The preternatural state of animal humours described by their sensible qualities, which depend on the different degrees of their fermentation and the cure of each particular cacochymia is performed by medicines of a peculiar specific taste, described : to this treatise are added two appendixes I. About the nature of fevers and their ferments and cure by particular tastes, II. Concerning the effervescence and ebullition of the several cacochymia's ... / by the author of Pharmacho bazagth.

APPENDIX I.

CHAP. XV.

Of FEVERS.

IN a Feverish State of Blood there hap∣pens a violent Fermentation of the whole Mass of Blood, as appears by the quick Pulse, the high-coloured Water, the Alterations of Heat and Chilliness. This sudden and great Alteration of the Humours the Ancients explained by Putrefaction of the Blood, or of Choler, or Melancholy, or Pituita. There are many other Notions framed for the explicating the Nature of Fevers, and their Symptoms; but I shall endeavour to explain more particularly the Opinion of the Ancients, and to accommo∣date it to the Modern Hypotheses.

That a Fever is a Putrefaction of the Blood, or some of its Parts, seems probable by the foetor of the Sweat and Ʋrin in that

Disease, by the infectious Nature of it, which lies in its foetid Effluviums, which reduce the Blood of another Animal to the same State and Symptoms. None can deny the Putrefaction in the Plague, which pu∣trefies all our Humours to a mortified State.

The Petechiae and purple Spots shew malignant Fevers, and the Small-Pox and Measles, to be lower degrees of the same Putrefaction.

The violent Heats in ordinary intermitting Fevers produce a putrefactive Dissolution of Humours, which are thrown off in Sweats, and appear in the precipitated Sediment of our Ʋrin, as well as by the Evacuation in a Cholera, Diarrhaea, Salivation, which are Symptoms of the Fever, the whole Succus Nutritius is dissolved from the solid Parts, as well as the Mass of Blood. Hence the Body becomes flaccid, and empty of Nou∣rishment after long Fevers; and then we supply that defect by a nourishing Diet, as after the Fever.

Since there appears so much of a Putre∣faction in Fevers, I think that Notion of the Ancient Writers ought to be inserted into the Definition of a Fever.

I shall next consider the Notion of a Fever, described by a Fermentation, or Ebul∣lition of Blood, caused by some extraneous

Ferment. And such a Commotion of Blood happens by too high a Diet, which stums or ferments the Humours; or else any of the Humours, which are naturally to be eva∣cuated, being stopt in their Expulsion, be∣come an extraneous Ferment to the Blood, or else the Succus Nutritius, as soon as it arrives at the Blood, is perverted by some Dyscrasie of it into an extraneous, morbific Nature, and becomes a Ferment, or else the Nutritious Juyces are precipitated from the Blood by external Cold, and become the fer∣ment of all intermitting Fevers.

The particular Ferment which produces each kind of Fever differs by some Caco∣chymia which was in the Blood, or Succus Nutritius before it was precipitated, by some abuse of the Non-Naturals, or Surfeits, or Colds, though the Succus Nutritius, altered by external Causes, is the general ferment of all Fevers; yet that differing, according to the several Cacochymia's that may happen to it, the ferment of each Fever (being the immediate Cause of its Ebullition, and the first thing to be removed or changed) ought most particularly to be described, be∣cause the Cacochymia, with which the Suc∣cus Nutritius abounds, produces the most eminent Symptoms of each intermitting Fever, and that Cacochymia does very

much alter the general Cure of an intermit∣ting Fever. As for instance, If Rheumatic Pains accompany an intermitting Fever, the Cacochymia preceeding the Fever is a viscid State of the Succus Nutritius, and the Blood is sizie, as in Rheumatisms. In the Curing of this, the common Method for Curing the intermitting Fever is not sufficient, of giving the Cortex without due Prepara∣tion, viz. for the Cacochymia infecting the Succus Nutritius, there must preceed the Evacuations, indicated by a viscid State of Blood, viz. Bleeding, and Purging, or Vo∣miting, but not so much as in a Rheumatism, without an evident intermitting Fever.

The Symptoms preceeding the Fit ge∣nerally denominate the particular kind of Fever, and if great, the whole depraved Succus Nutritius being evacuated upon a particular Part, the Cure is chiefly to be ma∣naged by removing that particular Inflam∣mation, as Pleurisie, or Peripneumonia, with∣out any or very little regard to the inter∣mitting Fever.

The Notion of a Fever being produced by the Irritation of the Spirits in the Blood and Nerves, very well explains the Action of the Air, and infectious or Animal Hu∣mours, for those are first infected; and that the febrile Effervescence, Commotion, Ebulli∣tion,

Expansion (call it as you please, for the same thing is understood by all these Terms) is managed by the Animal Spirits, which circulate from the Nerves into the Blood, and from thence to the Nerves again, is very probable, and this Galen seems long since to have described, when he defines a Fever to be the turning of the innate heat (which is the Spirits) into a fiery Nature; but it is as evident, that every Person has some antecedent Cacochymia, by which the par∣ticular Symptoms of the Fever are produced, and this, by exceeding the Strength or Ex∣pansion of Spirits, makes the Fever ma∣lignant, or by being in no great quantity, or more loosely mixed with the Succus Nu∣tritius, the Fever is mild, and easily cured. The several stages of the Disease are very naturally described by the separation of the greater quantity of the Succus Nutritius from the Blood, in the increase of the Fever, and the Crisis is a full or perfect Separation of all the depraved Succus Nutritius from the Mass of Blood, when the Fever is cu∣rable, and then the febrile Effervescence ceases; but if the Succus Nutritius be but in part separated, the Mass of Humours remain tur∣bid and undepurated, and the Fever becomes fatal.

