substance of a yellow colour. Of these Crystals, the two opposite sides, are the greatest: which is also observable in many others.

A small Crystal COLUMN, with a whitish Base.

ANOTHER clear Crystal, growing on a Semiperspicu∣ous Mother, together with a kind of Marchasite Spar, or tessellated Stone, of an Amethystine colour.

A ROCK of small Grey Crystals, almost like a Calci∣dony.

Another of the same sort, growing upon a kind of Lime∣stone.

A Third, with the Points of an Amethystine colour, growing to a Matrix of a purplish black.

A Crystal COLUMN, of an Hyacinthine colour, but dilute. An inch in Diametre, and almost ½ a foot long. The two opposite sides of this also are the greatest.

A lesser one of the same Species.

A THIRD, growing upon a Bed of the same colour; but opacous. Mr. Boyle a 1.64 mentions a piece of Crystal, in one part of an Emrald-green. And Terzagi b 1.65 another that was black.

A Crstyal COLUMN, naturally inclosing a kind of Moss (or the likeness of it) at one end of the Column of a paler, at the other of a dark Green. 'Tis above ½ a foot in compass.

ANOTHER piece of CRYSTAL in which is immersed a Mossy substance of a redish colour. And there are some Crystals have been known naturally to enclose a Li∣quor. c 1.66

A Piece of polish'd CRYSTAL in the figure of a half Globe. 'Tis on one side flaky, and hath many very small Bubles, by which it appears cloudy.

ANOTHER Piece polish'd into a Sphaerical Triangle, and somewhat Oval.

A THIRD Piece polish'd into a Cone.

A Massy Piece of CRYSTAL. Not pointed, nor an∣gular; but of a roundish figure; much bigger than any mans head. One way, near a yard in compass; the other, above three quarters. In weight, thirty nine pounds and a ¼ Haverdupoise. Yet is it very clear, beyond the clearest Ice of the same thickness. The biggest piece of Crystal I find mention'd else-where, is a Ball of six and thirty ounces in Septalius's Musaeum.

Crystal, at least some sorts of it, is the softest, saith Boe∣tius, d 1.67 of all Gems. He should have said, of all perspi∣cuous Gems: for the Turcois is much softer. The most usual Figure of Crystal, is Sexangular: yet Terzagi e 1.68 mentions a Rock of square pointed ones. But it is obser∣vable, That he saith the Bed on which they grew, seem'd to be Gold-Ore. If so, it might proceed from some govern∣ing principle in the Ore. For I have heard it noted, as I re∣remember, by Sir Christopher Wren, That Grain-Gold is of∣ten found naturally figur'd into Cubes. Crystal grows in most Countries, both cold and hot: the Globous, especially in Bohemia and Silecia.

A Drachm f 1.69 of the Powder of Crystal, with Oil of sweet Almonds, a present Remedy for those that have taken sublimate. As also for bilious and chylous Diarrhaeas. g 1.70 When Calcin'd, by some called Pulvis Caesaris, of ex∣cellent use against the Epilepsie. h 1.71

An AMETHYSTINE ROCK. The Gem hath its Name from the opinion of its being an Amulet against Drunken∣ness. This Rock consisteth of angular pointed and contigu∣ous Crystals; growing from both sides the Matrix, in∣wards, where their Points meet, and are all closely indented. Some of them seem to be Pentagonal. Several are Conick from the Points towards the Roots. These are well tinctur'd, but the Roots are all white, or rather Diaphanous and colourless. As also is the Matrix, or inward part of it; yet not so clear. The shell over all, flat, opacous, and of a redish brown. There is the Figure of a very fair one in Calceolarius's Mus.

ANOTHER, growing upon a Matrix or Bed spotted red and yellow, and cross-grain'd, or composed of small Crystals set together decussatim.

A THIRD, the Matrix whereof is a kind of Amethystine Flint, i. e. not composed of Crystals or Grains, as is usual, but one entire massy Stone, Semiperspicuous, and of a pale blew, almost of the colour of some Cows Horns. Of an orbicular Figure, and somewhat flat like a Loaf. The Roots of the Crystals are colourless, as in the former, and the points and upper parts of a pale Purple. With these, is included in the same Matrix, a whitish and flaky Stone, which is easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. Which is one, amongst many instances, how near together two Stones may be bred, of so different a nature one from another.

A WHITE AMETHYST. This is here naked, or with∣out a Matrix. Consisteth of divers contiguous Crystals, half an inch and an inch long; their Roots grey; but their Points clear, usually sexangular. From the Points the Roots taper'd or conick: the Figure which doth especially distinguish this Stone from Crystal, whether white, or of an Amethystine colour.

An AMETHYST of a pale Violet colour; found grow∣ing in Scotland. Given by Sir Rob. Moray.

ANOTHER, with a kind of Chrysolite growing to it.

The best of this kind, are, as Theophrastus well describes them, of the colour of a ripe (red) Grape: and are the hardest. These grow in the Indies: the rest in Bohemia, Saxony, &c. The best, being burnt, excellently imitate a Diamond. a 1.72

Two little white or pale SAPHIRES, polish'd into a flat oval Figure. By some called The Female: and so the paler kinds of other Gems. The best, grow in Bisnagar, Zeilan, and other parts of the East-Indies, especially in Pegu. The meaner, in Bohemia, and other adjacent places. They are cut or fashion'd with Emery and Tripoly; and en∣graven with Diamond-Dust, as other harder Gems. Being burnt, they imitate a Diamond, as doth the Amethyst. a 1.73 And Aes ustum and Glass melted together, imitate a Sa∣phire. b 1.74

The Saphire, saith Boetius, c 1.75 being applied to any bruised part, prohibits the Inflammation of it, in a miracu∣lous manner. See also the Salt and Tincture d 1.76 of it described and commended by the same Author.

The GRANATE, qu. Ingranate, or Ingraind. And there∣fore by the French called VERMEILLE: and the Matrix, by Moscardo, Minera de Ingranata. The deepest, well com∣pared by Imperatus to the Juyce of a ripe Mulberry. Here are of several sizes.

A BOHEMICK GRANATE, as big as a Nutmeg. With several more of the same size, or near it.

Some other Large GRANATES, polish'd with Rhombs. But these are cloudy.

A Bag of Lesser GRANATES, of several sizes from a Pease to a Mustard-Seed.

A BED of GRANATES from the West-Indies. Given by the Honourable Rob. Boyle Esq. Most of them as big as a large Pease, beded in a Stone which is friable, and easily rub'd to a redish and glistering powder; in some places a little black, and growing with cross Flakes. It seemeth, from its softness, not to have been the original Bed or Matrix wherein the Stones were bred; but that being, in pecking the Rock or Mine, broken off from that, they were after∣wards casually lodged in this.

These Stones grow in Calecut, Cambaia, and Aethyopia. As also in Spain and Bohemia, where, contrary to what is observed of most other Gems, they are found exceeding the Oriental. e 1.77 Many of them will abide the fire, without change of colour. f 1.78

Spirit of Salt extracts a rich Tincture out of Granates calcin'd and finely powder'd. g 1.79 And Aq. Regis, a rich

solution of them, only powder'd; colour'd somewhat like a solution of Gold. (a)* 1.80

The Jewelers TOPAZ. Chryselectron Plinij. This is an Oriental one. 'Tis of a perspicuous Golden colour, with some scarlet spots or like a deep Tincture of Saffron.

The Whiter or Female TOPAZ. Composed of several Crystals, clear and colourless at the top; below, clear and yellow. Growing on a white Matrix, with a light yellowish Tincture. They grow in Arabia, Bohemia, &c. The best in India and Bactriana: the Europeans, especially, being soft, and not without blackish Clouds. The Oriental, the hard∣est of Gems, except the Diamond. And probably the Ruby. Found sometimes so big as to weigh twelve pounds: b 1.81 Aes ustum, stannum ustum, Cinabar, and Crystal, melted toge∣ther, imitate a Topaz. c 1.82

The SMARAGDUS, growing together with a pale Ame∣thyst in one Matrix. The Crystals are angular, but seem to hold no proportion.

The Occidental, sometimes as big as a mans fist, especially in Peru; but soft and cloudy. The Oriental, no bigger than a Filbert. The Europeans, in Cyprus, &c. the worst. 'Tis imitated d 1.83 with Aes ustum, and half as much Crocus Martis.

Six Grains of this Stone, in powder, procureth sweat. e 1.84 Applied entire to the Belly, stopeth all kind of Dysenetries in a miraculous manner. f 1.85

A CLEAR and GREEN STONE, (a kind of Smarag∣dus) which, being heated red hot, shineth in the dark for a considerable time, sc. about ••6^th of an hour. Given by Dr. William Crown. I tried the experiment my self also. And at the same time observ'd, That as it grew hot in the fire, its Green colour was changed into a Sky-blew; which it likewise retain'd so long as it continu'd to shine: but after that, recover'd its native green again.

The AGATE. So called from the River Achates in Sicily, near which it was first found. g 1.86 Almost of the colour of clear Horn. The hardest of Semiperspicuous Gems. They grow in India, Germany, Bohemia. Naturally adorned with much variety of waved and other figur'd Veins, Spots, the representation of Vegetable, and sometimes of Animal Bodies. None more memorable, than that mention'd

by Pliny, a 1.87 of Pyrrhus King of Epyrus, in which, without much strain of phancy, one might imagine a representa∣tion of the Nine Muses, and Apollo, with his Harp, in the middle of them. 'Tis used for Sword-Hilts, Knife-Hafts, Beads, Cups, and the like. There are pieces of it, sometimes b 1.88 as thick as a Mans Arm.

The ONYX. So called, because in colour not unlike the Nail of a Mans Finger. Ambrosinus confounds the Agate and the Onyx together. But the Onyx differs from the Agate, chiefly, in that, instead of Veins, 'tis generally com∣posed, saith Boetius, of Zones. But I think rather of several Balls, one within another: which, when the Stone is po∣lish'd, do indeed represent a round spot in the centre, with several Zones or Rings about it. Here are of divers sorts.

An ONYX with a white, and very broad Zone.

ANOTHER, of a pale Blew.

A THIRD, with Rings White and Bay.

A FOURTH, of a light yellowish colour, or of Citrine Amber, with ash-colour'd Rings.

A FIFTH, in Figure like an Eye, with the Iris, White; the Pupil, of the colour of Honey.

A SIXTH, with the middle Spot or Pupil encompassed with a grey Iris.

A SEVENTH, with the Iris party-colour'd, within, White; without, brown; and the Pupil also of the same colour.

An EIGHTH, with an ash-colour'd Pupil, the Iris of a pale Amethystine within, and white without. These with more variety of colours, are by some particularly called NICCOLI; qu. Onyculi.

A NINTH, which may be nam'd, The BINOCULAR; as having the likeness of two little Eyes. The Table on which Nature hath drawn them, is of the colour of yellow Amber, and semiperspicuous. The Eyes are white, with their Pupils of the colour of the palest live Honey.

A TENTH, distinctly called BELI OCULUS: the Iris whereof is Grey; the Pupil, and the rest of the Eye, Black.

An ELEVENTH, of the colour of yellow Amber, with grey Girdles, not round, as in all the former, but angular.

The EMBRIO of an ONYX. So I name it. 'Tis a half Globe, polish'd. The outer Crust or Shell, Semiperspicuous, and as hard as of a true Oynx. The part within, round, of an opacous liver-colour, and so soft as to be dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

A PEBBLE of kin to the Onyx. 'Tis round or globous, and on the two opposite sides, a little prominent. About an inch in Diametre. The outer Shell, yellowish; the mid∣dlemost, red; both opacous. The intimate Part, diapha∣nous, and of the colour of a glowing Coal. It seemeth to me, That as some Pebbles, so many more Flints, are a sort of ONYX. The Onyx, amongst other things, is used for the making of Cups; of which, King Mithridates is said to have had two Thousand. Sometimes so big, as to serve for Statues. At Rome, in the Basilica of St. Peter, there are (or were in Boetius's time) six little Onychine Columns. a 1.89 They grow both in the East and West-Indies, and in Europe.

The ONYCHATE: Betwixt an Onyx and an Achate. Composed not of Zones, or Balls, but of Plates, perspicuous and ash-colour'd, mixed.

ANOTHER, of a Globous Figure, consisting of Plates ash-colour'd and brown: like a little turn'd Bowl of Ash∣wood.

A THIRD, consisting of Black, and Horn-colour'd Plates, mixed together, these latter, being also stained with red spots.

The PSEUDOPALUS. 'Tis of a pale blewish Water, like a Fishes Eye, or a drop of Skim'd-Milk, with some Rays of yellow.

ANOTHER, growing to a thin Crust or Matrix of an Iron-colour.

This, and the Opalus it self, the softest of Gems. b 1.90 They are now found principally in Hungary. c 1.91 The Opalus, saith Boetius, hath its variety of colours, only by Re∣fraction: (adds Laet, d 1.92 like those in a Prisme) for if it be broken it looseth them. 'Tis true, that these colours are pro∣duced by Refraction: yet not as in a Prisme; as not depend∣ing upon the Figure, (for they will not be produced in other Stones of the same figure) nor so much as any flaw or flakiness in the Stone; but its peculiar Texture, which

causeth those Refractions. Tin and Venis-Glass melted to∣gether, imitate an Opalus. a 1.93 See also the Phil. Trans. hereof. b 1.94

The ONYCOPALUS. By some called Oculus Cati. It hath the Zones or Rings of the Onyx, of a pale White. The best of these are found in Zeilan and Pegu. Much harder than the Opalus. It might be try'd, whether this Stone doth in any degree partake of the strange property of the Opalus; some of which, being only steeped a while in common water, will become Transparent for some time. c 1.95

The CALCEDONY, i. e. Onyx Chalcedonius, as Kentman not amiss. d 1.96 This is polish'd and set in a Frame. Above four inches long, and near as broad. Semiperspicuous, al∣most like to a piece of grey Ice. Consisting of white and most perspicuous parts so mixed together, as to look in some sort like a Honey-Coome.

Another small one, with a pointed and sexangular polish at both ends.

This Stone is next in hardness to the German Agate. The clearest, with a pale cast of blew the best. In Germany, be∣ing cut into thin broad Tablets, many have their Arms either engraven thereon, or painted on the back-side; pre∣fering it to Crystal, as being harder, if good. Hereof also are made little Mortars for the powdering of Emery; like∣wise Cups, Religious Beads, &c. e 1.97

The SARDIUS or Cornelian, qu. Carnelian. A semiper∣spicuous Stone. The best, by some called The Male, of the colour of Flesh, saith Boetius, with the blood in it. I add, but of a living Animal. But this is diluted with somewhat of an Amber-colour. Anciently not only This, but all the smaller Gems, were used especially for Signets and Signet-Rings. f 1.98

The SARDONYX. As it were compounded of the Sardius, and the Onyx. This is polish'd, and so the better shews it self. It consisteth of White and Blackish Rings, one with in another. And stained both with red, and pale green Spots interjected. The Rings, with the help of a Glass, appear much more numerous, curiously representing those in the Root of Taraxacum or Dan-de-Lyon, cut transversly. Note also, That the said Rings are properly so call'd, only in the polish'd Stone; being, when entire, really so many Balls,

as in the Bezoar or Onyx, one within another. This Stone is found in several parts in Asia and Europe. Harder than the Onyx, or the Agate; and is therefore figur'd with Emery. Hereof anciently Cups were made, and those Dishes call'd Vasa Myrrhina. See Worm.

The JASPIS. An opacous Gem; always, saith Laet, a 1.99 with some kind of earthyness. But I take this to be only the property of the Lapis Nephriticus. 'Tis found of most colours; of which here is some variety.

A GREEN JASPIS, stained with White Spots.

A Flesh-colour'd JASPIS, with Blackish Striae.

ANOTHER, stained with Purple and Blew Spots mixed together.

A FOURTH, stained with white and red Spots.

A FIFTH, Variegated with White, Carnation, Red, dark Green, and bright Green Veins and Spots. Very like to those, which Boetius saith are plentifully found in Bohemia.

A GEOMETRICK JASPER. It seemeth at least of affinity with the Lapis Sanguinalis described in Boetius. b 1.100 But is certainly one sort of Lapis Cruciformis. c 1.101 This here is polish'd into a plain Oval Figure, or flat on both sides. About an inch and ¼ long, and ¼ thick. In the centre or middle part of both sides stands a Rhumb or Diamond∣square part, of a blackish Green. From the four Angles whereof are produced as many Lines of the same colour; and from each of these, two more, at acute Angles; the extreme parts whereof compose four more green Parts, as it were half Rhumbs: all joyn'd together with a circle near the Rim of the Stone. Amongst these, some yellow and red Spots are sprinkled up and down.

A Bag of a course sort of JASPER Stones, knockt off from those in Wilts-shire near Marleborough, called The Grey-Weathers. Given by John Aubrey Esq. So hard, that no Tool will touch them. Generally of a light Grey, some almost white, many of a dirty red.

Another, of a blewish Grey. Taken from a like shelf of Stones at Stone-heng. 'Tis hard enough to scratch Glass.

Another like a green Pebble, found in one of the Streets of this City. Where also, saith the fore-mentioned Person, many more are met with, and that they are a sort of Jasper, brought, as Ballast, from the East-Indies.

The JASPACHATES. 'Tis polish'd, and so figur'd, as to look like one half of a Pear, with the Stalk, Coar, and dead Flower cut out. Curiously beautify'd with Yellow, Purple, and Blood-red Spots, immersed in the Horny and Semiperspicuous colour of the Agate; with which also 'tis equally hard. This also is a kind of BLOOD-STONE: as all other Jaspers with red Spots.

The JASPONYX. 'Tis polish'd with an Oval Figure. Composed of white Zones, besprinkled with White, Brown, and Red Spots.

Another of a courser kind, compos'd of Green and Ash∣colour'd Plates. Like that Marble described by Imperatus with parallel black Lines.

