The anatomy of human bodies, comprehending the most modern discoveries and curiosities in that art to which is added a particular treatise of the small-pox & measles : together with several practical observations and experienced cures ... / written in Latin by Ijsbrand de Diemerbroeck ... ; translated from the last and most correct and full edition of the same, by William Salmon ...

THE SIXTH BOOK OF ANATOMY. Treating of the ARTERIES.

CHAP. I. Of the Arteries in General.

IN the Body of Man there are three Vessels that go under the Name of Arteries.

• 1. The Aspera or Trachea, Lib. 2. Cap. 16.
• 2. The Pulmonary, by some errone∣ously called the Arterious Vein, Lib. 2. Cap. 9.
• 3. The Great Artery, or Aorta, to be discoursed of in this Book.

I. This great Artery is an Orga∣nic Similar Part, oblong, round, hollow, appointed for conveighing the Spirituous Blood.

It is called Organic, because it is ap∣pointed for a certain Use, that is, to conveigh the Blood.

It is called Similar, not in a strict, but profunctory sence. For though it be thought to be composed of Fibres and Membranes, yet because it is every where compacted after the same man∣ner, the Artery in the Hand not differ∣ing from the Artery in the Foot, or in any other Part, hence it is reckoned a∣mong the similar Parts.

It is said to be appointed to carry or convey the Spirituous Blood.

II. Not that the Arterious Blood is altogether spirituous, but the great∣er Part of it is such, from which greater Part the Denomination is taken. For some Parts of it are more, others less Spirituous. For when the Chylus being mixt with the Blood of the hollow Vein, enters the Heart the first time, it does not presently obtain so great a Subtilty, Attenuation, and Spirituosity, as those Particles of the Blood mixed with the Chylus, have ob∣tain'd, which have passed many times through the Heart by Circulation, and have been many times dilated therein. For as in the Distillation of Wine, the oftner it is distilled, the more subtil, the more pure and efficacious the Spirit is, which is drawn off from it; so the Blood, the oftner it is dilated, the Spi∣rituous Particles are the better separated from the thick Mass, and the more at∣tenuated, and what is not yet so per∣fectly attenuated, and consequently less fit for Nourishment, returns through the Heart again, to be therein more perfectly dilated.

And therefore, I admire at the Learned Ent, who says that the Arteri∣ous Blood is worse than the Veiny Blood, whereas the first is far more spi∣tuous than the latter. But, says he, it is much thinner and more serous than the veiny. However it is much more spirituous; whence that thinness, which seems to be Serosity, though it be not so. Thus Spirit of Wine is thinner and more fluid than Wine, is it therefore more serous and worse? But, says he, the Arterious Blood has left much of its oyl in the Lap of Life, the Heart. I deny it, for there is no Comparison to be made betwen a light∣ed Lamp and the Spiritification of the Heart, Vid. Lib. 2. C. 13.

Besides the Blood, the Arteries some∣times by Accident, carry depraved and corrupt Humors mixt with the Blood, though there be no mention made of this in the Definition, because it is not their designed use.

III. Andreas, Laurentius, Emilius, Parisanus and others, believe, that the Arteries attract Air through their Ends and invisible Pores to cool and venti∣late the Blood. But then there would be two contrary Motions at the same time in the same Arteries, of the Blood push'd forth to the Exterior Parts, and of the Air entring the inner Parts, which can never be. Besides, there being a necessity that the Vital Spirits should be conveighed through the Heart through all Parts of the Body, it would be a dan∣gerous thing to cool that Heat so ne∣cessary to Life, especially in cold and phlegmatic People.

IV. Rolfinch believes the Arteries serve for the Dissipation of Vapors. But the thickness of their Substance de∣clares this to be false, that nothing, or very little of spirituous and serous Li∣quor can exhale through it, but less what is thick and earthy as adust Va∣pors, therefore those adust Vapors are dissipated and separated from the Blood, when the Blood is poured forth out of the Arteries into the Sub∣stance of the Parts, whose larger Pores are proper to evacuate those adust Va∣pors, either insensibly or by Heat.

More absurd are they, who believe the Blood to be carried through certain Arteries to the right Ventricle of the Liver, and through certain others from the Spleen to the left Ventricle of the Heart, and as ridiculous are they, who think they carry nothing but Vital Spirits, and no Alimentary Blood.

Baertholin believes the Limpha to be carried through the Arteries, and with him Rolfinch. For that the Lympha be∣ing mixed with the Chylus and veiny Blood, when the whole Mass is dilated in the Heart, it ceases to be Lympha any more. Nor do any Lymphatic Vessels open into the Arteries in the Mid∣way; neither do the Arterious Blood, when sufficiently spirituous, stand in need of that fermentaceous Liquor.

The great Artery, from whence the lesser Branches spring, derives its Ori∣ginal from the left Ventricle of the Heart, as from its local Principle, but not as its material Beginning, or Principle of Generation, for that as Hippocrates says, no Part arises from another.

V. The Substance of the Arteries is Membranous, for the more easie Contraction and Dilatation. They also consist of a double proper Tunicle, the one external, the other internal. Which least they should be pain'd with continual Pulsation, are endued but with an ordi∣nary Sence of Feeling, and are therefore vulgarly thought to be quite void of Sence.

VI. The outward Tunicle is thin and soft, endowed with many streight, and some few oblique Figures; which seems to be derived from the Ex∣terior Tunicle of the Heart, and to be continuous with it.

VII. The Innermost, harder and much thicker, to conveigh the Spiritu∣ous and vaporous Blood with more Se∣curity; which thickness and hardness is more conspicuous in the great Arteries next the Heart, which first receive the boiling Blood from the Heart, both Thickness and Hardness abating, the farther off they recede from the Heart, and as the Blood by the way relaxes of its Heat and Subtilty, so that toward the Ends it is very thin and soft; very little differing from the Substance of the Veins, only in the Whiteness of their Colour.