The Spirits being the chief Instruments of all Fermentations, the several Stages of this Disease must be managed by them; but we must look farther, and describe the Humours which irritate them first into Mo∣tion, and the depraved Humours, which the irritate Spirits endeavour to exterminate from the Mass of Blood, the Motion of the Spirits would soon be stopt, as we find in Ephemera's, if some depraved Humour in the Blood did not support the Irritation of them, who cannot naturally depurate the Blood under 14 or 21 Days, or longer. Hence it appears how reasonable the Opinion of our Moderns is, who describe a Fever as an Effervescence of the Blood, by which it clears it self of some heterogenious Particles, which, as they produce the Effervescence, are called a Ferment; and as they irritate the Spirits a Venenum; and as they are the depraved Matter of the Succus Nutritius, the putrid Particles of it, or febrile Sediment, appearing in the Ʋrin. It is not my De∣sign to oppose any Author's Judgment, but to reconcile these several Opinions, and put them all into the Definition of a Fever, thus.

A Fever is a preternatural Fermentation or Effervescence of the Blood, occasioned by some Ferment irritating the Spirits of the

Blood and Nerves; so the Dissolving, or Putrefying, and Separating some part of the Cacochymical Succus Nutritius from its Mix∣ture with the Mass of Humours.

The tumultuous Agitation of the Spirits in the Ephemera happens by the ill Use of the Six Non-Naturals.

1. As Surfeits, which are Cured by a Vomit, Purge, Clyster, by which the putre∣fying Diet, which is the Ferment here, is carried off.

2. The Heat of the Sun being excessive inflames the Spirits; and Opiates, and cool things, readily compose them, and Oxyr∣rhodines.

3. Too much Labour spends and agitates the Spirits, in which case Spirituous Cor∣dials, Wine, and Rest, are necessary.

4. Anger disorders the Spirits, whose su∣rious Motions are best repressed by Opiates, and cool Emulsions.

5. Long Watchings require Opiates and Anodynes.

6. Grief agitates the Spirits, and spends them; for which, Wine, Spirits, and Opiates, are necessary.

The Cure of an Ephemera, which is a tu∣multuous Motion or Inflammation of the Spirits, requires these Tastes.

• 1. Acids in cool Liquors, Sp. Nitri dulcis, Sal Prunell. Tamarinds, Gas Sulphuris, or the Juyces of Acid Fruits.
• 2. Mucilaginous and watery Liquors, Aq. Hordei, cum Syr. Limonum, Milk Waters, Emulsions.
• 3. Opiates.
• 4. Diaphoretics of a mild Nature, bitterish.
• 5. Styptics watery to stop the Fever, Plantane.

Bleeding, Purging, Clysters, Vomiting, Quiet, and Abstinence, or a thin Diet, often stop the Effervescence, by carrying off the fer∣menting Humours.

The Ancient Writers distinguished putrid Fevers by the Putrefaction of Blood, Choler, Melancholy, and Phlegm; and this is to be explained by an Effervescence happening in such a particular Cacochymical Blood.

The common Fever in England is an in∣termitting Fever; and that is the putrid Fever the Old Physicians have described, and this is produced by the Changes of our Air, the viscid Nature of our Diet, or the infectious Vapours of the Earth, and Seas en∣compassing us, which precipitate or putrefie the Nutritious Juyces of our Bodies, and that is evident in our Ʋrins, and is the Mat∣ter of all critical Evacuations, by which the Fever is cured, and this supplies all the Hu∣mours

for colliquative Evacuations in Fevers; as Diarrhaea's, Salivations, Sweats, &c. This being evacuated upon particular Parts pro∣duces the several Inflammations; as Quinsie, Apoplexies, Lethargies, Palsies, Pleurisies, Rheumatisms, Cholics, which are the Sym∣ptoms of the ordinary intermitting Fever, and distinguish it into its several Species.

This depraved Succus Nutritius, by Na∣tures Method, ought to be fully separated from the Blood; but Physicians do not com∣monly trust that tedious way, but by the Cortex they precipitate what is easily sepa∣rable of Nutriment by the Ʋrin, and re-assi∣mulate the rest of the Nutritious Serum to the Blood, as will manifestly appear by ob∣serving the several Changes of the Ʋrin, and its Sediment; and we observe that Bit∣ters, like Choler, are the best Sanguifiers, and also the best Febrifuges, and the Cortex has a most eminent Bitterness, not unlike the Bitterness of bitter Almonds, by which it re-assimulates part of the Nutritious Juyces to the Mass of Blood.