The JASPAMMITES. So I call it; Having the Figure of the Ammites, with the Colour and Hardness of the Jaspis. For 'tis composed of little orbicular Stones, some∣what bigger than a Pepper-Corn; all green without, and of a dark Purple in the centre. So as they seem also to have been once little crusted or shell'd Balls, as those of the Ammites, hereafter describ'd.

The Jaspis grows in India, Phrygia, Thracia, and Bohemia. Next in hardness to the Agate. Sometimes so big, as to be used for Statues. Of great esteem, as an Amulet, for the stainching of all Haemorrhages. Of its Effect herein, see some Cases in Boetius; one of them a most remarqua∣ble one. a 1.102 See also two others, in Mr. Boyle, Of Gems. The specifick Virtues ascribed to This and divers other Stones, seeming almost incredible unto some: Mr. Boyle, to render an intelligible Account of the same; doth rea∣sonably* 1.103 suppose, That all opacous Medical Stones have been, some Bolus's, some Ores of Metals, or Minerals of kin to Metals, so advantagiously alter'd, as by application only to become Sanative. c 1.104 The Green-Jasper is by some prefer'd: but that which Boetius us'd in the Cases above∣mention'd, was wholly Red.

The NEPHRITICK-STONE. Of affinity with the Jaspis, and rather harder. Of several colours; but no one of two, nor any Red: for the most part of a pale Green. It hath some softer parts intermixed, which make it look sometimes as if it were a little oily; and for which cause it admits not of a perfect polish. Of these here are two Species; first,

The NEPHRITICK STONE of Brasile. Gemma, Gesnero, Oripendula. Described by the Author of the Name. But this is smaller, and seems to be broken. Of a pale blewish Green, with some pores containing a whitish substance. Polish'd and shaped into a little Column. The better sort of the Natives of Brasile, to distinguish themselves, when they go abroad, wear this Stone (as we Rings on the Ear) upon their Lip; which is bored in their Childhood for that pur∣pose.

ANOTHER, of affinity with the former. It consisteth mostly of parts of a dark Green; yet glossy; and firmly cohering. Yet so as in several conspicuous pores to con∣tain a soft whitish substance.

This Stone, although of no beauty, yet is placed amongst Gems, for that it is highly esteemed, as an Amulet against Nephitical Pains, and the Stone and Gravel in the Kidneys. Of the admirable effects whereof, in divers Cases of this Nature, see the Relations of Monardes, and from him of Boetius; as also from a Noble Person, his Kinsman. a 1.105 The Green one with black spots, is commended by many. But Laet saith, b 1.106 he had one almost of the colour of Honey, which, upon frequent experience, he found to do all that Monardes relates of it.

The TURCOIS. So called, because brought to most places from Turkey, or those that trade from thence. By the Indians, Perose; for that it is found, most abundant, saith Cerutus, c 1.107 only, saith Tavernere, (d) in Persia. See the Description hereof in Boetius. This here, is all over tuberous on the top with round Knobs, of several sizes, from that of the head of a small Brass Nail to that of a Pin; some of a blewish, others of darker Green. Within (some∣what like the Onyx) disposed into Zones, mixed with spots: both of a Greenish Black. 'Tis two inches broad, and near three in length: a great one, if, as Boetius saith, it seldom exceeds the bigness of a Walnut.

Another, about as big as a Filbert.

A Third, a small one, like those set in Rings.

The MOTHER of the TURCOIS, as is supposed. Found in the Mines of Herngrunt in Hungary; and given by Dr. Edward Browne. Here are two Pieces. One of them, for the greatest part, blew; with some places black.

In which is also immersed a sort of small Sand-colour'd Stones, so hard as to scratch Glass. The other, hath also a mixture of some parts that are Green. The Blew and the Green, are both, and they only dissoluble upon the effusion of Acids.

The best of these Stones are the Blewest. a 1.108 They have also this property; sc. to look blew by Day, b 1.109 and Green by Candle-light. Many, saith Boetius, have judged this to be reckon'd by Pliny, amongst Jaspers with the Name of Boreas. But either Pliny and the Ancients, or those that make that judgment of them, were greatly mistaken. For this is a very soft Stone, and easily dissoluble, with Ebullition, immediately upon the effusion of some, especially Nitrous Acids: and may be scraped with a Knife. So that I am of Opinion; That 'tis nothing else but a sort of Aerugo in some measure petrify'd. Which also is further confirm'd in that it doth not only resemble that in Colour, but, be∣ing (as it is easily) burnt, is of the same Tast. So that it is no marvail, if this Stone, with Age and especially much worn and exposed to the Air, looseth the beauty of its colour. And that it may be restored to the same by Oil of Vitriol; which eateth off its faded Surface.

CHAP. V. Of REGULAR STONES.

AS Gems are distinguished chiefly by their Colours; so other Stones Regular, by their external Forms. This is of two general kinds. Such as is Circumscriptive, or depending upon the whole Stone, as ex. gr. in the Eagle-Stone; and this is properly call'd the Figure. Or such as is Accumulative, where there is a repetition of the same Figure in several parts, as in Muscovy-Glass, composed of parallel Plates: and so for the rest, whereof in their order.

A GLOBULAR PEBBLE, an inch and ¼ in Diametre, whitish and semiperspicuous. It seems to be an Assay to∣wards the Eagle-Stone, hereafter describ'd.

A CLUSTER'D PISOLYTHOS. It consisteth of Glo∣bular and bay Stones, united together with an Ash-colour'd Cement: But this is very hard, and stirs not with Acids. Boetius and others figure a Cluster of these, but somewhat bigger.

This Stone may seem to belong to the second general kind above-said. But is really a heap of distinct Stones in one Bed. Which is also to be understood of others alike.

ANOTHER, composed of Globular Stones, consisting of a whitish, and soft or friable substance; yet gritty, and indissoluble with Acids. United together with a brown Cement.

A SINGLE one of the same Figure, but bigger; sc. as big as a Physical Pill. As also semipellucid, almost as the bay Amber. Very hard and indissoluble with Acids. Besler figures some of these, with the Name of Pisa majora la∣pidea.

The SINEPITES, as it may be called. Being a Cluster of small hard Globules, like Mustard-seeds; and united together with an obscure or dull Red Cement. Given by Sig^r. Boccone.

The MECONITES. A Cluster of other like Globules no bigger than Poppy-seeds. See one of these in Boetius and Besler. These two last, are properly of the Hammites kind; but not the Pisolythos, although accounted so by Boetius. Of these Globules, it is observable with the help of a Glass, That although they are so very small, yet are they shell'd, or composed of little Balls one within another, as the Bezoar-Stone.

The CLUSTER'D STALAGMITES. A Congeries of Globular Stones, like so many petrify'd Drops; of the co∣lour of Oriental Bezoar; cemented together with a kind of Gypsum. The whole Mass, which here is polish'd, is two inches and ½ square, and an inch high. This, and the fol∣lowing Stones of affinity herewith, differ from the five former, not so much in figure, as in substance, these being all instantly dissoluble with Acids. So that they seem to be a kind of Gypsum, first dissolved in some Mineral Menstruum, and after setling in this Figure.

The CORALLINE STALAGMITES, also cluster'd. It

consisteth of little round Stones of the bigness of the for∣mer, but of the colour of red Coral. Cemented together with a sort of Gypsum. It is dissolved, upon the effusion of any strong Acid, with a strong Effervescence.

The POROUS STALAGMITES. 'Tis a ruder Species, the Stones of which it is composed, being not so distinct and round, as in the former. Cover'd all over with one com∣mon Crust. Yet most of them pounced with small or more open pores.

A SINGLE one, call'd PISUM CAROLINUM; be∣cause frequently bred in the Caroline Baths. Whitish, smooth and dense; and near as big as a Pistol Bullet.

Two SINGLE ones. Given by Sir Philip Skippon. Of a glossy Ash-colour, and very dense substance: yet easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. These are somewhat angular.

Two more, which are TWINS. These are perfectly round, except where they joyn together.

A Great TIBULINE SUGAR-PLUM. This and the other Rough sorts the Italians call Confetti de Tibuli; the place (not far from Rome) where they are bred. 'Tis above 1/•• an inch in Diametre, Globular, White, and Rough; ex∣actly like a great Confet.

A Parcel of SMALL ones; white, round, and as it were granulated: just like Carvy Confets, and such like. Besler figures several of these under the Name of Petrify'd Anise∣seeds, Fenil-seeds, &c.

The SUGAR-ALMOND, bred also in the same place. In colour, figure, size, and surface, so like to the rougher sort which Confectioners sometimes make, that, excepting the Tast, nothing can be liker.

Three STONES found very deep under ground near Hartford in New England. One of an Oval Figure, flatish, and having a little Globule standing upon its centre. Ano∣ther, two half Globes, joyn'd edge to edge. The Third, much bigger than the former, of a circular Figure, and flat; an inch and ¼ over; almost like the Caps worn by Under-Graduates in our Universities. All soft, and fine, or not gritty, and not unlike a hard Bole. Spirit of Nitre dissolves them with Effervescence.

A little round, flat, and blackish Stone, resembling a

Medicinal TROCH, or a thin CAKE of Terra sigillata, having as it were the Impression of a small Seal on one side. 'Tis a perfect Pebble, not affected with any Acid.

The EAGLE-STONE. Aetites. All the former Stones were round and solid. This is hollow. Named from a vulgar opinion, That the Eagle, when she sits, carries it to her Nest, to keep her Egg from being addle. And this, joyn'd with another, That Bodies operate according to their Signature: as this Stone, which often contains, or if you will, goes great with another Stone within it. Several sorts hereof are here preserv'd.

The FLORID Male EAGLE-STONE. A rare kind. 'Tis a perfect Flint, and semiperspicuous; of a Globular Figure, and as big as a good big Apple, or near three inches in Diametre. Flourished all round about with several sets of Rings one included within another, with some simili∣tude to so many little Roses or double Crowfoot-Flowers. 'Tis very ponderous, being almost solid. Yet hollow at the centre; containing not one, but several small Stones, as is argu'd from the noise they make, upon shaking the Stone.

An ANGULAR or Ridged Male EAGLE-STONE. This also is about the bigness of a good large Apple. Of a brown colour, but daubed over with a kind of Okre; and was therefore probably bred in a Bed of the same. 'Tis very heavy; which argues it almost solid, as the for∣mer, and to have only a small hollow in the centre.

An ORBICULAR EAGLE-STONE. About the big∣ness of a midling Apple. The outside, rough and brown. Inwardly black. The Concave surface daubed with a sort of Okre; a quantity of which, 'tis likely, it once con∣tain'd.

An OVAL EAGLE Stone. About as big as a midling Walnut. Without, blackish and rough, as it were granulated with some semiperspicuous Sands. Smooth within, and of a spruce▪ Okre colour. On one side, it hath an oblong Aperture, with a smooth Lip as it were turned outward.

One half of an OVAL EAGLE Stone. 'Tis near three inches in Diametre. The inside rough-cast with small Grains, in size, like those of Bay-Salt; so hard as to cut Glass.

The FLAT round EAGLE Stone. Of a brown colour, and figur'd like a Troch.

The AMYGDALINE EAGLE Stone. Shaped like an Almond. Of a glossy brown, like half bright Iron. It con∣tains a sort of Bole, of the colour of Fullers-Earth.

The Eagle-Stone which containeth no Stone, but Earth, is called GEODES. GEAETITES were more express.

ANOTHER, of the same figure and bigness; but some∣what flatter.

A Rough and hard EAGLE Stone, the Concave surface whereof is daubed with a soft white wash, a kind of Gypsum, dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

ANOTHER Hard one, immersed in Iron Ore. All these are Naked. Those that follow have a soft Coat.

A COATED EAGLE Stone: A hollow Flint; one way, near two inches in Diametre, and almost round. Cover'd with a kind of white Earth, about 1/••^th of an inch thick: yet not Chalky, but effoete, making no Effervescence with Acids. Containing several sparks or grains of Flint, cluster'd in a round Lump, together with some of the like Earth, as without.

A little Flinty LUMP taken out of another of the same Species.

TWO more EAGLE Stones, of the same Species, of a midling size, and almost as round as a Ball. One of them as big as a good big Walnut.

A FOURTH, bigger than a Musket-Bullet, and as round. Cover'd, as the three former, with a white earthy Coat; and containing the like substance in the centre. The main Body of all these, is either true Flint, or of a hard sub∣stance approaching to it. All these are by some called Males.

The FOEMALE EAGLE Stone. 'Tis round, and in a manner Oval. As big as a good large Apple. Ash∣colour'd without, and white within. Of a soft friable and chalky substance, instantly dissoluble with Acids. From the outside, to the Concave, ½ an inch thick. Containeth a soft white chalky Stone, filling up its whole hollow, and an∣swering to it, as the Yelk doth to the White of an Egg. This Stone is by Pliny called CALIMUS.

ANOTHER, somewhat harder. 'Tis also round, and

bigger than the former, and the sides above 1/•• an inch thick. Rough on the outside, and smooth within. Yet so, as to be furrow'd with certain shallow Rings. To which also the Calimus, therein contain'd, exactly answers, as any Metal doth to the Mould in which it is cast. Both of them make an Effervescence with Acids.

The CALIMUS of ▪another Eagle-Stone, as big as a good big Gall, and knobed in the same manner.

Several Species of this Stone are figur'd by Aldrovandus. a 1.110

The flinty Eagle-Stone, and many other Flints, if ob∣serv'd when they are broken, seem to be an Assay towards the Onyx.

The Eagle-Stone is found in Apulia, Germany, Misnia, &c. Much accounted of by some, as an Amulet against Abortions.

The SEMIGLOBULAR TOAD-STONE. Lapis Bufo∣neus s. Garatronens. It looks like the the one half of a hard flinty Eagle-Stone; and probably, is nothing else. The Diametre ¼ of an inch.

The SEMIOVAL TOAD-STONE. 'Tis an inch long, ½ an inch over, of a brown colour, and flinty.

The Long SEMIOVAL TOAD-STONE. This also is flinty, and of a shining brown, or the colour of Oriental Bezoar, being polish'd. 'Tis about an inch long, and near ½ an inch over. Besler figures this, with the Name of Batra∣choides.

Another sort of Toad-Stone, semiglobular, and solid, sc. with a flat base, is described by Gesner. b 1.111 Thus far of Stones more Round. I shall next describe those which are Cylindrick, or near that Figure. And first the Osteocolla, of which here are several Species.

The SOLID or Pithless KNIT-BONE. Ranked by Kentman, c 1.112 and not improperly, amongst the sorts of Oste∣ocolla. Yet obtains the peculiar Name of ENOSTEOS: being porous, light, spongy, and cylindrick; so as to look just like the inward part of a Bone, or of Harts-Horn.

The KNIT-BONE with a small PITH. 'Tis bended almost like the Letter s. Cylindrick, and three inches round. Almost solid, yet containeth a very small Pith. The outer part, of an Ash-colour, and gritty or sabulous. The Pith, like most white Chalk. Both of them make a conspicuous Effervescence with Acids; but especially th•• Pith.

The GREAT-PITH'D KNIT-BONE. This is not a single one, but a Cluster. They stand together parallel, equal to the thick end of a Tobacco-Pipe-Stalk; without exceeding smooth, and of a yellowish colour, somewhat like that of the Plates in the Ludus Helmontij, hereafter de∣scribed. Filled with a very large Pith, answerable to that in an Eldern-Branch, hard and stony, and of a blewish co∣lour, like that of blew Marle. The spaces between the se∣veral Cylinders, fill'd up with another sort of Stone, of the colour of old Elm. The yellowish Cylinders, being rub'd hard, or scraped, hath a strong stinking scent: but what Species to compare it too, doth not at present occur. They are presently dissolved with Spirit of Nitre.

ANOTHER CLUSTER like the former; saving, that the Cylinders stand together without any, or with little, order: and that the brown and blewish Stones are both mixed in Veins, and several of the Cylinders hollow.

The EMPTY KNIT-BONE. This is neither solid, nor hath any Pith, but a Pipe; yet with a very small bore. Smooth both within and without. And transversly striated, as the Belemnites, hereafter describ'd.

ANOTHER, somewhat more hollow. This also is transversly striated, as the former; but without rough and of an Iron-colour.

A THIRD, most hollow; knobed without, and of an Ash-colour.

Of these Stones, see the Relation especially of Joh. Chrysto∣phorus Beckmannus, Physick Professor at Frank furt; a 1.113 who observes, That they grow in a sandy, seldom or never in a claiy-Ground. Sometimes two mens depth; and with Branches side-ways. Taper'd, as in Plants; where thickest, equal to an ordinary Arm; the small Branches, to ones little Finger. The Place where found is noted by a white fatty Sand, the rest yellowish round about; and underneath a dark, moist, and fatty putrid substance, like rotten-Wood, running in Veins and is the Mother of the Osteocolla. So that it seems to grow somewhat after the manner of the En∣trochus, or Stelechites above describ'd. 'Tis found most in Saxony, and the Palatinate.

This Stone, as is indicated by its Name, is highly esteemed for expediting the Coalition of broken Bones; ʒj hereof

being given and repeated for above five days together. See one or two very remarquable Histories hereof in Boe∣tius. a 1.114

The Larger Hollow STALACTITES, or WATER∣PIPE. The Greek Name supposeth it to grow somewhat after the manner of Icicles, from Lapidifick-Waters. Yet how it should grow hollow, as this, is somewhat hard to conceive. For hereby, it seems rather to grow or sprout upward, as the Stelechites. Only with this difference, That as that grows from an open Bed: this probably, from one under Water. Whence I take leave for the English Name. 'Tis three inches long, in thickness equal to the little Finger. Of a Cylindrick Figure, saving that at both ends 'tis a little more slender; whether naturally, appears not. Composed of several ash-colour'd and blackish Crusts, exceeding thin crispe and brittle, not ill re∣sembling a rouled Wafer. The Bore is lined through with a small granulated Candy. 'Tis instantly dissolved with Spirit of Nitre.

