A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names of all the counties, provinces, remarkable cities, universities, ports, towns, mountains, seas, streights, fountains, and rivers of the whole world : their distances, longitudes, and latitudes : with a short historical account of the same, and their present state : to which is added an index of the ancient and Latin names : very necesary for the right understanding of all modern histories, and especially the divers accounts of the present transactions of Europe / begun by Edmund Bohun ... ; continued, corrected, and enlarged with great additions throughout, and particularly with whatever in the geographical part of the voluminous, Morey and Le Clerks occurs observable, by Mr. Bernard ; together with all the market-towns, corporations, and rivers, in England, wanting in both the former editions.

R A.

RAab, Jaurinum. See Gewer:

Raab, or le Rab, Arrabo, a River of Hun∣gary; which ariseth in the Lower Stiria, near Gratz: and running Eastward through the Lower Hungary, by the Counties of Salawar and Gewer, it entertains the Lausnitz, the Binca, and the Guntz; and wa∣tering S. Gothard, and Kerment, beneath Sarvar it divides into two Branches: the right Hand Branch is called Rabnitz, the other Rab: these two make the Isle of Rab, seven German Miles in length. At Rab or Javarin, they reunite into one Stream again; and fall into the Danube. This River is particularly me∣morable for a great Defeat of the Turkish Forces, by the French and Germans, in 1664. upon the Banks of it near Kerment. See Ricaut's State of the Otto∣man Empire, pag. 207.

Rabasteins, Rapistanium, a Town in the Ʋpper Languedoc in the Diocese of Alby, in France, upon the River Tarn: whose Coat of Arms is, three Turneps suitable to the Derivation of its Name from both the French and Latin, Rave, and Rapa, a Turnep.

Rabath, Oppidum Novum, a City in the Kingdom of Fez; sixty two Miles from Tangier, and seventy four from Fez.

Rabath. See Petra.

Racanella, Cylistarnus, a River of the Hither Ca∣labria, in the Kingdom of Naples; which flowing by Cosano, falls into the Bay of Taranto.

Rachelburgh. See Ratzburgh.

Rackelspurg, Polentium, Raceburgum, a City of Germany, in the Lower Stiria; upon the River Mu∣er; under the Emperor, as Archduke of Austria; four German Miles from the Borders of Hungary to the West, and six from Gratz to the East. This City

is a Roman Town, ascribed by Antoninus to the Ʋp∣per Pannonia.

Radicofani, a Castle and Seigniory in Tuscany, be∣tween Stena and Rome.

Radini, the same with Strymon; a River which parts Thrace and Macedonia.

Radnorshire. Radnoria, one of the twelve Shires in the Principality of Wales: Bounded on the North by Monmouth; on the East by Shropshire and Here∣fordshire; on the South by Brecknock, cut off by the Rivers of Clarwen and Wye; the Western point falls upon Cardiganshire. Its form is Triangular; the sides almost equal; the whole Circumference be∣ing about ninety Miles. The Air is sharp, the Soil barren. The Silures were the ancient Inhabitants of this County. The Town of Radnor, which gives name to it, was by the Romans called Magi, or Mag∣nos: pleasantly seated under an Hill, which bears up∣on his top a large and strong Castle; from whose Bul∣warks there is a Trench drawn along the West of the Town▪ on which has stood a Stone Wall: it is repre∣sented by one Burgess in the English Parliament. Its Long. is 17. 00. Lat. 52. 45. John Roberts, Lord Roberts of Truro, was by Charles II. July 23. 1679. Created Viscount Bodmyn, and Earl of Radnor: the first Earl of this County. This County proved fatal to Vortiger, (the last Monarch of the British Blood) here slain by Lightning: and to Llewellin, (the last Prince of the British Race) in 1282, found hid in the vast Mountains of this County, and slain by one Adam Francton: his Head being Crowned with Ivy, was set upon the Tower of London; in whom the British Race of Princes ended.

Radom, a Town in the Lesser Poland, in the Pa∣latinate of Sendomir; which is the Capital of a Di∣strict of the same name. Twenty Polish Miles from Warsaw to the South, and fifteen from Sendomir to the North.

Raglins, Ricina, an Island on the North of Ire∣land, on the Coast of the County of Antrim; which has a Castle; sometimes reckoned amongst the He∣brides, though it lies but eight Miles from the Con∣tinent.