VIII. Vulgarly this Tunicle is said to have many transverse Fibres, few oblique. But Rolfinch deni•…•…s any Fibres proper to the Arteries. But the con∣trary appears in the great Arteries being boil'd, where the Fibres are manifestly to be discern'd. Besides that, unless the Arteries were strengthened by transverse Fibres, they would be two much dilated by violent Pulsation, and would so re∣main, as being destitute of contracting Fibres, which is the reason of the

Tumor called Aneurisma, for that this Tunicle being burst, together with its Fibres, the Blood slips into the first soft Tunicle, and presently swells it up.

IX. The inner Tunicle, as Galen ob∣serves, is overcast with a very thin little Skin within side, like a broad Cobweb, which may be said to be a third pro∣per Tunicle. Riolanus writes, that he never could find it; but for all that it is sufficiently conspicuous in the greater Arteries, and therefore probable to be in the lesser, and appears continuous with the Tunicle ensolding the inner Ventricles of the Heart, when it is ma∣nifest, that the Arteries borrow this in∣ner Tunicle, as well as the outermost, from the Heart, as the Nerves borrow two Tunicles from the Brain.

X. Besides the foresaid Tunicles, a certain improper or common Tunicle enfolds the Aorta with its Branches lying hid in the Trunk of the Body; in the Breast, proceeding from the Pleura, in the lower Belly, from the Peritonaeum, by means of which it feels more sensibly, and is fastned to the neighbouring Parts; but this Tunicle it puts off when it enters the fleshy Parts of the Bowels. And so in other Parts, the Arteries which do not enter the Muscles, borrow an outer Tunicle from the neighbouring Membranes. For the Substance of the Arteries ought to be very strong, for fear of being burst by the violent Impulse of the spi∣rituous Blood, and to enable them to endure the strongest Pulsations without prejudice.

XI. We lately made mention of a preternatural Tumor in the Arteries, called Aneurisma, which happens when the second harder Tunicle of the Arte∣rie comes to be burst by any Accident with its Fibres, by which means, the Blood flowing upon the soft external Tunicle, dilates it, and gathered toge∣ther therein, as in a little Bag, causes a Swelling, wherein there is many times a very painful Pulsation and Reciproca∣tion of Dilation and Contraction; which Tumor, if it be burst or opened by an unskilful Chyrurgion, the Pati∣ent presently dies of a violent Bleed∣ing not to be stopt. Regius opposing this Opinion of the best and most fa∣mous Chyrurgions, attributes the Cause of an Aneurisma, to the flowing of the Blood into the Muscles, out of an Ar∣tery burst or wounded; which Blood wraps it self about with a little Pellicle, generated out of its own more viscous Particles. Led into this Opinion by Iames de Back, a Physitian of Rotter∣dam, who told him the Accident of a Man wounded in the Arm, to the Dammage of an Artery; in which Arm, being open, a great quantity of Arterious Blood was found among the Muscles, wrapt about with a Pellicle. Upon this, Regius arrogantly grounds his Opinion, and makes it his own; not considering, that the Blood con∣tained in an Aneurisma, is never cor∣rupted, nor ever apostemates, nor en∣genders Inflammations, and that extra∣vasated Blood never generate investing Membranes, but presently putrifies: and lastly, that in such a Tumor, caused by extravasated Blood, there is never any remarkable Pulsation per∣ceived, as is continually to be felt in an Aneurisma. Regius writes farther, that in that same Wound of his Patient, almost brought to a Cicatrice, there ap∣peared a Tumor that beat very much about the place affected, and which en∣creased more and more every day; but this which is related of Back's Patient and not his, has not one word of Truth. For neither was the Wound cicatrized before my coming, which was within eight or ten Hours after the Man was wounded, neither was there any Pulsation to be perceived in the Arm, very much swell'd by reason of the extravasated Blood poured forth a∣mong the Muscles; neither was there a∣ny Pellicle to be found afterwards upon Incision.

XII. As to the Substance of the Arteries, there is a great Duspute, whether it be nervous or gristly. Aristotle asserts the Aorta to be nervous, and calls it in many places 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Nervous Vein. Others be∣lieve it rather of a gristly Nature, by reason of the Heat and Hardness of the Arteries; of which Opinion, Galen seems to be. But Fallopius believes them to be of a middle Nature, be∣tween Nervous and gristly, but most gristly, and hence it has been observed, that the Arteries near the Heart have been observed to be sometimes gristly and bony in old Beasts of the larger Sort, as also in Man himself. Of which Gemma, Solenander, Riolanus, Harvey and others, produce several Examples. But Reason evinces the Mistake of these three Opinions. For that the Substance of the Arteries is not nervous, their most obtuse Sence evin∣ces, whereas all nervous Parts seel most exactly. Nor gristly, because of its

Fibres, which Gristles and gristly Parts want: Lastly, not of a middle Nature for the same Reasons. It remains then that the Substance of the Arteries is membranous, proper, and of a Na∣ture peculiar to its self.

XIII. The Arteries are nourished by the Spirituous Blood passing through them, wherein, because there are many salt, volatil and dissolv'd Particles, a good part of which grows to its Tuni∣cles, hence their Substance becomes more firm and thick.

XIV. The Bulk of the Arteries va∣ries very much. The bigness and thickness of the Aorta is very remarka∣ble, but the Part of it ascending from the Heart, is less; the other descending larger, by reason of the greater Bulk and number of the lower Parts to be nourished. The rest vary in bigness, according to their Use, as they are re∣quired to stretch themselves shorter or longer, as they are required to supply the Arteries derived from them with more or less Blood, and the farther they are from the Heart, the narrower they are, and of a thinner and softer Substance: For that the Blood, the more remote it is from the Heart, loos∣es much of its Spirituousity, and conse∣quently less salt Particles grow to the Tunicles, there not being so much strength required in these remote Vessels, as in those which are nearer the Heart, in regard the less spirituous Blood may be contained in weaker Vessels.