ANOTHER, consisting wholly of white Crusts or Wafers one within another.

The SMALL WATER-PIPE. 'Tis a Cluster of very small Tubes, with the Bore so small, as scarcely to be seen without a Glass. Rough all over with a tuberous Crust. They are found in Germany, Moravia, and other Parts. One Drachm hereof in Powder, is a potent Sudori∣fick. b 1.115

A Stone like a Pebble with small TUBULAR KNOBS upon it, like the Primordia of a Water-Pipe. They are so small, that their hollows cannot be observ'd without a Glass. The Stone on which they grow, though very hard, yet makes a strong Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre. Thus far of Cylindrick Stones.

The CONICK STALACTITES, solid. 'Tis about three inches long; the top sharp, the middle ½ an inch over; the base, an inch, with four or five excentrick Crusts. The whole composed of several Crusts, one within another, as the Water-Pipe. Yet not hollow, as that, or rather not empty, but filled with a Red stony substance. Being kroken it shines like the Lapis Juda••cus. Without, smooth, of an Ash-colour, with some little cast of red. Instantly

dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. Aldrovandus a 1.116 hath one figur'd like this; but by himself, or by Ambrosinus, call'd Stelechites Pyramidalis; very improperly.

The CONICK STALACTITES, hollow. 'Tis three inches long; at the top, which is now open, ¼ over; in the middle, near ••/4; the base spread out, with several round Crusts on one side, like half bubbles, to the breadth of above an inch. On the opposite side, with a short single piped one. All of them contained together within the utmost Crust. Smooth and ash-colour'd without, within pure white.

The Black BELEMNITES. The generick Name is from the shape, like that of a Bolt-head. This Species is out∣wardly of an ash-colour, but black within: and therefore by some called Coraceas. Radiated as most of them are, with transverse Striae. And bored at the thick end, which is not so usual, with a Conick hollow. See the Description of two or three sorts in Boetius, Wormius, and others.

The WHITE BELEMNITES. 'Tis Conick as the for∣mer; but the Rays not so plain. Together with its white colour is joyn'd some little transparency.

The bigger YELLOW BELEMNITES. Particularly called Dactylus Idaeus; for that it is in shape and bigness like a little Finger; and was first, or is now chiefly, found upon Mount Ida. 'Tis solid, semiperspicuous, and of the colour of yellow Amber. They have usually a kind of notched Ridge all along one side; but this hath two opposite ones.

ANOTHER, with a little Hollow fill'd up with a Pith of Earth.

A CLUSTER of broken pieces of the Belemnites.

The SHELL'D BELEMNITES. qu. Stalemnites. Opa∣cous, and of the colour of grey Horn. Pointed at both ends, as the Belemnites is at one. And at one end, sheweth six or seven shells one over another, as in the Stalactites above describ'd. From whence I have nam'd it.

Some of these being rub'd, take up Chaff or other light Bodies, as Amber doth. Kentman b 1.117 mentions one of an Ash-colour, which being rub'd, smelt like a burnt Cows Horn. And a white one, which smelt not much unlike to

white Ambar. They are found in Germany, and other Parts, sometimes in England. They all make a strong Effer∣vescence with Acids. Thus far of Stones simply Conick.

The WORME-STONE. 'Tis now broken at one end, yet about two inches and ½ long. Consisteth of about five solid Rounds, winding from the bigger end (about ¾ of an inch over) so as to make a spiral Cone. Not much unlike a Steel Worme used for the drawing of Corks out of Bottles.

Another of the same shape and bigness. This Stone I find neither figur'd, nor mention'd by any Author, saving only Olearius. a 1.118 They were taken out of the midst of a Rock.

A NETED-STONE. Lapis retiformis. It consisteth of black and roundish portions, severally surrounded with Veins, of an Okre-colour, running one into another after the manner of Net-work. Along the middle of each Vein (about ⅛^th of an inch broad) runs a small Thread or Line, almost of the same colour.

Another, with the Are'as of the Net-work not so black, softer, and somewhat flaky.

A FLINT of a dull Red, with the Figure, almost, of a λ encompassed with six or seven Rings.

The FLAT BOLTHEAD. Anchorites. Of affinity with that well described by Wormius b 1.119 with the Title of Silex venabuli ferreum Cuspidem exactè referens. By Moscardo, c 1.120 with that of Pietre Ceraunie; who also figures it with three or four Varieties. This like those, is a perfect Flint, and semiperspicuous. 'Tis likewise in the same manner, pointed like a Speer. Having at the other end, like those of Mos∣cardo, a short Handle. But moreover, hath this peculiar, that 'tis pointed or spiked also backward on both sides the Handle; with some resemblance to an Anchor, or the Head of a Bearded-Dart: from whence I have nam'd it. 'Tis likewise toothed on the edges, and the sides as it were wrought with a kind of undulated sculpture, as those before mention'd.

ANOTHER, different from the former, in that it is longer, hath a deeper Indenture, but no handle. Both of them strike fire like other Flints. That of Wormius was found in a Hill in the Diocess of Ripen.

Not only Moscardo, but others reckon these amongst the Cerauniae or Thunder-bolts. So called, because believed sometimes with Thunder to shoot down with violence out of the middle Region. Amongst other Relations hereof, that of Terzagi a 1.121 is very express; who saith, That the Corps of one struck dead with Thunder, being inspected in the presence of Septalius, and several others, and a black Wound observed about the Hip, and searched to the Bone; they found therein a round and edged Stone, which being broken, had a very strong sulphurious stink. With this Author, I scarce think any thing of this nature incredible, to those that read the Relation given at large by Wormius b 1.122 of the Norwegick Mouse.

Thus far of Regular Stones, whose external Form is Cir∣cumscriptive, or at least depending upon the whole Stone. I shall now describe those, whose Form is Accumulative, or where there is a repetition of the same figure, or near it, in several Parts.

The GRAPE-STONE. Botrites, Wormio. Here are two or three sorts. One solid, of a yellowish colour, an inch and ½ long, knobed with several small Clusters, like a young bunch of Grapes.

The HOLLOW GRAPE-STONE, with high Knobs or white Berries cluster'd all round about, as in the former, and somewhat thicker.

A SEMI-GRAPE-STONE, with white Drops or Berries only on one side. They all make a vehement Effervescence with Acids; and are a sort of Stalagmites, next of kin to the Confetti di Tibuli before describ'd.

The STAR-STONE. Asteria vera, Boetio. Generally of a ¼ or ½ an inch in Diametre, consisting of several Joynts, evenly piled one upon another, of a Pentagonal Figure, like a Star, and with the signature also of another on both sides, which is composed of short transverse Striae. When broken, it shines like the Lapis Judaicus, or the Entrochites; to which latter it is next of kin. Sometimes they are found single. When consisting of more Joynts, it may rather be call'd Synasteria. Several both of the joynted and singles ones are here preserved.

A very hard Stone, a kind of Pebble with the signature of the Asteria upon it.

Mr. Lyster hath given a particular Account of this Stone, and its varieties in several Figures; published by Mr. Oldenburge, a 1.123 together with some Notes of Mr. Ray thereupon. Mr. Lyster found the fairest of them near Bug∣thorp and Leppington in York-shire, in a blew Clay.

The STARRED-STONE. Astroites. So called, for that being tabulated, or polish'd to a plain, it appears adorned with little Stars, about ¼ or 1/••^th of an inch in Diametre. Boetius conjectures Pliny to reckon this Stone for a sort of Agate. Whether that be so or no, himself is greatly mistaken b 1.124 in affirming as much: this being a very soft Stone. The same Author takes notice, as of a strange thing, That this Stone being put into Vinegar c 1.125 will move up and down in it. Whereas it proceeds (as Mr. Lyster also observes of the Asteria, which he calls the Astroites)* 1.126 only from the Ebullition following upon the immersion: and happens to any other Stone dissoluble with Acids, if immersed in small pieces.

Another, two inches long, and near as broad. This is unpolish'd, and seems to be but part of a far bigger Stone. So that although the figure which Boetius, and some others give, is but small, sc. not an inch long: yet is it sometimes of good bulk.

The ASTROCHITES; polish'd with the figure of a Cross. The Stars are here more round, than in the former. The spaces between the several Stars and Rays, of a dark blackish colour. The Rays or Stars themselves are pale. And also surrounded with a toothed Circle; so as not unaptly to represent the Wheel of a Watch: from whence I have nam'd it.

The imperfect STARRY-STONE. Astroites Boetio e 1.127 quartus. In this the Stars are more obscure, and scarce ra∣diated, but rather spots. But the Stone for substance the same as the former.

The WAVED Stone. Astroites Boetio f 1.128 tertius; but improperly so call'd. For although it be, for substance, like the former; yet is not adorn'd with the likeness of Stars, but of Waves. The several Waves are composed of whitish transvers Striae.

Another, with the Striae more conspicuous.

The SEIVE-STONE. Lapis Cribriformis. A kind of

Tophus. 'Tis of a brown colour, porous light and friable, as a Pumice. And perforated with many Pores more con∣spicuous, about as big as to admit a large Pin, and regular, sc. round, strait and fistular.

I now proceed to several Spars; of which, although some belong to Metals; yet here, have no Metal adhering to them. Those that have, will fall in amongst Ores. And first of such as are pointed, both soft and hard, reserving the Flaked for their place.

Let it only first be noted, That the specifick difference betwixt the Stalactites and the Spar, is, That the former, is always Opacous, and never Angular: the latter, always or usually perspicuous, and never round.

A Silver-Ore SPAR. About an inch and 1/•• high, and three in compass. It consisteth of several Crystals sexangular and pointed, and composed into the figure of a great Bud. The four uppermost bigger than the rest. All semiperspicu∣ous, of the colour of grey Chrystal; and seem to be as hard.

ANOTHER large Piece consisting of hard and sexan∣gular Crystals, and of the same colour with the former. Taken from the Coginnian Silver-Mines. Given by Mr. Colepress.

Several other Pieces of the same, and given by the same Hand.

A METALLICK SPAR, of a pale AMETHYSTINE colour. 'Tis angular and pointed, as Crystal; but with sides more unequal. 'Tis also soft and brittle. Yet harder than some others. And hath no sense of Acids.

A SHOD. Spuma Lupi. The forerunner of the Load or Mother of the Tin-Ore. 'Tis both blacker, and harder than the Mother-Spar.

Another of the same, mixed of black, grey, and yellow.

The MOTHER-SPAR of the Tin-Ore.

ANOTHER, arising from a Whitish Bed, mixed with a kind of rusty red. The Crystals are angular, pointed, and soft, like the square Lead-Spar. Semiperspicuous, yet mostly cover'd with an angular and blackish shell.

A pretty hard Ash-colour'd and Opacuous Spar, growing near the Tin-Mines.

A YELLOW TIN-SPAR from Ireland. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. The several Crystals are angular, pointed, and soft; semiperspicuous like brown Sugar-Candy. Disso∣luble with Acids.

An Iron-SPAR. A Cluster of small, pointed Crystals, almost of the colour of brown Sugar-Candy; but sader, and less perspicuous. 'Tis hard enough to cut Glass.

ANOTHER, Mixed. In the middle, it hath many Striae, of a Lead-Ore colour, running cross one against another. These are encompassed with other parts of the colour of yellow Okre. With which are also mixed some white and green spots. The Stone tasteth like white Vitriol.

A large Copper-SPAR. Given by Mr. Langerman. 'Tis a ¼ of a yard long, and near as broad. Consisting mostly of sexangular Points, upon a grey Bed, which is also mixed with Granulated Spars. The other side, all besprinkled with yellow Mundick.

A MUNDICK-SPAR; consisting of tabulated or flat and square Crystals, of the colour of Citrine Amber, and growing to a whitish Matrix.

Note, That almost all Spars of this kind, are composed of tabulated, and square Crystals.

ANOTHER, consisting of black shining Crystals, of the colour of Jet, and as broad as a Dice; and some of them almost Cubical. Being broken, the fragments are of an Amethystine colour. There are also, underneath, some whitish Crystals; above, some of yellow Mundick.

ANOTHER, partly plated, and partly pointed; of a black shining colour, like that of polish'd Steel. 'Tis very ponderous, and maketh no Effervescence with Acids. Yet soft and brittle. Which three Properties, belong to most, if not all, Mundick-Spars.

A SPAR with CONICK CRYSTALS. They are most of them an inch and 1/•• long. All very close and continuous, excepting at their Points, as in the Amethyst. Semiperspicuous, and exactly of the colour of the best brown Sugar-Candy. Very soft; and easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. It was taken out of a Portland-Stone; and given by Sir Rob. Moray.

A SPAR with CRYSTALS TRIANGULARLY pointed. 'Tis a pretty round Lump. The Crystals so placed, that

the Angle of one, for the most part, answers to the side of another. Of a pale and semisperspicuous colour, coming near to that of white Sugar-Candy. In which also small parallel Streaks of a brighter colour, are observable. Very soft, as the former, and dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

The STYRIATED STALACTITES. Of the same kind with the Styriaeformis described by Wormius. It is a con∣geries of strait, round Styriae, somewhat parallel, and as thick as a Cherry-Stalk, or small Packthred. Each Styria is composed of small, pointed and lose Grains, as big as those of Salt, piled in a strait line one over another. It makes an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre.

The MOSSE-STALACTITES. Consisting also of Gra∣nulated Styriae; yet not strait and parallel, but winding too and fro, and the Grains with bigger points; so as to re∣semble petrify'd Mosse.

I NEXT proceed to PLATED-STONES; and first such as are of a Rhomboid Figure.

A CRYSTAL of TALK. Wormius describes Talk, to be a Stone divisible into flat Plates, variously intricated, and divisible like Silver, which is all he saith of the form, and his words unintelligible. Far from a definition of that form, which, so often, as its Concretion proceeds freely on all sides, or without hinderance from any adjacent Body, it doth obtain: being then, a Congeries of flat, and perspi∣cuous Plates, somewhat pliable, and figur'd into a kind of double Rhomboid; or as it were two Squares, with un∣equal Sides and Angles, clapt together, with the edges pro∣duced, to distinguish them: so, as to obtain twelve Angles, and ten Sides, sc. eight lesser, and two greater ones. A piece thus figur'd, I call A Crystal of Talk. And of this the form is both Accumulative and Circumscriptive: the difference betwixt which is shewed in the beginning of this Chapter.

An HALF-CRYSTAL, having only six sides, four lesser, and two greater ones; as if it were a perfect one, split.

A piece of FOLIATED TALK. It consisteth of seve∣ral pieces, pellucid, cleveable, and something pliable, of a Rhomboid Figure, and composed together so as to resem∣ble the indented leave of Wild Clary.

A large Piece of TALK, above ½ a foot square.

A Piece of TALK taken out of the Ground in Wiltshire.

A lump of the TALK-ROCK near Spiral, in the upper Carinthia. Given by Dr. Edward Brown. It consisteth of broken pieces, like those of the Selenites, immersed in a white glossy Stone, stained with purplish spots, and so hard as to scratch Glass.

Talk, although flexible, and regularly figur'd, yet feel∣eth no Acid; and is of that obstinate nature, as neither to melt, nor scarce loose its colour, in the fire. Considering which, and that all Salts, yet known, will flow: I am in∣duced to think, That it hath not its Figure from any Salt; but is almost a simple Earth sui generis. And that there are earthy Particles, as well as Saline, which are regularly figur'd; and of which this and some other Stones are composed. Hereof is prepared a wash for the Face, which some Chy∣mysts cry up for the best in the World.

A GREEN TALK-SPAR. The whole piece, is here of a rude Figure; but is easily broken into Rhomboid Plates, resembling those of Talk, from whence I have nam'd it. 'Tis tinged with a pale Green. It stirreth not with any Acid. Yet is not flexible, as true Talk, but brittle as Glass.

A great Crystalline TALK-SPAR. So I call it. Sent by Dr. Erasmus Bartholine, together with a large account of it, published in a the Phil. Transactions. a 1.129 And by the Dr. b 1.130 himself in a distinct Treatise. 'Tis a foot long, ½ a foot broad, and two inches and ½ thick. Of a Rhomboid Figure, and the narrow sides likewise sloaped, as in the Crystals of Talk. It breaketh also into parts of the same Figure, or near it. Yet not flexible, but brittle. Polite, colourless, and transparent, as the clearest Chrystal. Yet soft and dissoluble especially with Nitrous Spirits; and by a strong fire reduceable to a Calx. Of a very different na∣ture from Crystal, although the said Dr. is pleased so to call it. When heated, it is of an Electrick Nature, or like Amber▪ taketh up straws and other light Bodies. That which he principally Notes is, That the Objects seen through it, in certain positions, appear sometimes single, sometimes double, and sometimes sixfold. Which he ascribes to a Refraction peculiar to this Stone. And to me, it seems pro∣bable, That this various Refraction depends upon the structure of the Stone, sc. as it is not one piece absolutely entire, but composed of several Plates; and those not all

in a like manner, but differently contiguous; so, as in some places, several Plates may make but one Refraction; in others, two or more. It was dug out of a very high Mountain in Island, one whole side whereof consisteth of this Spar.

TWO PIECES of the same Stone, about two inches and 1/•• long, broad, and thick. Thus far of Rhomboid Stones.

The RHOMBICK LEAD-SPAR. Frequently found in the Lead-Mines in Derbyshire, and in others. By some called English Talk. But very improperly. For though it consisteth of several Plates, yet not flexible, but brittle as Glass. Besides, 'tis not of a Rhomboid, but Rhombiek Figure, that is, a Diamond-square, or with the Angles un∣equal, the sides equal. Nor doth Talk feel any Acid, but this with Spirit of Nitre is easily dissolved. It breaks into pieces, which, though never so small, yet retain the same Figure. Being burned, it yieldeth a Lixivial Salt.

A clear FLINT, of the colour of yellow Amber, with Striae on the sides shaped into little Rhombes.