I will mention the several Cacochymia's, which are only the several States of the Nutritious Humours, antecedent to the febrile Effervescence, by which, the several Species of the intermitting Fever are distinguished; but I must first observe, that the intermit∣ting

Fever differs little from the Ague, but by having more of the Succus Nutritius pu∣trefied, and precipitated from the Mass of Blood, and that so much of it is not sweat off by every Paroxysm in the intermitting Fever, as is in the Ague Fit, which makes the Fever less in the Intervals of the Fit; but the intermitting Fever often changes into the Ague, and is cured by the same Method.

First, If the Fever happens in the bilious Cacochymia of Blood, and in Young Persons in the Summer time, a Causus is produced, with extream Heat and Thirst, and in this the Heat and Thirst is much abated by Acids, and the Fever is to be treated by such Methods as respect both the bilious Cacochymia, and continued or intermitting Fever, whether the Tertian Ague has the same Cacochymia, and intermits every other Day.

The Cure of this Cacochymia indicates,

I. Vomiting in the beginning, and Purging on the Days of Intermission, with Decoct. Amarum, or Glysters, to evacuate the abound∣ing Choler.

II. The Choler is to be precipitated from the Blood, by Ʋrin, and Sweats, and the Liver opened.

• 1. By Acids; as Crem. Tart. ʒi. in Cha∣momile Flower Posset-Drink, given be∣fore the Fit, or Juyce of Limons, with Water and Wine, or Spirit of Sulp. 20 drops in Fountain-Water or Purslain-Water, with Sp. Sulph. ℈ss. and Syrup of Limons.
• 2. Salso-Acids are Diuretics and Sudo∣rifics; as Tart. Vitriol. Sal Armoniac. Arcanum duplicatum, of any gr. xv. Oc. Canc. ℈ss.
• Or the Salt Mixture of Riverius; as Sal Absynth. ʒss. Sp. Sulph. gut. xii. Syrup of Poppies ℥ss. Carduus-Water ℥iij.
• Or Mixt Salts; Sal Absynth. Prunell. Antim. Diaph. ana gr. xv.
• 3. Bitters have the same effect of Sweat∣ing, or re-assimulating the Nutritious Juyces; as Aq. Plantag. ℥iij. The∣riacae ʒi. before the Fit, Gentian, Cen∣taury, Feverfews, Chamomile-Flowers, Chamaedrys, Vervein, &c. decocted, and given with Myrrh or Mithridate, before the Fit; these open the Liver, for the better Passage of the Choler; they also depurate the Succus Nutri∣tius, and prevents its Putrefaction in Fevers.
• ...

• ... Chelandine and Saffron are also useful in Tertians, by opening the Liver, and helping the Secretion of Choler, as is also Dandelion.

III. The feverish Ebullition may be sup∣pressed by Acerbs; as Decoction of Ribwort, Plantain, or the Juyces of Plantain, House-Leek, Sorrel, Purslain, Polygonum; or by Austeres; as Avens, Cinquefoil, Roots of Plantain, St. John's-Wort, Roots of Tormentil, Ʋlmaria Leaves, Juyce of Millefoil, Barks of Ash, Tamarisk; but in general Use the Cortex has the greatest Commendation.

Alum is also much extolled; but repeated Bleeding, and all the Methods for Curing the Cacochymia, I constantly use before the Cure of the Fever by the Cortex, unless the Danger of Delay be great.

Outwardly we apply,

• 1. Styptics, Nut-Tree-Bark steeped in Vi∣negar, and Mouse-Ear, or Shepherds Purse, Goose-Tansie steeped in the same, with Salt applied to the Wrists.
• 2. Opiates externally as well as internally, Ʋng. Populeon ℥ij. Opium gr. iv. Spiders Web, s. a. applied to the Wrists.
• 3. Salso-Acids externally as well as in∣ternally, Sal. Gemm. Sal Armoniac. and Niter, Soot and Vinegar, with Spiders Web, Sea-Salt, Currans and Hops, ap∣plyed to the Wrists.

Secondly, If an intermitting Fever happens in a mucilaginous Constitution of Blood, such as is in Phlegmatic Persons, Women, or Chil∣dren, the putrid Fever takes the Type of a Quotidian, the Paroxysms last many Hours, and the Disease 40 Days or more, and a Paroxysm happens every Day, with great Cold, and the Heat is not very great after∣wards.

In this pituitous Dyscrasie of Blood, we must vomit off the quantity of Pituita, and purge upon Intermissions, and the pituitous Cacochymia must be corrected by Bitters; as,

1. Bitter Decoction, Wormwood-Wine, Myrrh, Juyce of Wormwood one Spoonful, or Juyce of Chamomile in Wine, before the Fit, Mithridate or Treacle before the Fit, or Car∣duus-Leaves powdered. Elixir Proprietatis ℈i. Aq. Lumbric. ℥ij. before the Fit. Radix Ser∣pentariae ʒss. externally. The Stomach may be fomented with Gentian, Wormwood, Mint and Aromatics boiled in Wine.

2. Fixed Salts and volatile evacuate the Cacochymia, both by Sweat and Ʋrin. Sal Absynth. Sp. Sal. Arm. in Aq. Card. & Theriac.

3. Aromatics, Sal volatil. oleosum.

The external Applications are such as quicken the Pulse, and thereby keep off the Cold; as Camphire, Soot, Saffron, Galbanum,

Turpentine with Olibanum and Bole, Myrrh, Saffron, Aloes, Onion, Gun-Powder and Soap, Nettles, Rheu, Featherfew, Wormwood, bruised together.