XV. Some assert the Number of the Arteries to be less than that of the Veins; which however cannot be cer∣tainly determined, seeing that the little Arteries are much more white and pel∣lucid, and consequently less discernable. Others make the Number equal, o∣thers, that of the Arteries more, in re∣gard there is a greater quantity of Blood thrust forth through the Arte∣ries, for the Nourishment of the Parts then is carried back through the Veins, seeing that a good Part of it is consum'd in Nourishment, and no less dissipated through the Pores before it comes to the Veins. But then you'l say, how comes a greater quantity of Blood to be contained in the Veins then in the Arteries, and a more conspicuous Swelling of the Veins, by reason of the Blood? The reason is, because the Mo∣tion of the Blood is more rapid through the Arteries than through the Veins; for there passes more through the Arte∣ries in the space of one moment, then through the Veins in ten, by reason of the greater force by which the Blood is expelled by the Heart into the Arte∣ries; whereas the motion of the Blood is remiss and weak in the Veins, and consequently there is more Blood stays in the Veins than in the Arteries.

XVI. The Arteries lye hid in most places under the Veins, partly for secu∣rities sake, partly to stir the Blood re∣siding in the Veins forward, by their Neighbouring Pulsation. Sometimes they separate from the Veins, but rare∣ly cross over them; only in the lower Belly about the Os Sacrum, where the great Artery surmounts the hollow Vein.

XVII. The Arteries differ, either in respect of their Magnitude, some be∣ing very large, as the Aorta and the Pulmonary; some indifferent, as the Carotides, Emulgent, and Iliac; others lesser, as those that creep through the Joynts and Head; others least of all, as the Capellaries dispierced through the whole Habit of the Body, and the substance of the Bowels. In respect of their Progression, some streight, others winding like Vine-twigs: In respect of their Situation in the Breast, in the Head, in the lower Belly, in the Joynts; others in the Superficies, others deeper in the Body. In respect to their Con∣nexion; some to the Veins, others to the Nerves; some to the Membranes, some to other Parts.

XVIII. The Arteries run along through all parts of the Body, there being no part to which Arterious Blood is not conveighed for Nourishment. Yet Ent and Glisson seem to affirm, that all the Parts of the Body are not nourish∣ed with Blood. But this difficulty is easily resolved by distinguishing between those Parts that are immediately nou∣rished with the Blood, as the Flesh of the Muscles, the Parenchym's of the Heart, Liver and Kidneys; others mediately, as when another sort of Juice is first made out of the Blood for the Nourishment of some Parts. As when for the Nourishment of the Nerves, not only arterious Blood is re∣quired, but also there is a necessity that a good part of it be first turned into Animal Spirits, for the Nourishment of the Bones, the Arteries are extend∣ed to their inner Parts, and powr forth Blood into their Concavities and Poro∣sities, for the generating of Marrow; also, that the Arteries themselves and

Veins may be nourish'd with the Blood which passes through them: the one with the saltish Particles of the Blood and nearest to fixation, which renders their substance thicker and more so∣lid: the other with the Sulphury and more humid Particles, whence the substance becomes more moist and languid. The manner of nou∣rishment Fernelius thus describes. The Veins and Arteries says he, are nou∣rish'd much after the the same manner, which though they contain in themselves, the Blood which is the next cause of their nourishment, yet cannot in a moment al∣ter it into their own Substance. But the Portion which lyes next the Tunicles, and being first alter'd grows whitish, like dew, is hurry'd away into the little holes or Pores of the Veins and Arteries, to which when once oppos'd and made thic∣ker, it is first fasten'd, and then assimila∣ted.

XIX. The Blood is carry'd to the several Parts by the means of the beating of the Heart, which at every stroak contracting it self, and squeezing the Blood into the Arteries, causes the Arteries at the same time to be dilated and to beat: for as the Heart beats when it contracts it self and expels the Blood, so on the contrary the Arteries beat, when they receive the Blood, and are fill'd and dilated by it.

XIX. The reason of this many with Praxagorus and Galen assert to be a Pulsific and proper faculty, which causes all the Arteries to be distended and beat at the same time that the Heart is contracted. To confirm which Plater asserts, the Arteries tobe form'd and beat, before the Heart. The Arteries, says he, are form'd and beat, and car∣ry Spirits, before the Heart perceives any motion, which is a mistaken Opini∣on. For first, upon all alterations of the Pulse of the Heart, presently the Pulse of the Arteries is changed, whether weak, strong, swift, slow, or interrupt∣ed, &c. which would not happen if the Arteries had a proper Pulsific faculty. Secondly, Let an Artery be bound in a living Creature, at the very same mo∣ment the Motion shall cease beyond the Ligature; which certainly would remain a small while, if the faculty of moving were innate. But you'l say, that the Tunicle of the Artery being com∣press'd by the Ligature the Irradiation of the Heart, which should excite the Motive faculty to act, cannot pass be∣yond the Ligature. In opposition to which I shall make use of the Experi∣ment of Plembius. In a living Ani∣mal, compress with your Finger the Aorta, or any other bigger Artery near the Heart, and below the pressure make an Incision, and thrust a little Cotton into the hole, only to a slight obstruction of the Artery, then take off your Finger from above the Incision, and then it will appear, that the Artery below the Cotton will not move at all, though the Tunicles be neither com∣pressed nor bound. As to Platerus's opinion we have already answer'd it, l. 1. cap. 23.