A RHOMB of MUSCOVY-GLASS. This Stone is by most called Selenites. By some Mariae Glacies. By Agricola, and Kentman, Magnetis. By Ambrosinus, a 1.131 con∣founded, under the same Name, with Talk. 'Tis indeed the nearest of kin to that of any Stone, being insensible of Acids; and consisting of very thin, perspicuous, glossy, parallel, and flexible Plates. Seldom found figur'd. But when it is, I suppose always, as it is here in this piece, sc. into a Diamond-square, i. e. with unequal Angles, and equal sides; whereas in a Talk-Crystal, both are unequal. It was taken out of Mount Haemus.

A very white Piece of Muscovy-Glass.

ANOTHER, of a pale Green colour, with a kind of silver gloss, and semiperspicuous.

Another, of the colour of tarnish'd Copper mixed with black.

A lump of Selenites. 'Tis immersed in small pieces in a whitish Stone, a little Diaphanous, and so hard as to cut Glass.

This Stone grows in Cyprus, Sicily, Saxony, and many other places; especially in Muscovy, whence the English Name. Used in Saxony, and other places in Germany, in

Windows, instead of Glass. Ambrosinus a 1.132 mentions a Lead-colour'd sort so big, as to make not only Tiles, but Tables.

The BONONIAN-STONE, Prepared and given by Fr. Willughby Esq. 'Tis somewhat fissile, and may be here ranked. Now of a greyish colour, and in some places like the Rombick Lead-Spar. No Acid will touch it. Its qua∣lity of shining in the Dark, after its being exposed a little while to the Sun, is now lost. See the manner of its prepa∣ration in Wormius. Given in Powder, b 1.133 or the infusion of it, after calcin'd, is a strong Emetick.

An odd SPAR, Green by day; by Candle-light of an Amethystine colour. Softer than to cut Glass, yet harder than the common Rhombick Lead-Spar.

A FLORENTINE SLATE. A sort of Saxum fissile. Hereon is naturally represented the PROSPECT of a City, Houses, Churches and Steeples, standing in length. To make them all visible, it must be wetted.

ANOTHER, with the PROSPECT of a TOWN, lying round upon the side of a Hill.

Another with the like PROSPECT; but shewing it, as at a much greater distance.

Another, with one half of the TOWN on a Rock, the other in a Plain. There are some of this kind in Septalius's Musaeum.

A SALTRAM SLATE. Very like to Efford-slate (used for Writing, and Mathematick Schemes) but not all out so good.

An odd SLATE with yellow Mundick in small Grains or Sparks immerced throughout the body of it.

RUMPLEY-STONE. A common blewish Slate, for colour and substance. But excelleth, in that it rises large enough for Building. It may be cleft as thin as you please.

A kind of whitish Slate, mixed with a rusly Iron-colour: plentiful in some Mines.

Some others; one grey and spotted with tawny. Another, of a brown Purple. A Third, Red. These abound in the High-Ways about the Mines in Cornwall. With these may be placed.

The WAXEN VEIN. Ludus Helmontij. A Stone com∣posed of two distinct Bodies. One, and the far greater, is

of a dirty ash-colour: in substance, not unlike the Lime∣stone. The other, somewhat harder; runs through it in several Veins, or rather Plates, as being usually plain, as thick as the back of a slender Knife, and exactly of the colour of yellow Wax; for which cause I have plac'd it amongst the Plated Stones, and taken leave for the English Name. Both of these two Bodies make an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre, but the ash-colour'd, the greater.

The PIPED WAXEN-VEIN. So I call it, for that the greater ash-colour'd Body inclosed within the yellow Plates, is stuffed top full of small Cylinders and Tubes irregularly placed: most of which seem to be of the same yellowish substance, as the Plates. This Species hath some affinity with the piped Osteocolla above describ'd.

The STARRED WAXEN-VEIN. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. Found in the Isle of Sheapy. On one part of the Stone grows a fair Star, with many Rays, about an inch long, white and glossy: from whence I name it. This Star is of a quite different nature from the Stone on which it grows, as making no ▪Effervescence with Acids, and in figure agreeing rather with the Pyrites.

A Piece of WAXEN VEIN, with doubled Plates; in some places, as it were efflorescent with several little pro∣tuberances consubstantial.

From the Description of this Stone above given, it ap∣pears, that Wormius was mistaken, in reckoning it amongst Flints. This is that, which Paracelsus so much extols for a Lithontriptick. And thus far I believe, that 'tis a very good Diuretick; and may therefore sometimes be very well used for the carrying off of Gravel. But let all that have any Stone too big to be voided, take heed of such Medicines.

PLATED MARBLE. It seems to have been originally a striated Bole. Now a Stone as hard as Marble, composed of Portions, of an inch thick, colour'd, growing parallel, or as it were stratum super stratum; from whence I have nam'd, and here plac'd it.

Several soft PLATED STONES, found in the same place, and of the same colour and substance, with the Fish-Mould formerly describ'd. One of them, Globular, a little compressed on the two opposite sides: but composed

of Plates or Crusts narrowed from the middle of the Stone both ways, so as to make that Figure. A second, Oval, with three Hemispherick knobs appendent; all plated, as the Globular. A fourth and fifth figur'd almost like a Finger.

THUS FAR of Plated Stones. Next of those which we may call Fibrous. In the former, the Parts are answerable to the leaves in a piece of Past-board. In these to the Bristles in a Brush, or the Threads in a Skeine of Silk.

THRUM-STONE, as I call it. Amianthus Lapis & Asbesti∣nus. It grows in short Threads or Thrums, from about a ¼ of an inch to an inch in length; parallel, and glossy; as fine, as those small single Threads the Silk-Worm spins; and very flexile, like Flax or Tow. Nothing answers it better, than the hard fibrous part of a large Oyster, when 'tis stew'd. Here are several pieces, both of White and Green. Of which, the latter hath the longest Threads, and the most flexile.

A piece of AMIANTHUS-ROCK; in which the Thrums (about ¼ of an inch in length) lie in Layers between several Beds of a Green Stone, in some places of a redish brown.

Another, with Veins or Layers between Beds of a blewish colour.

A BASTARD-AMIANTHUS. It grows in Veins in a Claiy and Mundick Load, between Beds of a Greenish Earth. The Threads 1/••^d or near ½ an inch long, of a glossy black, and brittle. Given by Mr. Colepress, who observ'd it amongst the Cornish Mines.

The best is found in Cyprus and India. Of late, very good in some Mines in Italy. Of which see the Philos. Transactions. a 1.134 It was anciently spun, like Tow, into Sheets; in which the Bodies of Princes, laid on the Funeral Pile, were wrapped up, to keep them entire, when they were burnt, from the other ashes. These Sheets were made clean, not by washing, but by burning them; as being insuper∣able by the fire: from whence the Name of the Stone. The Art, as well as the Use, is thought to be gone. But not so; for Septalius b 1.135 hath or lately had both Thread, Ropes, Paper, and Netted-Works all made hereof; and some of them with his own hand. Boetius describes c 1.136 an Oyntment made of this Stone, which he highly com∣mends

against the Sore on Childrens Heads, usually called Tinea Puerorum; and Ulcers in the Legs. It hath no sense of Acids.

The FIBROUS BLOOD-STONE. Haematites. This I take to be that particularly, by Pliny call'd Androdamas. It hath affinity with the Amianthus, not only in being divi∣sible into Fibers; but in that these Fibers are also somewhat flexile, and of a greenish colour. Yet here, they stand not just parallel, but rather so as to tend towards one point; like the Styriae in some sorts of Antimony. This Stone is also altogether insensible of Acids. Found in Germany, Bohemia, Silesia; among the Iron Mines; of an Iron colour, a dull red, yellow, and sometimes black. Much celebra∣ted against an Haemoptoe. Trallianus prescribes it ground to an impalpable powder, from ℈j to ℈iiij for a Dose.

A Piece of SPAUD or TARRAS. Schistus Capillaris; as I call it. It consisteth of white, glossy, and parallel Fi∣bers. But different from the Amianthus, in that they are very brittle; nor so easily divided. From the Schistus de∣scribed by Wormius, a 1.137 which is divisible into Plates. And that which Boetius describes, which is yellow. This is pure white, almost like polish'd Silver, and in a thiner piece, semiperspicuous. Being rub'd between ones Fingers, it di∣vides into an infinite number of Hairs, twenty times smaller than the smallest Needle. It stirs not with Acids: and therefore seems neither to be any kind of Gypsum properly so call'd.

Another Piece of the same, from Warwick-shire▪ Given by Sir John Hoskins.

A Piece of HARD TARRAS, from Stinchcombe in Gloucestershire. Given by the same Hand. 'Tis more close and firm than the former, rather like those in Sal Armoniac; the Fibers not altogether so regularly pild; nor so white, more resembling the Mother of Green Vitriol.

The same Analogy as is between Talk Muscovy-Glass, and Amianthus: is also between the Rhomboid Spar, the Saxum Fissile, and the Tarras.

CHAP. VI. Of STONES IRREGULAR.

AS GEMS are chiefly distinguished by their Colours, and all other Stones Regular, by their Figures: So these, by the different degrees of Hardness.

EMERY. Smiris. Of a kind of blackish Iron-colour. The hardest of unfigur'd Stones. And is therefore used for the polishing and cutting of all Gems, except the Dia∣mond. For the hollowing of flinty Mortars, together with Sand. a 1.138 For the brightening of Armour, and all Metal∣lick Equipage. And for Moulds or Forms for the casting of Medals and other Coins. Yet Mr. Boyle b 1.139 hath open'd it with a Corrosive Menstruum so far, as to make an infusion of Galls therewith to turn blackish.

A FLINT of the colour of yellow Amber. It alludeth to a Topaz.

A polish'd FLINT, not unlike a Calcedony.

A rough FLINT naturally perforated with several large Cavities running one into another. It seems to be an assay towards an Eagle-Stone, which is commonly a Flint.

Flints are of all colours. Some so clear, that some Jew∣elers cut and sell them for Bohemick Diamonds. c 1.140 They are also used for factitious Gems, with the mixture of Metals, in fusion. For making of Glass. For Mortars for the powdering of the Fragments of Gems. And sometimes added to melted Metals, to keep them, as is supposed, by the Metal∣lists, from spending. d 1.141

A BALL of SERPENTINE MARBLE; called Ophites, from the winding of the Veins. Near four inches in Dia∣metre. Of the noblest sort; consisting of White, and Red or Murrey Veins, in Black.

ANOTHER MARBLE-BALL, two inches and ½ in Dia∣metre, Veined, and spoted with Red, Sand-colour, and White.

A THIRD, Veined and spoted with Black, Sand-colour'd, and White.

A Ball of ONYCHINE MARBLE, about the same big∣ness; on one side Sand-colour'd, on the other Grey. That which is observable is this, That instead of winding Veins,

it hath several Circles one within another, as if drawn with a pair of Compasses on a Slate; or as in the Onyx; from whence I have nam'd it. The bigest Circle is about an inch and ½ in Diametre.

Two pieces of AEGYPTIAN MARBLE. Consisting of a blackish Ground, as it were inlaid with little Green pieces, most of them of an oblong square Figure.

A Piece of the worst sort of CORNISH MARBLE, used for Lime. A blewish Stone, mixed with some whitish sparry Veins; and some of a redish-slat, of the colour of Terra Lemnia rubra. Marbles, besides the places mention'd, are found in Italy, Germany, Cappadocia, Hetruria, Numidia, and other parts. The uses are as known, as great.

LAPIS LAZULI, i. e. Blew-Stone; Lazuli being the Arabick word for a blew colour. Whence also the corrupt Italick, Azure. It consisteth of parts of a full Blew (usually with some yellow specks) immersed in a dull Bed, bordering upon the colour of Fullers-Earth. On this here, grow some pieces of Spar, so hard as easily to write in Glass.

Another Piece growing to an ash-colour'd and softish Stone, dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

This Stone is usually found in Gold Mines in Africa and Asia. Of two kinds; The fixed, which being put in to the fire, keeps its colour; The Not fixed, also in Ger∣many. a 1.142 Hereof are sometimes made Knife-Hafts and Spoons. But especially that most excellent BLEW, called ULTRAMARINE. The manner of preparing it, is very largely and exactly described by Boetius. b 1.143 The powder hereof given to the quantity of ʒss (or more or less) is an innocent and useful Cathartick. c 1.144 It will sometimes work by Vomit. Hath been successfully used in Quartans and Malignant Feavers. And yields a Narcotick Oil. d 1.145

The Fading BLEW-STONE. Lapis Armenius. This piece consisteth of Blew and Green parts mixed together. And the blew parts themselves, at least, the colour made of them, will in time turn green. 'Tis softer than Lazuli, and not insensible of Acids; and of Oil of Vitriol more, than of Spirit of Nitre.

Another Piece of L. Armenius; consisting of Blew parts immersed in a hard and redish sand-colour'd Bed, with a Green piece growing to one side. Given by Henry Olden∣burge

Esq. It grows in Germany, Hungary, and Transylvania. It makes also an excellent Blew, but, as is abovesaid, not holding. The way of making it, see in Boetius. a 1.146 Given in Powder, unwashed, to the quantity of ʒj or ℈iiij, it works by Vomit: washed, to the quantity of ℈v or ʒij, works by Stool; highly celebrated by some, not only for its Inno∣cent, and most easie; but also most effectual Operation, in such Diseases, as are supposed to depend on Melancholy. b 1.147

The LOADSTONE. Magnes; from Magnesia, a Coun∣try between Thessaly and Macedonia, where, it's said, it was first found. For the most part of an Iron-colour, tending to Blew, by some called The Male; if Black, The Female. Here are several both great and small. One weighing about sixty pounds. Given by Dr. Edward Cotton. Dug out of the Ground in Devonshire. Although it takes up no great weight, yet moves a Needle nine feet distant. Some part hereof, which was broken off, being put in its proper place, adds much strength to it. Here are likewise some other great Pieces from the same place.

Part of a LOADSTONE ROCK in Anglesey. Of a rusty Iron-colour, and in some parts of a dirty slat-Blew.

Two Orbicular LOADSTONES; one of them with an Axis.

TWENTY SEVEN Lesser LOADSTONES: whereof eleven are Arm'd and Coated. They are usually found in Germany, Italy, Misnia, &c. in the Iron-Mines; and sometimes yield Iron. See the History hereof in Kircher, and Vincent Leodaud, who have published what is said both by our own Country-man Gilbert, and by others.

The admirable and known Properties of this Stone, are, in general, these, That it attracteth Iron; or any Body, if small, which hath Iron in it. That it hath no perception of any other Body, though never so light. That it maketh the Attraction according to its Poles. And that it Commu∣nicateth to Iron both the same attractive power; and a Verticity to the North-Pole. In which last, lieth its Great use, as applied to Navigation. Although by Observations made from the Variation of the Needle, Time may pro∣duce further Discoveries in Astronomy. Those that travail through the vast Deserts of Arabia, have also a Needle and Compass, whereby they direct themselves in their way, as Mariners at Sea. c 1.148

The power of the Magnet dependeth not on its Bulk; the smaller, being usually the stronger. Tergazi a 1.149 menti∣ons one, that would suspend sixty times, and Mr. Boyle, b 1.150 another, eighty times, its own weight. But the best, in time loose very much of their strength; as these here kept have done: None of them now taking up above ℥vj ss. Of what they would have done formerly, I find no Re∣gister.

Some means have been proposed for preserving the strength of a Loadstone. But there is none mentioned by any Author, that I know of, comparable to That, experi∣mented by Mr. Theodore Haac, Fellow of the Royal Society; not only for Preserving, but also Recovering, and Encreasing the strength of the Loadstone. For he having One weighing about ℥iiij ss. arm'd, which would take up sixteen times its own weight: and having laid it by for the space of some years unus'd, found it to have lost ¼^th part of its strength, so that it would now take up but about lbiij. And, upon search, meeting with no means effectual to recover it; considered with himself, That as in Morals, the exercise of Virtue, makes it more generous; and that Animal Motions, by use, become more vigorous: so it might possibly prove also as to some Properties of Inanimate Bodies. Whereupon, he hung as much at his Stone, as it would bear; and so left it for the space of some Weeks. Then, returning to it, and applying more weight to the former, it very easily held the same. And repeating the addition of more weight, at several periods in the space of about two years; he at last found, That his Stone had not only recovered its former strength, but encreas'd it; for whereas before he had never known it to take up more than sixteen, it would now take up twenty times its own weight. And he is now continuing the Experiment, to see how far it will go further.

A GRITTY-STONE, from the Forrest of Dean; with which they there make the insides of their Iron Furnaces; wherein their fire is so vehement, that it either breaks or melts down any other Material. The Grains of the Stone must therefore be insuperable; yet not so united, but that it is somewhat soft and crumbly: of a dirty co∣lour, near that of Fullers-Earth. Given by Sir John Hoskins.

ANOTHER, from the same Hand, more gritty, harder, and of a brown colour.

A Stone like a pure white Pebble, to which another lesser of the same colour, by mediation of a clean Red, and also stony Cement, is affixed. Hard, yet dissoluble with Acids.

A little Red Oval Stone, on one side obliquely furrow'd; on the other, pounced, and stained with a stony Blot. This also is hard, yet easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre.

A piece of Soft ALABASTER. Alabastrites. 'Tis white and crumbly, an infinite congeries of Chrystalline or shining Grains, no bigger than fine sands. It grows in Warwick-shire. And is like to that which comes from Hol∣land. Given by Sir John Hoskins.

Another piece, from Shepston near the Seaside.

Another piece of a YELLOW colour, almost like to that of expressed Oil of Mace. It hath some of a blewish Clay upon it; but might rather casually fall into such a Bed, than be bred therein.

A FOURTH, of VARIOUS colours, in spots, sc. White, Yellow, Red, Leaden, Brown, and Black, mixed toge∣ther.

A FIFTH (in a Frame) consisting of Ash-colour, Black, and Tawny, mixed in Spots and Veins.