Ragusa, Ragusium, Epidaurus, Rhanzium, a City of Dalmatia; which is an Archbishops See, and a Free State; called by the Sclavonians Dubrounich; by the Italians, Ragusi. It stands in the Confines of Alba∣nia, on the Shoars of the Adriatick Sea, to which it has a Port: at the foot of a Mountain, called by the Greeks, Lau; upon a Rock: in so disadvantageous a situation, that the Turks by rouling down great Stones from the Mountain might have overwhelmed it and so have become absolute Masters of it, if they had ever desired to be so. This City is about a Mile in com∣pass: has large Suburbs beside; populous, rich, well Traded, and Fortified. About a League from it lies the Harbour of Santa Cruz of great Capacity; secu∣red by the Island of Lacroma. The City out of which this sprung, was called Epidaurus, from its Founders; six Miles more to the East: where the place of its ru∣ins is called Ragusi Vecchio, the Old Ragusa. It did pay a Tribute of twelve thousand five hundred Hunga∣rian Duckats to the Grand Seignior; but had seve∣ral Privileges in recompence by way of Trade; and ten Colonies in Servia, Bulgaria, and Thrace be∣sides; so that this was no hard Condition. Yet in 1686. they sent Ambassadors to the Emperor, and de∣sired to be received into his Protection. About the Year 1634. and in 1667. this City suffered much by an Earthquake. The Territory of Ragusano belong∣ing to it is about a hundred Miles in length, from the North-East to the South-West: but not above twen∣ty five Miles broad: having only two or three Towns more in it. Granted to this City by Stephen King of Bosnia, in 1333. Long. 42. 52. Lat. 42. 50. The Senate of this Republick is constituted of sixty Sena∣tors, under one Rector or Duke; of whom and of their liberty they are so exceeding jealous, that our Accounts tell us, they change him every month; not suffering the wearing of a Sword, or a Mans lying from his own house, without advising the Senate; nor open∣ing the City Gates above three or four hours in the day in Summer; and in the Winter, the half thereof: and for strangers, especially Turks, they secure them all the Night in their Lodgings. They fear the Turks, hate the Venetians; honour the Pope, Emperor and King of Spain; and pay tribute to all.

Il fume di Ragusa, Hirminius, a River on the South of Sicily; so called from a Town it washeth: it falls into the African Sea; between Camerino to the West, and Cape Passaro to the East; sometimes called il Mauli.

Raithe, a desart near the Mountain Sinai, in the Stony Arabia; or as others place it, in the Kingdom of Egypt: much visited and inhabited by the religious Anchorites of the 13th Century.

Rain, Raina, a strong Town in the Dukedom of Bavaria, in the Borders of Schwaben; at the Con∣fluence of the Lech, and the Danube; two German Miles from Donawert to the East, and a little more from Newburgh. Often taken, and retaken in the Swedish War; and now rebuilding. § There is another Town of the same name in Stirïa; in the Borders of Carniola, and Croatia, upon the Save; twenty five Miles from Cilley to the East, and twenty two from Metling to the North.

Rakouick, Raconicum, a City of Germany, near the River Miza; seven German Miles from Prague to the West, thirteen from Egra, and seven from Litomi∣erske, or Leutmeritz.

Rama, or Ramia, the name of the Kingdom of Bosnia, in the Royal Title of the Kings of Hungary; which has been used by them ever since 1138: when Bela Caecus, King of Hungary, Possessed that King∣dom, or at least a part of it. There is still a River in that Kingdom of this name; which falls into the Na∣renta, and gives the same name to a small Territory as it passeth.

Rama, or Ramatha, a City of the Tribe of Ephraim, afterwards a part of Samaria; now called Ramola by the Turks. It stands ten Miles from Joppe to the East, and thirty from Jerusalem: almost entirely ruined.

Ramoth, or Ramath-Mispeh (as it is written Josh, 13. 26.) was one of the three Cities of Refuge, ap∣pointed by Moses in the Case of accidental Manslaying, Deut. 4. 43. It belonged to the Tribe of Gad; stand∣ing near the Mountain, and in the Territory of Gilead; in the Region of Trachonites in Palestine, as the Ro∣mans named that Country.

Rampano, Biandyna, a Town formerly, now only a Castle on the South of the Morea; at the Mouth of the River of Eurotas. It gives name to a Bay former∣ly called Sinus Laconicus, now the Gulph de Castel Rampano, on the East of Cape Malio.

Ramsey, Limnos, a small Island in the Irish Sea; called by the Welsh, Lymen. It lies upon the Coast of South Wales, three Miles from St. Davids. §. Also, a Market Town in Huntingdonshire, in the Hundred of Hurstington, towards Cambridgeshire: near a meer of its own name, and another called Whi∣tlesey, each affording plenty of Fish and Fowl, toge∣ther with the Rivers watering them. It stands amongst the rich grounds of the Fens; and had heretofore an Abbey of vast wealth to boast of, till its dissolution by King Henry VIII.

Ranals, Ocetis, one of the Isles of Orkney, ten Miles from the Coast of Scotland.