This Fever Sylvius calls his Salivaris, or Pituitosa.

Thirdly, If an intermitting Fever falls into a tartareous Blood, or Lympha, this Fever has Gripes, and Pains of the Belly attending it, a low Pulse, little Thirst, crude and watery Ʋrin, but much Cold; for the Curing of which Cacochymia, Vomits and Clysters, such as are used in the Cholic, much conduce to discharge the tartareous Lympha, and for the correcting of it.

1. Volatile Salts.

2. Distilled, aromatic Oyls, which correct the Chilliness attending this Fever. Oyl of Cloves, Mace, or Sal volatile oleosum, with Laudanum, for the Pains.

Fourthly, If the intermitting Fever falls into a flatulent, crude Blood, a Distension is perceived in the Belly, or Inflation, short Breathing in the Lungs, and wandring, ner∣vous Pains in the Limbs, with Giddiness, and Noise in the Ears. In the Cure of this Fever the Flatulencies must be removed, as well as the Effervescence suppressed.

Fifthly, If a Fever happens in a serous Cacochymia, the conglobate Glands are affected, and the Limbs with Lassitude or Pains; the conglomerate Glands are also affected, as ap∣pears by Dulness of the Head, and Sleepiness; by Coughs, Hoarseness; and this Sylvius calls, The Catarrhal Fever, and the Cure of this requires, the Evacuations of the Serum, by Purging, Ʋrin, Sweating, as well as the Cure of the Effervescence. Errhines, Masticatories, and Fumes, are useful.

Sixthly, If a Fever happens in a rancid, oyly State of Blood, it produces a scorbutic Fever, with high-coloured Ʋrin, and Spots in the Skin; and in this Antiscorbutics are as necessary as the Febrifuges.

Seventhly, If an intermitting Fever happens in a sizie, viscid Blood, it produces rheumatic Pains, and all kinds of Inflammations; as the Apthae, or Inflammations of the Mouth, the Quinsie, Parotis, or the Inflammation of the Glands, the Inflammation of the Intestines, or Stomach, or Liver, or Spleen, Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidnies, Phrenitis, or the Inflammation of the Brains, Ophthalmia, Peripneumonia, Pleurisie, Inflammation of the Breasts, the Ʋterus, or Stones, Lethargies, Apoplexies, Palsies, Rheumatisms, and all hot Pains.

These are the Distempers attending Fe∣vers, when the Blood is sizie, and that re∣quires all the Methods proper for altering that, as well as stopping the Fever.

Eighthly, If the Fever happens in a salt Blood, it has great Thirst attending of it, and Haemorrhagies, and runs into a tabid State. In this Fever, I observed a Haemor∣rhage to preceed every Fit of the intermitting Fever; in Mr. Schrimsher of Aquilate, who, through an Aversion to the Cortex, lost his Life in it, and died Convulsed after divers Fits of the Fever, with a Haemorrhage, which returned at a certain Hour.

Ninthly, If the intermitting Fever happens in a vitriolic State of Blood, all the hypochon∣driac Symptoms are joyned with the Fever, and the Fever appears under the Type of a Quartan: The Cure of which requires Evacuating,

I. Of the vitriolic Humour in the Stomach, by Vomiting, and Purging off the same on the intermitting Days.

II. The vitriolic Humour must be cor∣rected,

• 1. By Bitters, bitter Decoction, Wormwood Wine, Elix. Proprietatis, Myrrh, with Treacle.
• ...

• 2. By fixed Salts, Extract. Carduus with Salt of Wormwood. Take Conserve of Hips, Wormwood, Enula, Scurvy-Grass, Citron Pills, of each ℥i. Saffron ℈ij. Sal Absynth. ʒij. Confectio Alcherm. ℥ss. with Syrup of Citron, make an Elect.
• 3. Chalybeates are absolutely necessary after the Fever is stopt, to correct the vitriolic Humour; and sometimes the Fever cannot be stopt till the Humour is corrected, as I have often expe∣rienced in my younger Son, who had the Quartan four Years by Relapses. No Febrifuge could put off his Fit till he had used Steel fourteen Days, or three Weeks, and the Cortex could do him no Service, nor would put off a Fit; at last, he having used at least a Pound of it, by often re∣peating of it, profuse Bleeding, as 40 Ounces of Blood from a Child of Nine Years Old, did more for the Cure of his Ague than all the Febrifuges, for his Blood was extream viscid, and Steel always cured his Cachexy. I gave him Vitriolum Martis sometimes, and Dr. Willis's Steel at others, dissolved in a convenient Julep.
• 4. The Earthy Calces; as Antim. Diap. Bezoar Minerale, with fixed Salts and

• ... volatile, may be reduced into Pills, with Extract of Gentian. The Ashes of Oyster-shells are good to correct the vitriolic Humour.