XX. Therefore the Cause of the Pulsation of the Arteries is only re∣pletion, and the violent impulse of the Blood into them from the Heart. Which Walaeus, Bartholin and others think impossible, because the Blood fills the Arteries successively, and one Part is mov'd after the other, and therefore they believe one Artery beats after another and not altogether. Not considering that the Arterious blood is rarify'd, hot, thin and easily mov'd, and that it is forc'd into the Arteries full of the same Blood before; so that upon the forcing of never so little into the great Artery from the Heart, the whole is forc'd forward into all the rest of the Arteries, and so all the Arteries must of necessity be distended at the same time. Thus if you lay a Circle of contiguous Balls upon a Pewter-plate, and thrust forward but one, that moves first, then the second, then the third, and so all move at the same time. And thus it is in the Areries, where one part of the Blood being mov'd, all the rest of the Parts of it must of necessity give way, by reason of its contiguity. In∣deed the Heart might fill and cause the Heart to beat successvely, were they empty, but not in Arteries full before. These reasons Experience confirms, which teaches us, that so soon as the Heart cea∣ses to force Blood into the great Artery presently the Pulse of all the Arteries ceases. Thus at Nimmeghen I saw a Man in a Duel thrust through the left Ven∣tricle of the Heart, as afterward it ap∣pear'd upon opening the Body: Pre∣sently the wounded Person fell down like a Man Thunder-strook and dy'd: so soon as he fell, I made up to him and sought for his Pulse in his Wrist and Temples, but could not perceive the least motion; because the Blood

flowing through the Wound into the cavity of the Breast, could not be forc'd into the Aorta, which rendred the Blood of all the rest of the Arteries immoveable without the least Pulsation. The like I saw at Leyden and Utrecht. Also in such as dye of a Syncope, when the motion of the Heart ceases, the Pulse of the Arteries fails, or at least as the Pulse of the Heart grows weaker and weaker, so does the Pulse of the Arteries answerably. Therefore all Phy∣sitians agree, that the beating of the Arteries is the most certain Indication of the Constitution of the Heart. But if the Arteries had an innate Pulsific Fa∣culty, the Pulse would indicate the Constitution of the Arteries, and so all the Physitians had been in an Error from Hippocrates till this time: there∣fore we must conclude that the Motion of the Arteries proceeds only from the Motion of the Heart. Which motion is somewhat help'd in the depression of the Arteries, by their transverse Fi∣bres. Tho' those Fibres are not mov'd of themselves, unless there be a distention first by the Blood expell'd from the Heart; for they only contract to their first Estate, the Arteries distended be∣yond their usual rest, wherein they re∣main till again distended.

Some put the Question, whether the Heart beating all the Arteries beat to their utmost Extremities, I answer, That if the Pulses of the Heart be very violent, then it is sensibly per∣ceiv'd; but if weak and languid the Motion is not so sensibly perceiv'd in their Extremities. Hence says Har∣vey, not without good Reason, The Impulse of the Heart diminishes by Parts according to the several divisions of the Arteries; so that in their Extream di∣visions the Arteries becoming plainly Ca∣pillary, are like the Veins not only in their Constitution and Tunicles, but also in their rest; while no sensible Pulse or none at all is performed by them, unless the Heart beat violently, or the Heart be over dilated. And this is the Reason why at the Fingers ends we sometimes feel a Pulse and sometimes none; and why Harvey knew those Children in a Fever, if the Pulse sensibly beat at the Tops of their Fingers.

Of the Motion of the Arteries, Read the Epistle of Descartes to the Lovain Physitian. Tom. 1. Epist. 78.

CHAP. II. Of the great Artery, or Trunk of the Aorta.

THE great Artery from whence all the Arteries of the Body, ex∣cept the Rough, and Pulmonary, pro∣ceed, very much exceeds all the rest of the Arteries in thickness and length of Course. Nevertheless in substance and largeness it is not much different from the great Pulmonary Artery, extended from the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Lungs, which is vulgarly though erroneously call'd the right Ar∣terious Vein.

I. Now it is requisite that the Aorta should have such a solid Sub∣stance, least the hot and spiritous Blood, forc'd into it from the very Furnace it self, should be dissipated; and large∣ness is moreover required, to the end it may contain a sufficient quantity of Blood to be distributed to all the other Arteries proceeding from it.

II. The Orifice of the Heart being laid open, it adheres continuous to the left Ventricle; at it's very rise being furnish'd with three remarkable Valves, fashion'd like a Sigma prominent from the Heart toward the outward Parts, and hindring the return of the Blood from the Artery into the Ventricle of the Heart.

Before it issues forth from the Peri∣cardium it emits from it's self the Coro∣nary Artery, sometimes single, some∣times double, encircling the Basis of the Heart like a Crown, and thence scattering branches the whole length of it, accompany'd with the Coronary Veins, with which some affirm it to be united by Anatomists, which however would be a very difficult thing to de∣monstrate.

Near the Orifice of this Coronary Artery stands a Valve, so order'd, that the Blood may easily flow back out of the great Artery into the Coro∣nary.

This will not admit a slender Bodkin thrust into it, from the Part next the Heart into the great Artery; but from the Part next the great Artery a Bod∣kin will easily enter the Coronary; by which means we find where the Valve

is, which otherwise is hardly discerni∣ble.

The Aorta having left the Piricar∣dium, constitutes a Trunk, the smaller Part of which ascends upward, the lar∣ger Part slides down toward the lower Parts.

CHAP. III. Of the Branches proceeding from the Subclavial Arteries.

THE lesser ascending Part of the Aorta, spread between the inner separating Membranes of the hollow Vein, rests upon the Aspera Arteria.

I. Rising from the Heart, it is presently divided into two Subclavial Branches; the right being the higher and the larger, which proceeds from the same place where the Aorta is •…•…lit into the Carotides: the left more low and nar∣row, which rises where the Aorta winds downward, and with a more oblique Channel then the other is carry'd to the Arm.

From both these Branches several Subclavials proceed; some before it falls into the concavity of the Breast; o∣thers, after it has left the Breast.

II. While both the Subclavials lye hid in the Breast, it sends forth from the lower Part the upper Intercostal, which being fasten'd on each side to the Roots of the Ribs, communicates se∣veral branches to three or four spaces of the upper Ribs of its own side, from which other little branches are imparted to the adjoyning Muscles and the Pith of the Back. However sometimes these Intercostals are derived from the Cer∣vical Arteries, passing thence through the holes of the Vertebers.

From the upper Part of both the Subclavials proceed these three Arte∣ries.