Rangnitz, Ragnitia, a City in the Kingdom of Poland, in the Ducal Prussia; upon the River Russe, in the Borders of Samogithia; sixteen Polish Miles from Komingsberg to the East. Under the Elector of Brandenburgh.

Raolconda, a City in the Kingdom of Golconde in the Hither East-Indies, on this side the Bay of Ben∣gala; five days journey from the City Golconde.

Raon, a River of Germany, which falls into the left Branch of the Moselle.

Raperswyl, Rapersvilla, a Town in Switzerland, which has a very ancient Castle; on the Lake of Zu∣rich, between it and the Upper Lake; five German Miles from Zurich to the North-East. So seated that it is only approachable by a Timber Bridge: and hav∣ing been taken in 1458. by the Swiss, (though often attempted) could never be recovered out of their Hands.

Rapin, Rapidus, a small River in Lorain.

Rapin, a Town and Earldom in Germany of the same name; eight Miles from Havelberg to the East, and nine from Berlin to the North.

Rapoe, Rapa, once a City, now a Village, in the Province of Ʋlster in the County of Dungal: which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Armagh; but united to that of Derry; from which it stands twelve Miles to the West, forty from Dungal, and forty five from Armagh to the South-West.

Rapolla, Rapalla, or Rapello, a small ill-peopled City in the Basilicate, in the Kingdom of Naples; twenty Miles from Conza to the East. It was ancient∣ly a Bishops See; but in 1528. Pope Clement VII. united this See to that of Melfi for ever. § There is another Town, and a Bay, upon the Coast of Genoua of this name.

Raschit, the same with Rosetto.

Rascia, the same with Servia, a large Province under the Turk; or rather a part of that Province, as others say; which takes its name from a River that passeth through this District into Moravia. The prin∣cipal Towns of it are Belgrade, Semendria, and Co∣lumbach. Brietius, (cited by Baudrand,) saith, this was once a distinct Kingdom. I am sure the Rascians have suffered very much in the present War: and when the Turk in 1687. deserted Possega, they put some thou∣sands of these Rascians to the Sword, for resusing to go with them; and Plundred all the rest. These were the ancient Scordisci.

Raseborg, Raseburgum, a small City in Finland, under the Swedes, in the Province of Nyland: which has a large Haven on the Bay of Finland; and seated on the Borders of South-Finland.

Rasen Market, a Market Town in Lincolnshire, in the Hundred of Walshcroft: so called for its distin∣ction from three other Rasens in the same Hundred, which have not the privilege to be Market Towns.

Rasino, Erasmus, a River on the East of the Mo∣rea, which falls into the Inacho; and with it into the Bay di Napoli Romania.

Rathal Alhaga, Arabia Petraea; the Stony Ara∣bia.

Ratibor, Ratibora, Ratisboria, a small but spruce City in Silefia in Bohemia; which is the Capital of a Dukedom, upon the Oder. Four German Miles from Karnow to the East, seven from the Borders of the Lesser Poland, and the same distance from Oppolen to the South. This place was Mortgaged to Casimir King of Poland.

Ratispon, Ratisbon, Augusta Tiberii, Ratispona, Ratisbona, Castra Regina, Reginum, Rhaetobonna, Rhetopolis, a City of Germany, (called by the Inhabi∣tants, Regenspurgh) in the Circle of Bavaria; and a Bishop's See, under the Archbishop of Saltzburgh. It was first a Roman City or Colony, built by Tiberius Caesar: afterwards the Seat of the Kings of Bavaria; and after that of the Dukes of the same Title. Fre∣derick I. made it a Free Imperial City. Henry the Lyon proscribed and degraded it; and put it under the Dominion of Otho Wittelspach, Duke of Bavaria. It stands upon the Danube, (which is here covered by a Stone Bridge, built by Hen V. in 1135) at the Con∣fluence of the River Regen; fifteen Miles from Mu∣nick to the North, seventeen above Passaw to the West, and sixteen from Ausburgh to the North-East. Said to have been Converted to the Christian Faith by Lucius Cyrenaeus, a Disciple of S. Paul, in 69. The Bishoprick was Instituted by Charles the Great; who held a Council in this City in 792. There have been many German Diets held here; which for brevity I must omit. This City has embraced the Augustane Confes∣sion. Long. 34. 18. Lat. 49. 00.

Ratzburgh, Ratzemburg, or Ratzebourg, Race∣burgum, a City of Germany, in the Lower Circle of Saxony; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbi∣shop of Breme. It is little, and subject as to the Ci∣ty, to the Duke of Meckelburgh; but the Castle is in the Hands of the Duke of Lawemburgh. Before the Peace of Westphalia, in 1648. they were both sub∣ject to the Bishop: by that Treaty they were thus set∣tled, and made a Principality. This City embraced the Augustane Confession in 1566. by the procure∣ment of Christopher the thirtieth Bishop of this See; who was of the Family of Meckelburgh. It stands up∣on a Lake of the same name; three Miles from Lu∣beck to the South, four from Lawemburgh, and six from Swerin to the West.