III. The Paroxysm must be checked or stopt,

• 1. By bitter Styptics; as the Cortex. The reason of its inefficacy in the Dose, in which it was formerly given, is the Mixing of the Chips of the Tree with the Bark; and it is evident, that the Bark exceeds the Taste of the Wood in all Trees, and is of a stronger Vir∣tue. Let therefore the Apothecaries keep the Chips for Decoctions, and use the Cortex only in Powder; for they well know, that the Cortex of Guaicum is stronger than the Wood.
  • Lignum Colubrinum, Ash, Guaicum, black Cherry-Tree, are much oommended for Quartans; as are also Myrtle-Leaves, and Misletoe.
  • Five-Leaved-Grass, Potentilla, Avens, Plantain-Roots, are austere.
• 2. By Acerbs; as the Leaves of Ribwort Plantain boiled in Posset-Drink, which cures some where the Cortex has failed.
  • Alum is very much used, ℈i. in bitter Decoction, or with Nutmeg.
• ...

• 3. Nauseous Bitters; as Carduus Leaves ʒss. Alum ℈i. taken in Ale before the Fit, or Myrrh ʒss. in Wine, or Treacle ʒi. before the Fit.
• 4. By acrid Terebinthiuates; as Roots of Asarum, Valerian, Serpentaria, Decoction of Ivy-Wood, and Savin applied to the Pulse with Salt.
• 5. By other Acrids of the Orris Class; as Zedoary, Ginger, Contrayerva; or other acrid Aromatics; as Pepper, Ra∣dix Imperatoriae ʒi. cum Vino, Pepper 14 grains in Wine.
• 6. Foetid Acrids; as Rhue one handful, Red Sage as much, infused in Wine, and given before the Fit. A Nutmeg roasted in an Onion.
• 7. Salso-Acids; as Sal Absynth. ℈iss. Sal Prunell. ℈ss. Sacch. Perl. ℈ij.
  • The Acerbs and bitter Styptics pre∣cipitate the depraved Succus Nutritius from the Blood, the Acrids and Salts throw it off by Sweat and Ʋrin. A Purge given six or eight Hours before the Fit evacuates the digested Succus, and is successful after six or eight Months.
• 8. Opiates stop the Pulse, and all Fer∣mentations.
• ...

• 9. The Pericarpia are of Styptics; as Bole, Mastich, Bursa, and Astoris, Knot-Grass, Argentina.
• Or Acids; as Vinegar with Gun-Powder.
• Or Caustics; as Nettles, Ranunculus, black Soap.

Tenthly, If the Fever happens in a Blood putrefied, the several Sorts of Malignant Fevers are produced, with a low Pulse, fe∣verish Symptoms, Watching, Delirium, Con∣vulsions, and a sudden failing of the Spirits.

I. The Spirits being decayed, fixed, or oppressed, or weakened by Evaporation, be∣come unfit to manage any extraordinary Fermentation; for the Depurating of the Blood by an Effervescence from any of its depraved Succus Nutritius; and, in this Case, all the Medicines against Malignity, which are of the following Tastes, are very ne∣cessary; as,

• 1. Volatile Salts and fixed, Cineres Eu∣fonum, Salt of Vipers.
• 2. Acrids, Angelica, Zedoary, Imperatoria, Petasitis, Serpentaria Virginiana, Con∣trayerva, Aq. Ber. spec. liberantis.
• 3. Bitters: decoct. Amarum sine sena, Mi∣thridate, or Treacles, Syr. of Carduus, Scordium, Veronica, Vervein, or the Juyces or Extract of them.
• ...

• 4. Foetids, Camphire, Garlic, Castor, Troches of Vipers Flesh, Rhue.
• 5. Mineral Sulph. and Calces, Antimon. Diaph. Bez. Miner. Cinnab. Antim.
• 6. Acids, Acetum Bezoardicum, Syr. of Citrons, Spirit of Vitriol.
• 7. Salso-Acids made by Mixing contrary Salts.

II. The Second Species of a malignant Fever is from the Translation of the depraved Succus Nutritius upon the Head and Nerves in the intermitting Fever, which requires all manner of Revulsion; as Bleeding in the Neck, Glysters, Blisters, Cataplasms to the Feet; besides Diaphoretics, Diuretics, and Cordials, to support the Spirits, and the Fer∣mentation.

III. The Third Species of a malignant Fever is from the Infection of the Air, whose foetid Sulphurs cause divers degrees of Pu∣trefactions in several parts of our Bloods, and accordingly produce the several epi∣demical, malignant or pestilential Fevers.

1. In the petechial, spotted Fever, and the scarlet Fever, or Measles, the florid Par∣ticles of the Blood are corrupted, or coa∣gulated, or putrefied, and thrown into the Skin.

2. In the Small-Pox, not only the florid, but also the viscid Particles of the Serum

are coagulated, and thrown into the Skin to putrefie, and be expelled. We observe in the Small-Pox a sizie Blood, as well as a putrefactive State of Humours; the Siziness makes it an inflammatory Fever, and com∣monly requires Bleeding before and after∣wards. We keep a thin and low Diet, both in respect of the Inflammation and Fever. We use also Medicines against Malignity, because of the Imbecillity of Spirits in so great a Putrefaction of Blood, and that we may expell the putrid Particles of the Succus Nutritius. We use also, after the Expulsion of the Succus, Febrifuges, as the Cortex, to remove the Paroxysm of the intermitting Fever, joyned with the Small-Pox or Measles. And we ought to con∣sider the several Cacochymia's which distin∣guish the Species of the Small-Pox.