III. 1. The Mammary, which descends through the Muscles possessing the Spa∣ces of the Gristles of the true Ribs, and proceeding to the side of the Mucro∣nated Gristle, is divided into several branches under the streight Muscles of the Abdomen, which till of late most Ana∣tomists would have to be united at their ends by Anastomosis, with the ascending Extremities of the branches of the Epigastric Artery. But I could never observe that conjunction, nor does it stand with Reason, seeing that the Ar∣terious Blood redundant in the Artery, cannot be transfus'd into another Arte∣ry annex'd to its ending; for the Blood is forc'd from the Heart through both the Arteries to the end, and therefore can neither be receiv'd nor carry'd to the Heart by the end of either Artery. So that if there were any Anastomosis under the said Muscles, it ought to be of the Mammary Artery with the Epi∣gastic Veins, and the Epigastic Artery with the Mammary Veins. Which con∣junction however I could never observe.

IV. 2. The Cervical, which contri∣buting little branches to the Verte∣bers and Muscles of the Neck, passes to the seventh Verteber of the Neck, through the holes of the tranverse Apo∣physes, and under the Pith uniting with the branch of the opposite side, is shat∣ter'd into an Infinite number of diminu∣tive branches, which running along with the little branches of the Cervical of the opposite side, intermix'd and in several places as it were ingrafted into one ano∣ther from the wonderful Net-like-fold in the thin Meninx belonging to the Cere∣bel. Which little branches partly creep through the substance of the Cerebel invisibly; partly gaping toward the inner Parts of it, pour forth a great quantity of the most pure and subtil Blood into the pores of the Cerebel; the little drops of which are seen to weep out of the dissected substance. More∣over little branches run out toward the Horses Saddle, which are intermix'd with the innumerable branches of the Carotides, at the lower Part of the Wonderful Net, and so seem to con∣tribute toward the compleating of the Net, though the cheifest Part of it be made by the Carotides.

V. 3. The Muscula, which im∣parts little branches to the Muscles resting upon the Neck, and sometimes to the Muscles of the Arm.

VI. When the Subclavial has for∣saken the Breast it changes it's name for that of Axillaris, because it runs to the Arm-hole, and before it descends to the Arm, sends forth from its up∣per Part the Humerary Artery to the Muscles covering the Shoulder and the Gibbous Part of the Scapula.

From the lower Part it casts •…•…orth three Arteries.

VII. 1. The Upper Pectoral, which runs forth with several little branches to the Muscles spread under the Breast.

VIII. 2. The Lower Pectoral, which runs downward by the side of the Breast, but is chiefly carry'd through the broad Muscle.

IX. 3. The Scapulary, which en∣ters the Muscles possessing the Concavi∣ty of the Scapula.

X. These branches sent forth, the rest of the Axillary Artery, after it hath communicated the little branches to the Kernels, seated under the Arm-holes, goes away to the Arm, call'd therefore by some the Brachial Artery, through the inner Part of which descending between the Muscles, together with the Basilic Vein, distributes on both sides slender little branches to the Muscles embracing the inner Seat of the Shoulder: There rising outward with a deep branch of the Basilic Vein, it runs to the outer Parts of the Elbow, and affords bran∣ches to the Joynt and Neighbouring Parts, but then descending inward, un∣der the bending of the Elbow, is di∣vided into two remarkable Branches, of which the uppermost carrying along the Radius, goes to the Wrist, where the Physitians feel the Pulse, and thence proceeding under the Annulary Liga∣ment, sends forth the following bran∣ches.

• 1. Between the Bone of the Thumb, and Metacarpus to the Muscles of the outer Part of the Hand. Nor has the outer part of the Hand any other Ar∣teries but these discernible.
• 2. A double branch, to the inner Parts of the Thumb.
• 3. A double branch to the inner seat of the Fore-finger.
• 4. One to the Middle-finger.

The lower branch runs along the lower Arm to the Wrist, from whence the following branches proceed.

• 1. To the Muscles seated next the Little-finger.
• 2. To the Middle-finger.
• 3. A double branch to the Middle∣finger.
• 4. A double branch to the Little∣finger.

CHAP. IV. Of the Carotides and their Branches.

I. THE Subclavials being sent forth, presently the Caroti∣des start out from the ascending Aor∣ta; of which the left arises from its upper Trunck, then proceeds from the beginning of the right Subclavial, sirmounting the Clavicula; though many by mistake will have it to rise from the same Trunck with the for∣mer.

These two Corotides, near the upper Part of the Sternon, being supported with the Thymis Glandule about the beginning, take their course upward, and with their External and Internal branch ascend to the Head. For after they have distributed branches to the Larynx, Tongue, the Hyoides Muscles, and the neighbouring Glandules, they ascend on both sides along the Aspera Artera, together with the Jugular Vein to the Chaps, and there are parted into the inner and outer branches.

II. The outer Branch, which is the slenderest is dispeirs'd with a vast number of scarce discernible sprigs through the Face and Cheeks, and waters the Forehead and Pericranium; partly crawling to the Ears, sends forth the fol∣lowing Branches.

• 1. One branch forward toward the Temples, which is perceiv'd in that place by the Pulse, and sometimes is open'd, in obdurate pains of the Head.
• 2. A Branch to the hinder place of Ear.
• 3. A Branch to the lower Jaw; the small boughs of which are inserted into the lower Lip; and entring the Bone of the lower Jaw, run with a little branch to the Roots of all the Teeth. From this branch, little small Twigs pene∣trate the external Table of the Cranium through diminitive holes, and enter the Deploids, to which they convey Blood for the making the Medullary juice.

The innermost branch which is the larger, is carry'd first to the Chaps, where it affords branches to the Larynx, the Paristhmii and the Tongue, and sends little branches to the Kernels

behind the Ears, and the spungy Parts of the Palate and Nose. Then it en∣ters the upper Jaw, and affords a little Branch to every Tooth, through which when sharp Humors descend, they cause the Tooth-ach; with the remain∣ing Part ascending the Skull, toward the bottom of it, it is divided into two Branches of an unequal bigness.