Rava, a City of Poland, which is the Capital of a Palatinate of the same name: seated upon a River called Rava too; eleven Polish Miles from Plocko to the South, and fifteen from Warsaw to the West. The houses are all of Wood. It has a Fortress.

Ravello, Rebellum, Ravellum, a City in the Fur∣ther Principato, in the Kingdom of Naples; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Salerno. But in 1086. freed from his Jurisdiction by Pope Victor III. In 1603. the Bishoprick of Scala was for ever united to this; from which it stands only two Miles, and ten from Salerno to the West.

Ravenglass, a Market Town in the County of Cum∣berland, in the division of Allerdale; encompassed on three parts of it by the Sea, and the two Rivers, betwixt which it stands.

Ravenna, a City of Romandiola in Italy, of great antiquity; which is an Archbishops See, and the Capi∣tal of that Province. It stands on a marshy Ground; forty five Miles from Bononia to the East, thirty from Rimini, forty two from Ferrara; near the Shoars of the Adriatick Sea, upon which it had a great Harbor; now filled up with Sand. Built by the Sabins, as Pliny saith; as others, by the Ʋmbrians about four hundred and ten years after the Flood A. M. 1766. In the latter times of the Roman Empire under Honorius, it became the Seat of the Emperors: fortified with new and strong Walls for that purpose. Augustus had be∣fore made it the Station of his Fleets, on the Adria∣tick Sea; and made a noble Haven here, which may be supposed to have contributed something to its growth and this change. Theodorick, King of the Goths, in 493. took it after a Siege of three years; and made it the Seat of his Kingdom. In 539. Beli∣sarius, General under Justinian the Emperor, reco∣vered it to the Empire. In 569. it became the Seat of the Exarchs, or Vice-Roys of Italy, under the Con∣stantinopolitan Emperours. In 725. it was Sacked by Luitprandus, King of Lombardy, upon the Em∣perors Edict against Images; but recovered by the Exarch, by the assistance of the Pope and the Vene∣tians, two years after. In 752. Aristulphus, King of

the Lombards, took it from the Greeks; and drove out the Exarchs. In 774. Charles the Great took it from the Lombards, and gave it to the Church of Rome. This City maintained a War against the Venetians, in 1140. In 1441. the Venetians took it and kept it till 1509: when it was forced from them by a League of the Emperor, King of France, Pope, the Duke of Milan, and a joynt War of all these Princes upon them. But the Pope salling out with the French King, Lewis XII. lost the City to him again and an Army of sixteen thousand Men in 1512: they were soon after sorced to desert it. The Archbishops See was founded by Valentinian the Emperor, about 425: and never subject to the Pope till 684: when the Pope after a great contest obtained this point from Constan∣tinus Pogonatus, (Emperor of Greece), who was a great admirer of the Sanctity of Benedict II. and with respect to that, subjected this See to Rome. There was a Council held here in 901. which confirmed all the proceedings of a Council at Rome under Pope John IX for the cassating of Pope Stephen VI. his Acts against the memory of Pope Formosus. And another in 967, in the presence of Pope John XIII. and the Emperor Otho I. touching the reformation of Ecclesiastical Discipline; with divers others, of the same subject. The City is now in a declining condi∣tion, and decays sensibly. Long. 34. 53. Lat. 43. 54.

Ravensberg, Ravensberga, a small Town which gives name to an Earldom in the Circle of Westphalia. It stands upon an Hill; eighteen Miles from Osnaburgh to the South, thirty two from Paderborne to the North, and thirty from Munster to the East.

The Earldom of Ravensberg, is a small Territory between the Bishopricks of Minden and Osnaburgh, to the North and West; that of Munster to the South, and the County of Lippe to the East. The Capital of which is Bifeld. This was subject to the Dukes of Juliers; and now under the Duke of Brandenburgh, in their Right.

Ravensburgh, a small German City, in the Circle of Schwaben, in Algow, upon the River Schuss: six Miles from Constance to the East, and three from Lindaw to the North: an Imperial Free City. It is sometimes written Ravenspurg; and is of great an∣tiquity.

Ravestein, a Town upon the Maes, in the Duke∣dom of Brabant, in the Borders of Guelderland; four Leagues from Bosleduc. Which belongs, with its Territory, to the Duke of Newburgh; but in the cu∣stody of the Ʋnited Netherlands. The Cittadel, that did stand here in the times of the Dukes of Cleves, its former Masters, was demolished by the Articles of a Treaty passed betwixt William Duke of Cleves and Ju∣liers, and the Emperor Charles V.