3. In the Plague and Poysons, which pu∣tresie the Blood, the whole Mass is putrefied; in this, a great Pain of the Head, with the greatest Faintness, seizes; a stinking Breath, wandring Pains about the Emunctories, Heat and Cold, are the usual Symptoms.

The Bubo's, Carbuncles, and Petechioe, are Particles of the Blood drove into the Skin.

All things which preserve from Putre∣faction, preserve from the Plague. As,

1. Bleeding, and Purging with Aloetics; as Pil. Ruffi. Elix. Proprietatis.

2. The Antidotes are,

1. Bitters; Extract of Gentian with Myrrh, Conserve of Tansie, Wormwood, Rhue with Diascord. Treacle, and Conserve of Wood-Sorrel.

2. Acids; as Spir. of Sulph. Niter, Salt, Vitriol in Wine, Drink, or Broths, or Juyce of Limons, Rhue, Vinegar, with Bread and Butter. Posset-Drink with Acetum Bezoar∣dicum. Juniper-Berries steeped in Vi∣negar.

3. Aromatic Acrids; chewing Zedoary, Angelica, Mace steeped in Vinegar, Marigold-Flowers in Vinegar. In pure Bodies the Aromatics do Injury; and to Infants vehe∣ment Dryers; Camphorates, Myrrhates, and Bitters.

4. Foetids; Rhue, Vinegar, and Camphire, are to be smelt to, and Tobacco smoaked in the Morning, and the bitter Wine in the Morning, and a Sudorific Elect. at Night.

Sulphur with Honey is accounted an ex∣cellent Antidote.

Salt-Peter and Sulphur correct the Air by their Fumes, or Gun-Powder, or Acetum Theriacale.

3. Styptics; as Bole, Tormentil, Pimpinella, Ʋlmaria in Wine.

In the Summer, Young Men, take heed of hot things, and use Acids and Styptics, and moderately hot; as Borrage, Balm, Saffron, Burnet, Citron Pills, Clovegilly-flowers; or moderate Aromatics internally, and Vinegar with Gamphire.

Aromatics inwardly are fittest for Winter and Old Persons; Oyl of Amber, Bals. Peru, Nutmegs. Outwardly, and in Fumes, Pitch, Frankinsence, Assa Foetida, Turpentine, Myrrh, and other resinous Plants. Juniper, Cedar-Wood.

All the Bezoardics above-mentioned are necessary to promote Sweat, and drive forth the putrefied Particles of the Blood.

The pestilent Camp Fever is from Eating of putrid Meats, which ought to be Vo∣mited and Purged off, and after Bezoardics for the Malignity, or putrid State of Humours.

In all putrid Fevers Authors advise to respect the Malignity, as well as the Fever.

The continued Fever differs not from the intermitting, since it remits in the beginning, or intermits at length, and they frequently change from one to the other, and the de∣praved Succus Nutritius is the ferment of both; but in the continued Fever it is not so easily precipitated from the Blood, and discussed by a Paroxysm, as in the intermitting, and their Cure differs little.

1. All evident Causes of those Fevers must be removed.

2. The depraved Chyle, or its quantity, must be evacuated by Vomits, Purges, Clysters, that no new Matter may be supplyed to irritate the Blood.

3. The Effervescence of Blood must be depressed if too high.

1. By a thin Diet, sub-acid or mucilaginous Ptysans.

2. By tartareous Acids, Syrups of Limons, Citrons, and Acid Spirits, or Quiddanies of Fruits.

3. By Acerbs, Tinct. of Roses, Plantain, Sorrel decocted, Sedum, Posset-Drink, Servises, Berberries.

4. By watery and mucilaginous Liquors; as Emulsions, Purslain, Lettuce-Waters. By the cichoraceous Plants; Barley-Water, or Milk-Water, or Whey.

5. Opiates.

6. By Bleeding, Glysters, Vomiting, Purging in the beginning.

4. The Effervescence of the Blood must be raised, if depressed through Weakness of Spirits, or multitude of corrupt Succus Nu∣tritius, which stops the Circulation.

The Bezoardics above-mentioned excite a greater Effervescence.

5. The depraved Succus Nutritius must be precipitated from the Blood in the be∣ginning, or increase of the Fever, by Acids, Acerbs, Styptics, which are the best Febri∣fuges: But the Salts, both volatile and fixed, best precipitate the tartareous Parts of the Blood, separated by a long Effervescence at the end of the Fever, and they separate it by Ʋrin or Sweats; but the Acids, Acerbs, and Styptics, are good Precipitators of the viscid Salt, and oyly Particles, which pro∣mote the increase of the Fever.

6. The disturbed Crasis or Consistence of the Blood must be restored; that is, some of the Succus Nutritius remixt with it into an equal Consistence, and that by digestive Medicines, which partly precipitate the looser Particles, and re-unite the rest. Such are,

1. Bitter Acrids; as Theriaca, Rad. Ser∣pent. Contrayerva.

2. Salso-Acids.

3. The Calces of Minerals, and testaceous Medicines.

4. Bitter Styptics; as the Cortex, which precipitates, as is evident in the Ʋrin, by its Stypticity, and digests, unites, or assi∣milates the depraved Succus Nutritius to the Mass of Blood, which, for want of a due Dose, separates again from the Blood, and renews the Fever.