One of these, which is the lesser, and the hindermost, affords a little Branch to the inner Muscle of the Neck, and having sent another through the Hole of the upper Verteber into the hard Meninx, involving the Pith of the Spine, ascending farther, it enters the Cranium through the Hole in the Va∣gous Nerve, and creeps through the hard Meninx, and about the Hollow of the thick Meninx, into which it seems to open it self with slender little Branches, the end of it vanishes.

IV. The other, which is bigger and almost equal to the Trunk; tending upward, through the bony Channel in the Wedg like-bone, near the Fore-side of the auditory Passage, is carried with a winding Course to the Mares Saddle. At the bottom of which, after it has sent a Branch on both sides into the side of the thick Meninx, expands it self into several minute Tendons, which in∣serted into the little Branches of the Cervical Artery, form the Wonderful Net, conspicuous in Calves, Cows and Sheep, but more obscure in Men, un∣less upon the Dissection of a Body but newly deceased.

V. Nevertheless, the said Branch does not terminate in those Tendrils, but making way through the hard Me∣ninx, enters the thin Meninx with two remarkable Branches, which inter∣mix infinite little Strings, with the little Branches of the Cervical Artery fastned to the Marrow; and also with∣out the Skull, accompany the Spinal Pith to the Loyns. This done, it sends another lesser Branch through the se∣cond Hole of the Wedg-like-bone, to∣gether with the Optic Nerve without side the Skull to the Eye. Also it stretches out another Branch through a torn Hole, not far from the Infundibi∣lum, which is •…•…lit into two Stocks at the side of the Spittle Kernel; the inner∣most of which being united with the inner Artery of the opposite side, and shivered into diminutive Arteries, is scattered all over a thin Membrane, at the beginning of the Optic Nerves, and partly with innumerable visible Tendrils passes through the Bulk of the Brain, partly discharges the Spirituous Blood through the gaping Orifices into the Pores of the Substance of the Brain. The other more outward, more reflex and wrapt about with a thin Membrane, and united to its own little Branches, with the diminutive Ar∣teries carried from the Cervical to that Seat, is partly disseminated through the thin Meninx, partly ascends upward to the foremost Ventricles of the Brain, wherein it constitutes the Choroide Fold.

From the same larger Branch of the Carotis, another Artery proceeds, which after it has passed the Skull through the second Hole of the Temple, is presently parted into two Stocks, of which the Exterior runs through the eight Hole of the Wedg-like-bone, into the larger Concavity, winding a little Branch to the Extremity of the Nose. The innermost, which is bipartited at first, sends a slender Branch to the thick Meninx.

CHAP. V. Of the Arteries proceeding from the descending Trunk of the Aorta, before it comes to be divided.

THE descending Part of the Trunk of the Aorta, which is larger at the upper Part, adheres to the Gullet. Hence some vainly believe, that a Man overheated with violent Ex∣ercise, or the Rays of the Sun, per∣ceives such a remarkable Refrigeration from a large drought of cold Water; the Gullet being thereby cold, and by that means the Blood being also cold that is contain'd in the Trunk of the great contiguous Artery; and that some in the same cases sound away, upon drinking cold Water too freely, be∣cause, as they say, that which is con∣tain'd in the adjoyning great Artery, be∣ing too suddenly cool'd by the cold Water passing through the Gullet, is somewhat thickned, and the Motion of it thereby interrupted.

I. This descending Part of the Trunk, before it passes the Dia∣phragma, sends forth the lower Inter∣costals, which are sent from the hinder

Seat of it on both sides, to eight or nine Intervals of the lower Ribs, and com∣municate little Tendrils to the Muscles of the Back and Breast, through the Holes in the Nerves.

II. Moreover, about the Diaphrag∣ma, from the Trunk comes forth the Phrenic, from hence the Right, from thence the Left, which is carried to the Diaphragma, the Mediastinum, and sometimes to the Pericardium.

The Remainder of the Trunk of the Aorta penetrating the Diaphragma, scat∣ters Branches every way through the lower Parts of the Body. Some before it is parted into the Iliac Arteries, others after it is divided from them.

The Branches which proceed from it before division, some accompany the Vena Porta, others the Branches of the hollow Vein.

The Branches that accompany the Vena Porta, are two, the Coeliac and Mesenteric.

III. The Coeliac, which some also call the Stomachic, proceeds from the Body of the Aorta before, at the first Verteber of the Loyns, and descending under the Hollow of the Liver, is di∣vided above the Trunk of the Vena Porta into two Branches, which adhere to the Sweet-bread under the hinder Seat of the Stomac.

IV. Of these, that on the Right∣hand, and the more slender, produces the Dexter Gastric, which approaches the Pylorus, and by Spigelius is called the Pylorie; also the double Cystic's, be∣ing very small, dispeirsed through the Gall-bladder with several Branches. But in the lower Part, these three following, have their Original, and proceed.

V. 1. The Right-hand Epiplois, to the Right-hand Seat of the lower Caul, and the Colon annexed to it.

VI. 2. The Intestinal, to the Duo∣denum, and beginning of the Iejunum.

VII. 3. The Right-hand Gastro-Epiplois, to the bottom and middle of the Stomach.

VIII. 4. Two small Hepatic Arte∣ries, concerning which there is some dispute. For as Galen says, they en∣ter the Parenchyma of the Liver, and so betake themselves for the greatest part into the Hollow of it. Rolfinch af∣firms, that he has observed them very numerous in the Convex Part. Glis∣son affirms, that they do not enter the Parenchyma of the Liver, but only insinuate themselves into the common Capsula, and therewith are divided into the Capillary Vessels, and communi∣cate several Branches to the Gall-blad∣der, and Bilary Pores.

The remaining Portion of this Right-hand Branch enters the Mesente∣ry, and waters it with many Sprigs.

IX. The Left-hand Branch of the Coeliac, which is called the Splenic, larger than that on the Right-hand, and somewhat swollen, with a winding course proceeds above the Sweet-bread to the Spleen, at the upper Part sends forth the Larger Gastric, which after∣wards bestows a little Branch upon the higher and middle Seat of the Ventricle, and throws out two stocks of Arteries, noted with particular Names, to the Stomach.