Rayleigh, a Market Town in the County of Essex, in the Hundred of Rochford.

Re, Rea, Reacus, an Island on the Coast of Sain∣tonge in Aquitain, near the Pais d' Aunis, in the Diocese of the Bishop of Rochelle: three Leagues from Rochelle to the West. The principal Town of it is S. Martin; once a place of great strength: near which the English received a great defeat from the French, in 1627: whilst they attempted the Relief of Rochelle. There is now a considerable Fort standing, to secure it: a high Watch-Tower upon the Coast, built by Lewis XIV. called la Tour des Baleines, to lighten the road, and prevent the dangers of the Shel∣fes adjacent, of that name. It yields vast plenty of Wine yearly.

Rea, a Stream in Shropshire.

Reading, the best Town in Berkshire; seated up∣on the Thames, where it receives the Kennet, with several Bridges over those two Rivers: which had an∣ciently a Castle, and a noble Church, both ruined in Mr. Cambden's time. The Danes about 845. made this place the Seat of their Rapines; and were hardly expelled by Aethelwolph, King of Mercia. Being Garrisoned for the King in the beginning of the late Troubles, it was taken by the Earl of Essex, April 26. 1643, after a Siege of ten days: and was ever after a great vexation to the City of Oxford, then the Kings Head Quatters. The County Assizes usually are here kept. It is a well inhabited Town, contains three Parishes: the Capital of its Hundred, and a Cor∣poration besides represented by two Members in the House of Commons.

Recanati, Recinetum, Recina Nova, a City in the Marchia Anconitana in Italy, which has sprung out of the ruines of the ancient Helvia Recina; and whose See was united with that of Loretto in 1591.

Recif, a strong Fort in Brasil; called by the Portu∣guese, Reciffa; it stands near the City of Olinda, in the Province of Pernambuck: for some time in the Hands of the Hollanders, till the Portuguese in 1654. retook it.

Reculver, a Sea Town in the County of Kent, in Augustine Lath, some Miles North of Conterbury. Deserving to be particularly taken notice of for the Pa∣lace and Residence of Ethelbert, the first Christian Saxon King of Kent, here, in former times. The high Spire of the Church makes a good Sea mark.

The Red Sea, Mare Rubrum, Erythroeum, Aza∣nium, & Arabicus Sinus; is a Branch of the Indian, or Aethiopian Ocean; which parts Arabia from A∣frica and Egypt; running from North to South above twelve hundred Miles. The Arabians call this Sea, Buhriel Calzem, (the Sea of Calzem,) from a City of that name: towards the North it is not above eight or nine Miles over, as Mr. Thevenot observes; who Travelled on its Shoars five days. It is narrow and full of Rocks; therefore dangerous to Sailers: for which and other reasons, now not much frequented, since the way to the Indies was discovered by the O∣cean. This Sea will be famous to all Ages, upon the account of the Children of Israels passing it on dry Ground; when they went up out of Egypt.

Redford East, a Market Town in Nottingham∣shire, in the Hundred of Northclay, upon the River Iddel.

Rednitz, Radiantia, a River of Franconia; which ariseth in Nortgow, in the Borders of the Upper Pala∣tinate, near Weissenburgh; and besides some smaller Rivers beneath Norimburgh, it receives the Pegnitz; and a little beneath Bamberg falls into the Mayn or Meyn.

Rees, Reesium, a small City, formerly well forti∣fied; in the Dukedom of Cleves, upon the Rhine; and Garrisoned by the Hollanders, tho it belonged to the Duke of Brandenburgh. Being taken by the French in 1672, in 1674. it was restored to that Duke, but dismantled by the French: it stands three German Miles from Wesel to the North, and the same distance from Cleve to the East.

Regen, Reginus, a River in Germany, which ariseth in Nortgow, in the Borders of Bohemia; and flowing through the Upper Palatinate falls in∣to the Danube at Ratisbon in Bavaria; which City is from this River sometimes called Regi∣num.

Regenspurg, the same with Ratisbon.

Reggio, Regium Lepidi, a City in the Dukedom of Modena; which is a Bishops See, once under the Archbishop of Ravenna; but now under the Archbi∣shop of Bononia. It stands between Parma to the West, and Modena to the East; fifteen Miles from either: The Capital of a Dukedom, now possessed by the Duke of Modena; and the second City of note in the estate of that Duke: being great and strong, ac∣companied

with a good Cittadel. The Goths and o∣ther Barbarians ruined it divers times. But Charles the Great repair'd it.