That the Succus Nutritius depraved is the ferment of a Fever, is evident, because any Animal, Nutritious Humour depraved and sup∣pressed, produces a Fever.

1. The Milk in the Breasts produces the Febris Lactea, which being repelled, or pu∣trefying in the Breasts, is the ferment of that Fever, and is to be evacuated by a plentiful Sweat, or the Lochia.

2. The Suppression of the Lochia pro∣duces the purple Fever in Women, which Langius calls, Pestis Sororum; and this must be cured by Restoring the Evacuation; for the Lochia are here the ferment of the Fever; and by Bezoardics, the putrid Blood must be exhaled.

3. The Suppression of the Menses, or se∣minal Matter, produces the Febris alba, with Pain of the Head, Stomach, Back, and sudden Effervescences happen, with Lassitude, Pal∣pitation, Dyspnaea, and Inflation of the Hy∣pochondria. This is to be cured by restoring the Evacuation of those Humours which fer∣ment the Blood.

4. The Suppression of Transpiration pro∣duces a Fever, with Rheumatic Pains, and till that viscid Serum is cleansed by Ʋrin, or Sweat, that is the ferment of a Fe∣ver.

A vinous or high Diet is often the occasion of Fevers, and in this Case the depraved Chyle is the ferment.

Many of the colliquative Fevers are cured by Nature's Evacuation of the depraved Succus Nutritius by Stools, Vomiting, Sweat∣ing, or Spitting, Bleeding; and the reason of these different Evacuations, is, because the Succus Nutritius is tinctured by some of the Humours, which ought to be secreted by the secretory Glands for that Humour; as Choleric Vomits, or Diarrhaea's, are by the Liver; Phlegmatic Evacuations by Salivation, or Pancreas; and critical Evacuations of Blood by the Nose.

In Inflammations, the Fever preceeding it depends on a viscid Succus Nutritius, which being all evacuated on any particular part, the Fever abates, which sufficiently inti∣mates what was the ferment of that Fe∣ver.

A Hectic Fever is produced by the de∣praved Succus Nutritius, which, by reason of the Viscidity and Saltness of the Blood, cannot be assimilated to the Mass, but it becomes a febrile Ferment, and it is evacu∣ated by Sweats, Ʋrin, Spitting, and Loose∣ness, and then the Hectic Fit is over, when the Succus Nutritius, which is the ferment, is wholly spent.

The Matter of an Apostemum is the fer∣ment of a Hectic; as in those of the Liver, Lungs, Kidnies; and this Hectic cannot be cured, without curing the Imposthume; but the former scorbutic Hectic must be cured by altering the Viscidity and Saltness of the Blood, by frequent Bleeding, and diluting of it, by Milk Diet, or the Chalybeate Waters, Decoction of the Woods, Emulsions, distilled Waters, and leaving off fermented Liquors, Pectoral Decoctions, and using a thin Diet, most apt to mix with viscid Blood.

When I had observed, that all sorts of Cacochymia's were joyned with Fevers, I could not omit this Discourse about Fevers, as not impertinent to my Design, of de∣scribing the preternatural State of Humours. I will farther observe, that the several Ca∣cochymia's depend not on the Fever, as an effect of it, though that, after some time, may produce some of them; as a viscid, salt, vitriolic or putrid State of Humours: but the Fever finds the Cacochymia in the Blood, which produces the Symptoms pre∣ceeding the Paroxysm; as Pains, Coughs, Vomitings, Gripes, Diarrhaea's, &c. Hence it appears, that the antecedent Cacochymia depends on the same Causes, as at other times, when there is no Fever; but the febrile Effervescence agitates the Cacochymia,

and thereby produces the Evacuations, or Inflammations, to which it pre-disposed the Patient. And these Symptoms require the same Method of Cure, as at other times, but Care must be taken because of the Com∣plication with the Fever, that nothing may be done in Cure of the Cacochymia, which may prejudice the general Cure of the Fever.

The Cacochymia alters the Nature of the Fever, for a pituitous, tartareous, serous or flatulent Cacochymia depresses the feverish Ebullition too much; and for these, the Old Authors rationally used Digestives in Fevers, to correct the Cacochymia, and to raise the Fermentation, which is depressed by them, that the Succus Nutritius may be more easily digested, or putrefied, and, at last, by a Crisis separated from the Blood.

In a bilious, rancid, salt or putrid State of Blood, the Fever is generally too acute, and (unless in the malignant Fever or Plague) must be depressed by cool Alte∣ratives, which are the Digestives or Pre∣cipitators in such Fevers; and this seems to be a general Rule in Fevers, that as the general Cure of the Fever must not increase the Cacochymia, so neither must the Cure of the Cacochymia either too much

irritate or depress the Fever; but by Bleeding, Vomiting or Purging in the be∣ginning, we abate the quantity of the Ca∣cochymia, and, by Digestives, dispose it for a Separation from the Blood, which, at length, the Fever expells, with the depraved Succus Nutritius, or, at least, prepares it for a Purgation afterwards, which ought to respect the particular Cacochymia's after the Fever, as well as before.

If we consider the various Causes of a Cacochymia above-mentioned, we cannot be∣lieve but every body is inclined to some one or other of them.