'Tis found also in Caramania, India, and other places. It hath been more used than now for the preserving of some more precious Oyntments. But why, rather than Glass or Glased Vessels, I know not, unless for shew. A Scruple hereof given in Milk, is affirmed by Boetius a 1.151 to be a certain Cure of a Dysentery. Yet I would have no man to trust to this, who may have other Remedies.

BASTARD-ALABASTER, spoted. Gypsum variegatum. Here are Examples of several Colours. One Black, with white spots. Another, consisting of parts some Black, and some of a pale Green. A Third, of a dark Green, mixed with White and Red Veins and Spots. A Fourth, consisting of White, Brown, and Yellow. A Fifth, of White, Red, and Yellow. A Sixth (in a Frame) of Ash-colour, Citrine, Red, Black, and pellucid Spots. A Seventh, of White, Green, and a dark Purple. All these Stones make a strong Effervescence with Nitrous Spirits. They are found in Misnia, Burgundy, &c.

Of these lightly burnt, is made that which is properly called Gypsum. And Statues of any desirable bigness, yet very light.

A LIME-STONE (Saxum Calcarium) having greenish Veins mixed with a silver gloss. This being burnt, is that commonly called Quick-Lime. Pliny mentions a mix∣ture of Quick-Lime and Hogs-Grease, usually call'd Maltha: whence our English word Mortar. 'Tis also used for the Trying of Ores. a 1.152 Boetius describes an Aqua Calcis, mixed with Sal Armoniac, as an admirable Remedy for Burns, Fistulas, Cancers, and Spots in the Eyes; he adds, and Spots in Cotton-Cloaths. b 1.153

FLAKED DROPSTONE. Stalactites Laminatus. Found in the top of the Hills near Wooten Underridge in Gloucester∣shire. In Aldrovandus c 1.154 are several of these called Succi Concreti.

ANOTHER, digged from under the Root of a Tree in Cre-Forrest. Given by Dr. Edward Brown.

A SPONGY DROPSTONE, of an ash-colour, as the rest.

A piece or two of small Dropstones sent from Pendennis-Castle: said to to have had a strong scent; but now hath none.

Yellow GREAT-GLIST. Ammochrysos, Boetio. So call'd, for that it consists of a great number of glossy sparks almost of the colour of Gold, immersed in a gritty Bed. And by Wormius and others therefore called Mica.

White GREAT-GLIST. Ammargyros, as I call it, the sparks in this being of a bright silver-colour.

Kentman d 1.155 ranketh both these with Muscovy-Glass. And 'tis plain, That the said sparks are flaky, and flexible, as that Stone: and is therefore either the same broken to small pieces, in digging for it; or, at least, an assay of Na∣ture towards it. But surely no Metallick Body, as Wormius supposeth it; unless he means, that 'tis sometimes found in Metallick Mines.

A Red DAZE, or small GLIST, from Cornwall. It dif∣fers from the Mica, chiefly, in the smallness of the sparks. For they seem to me, to be altogether of the same nature.

A Brown DAZE (from the same place) with an angu∣lar Vein of yellow Daze in it; and both mixed with very

small sparks of a yellowish Spar. Of kin to these, seems to be.

A piece of Gold-colour'd Stone, from a Vein of the same, found in digging a Trench in New England.

SOAP-STONE: Steatites. Given by Dr. Richard Lower. Taken from a Rock of the same in Cornwall. Somewhat different from that described by Boetius. Consisting of parts white, red, purple, and green mixed together, as in Castile-Soap; and seeming, like hard Suet, greasie to the touch: whence the reason of both the Names. Yet is it not at all dissoluble either in Oil or Water. Nor in any indiffe∣rent Fire; by which it only becomes somewhat harder and whiter. It seems to me to be much of the nature (for substance) of the Lap. Amianthus; and that it is the Mother of it.

A softish Dirt-colour'd STONE (Saxi Limosi Species) from Staffordshire. Of which those Pots are there made, wherein they melt their Glass.

The Red CAULE (a Stone so call'd about the Tin Mines in Cornwall) beaten to powder, and made up into a Ball with water. Of a faint red like that of a wither'd Pink. Ano∣ther of a purplish Brown, with black shining sparks.

A base Slate, i. e. neither of one colour, nor good Grain.

An ash-colour'd PUMIS STONE. There are also whitish ones; and some Black, as in Sicily. Where, and at Vesuvius, amongst other places, they are frequently found. The smoothest are, or heretofore were, used by the Germans to rub the skin, in their Baths. a 1.156

A CYNDER from Mount Aetna; of a blackish colour, homogeneous substance, and something metallick. Quite through full of great Bubles. 'Tis ground to a long Oval Figure.

ANOTHER, much more dense, and ponderous like Iron Ore. Given by Sig^r. Boccone.

A THIRD, in some part vitrify'd. Of the Burning and Eruptions of this Mountain we have a copious History given us by J. Alph. Borelli.

A Vitrify'd CYNDER, taken out of the Ruines of this City by the late general Fire, and kept as a Memorial of it.

SECT. II. Of METALS.

CHAP. I. Of GOLD, SILVER, and COPPER.

GOLD ORE of HERNGRUNT, holding Silver. Given by Dr. Edward Brown. It consisteth of sparks of a shining Gold-colour, together with some Black ones, al∣ternately immersed in a white and pretty hard Stone.

GOLD ORE of Chremnitz. Given by the same Hand. Here are several pieces. One white, and semiperspicuous. Another, blackish, not much unlike some Flints. The others, mixed of both. All so hard, as to write upon Glass. Yet Spirit of Nitre droped on them, in a little while, will sink into them, almost as Water into a Bolus. Which perhaps may depend upon some invisible Cracks in the Ore.

That with black spots in white, is accounted the best. a 1.157 In an 100 l. weight of Ore, is contained about ℥j of Gold, holding one third part of Silver. b 1.158 In this Mine, some∣times are found pieces of pure c 1.159 Virgin-Gold. This, by some, is called Aurum Obryzum: qu. Ophrisum, like that of Ophir. Of several particulars of the Working here, and of separating the Gold from the Ore, with the Engines, &c. See the forementioned Doctors Travails.

GOLDEN SAND, from the River Tagus. 'Tis very fine, and ponderous; consisting of Grains of a redish Iron colour mixed with black.

A lump of pure GOLD of the bigness of a Peas, melted out of the forementioned sand.

GRAIN GOLD, or Golden Sand from the River Danuby. Given by John Bembde Esq taken thence with his own hand. Very fine as the former. Consisting mostly of black Grains, wherewith are mixed some of a pure Gold colour; in the proportion of about one to twenty.

SAND out of a River near Conimbria, in which there are some few sparks of GOLD. Together with a Knob of Gold fus'd out of it. Given by Sir Robert Southwell.

Gold hath the least variety of regular figure, in the Ore, of any Metal. Because, more solid, and therefore, less wanton, than the rest. 'Tis a rare Specimen, mention'd by Georgius de Sepibus, a 1.160 which he calls Aurum Ramescens. The Ductility of Gold is admirable: one Grain, in Leaves, is extended to above fifty inches square: and one ounce em∣ploy'd in gilding small Hair-Wyre, will be extended to al∣most an 100 miles in length; as Mr. Boyle hath observ'd. b 1.161

The Uses of Gold for Vessels, Coins, Armour, Garments, &c. are infinite. The Luxury of Galienus the Emperour, taught him to powder his Hair with the Dust of Gold. Some Painters, saith Ambrosinus, c 1.162 hang plated Gold over Vinegar, whereby is produced a pure Blew (as Ceruss out of Lead) which they prefer before the Ultramarine. Of the Art of Refining, see the Phil. Transactions, d 1.163

Chymically manag'd, it is reduced to several forms, called Aurum Potabile, Aurum fulminaus, A. Vitae; as also, Auri Calx, Crocus, Sal, Sulphur, Tinctura, Oleum, Vitriolum, Flos: of which see Libavius, Crollius, Schroder, and others. One principal use of Gold in Medicine is, for the Correction of Mercurial Medicines. The original use of Leaf-Gold in Electuaries, and divers other Preparations, was not only for better grace, but from the opinion of its adding Virtue to them. And Plates of Gold, anciently, have been us'd, espe∣cially for Children, as an Amulet. Which I take to be the true reason, why the Kings of England hang a piece of Gold upon those they Touch.

Pure SILVER, naturally BRAINCHED in the Mine. From a Silver-Mine in Suecia. Some of the Branches are blackish being tarnished; the rest of a clear silver colour. Some pieces of a white Spar, dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre, stick to them.

A piece of CAPILLARY SILVER, or with smaller Branches, also from the Mine: whith a kind of white Rhombick Spar growing to it. Ferranti Imperato & Al∣drovandus, e 1.164 both give an Example of this kind.

PLATED-SILVER from the Mine. Argentum nativum Bracteatum. It lies in thin Plates, of a clear silver colour,

between the Flakes, or in the Grain of a hard white Stone; as the yellow Plates in the Ludus Helmontij, described in the former Section. The several Plates are curiously wrought with Striae, which obliquely decussate each other, and make their Impression all along upon the Stone. This Stone is insensible of Acids. In some places, the Silver also lies crude in a black Ore.

Pure Native SILVER, FLAKED, or as it were the Plated broken into several thin pieces; lying also in the Grain of a white Spar, but dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

Thick PLATED SILVER from the Mine; with a mix∣ture also of Crude Silver Ore; both in a white Stone disso∣luble with Spirit of Nitre.

WHITE SILVER ORE, or of a silver-colour, from Crem∣nitz in Hungary. There are also some parts of Black Ore mixed with it. And some Cinnabar; partly of a Scarlet or Vermilion colour, and partly of the Lapis Haematites. Given by Dr. Edward Brown.

Another piece of WHITE SILVER ORE, growing in a white Stone, having a blackish cast in some places, with the hardness of a Gem.

YELLOW SILVER ORE, or near the colour of Gold, from Kottenberge in Bohemia. 'Tis granulated in a hard white Stone. In some parts, also blackish.

ANOTHER Piece, rather of the colour of Copper, from the same place. It grows in a hard, black and white Stone.

BLEW SILVER ORE, from the Silver-Mine of Berre Ferris. Not Granulated, but Flaked. In some positions especially, of a curious blew, like that of Cichory-Flowers, or some blew Glass, but much fairer. Some yellow Mun∣dick also, with a piece of Green Spar, grow to it on one side.

PURPLE SILVER ORE, with Cinnabar.

GREEN SILVER ORE, The colour is somewhat ob∣scure, but lies not only in the surface, but inward parts of the Ore. Here are growing to it some of the Lapis Armenius, and yellow Okre.

BLACK SILVER ORE, for the most part Granulated; from the Silver-Mine at Schemnitz. Given by Dr. Edward Brown. This sort is the best. An 100 l. of Schemnitz Ore

yields from an Ounce of Silver to twenty Ounces. Some hath been found to yield half Silver. a 1.165 Most of it holds some Gold; the best 1/••^th part in proportion to the Sil∣ver. b 1.166

GROGUNNION ORE; also Black, and Granulated. It holds fifty lib. (sterling) per Tun.

CUMBSIMLOCK ORE, Black, and most of it Gra∣nulated, immersed in a blackish Stone, dispersed throughout It holds twenty eight lib. sterling per Tun. This, and some other Welsh Ores, given by Sir Rob. Moray.

COGINNIAN ORE, holding fifteen lib. sterl. per Tun. It runs in Veins or Layers, rather Grained than Flaked, toge∣ther with yellow Mundick, between two sorts of Beds; one of whitish Clay, the other of brown Stone.

A BLACK and FLAKED SILVER ORE, with some pieces of the Lapis Haematites growing to it.

ANOTHER Piece FLAKED, from the Forrest of Ore, not far from St. Veit in Carinthia. With some adhering Cinnabar of a brown Purple. Given by Dr. Edward Brown.

BLACK FLAKED S. Ore from Freyberge in Misnia. Here are two pieces: one simple; the other, mixed with white Ore and Cinnabar.

The SCORIUM of the FREYBERGICK S. Ore. Porous, of a blackish glossy colour, and brittle: qu. Vitrum Ar∣genti.

B. FLAKED S. Ore from Kottenberge.

B. FLAKED S. Ore from Cummustwith Rock. It runs in Veins, through a blewish Grey Stone, together with a white, hard, and granulated Spar. 'Tis also immersed in Grain, in the Grey Stone. Both the Stones are so hard as to cut Glass.

CUMSUMLOCK ORE, holding twenty li. sterl. per Tun. 'Tis much like to that of Cummustwith.

ANOTHER like Ore from CORNWALL. Given, with several others, by Sam. Colepress Esq. It grows together with Mundick and green and yellow Spar.

Black and small FLAKED S. Ore, from the same place. 'Tis immersed in a Slate, with yellow Mundick.

A Piece of Bl. FLAKED S. Ore growing to a very hard Spar, white within, and redish without, and in∣crustated

with sparry Grains, not much bigger than Poppy∣seeds.

Another Piece, with Red Cinnabar growing to it.

A large Piece of SILVER ORE, with MUNDICK; running between Beds of White, Yellow, and Green Spar. The White, so hard as to cut Glass: The other two, soft. The Ore runs in a Vein obliquely, so as to make an Angle. By which, the Underlying or Dipping of a Load, may be well conceiv'd.

The Preparations of Silver, are made in most of those Forms, as of Gold, and described by the same Authors be∣fore mention'd. Goldsmiths sometimes give a silver-wash to Copper, with that which is called Oleum Lunae. Soder (from the Italick, Saldatura) of Gold is made of Silver, and half as much Brass. Painters make a pure Blew here∣of with Sal Armoniac. a 1.167 Of the Silver-Mines in Mexico, and the way of separating the Silver from the Ore, see the Phil. Transactions. b 1.168 And of the Art of Refining, Num. 142.

Pure CAPILLARY COPPER from the Mine at Hern∣grunt. Given by Dr. Ed. Brown. 'Tis very ponderous, the se∣veral Styriae or Capillary parts but short, of a redish Golden colour, growing together almost like those of the little Stone-Moss.

Another Piece of the same Species.

Pure GRANULATED COPPER, from the Mine. Of a redish colour, mixed with a sad purple, and some green. Grows to a Stone, outwardly of a Liver-colour, within Whitish; not very hard. This sort of Native Copper, by Chiocco, is call'd Aeris Flos verus. c 1.169

An Iron-Chain and Heart, at least, cover'd with a Crust of pure GRANULATED COPPER; by lying in one of the two Springs in the Copper-Mine call'd the Ziment in Hungary. Given with the next by Dr. Edward Brown.

Pure Native COPPER, both CAPILLARY, and GRA∣NULATED, in one piece. The Capillary part, above two inches broad; and surrounded, like a Wood, by the other. Aldrovandus d 1.170 hath a sort that is pointed, or at least angu∣lar; which Ambrosinus calls Aes nativum figurae pangoniae.

BULLATED COPPER, Native, or from the Mine. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. 'Tis pure and of the colour of the best concocted. Whether this piece was not fluxed by some

subterraneal fire may be question'd. Of the rest, 'tis plain to the contrary.

Pure MASSY COPPER from the Mine. Given by the same Hand. It grows to a white and semiperspicuous Spar, which cuts Glass easily, and deep.

YELLOW COPPER-ORE, from the Mine at Hern∣grunt. Given by Dr. E. Brown. 'Tis of a redish yellow, mixed with some sparks of the colour of Gold, both with∣out and within. It yields ordinarily, ••^th part Copper: some∣times ⅕^ths or above half. See his Travails. a 1.171

Another piece of YELLOW COPPER ORE. Given by Mr. Oldenburg. 'Tis immersed in small sparks in a brown Stone; to which adhere some very green Flakes of the na∣ture of the Turcois.

BLACK COPPER ORE, holding SILVER. There are some Grains of a dark Purple mixed with it. Given by Dr. Brown.

Another Piece, with some efflorescence of white Vitriol upon it; perceived especially by the Tast.

A Third piece, with natural Verdegriece.

BLACK COPPER ORE, immersed in a Blackish Stone, which is flaked somewhat like Lead-Ore; probably a courser sort of Cinnabar. Given by Sir Rob. Moray.

Of Copper, with the addition of Calamy, is made Brass with increase, in the proportion of ••^d or more, according to the Stone, and manner of operation. Of the making of Brass, see Agricola.

Of Copper are prepared, the Calx, Crocus, Quintescens, Tincture, Oil, Vitriol and Flowers. Some of them much, and well used outwardly against ill natur'd Ulcers. And also justly to be reckon'd among the best Remedies for the Eyes. That the Labourers in the Copper-Mines, have them always good, in an observation of Macrobius.

CHAP. II. Of TIN, LEAD, and IRON.

A Piece of pure TIN, refined in the Furnace.

Pure TIN, Native, or from the Mine. It lies as it were in bright drops in a brown Stone.

CRUDE TIN powder'd, consisting of shining black and Iron-colour'd Grains.

TIN-ORE, holding Silver.

FAT TIN LOAD, of a great Grain, in a blewish Clay. 'Tis a Cluster of Crystals like black Glass.

Another piece also very FAT, but smaller Grain'd; con∣sisting rather of sparks.

A SHOAD, a FAT TIN-Stone so call'd; of an Iron colour, with some gloss where it is broken. Very pon∣derous.

A sort of TIN ORE, with its Grewt. That is, a Con∣geries of Crystals or Sparks of Spar of the bigness of Bay-Salt, and of a brown shining colour, immersed therein. They are so hard, as to cut Glass.

TIN ORE, consisting of extream small black Sparks or Grains, immersed in a green and yellow Grit.

TIN ORE, of an Okre colour, with a mixture of black shining Sparks.

A Specimen of GRAIN-TIN ORE of several colours; sc. blackish, brownish, purplish, redish, and yellow. So good, that they need little or no preparation, by stamping or dressing for blowing: neither is there any considerable wast in the melting.