Reggio, or Regge, Rhegium Julium, or Rigio, a City of the Further Calabria, in the Kingdom of Na∣ples; called d' Rijo by the Spaniards; which is an Archbishops See, upon the Shoars of the Streights of Sicily, at the most Southern point of Italy, in a fruit∣ful Plain. Built by the Chalcidians in the year of the World 3279. eighty two years after Rome: it flourish∣ed many years in the condition of a free State; till at last it fell into the Hands of the Sicilian Tyrant Dio∣nysius, after a Siege of eleven Months. This Prince began his Reign in the year of Rome 360. and Reign∣ed thirty eight years; but I cannot assign the year of this Action. The City lay little regarded from that time, till Julius Caesar rebuilt it; and made it a Ro∣man Colony, calling it Rhegium Julium: after which it is frequently mentioned in the Latin Historians. At this day it is very considerable, though it has been se∣veral times surprized and Plundered by the Mahome∣tans; particularly in 1552. Long. 40. 12. Lat. 37. 05.

Regillus, a Lake in the Territory of the ancient Tusculum, in Latium; now in the Campagna di Ro∣ma, in the States of the Church, by the name of Ca∣stiglione; betwixt the City Tivoli, and la Cava deli' Aglio. The Victory of Aulus Posthumius over King Tarquin, the last King of the Romans, after the depo∣sition of him, was obtained near this Lake.

Reims, Remi, Durocortorum Civitas, Remensis Civitas, Duricortora Remorum, is a very ancient, great, fine, populous City of France, in the Province of Champagne; and an Archbishops See, a Dukedom, and an University; which latter was Instituted by the Car∣dinal of Guise, in the Reign and by the permission of Henry II. King of France. The Archbishop is always the first Duke and Peer of France: claims the Right of Anointing the King: accordingly the Holy Ampoul or Viol of Oil, (which an Angel brought from Heaven at the Coronation of the first Christian King of France,) is ever kept in the Abbey of S. Remy here. This City stands upon the River Vesle; in the midst of an agree∣able plain: thirteen Leagues from Soissons to the East, twenty four from Verdun, ten from Chalons to the South-West, and five from the Marne to the North; adorned with four Abbeys, a great number of Col∣legiate and Parochial Churches, Religious and Ecclesi∣astical Houses. Pope Sylvester II. was sometime Arch∣bishop of this Church. Pope Ʋrban II. a Canon. Pope Adrian IV. an Archdeacon; and P. Adrian V. Archdeacon and Chancellor. Pope Leo XI. held a Council here in Person, in 1049, against the Vices of the times. Pope Calixtus II. did the same in 1119, in which the Emperor Henry was excommunicated. Pope Innocent II. the same in 1131: and Pope Eu∣genius III. accompanied with S. Bernard, in 1148. In 1595. a part of a Roman Triumphal Arch, bear∣ing a Tablet of Romulus and Remus fed by a Wolf; and in 1677. two more parts of the same, one repre∣senting the Story of Leda, the other the year with all its Months and Seasons, were digged out of the ground here, and esteemed as famous Monuments of Antiquity. But whether first erected by Julius Caesar, or Augustus, or Julian the Apostate, the Learned make but uncertain Conjectures. The Territory of this City is called R••mois.

Reinfrew, a City of Scotland, in the County of Cuningham; upon the Irish Sea, or Dunbri∣tan Fyrth; not above five Miles from Glascow to the West.

Reinsbourg, a Village one League distant from Leyden in Holland: celebrated formerly for an Ab∣bey of Benedictine Dames, successively founded by two Earls of Holland and two noble Ladies; who all lye interred in the Church: where there is besides a number of stately Tombs of the Counts and Coun∣tesses and others of the old Nobility of Holland.

Remirmont, Romaricus Mons, a Town in Lo∣rain; at the foot of Mount Vauge, upon the Mo∣selle; five Miles from Fontenay to the East, and eleven from Colmar to the West: in which is a no∣ble Nunnery.

Los Remolinos, Tarraconensis Juga, a Mountain in Arragon.

Remorantin, Romorantin, a Town in Sologne in France.

Rendlesham, an ancient Town in the County of Suffolk, and the Hundred of Looes, upon the River Deben: in which the first Christian King of the East Angles, Redwald, kept his Court.

Renelle, Ranula, Marronel, a small River in Nor∣mandy; which falls into the Seyne to the West of Roan.

Rennes, Renes, Ʋrbs Rhedonum, Condate, Rhe∣dones, Redonae, Condate Redonum, the Capital City of the Dukedom of Britagne in France; and a Bi∣shops See, under the Archbishop of Tours: The Seat of the Parliament of the Province by the establishment of K. Henry II. It stands upon the River Vilaine, which divides it in two; twenty two Leagues from Nantes to the North, and the same distance from An∣gers to the South-West. A place of great antiquity, being mentioned by Caesar and Ptolemy. The ancient Dukes of Britagne made it their Residence. About the years 1069 and 1263. there were two French Councils assembled here. It hath divers Churches, and Religious and Ecclesiastical Houses.