X. 1. The Coronary Stomachic, which girds the upper Orifice of the Ventricle like a Crown; and affords se∣veral little Branches to the Body it self of the Stomach.

XI. 2. The Left-hand Gastric, which is carried toward the Right-hand to the upper Parts of the Ventricle, and to the Pylorus.

Besides these, there proceed also from the Splenic Branch, but at the lower Part.

XII. 1. The Postic Epiplois, to the lower Part of the Caul, and an∣nexed to the Colon it self.

XIII. 2. The Sinister Epiplois, to the Lower and Left-side of the Caul.

XIV. The remainder of the Splenic Branch approaching the Spleen, enters its Parenchyma, after that, a little be∣fore its entrance at the upper Part, it has sent forth a Short Arterious Vessel to the Left-side of the bottom of the Sto∣mach, and the Left-hand Gastro-epiplois, which being supported by the upper Part of the Caul, crawls along the Left∣side of the bottom of the Stomach, af∣fording little Branches to the fore and hinder Part of it, as also to the Caul; this Branch entring the Spleen, is distri∣buted through the Substance of it with several Divarications.

XV. The Mesenteric Artery, which also accompanies the Roots of the Vena Porta, proceeds from the forepart of the Trunk, sometimes single, some∣times divided into two Branches, pre∣sently after its Exit. Of these, the uppermost, rising below the Coeliac, is extended through the whole upper part of the Mesentery (where it constitutes the Mesaraics) as also into the Jejunum,

Ileon, and part of the Colon, to the Right-hand Kidney.

XVI. The lower, rising below the Spermatics, near the Holy-bone, en∣ters the lower Region of the Mesentery, and is distributed with several Branches into the Lest part of the Colon, and the streight Gut, and lastly, descending to the Podex, constitutes the Inner Hemor∣rhoidal Arteries.

Through the said Branches, proceed∣ing from the Mesenteric, the Arterious Blood is caried for the Nourishment of the Intestines and the Mesentery it self. Nor are they to be credited, who upon Galens Authority, affirm that the Me∣senteric Arteries suck in the thinner part of the Chylus. For the Heart continu∣ally forces the Blood through the Arte∣ries from its self to the Parts, but re∣ceives nothing through them from the Parts. Nor can the two contrary Mo∣tions of Expulsion and Reception be al∣lowed at the same time in the Arteries. Which Mistake proceeded from hence, that Galen did not understand the mil∣ky Vessels, but judg'd them from their white Colour to be Arteries.

The Branches proceeding from the Trunk of the Aorta before its Division, which follow the Stocks of the Vena Ca∣va, are several.

XVII. 1. The Emulgent Artery, of each side one, rarely more, to each Kidney, which begins about the Con∣junction of the first and second Verte∣ber of the Loyns. The Right a little lower, the Left a little higher, and slit into two; three or four Branches enters the Kidneys of its own side. Rolfinch writes, that the Extremities of this u∣nites after many Fashions, with the Extremity of the Emulgent Vein, by Anastomose's, which is no way probable. Vide l. 2. c. 18.

XVIII. 2. The Spermatics, both proceeding from contiguous beginnings, of which, the Right surmounts the Trunk of the hollow Vein; rarely the Right-hand One proceeds from the E∣mulgent, though the Left, in Women, has been observed so to do. Each of these uniting with the Vein of its own Side, presently after their Rise, scarce two Fingers breadth from the Emul∣gent, in Men, descend through the Process of the Peritonaeum to the Testi∣cles; in Women, so soon as they ap∣proach the Testicles, they are divided into three little Branches, of which, the first is inserted into the Testi∣cles; the second enters the bottom of the Womb with many little Sprigs, and the third is distributed into the Tube and Ligament of the Womb.

XIX. 3. The Lumbars, which are not only distributed to the Muscles ad∣joyning to the Loyns and Peritonaeum; but in the hinder Part, where the Trunk of the great Artery rests upon the Verte∣bers, are carryed through the holes of the Vertebers of the Loyns to the Spinal Mar∣row; which some think thence ascend to the Brain, all the whole length of the Pith, together with the Veins ad∣joyning.

XX. 4. The Upper Muscula, of each side one, which runs out to the sides of the Abdomen and its Mus∣cles.

CHAP. VI. Of the Arteries rising from the de∣scending Trunk of the Aorta, after its Division within the Peritonaeum.

I. THE Trunk of the Aorta, descend∣ing when it comes to the Region of the fifth Verteber of the Loyns, as∣cends the hollow Vein, and is divided into two Branches called Iliac. Now at the Division it self comes forth the sa∣cred Artery which passing the Holes of the Os Sacrum with little Sprigs, opens it self into its Marrow.

Every Branch, not far from its Bifor∣cation, is again divided into the inner and outer Branch. From the inner Ili∣ac Branch, which is the lesser, proceed three Stocks.

II. 1. The Inferior Muscula, which proceeds to the Muscles called Glutei, constituting the Buttocs, as also to the Extremity of the Iliac Muscle, and Psoa. About the first beginning of this Artery, sometimes from each Trunk, a Branch runs out to the skinny Parts of the Pubes, Ilion and Abdomen.

III. 2. The Hypogastric, which is large, and at the lower Seat of the Os Sacrum, proceeds to the Bladder, and the Neck of it, and the Muscles cover∣ing the Share-bone, and with some Root-strings, runs to the Podex, where it constitutes the External Hemor∣rhoidals. But in Men it is carried through the two hollow Bodies of the Yard to the Nut. In Women, it is

distributed through the bottom of the Womb, and the Neck of it, with a numerous attendance of Root∣strings.

IV. 3. The Umbilical Artery, which ascending near the sides of the Bladder, and inserted into the doub∣ling of the Peritonaeum, proceeds to the Navel, from whence it passes forth again, while the Birth is in the Womb, and runs into the Uterine Cheeskake. But in a Man born, after the Navel∣string is cut, it ceases any more the conveyance of Blood; and therefore becomes more solid and harder, and is extended like a string from both the Iliac Arteries to the Navel.