A SLAG, remaining in the bottom of the Tin-Floate. Sent by Mr. Colepress. Of a bright colour next to Silver. Yet contains (saith he, mostly) Iron; which he acciden∣tally perceiv'd, by applying the Magnet to it, both quickly uniting. But note, that now, at least, they will not, unless you take small Sparks only, and these will leap up to it. He also saith, That one Dr. Stall a German Chymist, affirmed, the Dutchmen make good spelter of it.

SCUM taken from melted TIN. Of a blackish brown,

with some sparks of Metal. It seems near as heavy as the pure Tin it self.

CHIMNEY-TIN, forced up from the Herd. 'Tis black shining and heavy; almost like very fine black sand.

A Metalline Slat from the Tin-Mines.

See a large Account of the Tin-Mines of Cornwall and Devonshire, in the Phil, Transactions; a 1.172 communicated by a Person much conversant among them. As also ano∣ther accurate one particularly of those in Cornwall; com∣municated by Dr. Christepher Menet, and by Me published in the said Transactions. b 1.173

Tin is mixed with Copper, in the making of Metal for Bells, Organ-Pipes, &c. the proportion of Tin to Copper, as two to seven, or thereabout. If under, it will be too soft; if over, too brittle. The Metal used for Concaves and Spe∣culums, is likewise a Mixture of Tin and Copper. Of Tin, with Lead, and the Marchasite of Antimony of each ••^th part, is made one sort of Printing Letters. Of this Metal is made that sort of Ceruss, called Spanish White; one of the best, used either by Painters, or by Women. Stannum ustum, the best preservative of the polish of Metallick Concaves, and the like. Riverius c 1.174 highly commends his Bezoardicum Jovis against Malignant Feavers. A Mixture against the Bitings of Mad Dogs, consisting chiefly of Mithridate and the Filings of Tin, is much used and relied upon by some Huntsmen.

CRYSTALLINE LEAD, from the Mine. So I call it, not that it is clear, but consisteth for the most part of Hexa∣gonal Points. Of the bigness of a midling Apple.

LEAD ORE, rich in SILVER. Given by Sir R. Moray. 'Tis of the usual colour, but mixed with white Spar, so hard as to cut Glass. And I suppose, that most Lead Ores with such a Spar, have Silver in them.

LEAD ORE holding SILVER, and growing together with Iron Ore.

LEAD ORE, probably also holding Silver. It lies in a whitish Spar, which is not so flaky as is usual, and will cut Glass.

LEAD ORE holding SILVER, with a large Crystalline Spar consisting chiefly of Hexagonal Points, and of the

colour of a Calcedony. Ferrant. Imperato hath one which he entitles Ingemmamento di Piombo; and seems to be like this.

SPARKS of LEAD ORE in the Caulk. One of the Sparks is branched almost like a small Leafe. The Stone or Caulk is a Congeries of white Crystals of Spar laid cross every way. They will cut Glass.

A large piece of LEAD ORE, flaky, and lying in spots in a white perspicuous, flaked, and soft Spar.

Some other pieces of Lead Ore, English.

LEAD ORE, from Freiungen, called WEISSER FLIES. It consisteth of a soft and friable Spar, of a pale colour, near that of the Diaphanous natural Sulphur; together with a redish substance intermixt.

LEAD ORE, from the same place, called Schlich. 'Tis a fine grey Sand, like that used for Writings: with some few black Grains; which is, I suppose, the true Ore.

A large piece of LITHARGE (of Silver.)

See a large and accurate Account of the Mendip Lead Mines in the Phil. Transactions; a 1.175 communicated by Dr. Jos. Glanvile.

Lead (besides the uses commonly known) is also em∣ployed for the Refining of Gold and Silver by the Cupel. Hereof is made common Ceruss with Vinegar. The way briefly, yet perspicuously set down by Theophrastus. b 1.176 Of Ceruss, Red Lead. Of Plumbum ustum, the best yellow Ochre. Of Lead and ½ as much Tin, Solder for Lead. Hereof are also made the like Chymical Preparations, as of other Me∣tals, as the Oil, Tincture, Salt, &c. Some of which, many bold Chymists, without Discretion, give inwardly, and also extol them. But those that are careful of their Health, will beware of them. I do not deny, but that 'tis possible this Metal, as well as Mercury, may be so order'd and given, as to be innoxious.

BRUSH-IRON, Native or from the Mine. It consisteth of strait, round, long Styriae, about the thickness of a small Kniting-Pin, bolt upright, like the Bristles of a stiff Brush, or the Teeth of a Wooll-Comb. They grow on a double-Bed, the uppermost of an Iron-colour, the undermost of a dark yellowish red.

BRUSH ORE; From Doward in Herefordshire. Given

by Sir John Hoskins. A rich sort. It consisteth also of strait and almost parallel Styriae, most of them as thick as a strong Kniting-Pin; incrustated with very small Grains of Spar, of the colour and bigness of the Corns of Bay-Salt, but very soft.

MIXED BRUSH ORE; from Clower-Wall in the For∣rest of Dean. By the same Hand. It consisteth of several Piles of round and parallel Styriae, and Layers of unfigur'd Ore, a Pile of the one, and a Layer of the other, cross∣ways; seven or eight in this piece, within the extent of be∣twixt four and five inches.

A piece of IRON ORE, from Doward, of kin to the for∣mer. By the same Hand. 'Tis rich, yet hath only some few Styriae.

ANOTHER piece, from the same place, and by the same Hand. In this the Styriae, or figur'd pieces, are flat, and irregularly cluster'd. Aldrovandus a 1.177 gives the figure of an Iron Spar (Ore) ramify'd.

A piece of RICH IRON ORE, from a Hill of the same in Wiltshire, upon which is scituate a Village called Seen or Send, about nine miles from the Bath. Given by J. Aubrey Esq. Who saith, It is so good, that the Smith there can make that which he takes up in the street, to melt in his Forge; which that in the Forrest of Dean will not do.

The same Person observing there was great abundance of it, conjectur'd, it might Impregnate some Neigh∣bouring Spring. And upon trial, found one, amongst others, in the middle of the street very strong, beyond that of Tunbridge. For upon the affusion of a Tincture of Galls, it immediately became as black as Ink. The Village is well built, and standing so near the Bath, may be very conveni∣ent for those who drink Chalybiate Waters, either before or after they go thither. Mention also is made of this place by Dr. Christopher Merret. b 1.178

MIXED IRON ORE, from Doward in Herefordshire. Given by Sir John Hoskins. It consisteth of four or five substances. The best part, both brown and red, or brick∣colour'd. Wherewith is mixed a white and soft spar. With a blackish, shining, and crumbly Body, knobed on the top, after the manner of the Turcois.

Ordinary IRON ORE, from Clower-Wall. By the same

Hand. Almost of a Brick-colour, or that of the Colcothar of Vitriol.

IRON BALLS, about the bigness of Musquet Bullets. Made by the rowling of Iron-Sand off the Banks among the Iron-Mines near Senneck, especially after rain.

TWO BONES, (part of a Mans Foot) turn'd into Iron-Stone.

A Piece of Drop-Stone turn'd to Iron.

An IRON ORE rising near the Silver-Mines (in Wales.) In some parts of a brown Cinnabar-colour, and mixed with Slate. The Loadstone takes up little Corns of it no bigger than Sand.

An odd IRON ORE, scarce fixable. In a white Spar, almost like a Calcedony, hard enough to cut Glass.

A sort of BLACK CAULE, holding IRON. Yet so little, that the Loadstone will not take up any part of it, bigger than Pins head. It hath a black, shining, and very cross Grain; with white Spar interspers'd, which cuts Glass.

Another IRON-SPAR, consisting of little white and um∣ber-colour'd Columns, laid together cross-ways.

An IRON BODY, that rubs away in glossy Dust; with part of its Wall, (a brown Spar) in which it lay inclos'd.

A Piece of the OLD CYNDER, which now they use as a Flux for the Iron Ore; somewhat bubly. From the Iron-Mines in Monmouth.

Another, from the Forrest of Dean, by Sir John Hoskins. 'Tis run into Styriae, somewhat like those of Ice, brittle, pon∣derous, opacous, glossy, and of the colour of the coursest sort of Crocus Metallorum.

A Vitrify'd Cynder, of no use; like a piece of course green Glass.

An IRON STONE, with a Spar, on one side, consisting of pellucid squares; on the other, of white flakes set cross∣ways, almost at right Angles one against another.

A Piece of RUSMA or crude Zernick, almost of the colour of Crocus Metallorum, or some sorts of the Haema∣tites. Given by Mr. Lannoy, a Consul at Smyrna.

See a very good Account of the Iron-Mines, and Iron-Works in the Forrest of Dean. Communicated by Henry Powle Esq and by Me published in the Philosoph. Trans∣actions.

a 1.179 Some of the ways of giving a due Temper to Iron, according to the use made of it, are set down by Ambrosinus. b 1.180 For one Temper is requir'd for drawing it into Wyre; another, for a File; another, for a Chisel; ano∣ther, for a Sword; another, for the Edge of a Sword in par∣ticular; and the like. For the hardening of Iron for Files; one of the Kings Farriers, upon my enquiry, com∣mendeth this following way.

Take Horse Hoofs or Rams Horns, and hang them over the fire till they drop like Glew. Take also pieces of Leather, and burn them black. Powder them both, and put to them stale Urine, and Bay-Salt. Let them stand together; the longer the better: at three or seven years end it will be excellent. Case the Iron with this Mixture, and give it a strong heat, sufficient to fuse the Mixture, for three hours; and then cool it. The surface of this Iron will be as hard as the hardest Steel, and will make excellent Files: but the hardening reaches not to the heart of the Iron.

Of Rusma (a brown and light Iron substance) with ½ as much Quick Lime steeped together in Water, the Turkish Women make their Psilothron, to take off their Hair where∣sover they please. There are many Medicinal Preparations of Iron or Steel: But none, that I know of, equal to the Tincture made without Acids; especially in Obstructions, and to strengthen the Tone of the parts, as in Lienterick, and other like Cases. Against all outward and inward Haemor∣rhages, Quercetan highly extols his Oleum Martis. A Tincture o Steel made with White Wine, saith Ambrosinus, c 1.181 is a strong Cathartick. What he means, I know not. Perhaps he might find some such effect upon himself, from that, as one I know in this City, doth from Mithridate, which com∣monly gives him a Stool extraordinary. And another, upon whom Marmalad hath the like effect.

CHAP. III. Of ANTIMONY, MERCURY, and other METALLICK BODIES.

STYRIATED ANTIMONY, from the Gold Mines of Chremnitz. Given by Dr. E. Brown. The Styriae, in this, are very fair, many of them as thick as in that which is factitious.

STYRIATED ANTIMONY, also Native, from Corn∣wall; called ROSCARROCKS. A Congeries of strait, long, slender, and edged Styriae, of a bright Steel-colour, almost like a cluster of small broken Needles. Aldrovandus a 1.182 hath a sort of native Antimony, which Ambrosinus calls Plumosum.

GRAINED ANTIMONY, or rather Antimonial Ore, from Hungary. Given by Mr. Oldenburge. It looks like black grained Silver Ore. Immersed in a Stone, although of a scurvy opacous and sandy colour, yet so hard as to cut Glass.

ANTIMONIAL ORE from Transylvania. Given by Dr. E. Brown. It grows in a soft Bed, almost like Lead Ore.

ANTIMONIAL ORE, holding Iron, from Cornwall. Almost of the colour of Amber: yet with a Grain somewhat glossy and very cross.

A Metallick (probably an ANTIMONIAL) Cornish Stone, black, hard, and ponderous. It consisteth of a great many Clusters of short glossy Styriae, radiated almost as in the Belemnites. But because irregularly broken and heaped together, but difficulty observ'd.

Antimony is of excellent use for the Refining of Gold: see an accurate Process, communicated by Dr. Jonathan Godard, and by Me published in the Philosph. Transactions. b 1.183 An ^•th part in proportion to the Copper, is by some add∣ed with the Tin, for the best Metallick Speculums. Founders add a little to their Bell-Metal, to make it more sonorous. And so Pewterers, to their Pewter, to make it sound more clear like Silver. 'Tis also used in the casting of Iron Bullets, to make the Metal run the better. The

Spanish Women rub their Eye-brows with it, to give them an acceptable Black. a 1.184

The Cathartick Property of Antimony, was first taken notice of by Paracelsus. And several Preparations hereof both Cathartick, and Diaphoretick, are now much cele∣brated. Of the Virtue of it also taken Crude, see the Phil. Transact. b 1.185 The Red Oil, called Stibij Sanguis, admirable in Malignant Ulcers. c 1.186

MERCURIAL ORE. Given by Mr. Oldenburge. 'Tis all of one colour, much like that of the Hepatick Cinna∣bar,* 1.187 but somewhat sadder. In the West-Indies, all their silver is refined, or else melted down with Quick-silver. e 1.188 A Past made hereof with Gold, is sometimes used for gild∣ing of Brass Vessels; which being daub'd with the same, and held to the fire, the Gold adheres, and the Mercury ex∣hales. With this the Tin-Foile is made to stick close to the backsides of Looking-Glasses. Of Sublimate, Ceruss, Juyce of Limons, and Rose-water, mixed like an Oyntment; is made That Paint, which is both the best and the worst in the World.

In Medicine, the great use of Mercury is in the Lues Vene∣rea; sometimes in the Cholick and Iliac Passion; and for Wormes, especially those small ones, called Ascarides; against which, if duly prepar'd, there is no Medicine so effectual, or more safe. Being prepar'd, and mixed with convenient Catharticks, 'tis also very properly us'd in divers Chronick Diseases.

A rich piece of Native CINNABAR, from Carinthia. It weighs above ℥ij and ʒij, and is entirely of a Scarlet colour.

Another Piece of CINNABAR, of a Scarlet-colour, from Tyrol.

A Piece of Native CINNABAR, of a purple colour, almost like that of fine Lake. Given by Mr. Olden∣burge.

A piece of BLACK CINNABAR. Given by Dr. Walter Pope. Hard and ponderous, about as big as a Lambs Heart. Where it breaks, of a shining black.

Another piece, of a shining Black, mixed with a sad Pur∣ple. By the same Hand.

The best Cinnabar in the Schemnitz Mines, ground with

Oil, makes a Vermillion, equal to, if not surpassing, that made by sublimation. a 1.189

YELLOW MUNDICK. Marchasita. Pyrites Aureus; not for that it hath any Gold in it, but is both within, and without, of a shining Metallick yellow. As heavy, as most Ores. Here are of various Figures; as

The ORBICULAR MARCHASITE; tuberated, about the bigness of Hand-Ball.

Another, lesser, and a little compressed.

The GRAP-MARCHASITE. March. Botryidea. It con∣sisteth of small Globules growing together in the form of a young Bunch of Grapes. There is one like this in Ferr. Im∣perato.

The APPLE MARCHASITE, as it may be call'd. 'Tis round, excepting on one side, where it falls in, and hath a stalk, like a young Apple.

The FLORID MARCHASITE. So I name it. For it looks like a Cluster of Buds ready to flower.

The YELLOW BUD. Marchasita Phylloidea. For it looks like a single Bud composed of several small leaves.

Part of a CYLINDRICK MARCHASITE, radiated from a Vitriolick Pith or Centre.

The TABULATED MARCHASITE. Broad and plain, or flat like a Tablet. Consisting of flaked and small Cubick knobs, growing on a rough Stone.

Another, only Flaked, growing to a blackish Stone.

A Third flaked, but of an irregular form.

The GRANULATED MARCHASITE. It grows on a brown Stone, in a Crust of about ••/12^th of an inch thick, with the surface all over grained. This kind is found near Hin∣don in Middlesex.

Not only the greater Flakes of which the other Varie∣ties consist, but even the smallest and almost invisible Grains, are all either Squares, or at least pointed with Right Angles. Whereas the Pyrites, simply so call'd, is always Radiated. Which, and not the colour, according to others, I take to be the principal difference between them.

The CUBICK Marchasite, about 1/••^d of an inch square. The Marchasite seems to attain the perfection of its Figure, in a Cube; that is, a Square upon a Square. But sometimes it consisteth of parts neither Cubick nor Square; as in

The PENTAGONATE Marchasite. About the bigness of a little Gall; somewhat round, defined with several sides, each with five Angles.

A Tuberated Marchasite with a Green Spar.

A MARCHASITE growing to its own Spar, together with a white one pointed and semiperspicuous.

A Mixed MARCHASITE. It consisteth of yellow pieces partly cubick, and partly flaked: with Lead-Ore holding Silver growing to it on one side; on the other, several sets of ash-colour'd Flakes growing together in the form of little Roses.

As all Metals, so Marchasites have their SPARS, called Fluores. Both because they melt in the fire; and make the Ores to which they belong, to melt the better. The rea∣son whereof is, For that in all Spars, there is a certain Salt which lies more loose and open, and which in mixing with the Ore, frets and tears it all to pieces.

A Piece of WHITE MUNDICK.

WHITE MUNDICK ORE, immersed in Grains in an ash-colour'd Stone.

GREEN MUNDICK, or Mundick Ore, running in Veins in white Clay.

A large sphaerical and knobed FIRE-STONE, or Pyrites, about two inches in Diametre.

Another, of the same Figure, as big as a Walnut, and of an Iron-colour.

A Piece of a large one of the same Figure, and with a black surface. The whole Body is radiated from a Vitrio∣lick Centre or Pith about ¼ of an inch in Diametre. Which radiation is also seen in most Fire-stones.

Another whole of the same form, a little lesser.

A Round PYRITES, compressed. Another lesser.

A PYRITES, partly Cylindrick, and partly Oval; Cy∣lindrovalis. 'Tis two inches long, and near an inch and ••/2 over; Cylindrick in the middle, and Oval at both ends. The Surface, smooth, and of a shining black.

MUNDICK ORE, as it may be call'd; having the same Analogy to that which is figur'd; as the Ores of Metals, have to such as are pure and perfect. This is for the most part of a greenish ash-colour, not very hard, and somewhat gritty.