Renty, Rentica, a Town in Artois; heretofore of great strength; which in 1554. repelled the Forces of Henry II. King of France; but in 1638. was ruined. It lies five Leagues from Bologne to the East, and four from Aras, upon the River Aa; which falls into the British Sea below Graveling, in Flanders. The late Baron de Renty, so famous for his application to the actions of piety, and his family, originally derive their name from hence.

La Reole, Regula, a Town of France, upon the Garonne, in the Province of Guyenne: adorned with a good Monastery.

Repeham, a Market Town in the County of Nor∣folk, in the Hundred of Eynesford.

Rerone, Rero, a small River in Lombardy, in the States of Venice; which watereth Vicenza, and then falls into the Lesser Malamoco.

Reschet, a City of Persia, called by the Ara∣bians, Husum; the Capital of the Province of Ki∣lania.

Rescow, Rescovia, a City of Moscovy, near the Borders of Lithuania, and the Fountains of the Ri∣ver Wolga: forty Miles from Tuver to the North-West, and fifty from Bielka to the East. The Capital of a Dukedom of the same name; and has two Ca∣stles: the Russ call it Rshewa.

Retel, Retelium, a City of Champagne in France, upon the River Aisne: the Capital of Retelois. Eight Leagues from Reims, and ten from Sedan to the West. Near this place the Spaniards received a great Defeat from the French in 1650, under the Mareschal de Tu∣rene. But in 1652. this Town was put into the Hands of the Spaniards by the Prince of Condy: and three years after was retaken by the French. It is honored with the Title of a Dukedom.

Retelois, Retelensis Ager, is a Territory in the Northern Parts of Champagne; which was heretofore a Dukedom. It lies between the Aisne, the Bishop∣rick

of Liege, and the Dukedom of Luxemburgh; the chief Towns of which are Retel, Meziers, Charl∣ville, and Donchery.

Retz, Radesia, a Dutchy in the County of Nantes in Bretagne in France; in the Borders of Poictou, at the Mouth of the River Loyre; the chief Town of which is Machecou, ten Leagues from Nantes to the North-West.

Re••el, Revalia, a great City and Sea-Port in Li∣vonia; called by the Russ, Roliva. The Capital of the Province of Esthonia. It stands upon the Bay of Finland; thirty three German Miles from Narva to the West, and thirty seven from Riga to the North. This City was an Hanse Town, and a Bishops See, un∣der the Archbishop of Riga; subject to the Crown of Poland till 1558: when being affrighted with the Threats of the Russ, it was forced to fly to Christian III. King of Denmark for Protection. (Having been built by Waldemar or Walmar II. King of Denmark, in 1223.) This Prince not willing to engage in a War in his old Age, refused their proffered submission. But the next year Erick King of Sweden accepted it: whereupon in 1563, there followed a sharp War be∣tween him and the City of Lubeck. In 1569, the Swedes receiving a great Defeat, a Peace was made at Stetin in 1570. Magnus Duke of Holstein being imployed by the Russ in the same year, laid close Siege to Revel, but with no success. In 1577, the Rusi did likewise attempt it, with the same success. So that ever since it has been in the Hands of the Swedes. This City, as Olearius saith, was built in 1230. Sold to∣gether with Narva and Wesemberg by Walmar III. King of Denmark, in 1347, to Gosvin d' Eck, (Great Master of the Order of Livonia) for nineteen thousand Marks of Silver. About 1477, it began to be a place of great Trade; by reason of its very excellent Haven, and convenient Situation for the Trade of Russia: and being thereupon grown great, rich, and insolent, it broke with the other Hanse Towns in 1550. But the Russ taking Narva in 1558, and settling the Sta∣ple there, and threatning Revel with a Siege, they submitted to Sweden; who have abated some of their Privileges, to secure their Obedience. Yet is it still a place of great Commerce, and enjoying many Privi∣leges: fortified after the modern way, and hath a Ca∣stle upon a Rock. The Religion professed is the Augustane Confession. The Government, democra∣tical, in the likeness of the Customs of Lubeck. Long. 48. 30. Lat. 50. 25. In others Lat. 60. 07. § Revel, a Town in the Ʋpper Languedoc in France, in the Diocese of Lavaur: called anciently Bastida Vauri, and Rebellus by K. Philip le Bel, who caused it to be Walled.

Reutlingen, Reutlinga, a small City in the Pro∣vince of Schwaben in Germany; within the Borders of the Dukedom of Wirtemburgh; made an Imperial Free Town in 1215, or as others say in 1240. It is of a square Form, built in a Plain; upon the River Eche••z, (which a League beneath it falls into the Necker) at the Foot of Mount Alchameck; one Mile from Stutgard, ten from Ʋlm, and five from Tubin∣ghen. Under the Protection of the Duke of Wirtem∣burgh.