The remainder of the inner Branch, assuming a Scien or Graft of the External Branch is dispeirsed into the Muscle possessing the hole of the Share-bone and the Muscles adjoyn∣ing.

From the outer Iliac branch two sprigs go forth.

V. 1. The Epigastric, which wind∣ing upward without the Peritonaeum ascends the streight Muscle of the Ab∣domen in the inner Part, and is met above the Region of the Navel by the descending Mammary, and with the Extremities of which it is thought to unite by Anatomists: which is a mistake: as is prov'd already, cap. 3. and lib. 1. cap. 5.

VI. 2. The Pudenda Arteria, which sends forth on each side a re∣markable Artery into the Sinewy or Fungous Bodies of the Yard, and in Women into the Clitoris. Hence it is carry'd inward along the Commissure of the Share-bone, to the Privities and Groins, and their Kernels, and is lost in the Skin of those Parts and of the Yard.

These Branches being sent forth, the Iliacs forsake the Peritonaeum, and are carry'd to the Thighs, and then changing their Name, are called Cru∣ral.

CHAP. VII. Of the Crural Arteries.

I. THE Crural Artery, which is less then the true Crural, descending towards the lower Parts of the Thigh, sends forth some branches above, and others below the Ham.

Above the Ham three branches issue from it.

II. 1. The Exterior Crural Mus∣cula, from the Exterior Part of the Crural Trunk.

III. 2. The inner Crural Mus∣cula, from the innner Part of the Trunk.

IV. 3. The Poplitea, or Ham-Artery, which descending through the hinder Muscles of the Thigh, runs out as far as the Ham, whence it de∣rives its Name.

V. Below the Ham the Sural proceeds from it, which lying hid a while under the Ham, sends forth on each side, a deep sprig to the Knee and the Muscles constituting the Calf. Thence descending toward the small of the Leg, it is divided into the Tibiaean Arteries.

VI. 1. The Exterior Tibiaean, which descending along the Button is consumed in the Muscles of the Leg.

VII. 2. The hinder Tibiaean, which runs to the Commissure of the Tendons of the Muscles of the Calf.

VIII. 3. The lowermost hinder Ti∣biaean, which passes through the Mem∣branous Ligaments of the Button joyn∣ing the Muscles of the Leg, and is distributed into the upper Parts of the Foot, and the Muscles carrying the Toes outward.

IX. The remainder of the Crural Artery, descends directly streight between the second and third Muscle of the Toes, and proceeds between the Heel and the Malleolus to the lower Parts of the Foot, sending forth a little branch from the side not far from the Mal∣leolus, to the Muscle of the great Toe, and the upper Parts of the Foot. What remains is divided between the Ten∣dons

of the Muscles of the Toes into two little Branches. Of which the in∣nermost affords two little sprigs to the great Toe, to the next Toe two, and to the Middle-toe one. The outer∣most affords two little sprigs to the Little-toe, two to the next, and one to the Middle-toe.

Note, That in the Description of the Arteries all Anatomists mention, only those which are manifestly conspicuous; the rest, as not so apparent or not dis∣cernible they omit; the Nutrition shews, they are in the Parts. Thus we see the Skin is nourish'd by the Arterious blood, though we can find no conspi∣cuous Arteries therein: and the same may be said of other Parts.

Notes

• Desinition.
• The Arte∣•…•…ious Blood, what it is?
• Whether they at∣tract Air?
• Whether they dissi∣pate Va∣pors?
• The Sub∣stance.
• The outer Tunicle.
• The inner Tunicle.
• Fibres.
• The third Tunicle.
• The fourth Tunicle.
• The breed∣ing of an Aneurisma.
• The Sub∣stance.
• Their Nu∣triment.
• The Big∣ness.
• Their Number.
• Situation.
• The diffe∣rences.
• Their Pro∣gression.
• The Pulse.
• Whether a a Pulsific faculty in in the Ar∣teries?
• The cause of the Pulse in the Ar∣teries.
• The Sub∣stance.
• It's rise.
• The Subcla∣vial bran∣ches.
• The upper Intercostal.
• The Ma∣mary Arte∣ry.
• The Cervi∣cal.
• The Mus∣cula.
• The Axil∣lary and Humerary
• The upper Pectoral.
• The lower Pectoral.
• The Scapu∣lary.
• The Arte∣ries of the Arm and Hand.
• The Caro∣tid Arteries
• The outer branch of the Carotid.
• The inner∣most branch.
• The Rete Mirabile.
• The Plex∣us choroi∣des.
• The lower Interco∣stals.
• The Phre∣nic.
• The Coeli∣ac.
• The right Gastric.
• The Right Epiplois.
• The Inte∣stinal.
• The Right Gastro E∣piplois.
• The Hepa∣ticks.
• The Sple∣nic.
• The Coro∣nary Sto∣machic.
• The Left Gastric.
• The hinder Epiplois.
• The Left Epiplois.
• The Vas breve ar∣teriorum, and the left Ga∣stro-epi∣plois.
• The mesen∣teric Arte∣ry.
• The inner Hemorrho∣idal.
• The E∣mulgent Artery.
• The Sper∣matic.
• The Lum∣bars.
• The upper Muscula.
• The Iliaca. and Sacra Arteria.
• The infe∣rior Mus∣cula.
• The Hypo∣gastric 〈◊〉〈◊〉 external Hemorrho∣idal.
• The Umbi∣lical.
• The Epi∣gastrick.
• The Puden∣da.
• The Cru∣ral Artery.
• The Exte∣rior or Cru∣ral Mus∣cula.
• The inner.
• The Popli∣tea.
• The Sural
• The Exte∣rior Tibi∣aean.
• The hinder Tibiaean.
• The lower∣most hinder Tibiaean.
• The Arte∣ries of the Feet.