Yellow Mundick GRAIN-ORE; immersed in a Spar of an Amethystine colour.

Another sort, like Silver Grain-Ore, in a Spar of the co∣lour of that of Tin. So hard as to cut Glass.

A piece of Mundick-Ore in a white Spar, both Grained and Vein'd.

A piece or two of Veined Ore from a Silver-Mine.

Mundick Ore and Vitriol mixed with a White and Green Spar.

Mundick Ore, and Black Daze, mixed with a Vein of White and Green Spar; all lying between two firm Beds or Walls. These Ores, by some are called Mock-Ores.

A MOCK-FIRE-STONE. Pyrites stirilis. Outwardly, of the colour of polish'd Steel. And radiated from the Centre, as the true Pyrites. But of a light and useless sub∣stance.

No sort of Mundick, that I find, either in the Ore, or per∣fect, stirreth with Acids. Every Metal hath its Marchasite: which is sometimes added to them, instead of Lead, a 1.190 to make them flow the better. But if too much, it robs them, by over volatilizing them b 1.191 in the Furnace. Out of most Fire-stones, may be made both Vitriol and Sulphur.

SECT. III. Of Mineral Principles.

BY Mineral Principles, I mean, neither such imaginary ones as some have talked of: nor such as may possibly have a real existence, yet were never seen solitary or uncom∣pounded: but those which come within the cognizance of sense, sc. Salt, Sulphurs, and Earths; and such Bodies as are reduceable to these Tribes. For it seemeth to me, That most subterranial Bodies are either compounded of these Three, or are hereinto resolved. So Copperas is the salt of a Metal; either as an ingredient in its Generation; or resulting from its Corrosion by some Natural Menstruum, equivalent to such as are applyed by Art. In like manner, a Bolus, as it seems to be the Basis of most Stones and Metals;

so, upon the Resolution of the same, to be nothing but their Caput mortuum. There being a Circulation amongst Minerals, as amongst Plants and Animals; the same Princi∣ples passing from one to another. And so, probably, amongst all Bodies, at least between the Atmosphere and the Centre of the Earth.

CHAP. I. Of SALTS.

A Parcel of NATURAL SAL ARMONIAC. (Rather Ammoniac, from its supposed similitude to that of the Ancients, bred under the Sands in Africa.) This I call Natural, as being found sublimed, by the subterraneal Fire, in a Cole-Mine near New-Castle upon Tyne. Given by Dr. L. Hodgson, who first made experiment of the nature hereof. And hath answer'd several Quaeries about it, pro∣posed by Mr. Boyle. a 1.192 Here is some of it lying upon and between Beds of a light and sooty Earth; and some pure and white as Sow. It hath the perfect Tast of the Factiti∣ous; consisteth of the like Fibers or Styriae; and may be easily sublimed into Flowers. b 1.193 Cerutus hath also de∣scrib'd a Sal Ammoniac, as he calls it, sublimed by the sub∣terraneal Fires of Puteoli; but This is of a different kind, as appears from his Description of it. c 1.194 Hereof are made se∣veral Preparations of great Use to Physitians, Alchymists, and others, as the Spirit Simple, Aromatiz'd, and Tinctur'd; the Tinctur'd Flowers, &c.

A parcel of SALT taken from Tenariffe, 1674. and given by Dr. George Trumbal. 'Tis very white, and light like flowers of Sal Ammoniac, or the Earth call'd Agaricum Minerale. Taken by some to be a kind of Nitre. But not rightly. For it hath the perfect Tast of a Lixivial Salt. Makes an Effervescence with Aqua Fortis, as those Salts will, but Nitre will not do. Hath, as those, a fixed Body: neither will it flow, or flame, though exposed naked to the same fire, wherein Nitre will do both. Yet hath it somewhat of a nitrous Tast intermixed; as have also many Lixivial Salts. I conclude it therefore to be a fixed Alkaly, or, in nature, a kind of Lixivial Salt.

Another parcel of the same sort of SALT, taken out of the Cave or the Pique of Tenariffe, 1674. by the same Hand. Different from the former, only in being of a purer white.

A Third parcel of the same, taken, I suppose, from ano∣ther quarter of the said Mountain.

A square piece of Crystalline Sal Gemmae (rather Gem∣meus) weighing almost twenty Ounces.

A Ball of Crystalline Sal Gemmeus; with another piece of the same Species.

A piece of styriated Sal Gemmeus, tinctur'd with some Rays of yellow. It grows almost in the form of Sal Ammo∣niac.

A piece of styriated Sal Gemmeus tinctur'd with partly an Amethystine, partly a Saphirine Blew.

Ambrosinus gives a Figure of Crystal of this Salt, much like that of the Corns of common Sea-Salt; from which it differs no more, than Pit-Salt.

Sal Fossilis properly so call'd, is, as it were, the Ore of the Sal Gemmeus. Yet This, as well as Metals, is sometimes found native. The principal Mines are in Poland and Ca∣labria: of which, see a Relation in the Phil. Transactions.a 1.195 In the lesser Poland, saith Comer, b 1.196 are some pieces of this Salt (he means the Ore) like huge Stones; so hard, that Houses and even whole Towns are built with them. Near Eperies, a City in Upper-Hungary, is a Salt-Mine, in which are pieces Ten thousand pounds weight. c 1.197

Of This as of common Salt, may be distill'd that Acid Liquor commonly, but absurdly call'd the Oil. This mo∣derately taken, but especially if it be dulcify'd by Cohoba∣tions with a simple, or rather with an aromatiz'd Spirit of Wine, is sometimes of excellent use to restore the Digestive Faculty to the Stomach. But the common sort, taken, as it often is, without discretion, really breeds more Diseases, than it pretends to cure. See several Preparations of Salt in Schroder and others. Ambrosinus, I think it is, who reports, d 1.198 That in the Province of Canicla, in the Great Cam's Dominions, the people melt and cast Salt into a round Form, for Money. But who ever knows the nature of common Salt, must also, that this Report is a great mistake.

BLEW VITRIOL, Native, and crystalliz'd, from the Copper-Mines of Herngrundt in Hungary. Given by Dr. Ed∣ward Brown, together with the several Species following.

GREEN VITRIOL, Native; from the Silver-Mines of Schemnitz in Hungary.

Native GREEN VITRIOL, mixed with some Rays of a pale Blew; from the same place. With its astringent and sweetish Tasts, is joyn'd some Acritude. It grows to its own Ore, of a purplish ash-colour; and of a milder Tast.

A parcel of the same Species, from the Copper-Mine of Herngrundt.

Native VITRIOL of a pale Purple, and consisting of pointed Crystals. This also hath some Acritude. From the same Mine.

Native WHITE VITRIOL. It grows in glossy Grains like Nitre grosly powder'd; and not without some Acritude. From the same place.

Made WHITE-VITRIOL of Chremnitz.

WHITE-VITRIOL Ore of Chremnitz. Of a pale Okre colour, and meanly astringent.

A sort of Native VFRDEGRIESE, from the Copper-Mines of Herngrundt. It consisteth of flat and parallel Plates, as in a Slate; of a blewish Green, yet not so blew, as the factitious. 'Tis also of a much milder Tast. It maketh a strong ebullition with Spirit of Nitre. These from the above-mention'd Person.

A rich ORE of Green Copperas, from Cornwall. Of a kind of Brick-colour, crack'd a little with lying in the Air, and hath upon it several efflorescent lumps of Copperas.

A poorer sort of Green Copperas ORE. On one side, be∣ing scraped, of a blewish ash-colour; and with little Tast. On the other, of a yellowish Green, and tasteth strong as Vitriol. Maketh an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre.

A Fibrous or STYRIATED ORE of Green Copperas. 'Tis white, and form'd almost like Sal Ammoniac; but hath the perfect Tast of Green Vitriol. Acids stir it not.

Besides the places mention'd, and others, Green Copperaas is plentifully made here in England, as at Debtford, and else where. The Copperas Stones or Fire-Stones are found on the Sea-shore in Essex, Hamphire, and so Westward; the best of a bright Silver-colour. For the making of Copperas,

they make Beds sometimes an hundred feet long, and fifteen broad at top; well ram'd first with Clay, and then with Chalk. In these Beds the said Stones are laid about two feet thick: which by Sun and Rain, are gradually dissolv'd; and in five or six years time, begin to turn into a kind of Vitriolick Earth, which will swell and ferment like levened-Dough. And once in four years, the Bed is renewed with fresh Stones. In a Boyler containing about twelve Tuns of Vitriolick Liquor running from the Bed, they put in by degrees, about fifteen hundred pounds of old Iron; which both quickens the boyling, and prevents the setling and melting of the Copperas at the bottom of the Boyler, and of the Boyler it self. Sometimes, in stirring the Earth on the Beds, they find pieces of Native Copperas. See a parti∣cular and exact account of these Works at Debtford, com∣municated by Mr. Colwal, the Founder of this Musaeum, and by Me published in the Philosophical Transactions. a 1.199 Of the Nature of Vitriol, see several considerable Observa∣tions grounded on Experiment, in the same Transactions. b 1.200 Amongst other particulars, an excellent way of purifying it from its Okre.

The three principal Parts hereof are, an Acid Spirit, fixed Salt, and Sulphur. The last, a good Hypnotick, in some Cases, where Opium is not safe.

Native Vitriol, saith Ambrosinus, c 1.201 given to the quan∣tity of ʒj in any convenient vehicle, is a great Remedy in Germany and Hungary for the Plague. Blew Vitriol of ex∣cellent use against Venereal Ulcers. Both of this, and the Green, is made the Powder called Sympathetick; the De∣scription whereof may be seen in Papinius, and out of him in Wormius. I doubt not, but that the Stiptick Liquors of Mr. Lyster and of Mr. Deny, are both made of Vitriol.

A sort of ALUMINOUS Earth, found near the River Patomach in Virginia. 'Tis soft and very light; of an ash∣colour, and acid-astringent Tast, almost like that of Alum. Whether the people there make Alum of it, or use it in Deying, we have no account.

Of the Nature of Alum, see a very good Discourse in the Philosophical Transactions. d 1.202 Of the English Alum-Works an accurate Account, communicated by Daniel Col∣wal Esq and by Me published in the same Transactions. e 1.203

The Alum-Stone (of a blackish colour, and flaky, like Cornish Slate) is found in most of the Hills between Scarbrough and the River of Tees in York-shire. As also near Preston in Lancashire. Of these Stones calcin'd, is made a Lee; and of the Lee, Alum. The Lee after the first shooting of the Alum; is called Mothers. In which, certain Nitrous and other parts call'd Slam, being predominant; to precipitate the same, they add the Lees of Kelp; made of Tangle, a Sea-Weed commonly among Oysters. And then, a certain proportion of Urine, both for the same purpose, and to keep the Kelp-Lees from hardening the Alum too much. The Mine, before it is calcin'd, being exposed to the Air, will moulder in pieces, and yield a Liquor whereof Copperas may be made.

Fallopius's Aq. Aluminis Magistralis, is of good use against untoward Ulcers. Deyers boil their Cloaths, or Yarn in Alum-Water, that they may take both a better, and more dura∣ble colour. It is used, likewise, for the making of a Leather soft and white, or fit to take a clear colour, which the Tan'd, will not do. And I little doubt, but that to wash the Skins of Beasts or Fowls herewith on both sides, or perhaps on the Feathers, only strewing Alum in fine powder, would be a good way to keep them from the Moth, and growing dank in moist Weather, and so to preserve them for ever.

CHAP. II. Of SULPHURS.

A Piece of Opacous yellow AMBER half a foot long. Given by Thomas Henshaw Esq. Found, with se∣veral lesser pieces, in digging of a Ditch under the Walls of Rensburge in Holstein, eighteen feet under ground. Which place is at least five and twenty miles both from the Baltick and German Seas.

A Piece of AMBER of the colour of Honey.

A Piece of clear yellow AMBER. Given by Captain Tailor.

Another yellow Piece, semiperspicuous; from the same Hand.

A Ball of yellow and opacous AMBER.

A Piece of clear yellow Amber, with a CICADA drowned in it.

A Piece of Citrine Amber, with several GNATS im∣mersed.

A little Ball of citrine Amber, with an immersed Em∣met.

A Heart of yellow Amber, with two FLIES.

Two or three more Pieces, with some other INSECTS. In Septalius's Musaeum, is one so large as to bury a Frog. And Boetius a 1.204 affirms that Pieces are found sometimes as big as a mans Head.

Found in great quantity in Pomerania, and upon the Coast of Prussia in the Baltick-Sea. The Elector of Branden∣burge, Soveraign of that Coast, farmes it out b 1.205 for twenty Thousand Crowns yearly. Also plentiful on the Coasts of Soffala, Mosambique and Melinde.

Boetius describes a Powder, c 1.206 in which Amber is the chief Ingredient, and which he highly commends for the Epilepsie both in Children and grown persons. The two Salts of Amber united, saith Terzagi, d 1.207 make an admira∣ble Specifick for that Disease.

Take Yelks of Eggs sixteen, Gum Arabick ℥ij; Gum of Cherry-Tree ℥j. Dissolve them, and set them in the Sun for an Artificial Amber. Amongst the many Opinions of the Original of Amber, I put this question, Whether it is not a kind of harden'd Petroleum?

FLAKED STONE-COAL. Lithanthrax scissilis. By some called Black Amber; not properly. For, when fir'd, it hath scarce any tast or smell. Neither doth it yield any Oil, or melt, as Amber. Only makes a very weak and thin Flame, which presently vanishes; and little smoak. Yet keeps fire for a considerable time. 'Tis black, glossy, and pretty hard. Yet being struck, easily breaketh into Flakes of a square Figure. Found in Misnia, Bohemia, &c. In some Pits two Hundred paces deep. d 1.208

A STONE taken out of the Dead-Sea. Blackish and somewhat flaky. Dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre. When fir'd, it yields a sulphurious scent. Yet the barbarous Arabi∣ans use it for fewel.

A Piece of Jet. Gagates, from Gaza a River of Lycia,

where first found. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. Of a shining colour, and in some places, flaky. It cracks when held to the fire; and in it, burns with a thick flame and smoak, and very stinking. If rub'd till its warm, it takes up pieces of Feathers, and such light Bodies. 'Tis found in France, Sicily. And in this Island, in Cleaveland, on the top of Huntley and Whitby Clifts, where the Sea-water never comes.

Pit EBONY. Ebenum fossile. Very brittle, and when held in a flame, breaks into Flakes; it burns, with a sooty smoak, into ashes; but with scarce any flame.

A parcel of ORPMENT. Auripigmentum s. Arsemicum croceum.

Native SULPHUR or BRIMSTONE, crystalliz'd, of a pale Golden colour, and semiperspicuous. Sent from Peru. The like is described in Calceolarius's Musaeum, and by Wormius.

ANOTHER Piece, of such a like colour. Found in the Pike of Tenariff, and given by Dr. George Trumbal.

A Lump of Native SULPHUR of the colour of some Olibanum Drops, or opacous yellow Amber. From the same Hand, and Place. As also,

Two Pieces of SULPHUR ORE. One, Earth, of a brown colour; the other, Stone, of a Sand-colour and gritty.

Native SULPHUR of Island. Of the colour of the common factitious Brimstone; and immersed in a stony Bed.

SULPHUR, of a curious Orange-colour, extracted out of Gold-Ore. Given by Henry Oldenburge Esq.

SULPHUR ORE of Freyberg. Here are three Pieces. One, almost of the colour of Cinabar. Put into the fire, it smells like Brimstone, but flames not. The other two, consist of blackish and ash-colour parts mixed with the red; together with some grains of Mundick. If fired, they smell like the first, but not so strongly; nor make any flame.

GREEN SULPHUR-ORE. Like that in the Copper-Mines of Suecia, mention'd by Wormius.

SULPHUR-ORE of Island. Opacous, and immersed in a blewish Glebe. If burnt, it hath the scent of Brimstone; but yet weak, and flames not.

Of the nature of Sulphur, Copperas, and Alum, see a very good Discourse in the Phil. Transactions. a 1.209 Of the Uses, see Agricola, Libavius, Crollius, &c. I have seen a Tincture of Sulphur of Mr. Boyls, brought over the Helm, which will fume all away. I remember not where he describes it, but as I take it, 'tis made with Sal Ammoniac.

CHAP. III. Of EARTHS.

TWo Parcels of EARTH RAINED on the Archipe∣lago, upon the Eruption of M. Vesuvius, Dec. 6th 1631. Given by J. Evelyn Esq. One, is gritty, and of the colour of Amber. The other a soft Bole, and looks like powder'd Jalap. I dropped some Oil of Vitriol on them, but they stir not. This Earth began to rain about Ten of the Clock at Night, and continu'd till two next Morning: So that it lay two inches thick on the Deck of Captain W. Badily's Ship, who sent this Relation. While it rain'd, no Wind stirring. It fell in several parts a hundred Leagues distant. b 1.210

A parcel of EARTH, RAINED lately upon Tenariff. Given by Mr. Joseph Bowles, a Merchant in this City. Of a pale Clay-colour, and insipid. Yet upon the affusion of Oil of Vitriol, makes a suddain Effervescence; herein diffe∣rent from the former.

FINE SAND, from a Sand-Pit near Bruley in Kent. Given also by Mr. Evelyn. Of this is made the clearest and best English Glass. It consisteth of some Grains, as clear as Crystal: with which others obscure, being mixed, give a whitish ash-colour to the whole Mass.

A Sandy substance of a Gold-colour, found in a Vein of Stone in Hartford in New-England.

Black SAND of Virginia.

Black SAND found on the shore near New-Haven in New-England; with some Grains of red and white.

The like out of St. Christophers Island.

Fine white SAND of Saco in New-England.

Of BOLES and other EARTHS, here are examples of all colours, as White, Ash-colour'd, Yellow, Red, Green, Blew, Brown, Black. Of which in their Order.