We have some particular degrees of Fermentation, by which our Humours are prepared that arise to a particular quality, by which the Constitution is called either pituitous, tartareous, flatulent, or serous, if they be too cool, or else they are too hot, as the choleric, or scorbutic, salt, viscid, vitriolic or putrid Constitutions of our Hu∣mours. We have some of these from our Parents, and the Age, as it runs on, produces a various Temper of our Humours. In Children, the Blood is like the Milk they feed on, apt to turn sowre; and for that reason, Vomitings, Gripes, and Loosenesses, attend their Fevers, as well as Coughs,

and sore Mouths, and comatous effects from the Serosity of their Bloods.

In the Middle Age, the Blood is florid and salt, by which, they of that Age are disposed to Haemorrhagies, and all sorts of Inflammations, Consumptions, and the hot Scurvy, which are frequently complicated with Fevers in the Middle of our Ages; as Pleurisies, Quinsies, Phrensies, Rheuma∣tisms.

In the Consistent Age, the Blood grows vitriolic, and produces Dysenteries, Cancers, Cholera's, Melancholic Winds, which, with Lethargies, Apoplexies, Peripneumonia's, are frequently, at that Age, complicated with Fevers.

In Old Age, the feverish Ebullition runs low, and it is most easily stopt with a smaller Dose of the Cortex; and since the Saltness, Viscidity, and vitriolic Acidity, abounds in Old Men, as well as the pitui∣tous and serous Cacochymia, they have some of the Diseases depending on them; but especially Catarrhs, and Atrophy, and Pains of the Limbs, are complicated with the Fevers of Old Men.

Particular Cacochymia's are not only pro∣duced by our several Ages, but also the different Seasons of the Year incline us to different Cacochymia's.

The Winter disposes us to Rheums, Pains, and Coughs, which depend on too much Serosity retained, or stopt in the Blood; and the Cold checks the Fermentation of Blood, as well as other fermented Liquors, which hinders the thorough Digestion or Fermen∣tation of Humours; from hence it appears, that Winter Fevers have Coughs, Rheums, Pains, and greater Coldness attending them, and are longer.

The sudden Alterations of Hot and Cold produces a Siziness of Blood, and makes the Spring attended with Pleurisies; Rheu∣matisms, Apoplexies, Lethargies, and in∣termitting Fevers, have then such Sym∣ptoms.

Cold is not so Injurious as the Moisture of the Air, which makes the Transpiration less, and the pressure of the Air also less; and, for this reason, Fevers frequently hap∣pen in wet Weather, with Looseness, Hea∣viness of the Senses, and many inward In∣flammations; as Apoplexies, Quinsies, Epi∣lepsies.

In the Spring far advanced the Blood becomes more heated, and choleric, and then Tertians and Erisipela's are complicated with the Fever and Haemorrhagies.

In the Summer, the Blood is more rancid, salt, viscid, and hot, and produces the highest burning Fevers, with Vomiting, Diarrhaea's, and Inflammations, and sore Eyes.

In Autumn, the Blood is most vitriolic, on which, Quartans, Melancholies, Dysen∣teries and Epilepsies much depend on.

This is the chief Season for the inter∣mitting Fever, with which the preceeding Diseases are frequently complicated.

Since the late severe, cold Winter, it has been observed, that the Blood has been more sizie than usual; and it is not improbable that such a Cacochymia, may last some Years in the Blood of all Persons, which may, upon the Fit of a Fever, produce the Rheumatic Pains, and Inflammations lately observed in Fevers. It seems probable, that after some time this State of Blood may be altered to another of a different kind, as a putrid, and then we must expect a pesti∣lential Fever. If there be a common Epi∣demical State, or Cacochymia of Humours, (which the common Changes of the Air, or the Seasons of the Year, or the particular Digestion of our Diet, or some secret Efflu∣viums of the Earth, or Mineral Tinctures in our Water, may produce) as we must observe by some common Distemper, which

seizes many every Year; we may very well allow, that the same Cacochymia, which produces the Epidemical Disease every Year, should also occasion some particular Sym∣ptoms in the intermitting, stationary Fever, not unlike the Nature of the Epidemical Disease, as if that were complicated with the Fever; so we may observe, that Rheu∣matisms have been frequent of late, and all our Fevers have Rheumatic Stitches very much.

It seems very probable, since the Plague visits us once in about Forty Years, which depends on a putrid State of Humours, that all the other Cacochymia's, which pro∣duce the several different kinds of Fevers, have also some kind of Revolution, in which they return also; and when it is mucilagi∣nous, the Fever is like a Quotidian; when tartareous, it has Cholical Symptoms; when serous, it is a Catarrhal Fever; when fla∣tulent, a vertiginous Fever, with Windiness in the primae viae, and Running Pains: but if the Cacochymia be Choleric, a Tertian is produced; if rancid, oyly, a scorbutic Fever; if viscid, Rheumatic Pains; if vi∣triolic, Quartans are produced. These se∣veral Cacochymia's, and their Epidemical Disease, and stationary Fever, both depend∣ing on the same, may be observed every

Year; and by keeping an exact Account, we shall, in time, find what Cacochymiae and Fevers succeed each other, and in what periods we may expect their returns, though, it is probable, we shall never dis∣cover the general Causes which introduce the several Cacochymia's, upon which all Epidemical Diseases depend.