A parcel of MELITA EARTH. Given by Sir Phil. Skippon. By some called St. Pauls Earth. 'Tis of a white colour, but inclining to that of Mortar. Not gritty, yet less soft than many other Earths. Makes a strong Effer∣vescence with any Acid. Cerutus a 1.211 extols the use of it in Pestilential Feavers, and against Worms in Children, and not unjustly. Not only the Earth it self, but the Images, Vessels, and the like, made hereof, are fabled to derive these and other Virtues, as against the bitings of Serpents, &c. from St. Paul, who liv'd sometime there, and miraculously preserv'd himself from the Venome of the Viper. And Wor∣mius b 1.212 hath given himself the trouble to transcribe a print∣ed Paper hereof.

SAMOS EARTH. 'Tis white, and softer than the for∣mer. Maketh an ebullition with any Acid; but very weak and slow. It hath somewhat of an aromatick Tast, like that of calcin'd Harts Horn. Of this also Vessels were an∣tiently made of great esteem.

STONE MARROW. Stenomarga Agricolae, i. e. Saxi Medulla: because found between the Commissures of great Stones. Agaricus Mineralis, Imperato; from its likeness to Agarick in colour; but no further. For between the Teeth it feels somewhat like fine sand or grit; and hath no Tast. Nor is it sensible of Acids. 'Tis sometimes used by Chirurgions for the drying of Ulcers.

A BOLE like that of WHITE c 1.213 Terra Lemnia. Very close and heavy, and when scraped, of a pale white, smooth, and glossy; almost like to white Wax. 'Tis but slowly dis∣solved in the mouth.

This and other like smooth Earths are commonly called Pingues, or Fat: absurdly, for Laeves or Subtiles. Their seeming Pinguitude proceeding only from the exquisite fineness of the Particles of which they consist.

A smooth BOLE, almost of the colour of Castile Soap. More easily dissolved than the former, so as it seems to melt in the mouth like Butter.

A parcel of very white, light, and soft EARTH. Taken out of the Cave opened at the Royal Fort at Plymouth;

where it lies in little Veins containing much water. Sup∣posed to be the materia prima of white Marble.

A White EARTH lying in a Load degenerated from Tin. very gritty, and insensible of Acids.

A White EARTH, with a Ray of Red; very soft, with∣out any grit, and inaffected with Acids. Nor hath it the common Tast of Boles, but is altogether insipid. Found in the same place, as the former; but in different Veins. Supposed to be the Embrio of white and red Marble.

A BOLE of a yellowish sandy colour; somewhat gritty and friable.

SILESIAN BOLE. Of a redish yellow, exactly like the paler Emplastrum de Minio. As dense as any other, crack∣ling a little betwixt the Teeth. Yet without the least Par∣ticle of Grit; feels as smooth as Castile-Soap; scrapes with a gloss; and breaks like Bees-Wax, or the Salve above-said. Tasteth like other Boles.

The BOHEMICK sealed BOLE. It agrees in all pro∣perties with the former; saving that it hath somewhat more of red.

The HEPATICK BOLE of LEMNOS. Of kin to the red Lemnian. And answers to that which Wormius describes by the Name of Terra sigillata hepatica. It stirreth not with Acids.

ANOTHER of the same more PALE. Somewhat harder than the Armenian Bole. It makes a small ebullition with Oil of Vitriol, and with Spirit of Nitre a very strong one.

I take the principal Difference between Earths, as applied to Medical Use, to be this, That some are not affected with Acids; others are: Those, Pauperes or Fatuae; coming nearer to simple or meer Earths; These Saline, or impregnated with a Mineral Alkali, and therefore of greater energy.

A smooth and pale redish CLAY, lying in a little vein, running East and West, through a great Pillar of Sand, in a firme Marble-Rock. Supposed to be the Embrio of the red Marble.

Red LEMNOS EARTH. As red as Radle; but much more close and coherent, and so colours not the Fingers. Theophrastus a 1.214 reckons up three sorts of Terra Lemnia; sc. the Deep Red, the Pale Red, and the Whitish.

Celebrated by some of the Antients against Poyson, which, if right, it expels by Vomit. Yet Theophrastus saith, That in his time, it was used only for Painting.

ARMENIAN BOLE. From that part of Armenia next to Cappadocia. Both of a deep and a pale Red. Very soft, and easily rub'd to powder. Never makes any ebulli∣tion with Acids. First brought to Rome in Galen's time, when the Plague was there. In which, and other Malignant Diseases, it hath generally been esteemed of good use. Joubertus relates, as a Testimony of its Virtue, That four men preparing some Cathartick of Antimony, were all well nigh suffocated. And that upon his giving them each ℈ij of this Bole, they became very well. But the question is, Whether so soon as they were got out of the reach of the Antimonial Fumes, (from which we may be sure he took them) they would not have been well without it?

An English BOLE, like the Armenian. From Sir J. Hoskins.

A Red MINERAL EARTH, with some little glossiness in some places. Of the colour of the deepest Armenian Bole.

Red Cornish MARLE, used in Agriculture. It hath some grains of fine Sand, which, through a Glass, looks like Me∣tal. A piece also of common Radle.

A BOLE consisting of Red and White Plates, thin and parallel; so as to look like striped Work.

BERG-GRUN; a Green Earth, the sediment of a green Water in the Copper-Mine at Herngrundt. Given by Dr. Ed. Brown. 'Tis used by Painters.

A VERDAZURINE BOLE. So I call it, for that it is on the out-side of a blewish green, like Verdegriese. Within, of the colour of a Leek. It sticks to the Tongue, as the Armenian, or Lemnian, and hath the like Tast. Stirs not with Acids. Not unlike to that, which is described by Wormius with the Name of Creta Viridis. Yet cannot be the same, unless that Name be ill given: for Chalk properly so call'd, maketh a strong Effervescence with any Acid.

A GREEN EARTH like that which Kentman a 1.215 calls Saponariam s. Fulloniam.

A BLEWISH Grey MARLE mixed with Red. Used in Agriculture.

A BLEWISH EARTH, with the signature of an Escal∣lop upon it. It gently dissolves with Acids.

Earthen BALLS, about as big as mounting Stones, of a Blewish colour, or that of Tobacco-Pipe-Clay. With other irregular Lumps of the same nature: found among the Earth of a Hill overturn'd at Kenebank in New-England.

A Piece of IRISH-SLATE, so called. Given by Mr. Rob. Hook. Of the same colour as the Cornish, only somewhat paler. But as soft as the Terra Lemnia, and several other Boles. And is therefore to be reckon'd amongst them. Be∣sides the common Tast of Boles, it hath a little Astringency. Yet not alike perceived in all, for there is better and worse: which Apothecaries will do well to observe.

Kentman a 1.216 mentions a sort of very white Earth near Padoa, which in a short time would turn Blew, only by being exposed to the Aer.

A sort of BROWN EARTH, very light; lying in Veins, incompassed with a Body of greenish Sand. From Corn∣wall.

A BLACK EARTH, taken out of a spot enclosed in the same Sand, without any Vein issuing from it.

Notes

• a 1.1

  Relig. Med.
• b 1.2

  Phil. Trans. N. 108.
• c 1.3

  Sir Tho∣mas Milling∣ton.
• a 1.4

  Mus. lib. 3.
• b 1.5

  Musaeum Metallicum.
• a 1.6

  Of Gems p. 156.
• a 1.7

  Musaeum Metallic.
• a 1.8

  Boet. de Gennis & Lapid.
• b 1.9

  Lib. 37. c. 10.
• c 1.10

  De figur. Lapid. c. 3.
• d 1.11

  Ibid. c. 12.
• a 1.12

  See Part I.
• b 1.13

  Musaeum Metallic.
• c 1.14

  Aldrov. M. Metall.
• a 1.15

  Mus. Me∣tallicum.
• a 1.16

  Mus. Me∣tall. Aldrov▪
• a 1.17

  Ubi su∣pra.
• b 1.18

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• a 1.19

  Sect. 3. p. 317.
• b 1.20

  Lib. 24. c. 25.
• a 1.21

  Mus. Me∣tall.
• b 1.22

  De Gem. & Lap. l. 2. c. 226.
• a 1.23

  Lib. 37. c. 10.
• a 1.24

  See the Authors Book Of Trunks. And that Of Roots.
• b 1.25

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• a 1.26

  Fossil. Nomenclat.
• b 1.27

  De La∣pid. Figur.
• c 1.28

  De Lap. & Gem.
• d 1.29

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• e 1.30

  Num. 100.
• f 1.31

  Num. 129.
• a 1.32

  Phil. Trans. N. 100.
• * 1.33

  Phil. Trans. N. 100.
• a 1.34

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• b 1.35

  Lib. 27. Cap. 4.
• a 1.36

  Mus. Septal.
• b 1.37

  Lib. c.
• a 1.38

  Impera∣tus, Lib. 27. c. 4.
• b 1.39

  Lib. 27. c. 4.
• c 1.40

  Lib. c.
• a 1.41

  Tavern. Ind. Voyage, Chap. 21.
• b 1.42

  J. de Laet.
• c 1.43

  Of the Orig. of Forms, 136.
• d 1.44

  Mus. Rom. p. 45. Col. 2.
• e 1.45

  Dr. Brown's Trav.
• f 1.46

  Phil. Trans. N. 100.
• g 1.47

  Phil. Trans. N. 129. p. 730. l. pen.
• h 1.48

  De Lap. & G. lib. 2. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 154. p. 312.
• a 1.49

  Lib. 24: cap. 26.
• b 1.50

  Lib. 27. cap. 8.
• c 1.51

  Sept. Mus. c. 13. n. 18, 19.
• a 1.52

  Lib. 39. c. 60.
• a 1.53

  Clusius.
• a 1.54

  Ind. Tav. lib. 2. c. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.
• b 1.55

  Mr. Boyle Of Gems, p. 11.
• c 1.56

  Joh. de Laet L. de G. & Lap.
• d 1.57

  Boet. de Lap. & G.
• e 1.58

  Lib. 1. c. 43.
• f 1.59

  Of Gems, p. 109.
• g 1.60

  Ib. p. 112
• h 1.61

  Boet. de G.
• i 1.62

  Mr. Boyl, Of Gems, p. 51.
• k 1.63

  Ib. p. 35.
• a 1.64

  Of Gems, p. 39.
• b 1.65

  Mus. Sept.
• c 1.66

  Mr. Boyle, Of Gems, p. 43. & Mus. Calc.
• d 1.67

  Lib. 2. c. 73. l. 1.
• e 1.68

  Mus. Sep∣tal. c. 9. n. 54.
• f 1.69

  Boet. de Gem. & L. Lib. 2. c. 74.
• g 1.70

  Ib.
• h 1.71

  Terzagi in Mus. Sept.
• a 1.72

  Boet. de Gem. & Lap.
• a 1.73

  Boet. de Gem. & L.
• b 1.74

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• c 1.75

  Lib. 2. c. 43.
• d 1.76

  Ibid.
• e 1.77

  Boet. de Gem. & L.
• f 1.78

  De Laet. de Gem. & L.
• g 1.79

  Mr. Boyle, Of Gems, p. 88.
• * 1.80

  (h) Ibid.
• b 1.81

  Boet. de Gem. & L.
• c 1.82

  Aldrov. M. Metall.
• d 1.83

  Ambro∣sin. (in Al∣drov. M. Met.) out of Porta.
• e 1.84

  Mus. Wormian.
• f 1.85

  Boet. from Guai∣nerius.
• g 1.86

  Theophr. de Lap.
• a 1.87

  Lib. 7. c. 11.
• b 1.88

  Mus. Septal.
• a 1.89

  Boet. lib. 2. de Gem. & L.
• b 1.90

  Boet. de Gem.
• c 1.91

  Tavern. Voyages.
• d 1.92

  Lib. 1. de Gem. c. 13.
• a 1.93

  Porta.
• b 1.94

  Num. 38.
• c 1.95

  Laet, ubi supra.
• d 1.96

  Fossil. Nomencl.
• e 1.97

  Georg. Agric.
• f 1.98

  Theop. de Lapid.
• a 1.99

  Lib. de Gem.
• b 1.100

  Lib. 2. c. 184. out of Monardes.
• c 1.101

  See Al∣drov. Mus. Metall.
• a 1.102

  De Gem. lib. 2. c. 102.
• * 1.103

  (b) Pag. 177, 178.
• c 1.104

  Of the Virtues Of Gems, p. 171. 172.
• a 1.105

  Lib. 2. c. 110.
• b 1.106

  Lib. 1. de Lap.
• c 1.107

  Mus. Cal∣ceol. S. 3.
• a 1.108

  Boet. de Gem.
• b 1.109

  Laet de Gem.
• a 1.110

  Mus. Me∣tall.
• b 1.111

  Lib. de Lap. Fig.
• c 1.112

  Fossil. Nomencl.
• a 1.113

  Phil. Trans. N. 39.
• a 1.114

  De Lap. & Gem. Lib. 2.
• b 1.115

  Boet. de Lap. & G.
• a 1.116

  Musaeum Metallic.
• b 1.117

  Fossil. Nomencl.
• a 1.118

  A Dutch Musaeum.
• b 1.119

  Mus. lib. 1. Sect. 2. c. 13.
• c 1.120

  Mus. lib. 2. c. 50.
• a 1.121

  Mus. Septal.
• b 1.122

  Musaeum
• a 1.123

  Phil. Trans. N. 112.
• b 1.124

  Lib. 2. c. 145.
• c 1.125

  C. 147.
• * 1.126

  (d) Phil. Trans.
• e 1.127

  Lib. 2. c. 164.
• f 1.128

  Ibid.
• a 1.129

  Num. 67.
• b 1.130

  Experi∣menta Cry∣stalli Islandi∣ci Dis-Di∣aclastici.
• a 1.131

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• a 1.132

  Ubi supra.
• b 1.133

  Mus. Wormian.
• a 1.134

  Num. 72.
• b 1.135

  Museum
• c 1.136

  Lib. de Lap. & Gem.
• a 1.137

  In sine, Cap. de Amiantho, &c.
• a 1.138

  Mus. Metall. Ald.
• b 1.139

  Of Gems, p. 160.
• c 1.140

  Boet. de Gem.
• d 1.141

  Ambros. in Aldrov. Mus. Metal.
• a 1.142

  Boet. de Lap. & G.
• b 1.143

  From Cap. 123. to 137. & 141.
• c 1.144

  Brassa••o∣lus.
• d 1.145

  Fiora∣vantus.
• a 1.146

  Lib. 2. c. 144.
• b 1.147

  See Tral∣lianus, Guai∣nerius, and others.
• c 1.148

  Majoli Colloquia.
• a 1.149

  Mus. Septal.
• b 1.150

  Of Ef∣fluv. p. 33.
• a 1.151

  De Gem. & Lap. lib. 2. c. 270.
• a 1.152

  See Agri∣cola.
• b 1.153

  De Lap. & G. lib. 2. c. 293.
• c 1.154

  Musaeum Metallic.
• d 1.155

  Fossil. Nomencl.
• a 1.156

  Boet. de Gem. & L.
• a 1.157

  Dr. Brown's Travails, p. 99.
• b 1.158

  P. 103.
• c 1.159

  Ib. p. 99.
• a 1.160

  Mus. Roman.
• b 1.161

  Of Ef∣fluv. p. 13. & 14.
• c 1.162

  Aldrov. Mus. Met.
• d 1.163

  N. 142. Communi∣cated by Dr. Christ. Merret.
• e 1.164

  Mus. Met.
• a 1.165

  Dr. Brown's Tra∣vails, p. 91.
• b 1.166

  Ibid. p. 93.
• a 1.167

  Ambros. in Aldrov. Mus. Metal.
• b 1.168

  Num. 41.
• c 1.169

  Mus. Calceol.
• d 1.170

  Mus. Metallicum.
• a 1.171

  P. 108.
• a 1.172

  Num. 69
• b 1.173

  Num.
• c 1.174

  Observ. Cent. 4. Obs. 56.
• a 1.175

  Num. 28. & 39.
• b 1.176

  Lib. de Lap.
• a 1.177

  Mus. Me∣tall.
• b 1.178

  I think in his Pinax:
• a 1.179

  Num. 137.
• b 1.180

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• c 1.181

  Androv. Mus. Met.
• a 1.182

  Mus. Met.
• b 1.183

  Num.
• a 1.184

  Ambro∣sinus, and others.
• b 1.185

  N. 39.
• c 1.186

  Wicker.
• * 1.187

  Dr. Popes account of the Mines.
• e 1.188

  Kirch. Hist. Ind. l. 4. c. 3.
• a 1.189

  Dr. Brown's Trav. p. 91.
• a 1.190

  Boet. de Lapid. l. 2.
• b 1.191

  Dr. Brown's Tra∣vails.
• a 1.192

  See Phil. Trans. N. 130.
• b 1.193

  See Part 4.
• c 1.194

  Mus. Calceol. S. 2. p. 149.
• a 1.195

  N. 61.
• b 1.196

  Descript. Polan. lib. 1.
• c 1.197

  Dr. Brown's Travails, p. 112.
• d 1.198

  Aldrov. Mus. Metal.
• a 1.199

  N. 142.
• b 1.200

  N. 103. & 104.
• c 1.201

  Aldrov. Mus. Met.
• d 1.202

  N. 103. and conti∣nu'd, N. 104.
• e 1.203

  Num. 142.
• a 1.204

  De Gem. lib. 2.
• b 1.205

  Tavarn. Ind. Voyage.
• c 1.206

  De Dem. lib. 2. c. 160.
• d 1.207

  Mus. Septal.
• d 1.208

  Boet. de Gem. & L.
• a 1.209

  Num. 104.
• b 1.210

  See Phil. Trans. N. 21.
• a 1.211

  Mus. Calceol. Sect. 2. p. 130
• b 1.212

  Mus. l. 1. c. 4.
• c 1.213

  Mus. Worm. l. 1. c. 4. p. 9.
• a 1.214

  Lib. de Lapid.
• a 1.215

  Fossil. Nomencl.
• a 1.216

  Ibid.