Reux, Rodium, a Town in Hainault; two Leagues from Monts to the East.

Reygate, a large Market and Borough Town in the County of Surrey. It stands in the Vale or Dale, cal∣led Holmes Dale; where Fullers Earth is digged up in abundance. Showing the ruins of an ancient Ca∣stle; and under ground a long Vault, with a spacious room at the end of it; said to be the secret Chamber in which the Barons met in Council in their War a∣gainst K. John. The Danes fought several unsuc∣cessful Battels near this Town. It is the Capital of its Hundred, and a Corporation represented in the Lower House of Parliament by two Burgesses.

Reyme, the present Name of Capernaum in Pale∣stine.

Los Reyos. See Lima.

Rezan, the Capital City of a Dukedom in Mos∣covy; which was heretofore a Sovereign Principality of great extent. It stands thirty six Miles from Mosco to the South-East, and twelve from the Fountains of the Tanais arising within this Dukedom. It is an Epis∣copal City. The Province of Rezan lies between the Don and Occa; having on the West Moscovy, which is divided from it by the River Aka. It is the most fruitful Province in this Kingdom: besides the chief City, (which lies upon the Occa) it has Corsira and Tulla, upon a River of the same Name. Olearius.

Rha. See Wolga.

Rhade, Rhaeda, an inland City of Arabia Foelix. Long. 83. 20. Lat. 14. 15.

Rhaiadergwy, a Market Town in the County of Radnor in Wales. The Capital of its Hundred.

Rhamnus, an ancient Town of Attica in Greece: Famous in its time for a Temple dedicated to the Goddess Nemesis; and an admirable Statue therein of her, made either by Phidias or Agoracritus a Scholar to Phidias. She therefore gained the Title of Rham∣nus••a.

Rheine, Rhenus, a vast River in Germany, which is one of the greatest in Europe. Called by the Ger∣mans, das Rhyn; by the French, le Rheine; by the Poles, Rhen; and by the Spaniard, Rhin. Next the Danube, the greatest River in Germany. It spring∣eth out of the Alpes in the Western Borders of Swit∣zerland, and the Northern of the Grisons, (near the Fountains of the Rhosne, the Aar, and the Tesino) from two Fountains; the Northern of which is called Vorder Rhyn, the Further Rheine; the Southern, Hinder Rhyn, and lies more South. These being uni∣ted into one Stream near Chur, it passeth into the Lake of Constance; and separating Schwaben from Switzerland, watereth Constance, and Schafhausen; then taking in the Aar, it passeth to Basil; and be∣tween Alsatia and Brisgow, by a Northern Course it runs to Newburgh, Brisach, and Strasbourgh: then taking in the Ill, it watereth Stolhoffen, Philipsburgh, and Spire; beneath which it admits the Necker at Manheim; and so proceeds to Wormes and Oppen∣heim. At Ments it is covered by a Bridge of Boats; and beneath it takes the Mayne, a great River: so by Ingelheim, hasteth to Trier; beneath which the Lohn and the Moselle come in at Coblentz, where there is another Bridge of Boats: so dividing the Dukedom of Monts from the Bishoprick of Cologne, it watereth Bonne, Cologne, and Duseldorp: at Duisdrop in the Dukedom of Cleves, the Roure; at Wesel, the Lippe comes in to augment his Stream: soon after in Guel∣derland, this Torrent grows too great for one Chan∣nel; and divides into two Branches, and forms the Island of Schenken. The lest or Southern Branch is called the Wael; which by Nimeguen, and Bom∣mel goes to Worcum; above which the Maez out of Brabant comes in; at Dort it divides again, and forms the Isle of Yssel. The Northern Branch goes by Arnhem, Ʋtrecht, and Newport to Roterdam, and Vlaerding; where it unites with the Southern Branch; and both fall into the British Sea by the Briel. Above Arnhem there is another Branch, de∣rived from the North Branch of the first Division: which by Doesburg▪ Zutphan, Deventer, Hatten and Campen, falls into the Zuyder Sea: this last Branch is called by the Dutch the Yssel. There can be nothing greater said of this River, than that it was for many Ages the Boundary of the Roman Empire.

Rheineberg, or Rhimb••rg, Rhenoberga, a City

in the Bishoprick of Cologne; in the Borders of the Dukedom of Cleves, upon the Rhine; which is lit∣tle, but very strong. Taken from the Spaniards by the Hollanders, in 1633: and continued under them till 1672; when it was taken by the French, and restored to the Elector of Cologne, the proper Own∣er. It stands two German Miles from Wesel to the South, and three from Guelders to the East.

Rheinfelden, or Rheinsfeld, is a small, but strong City of Germany: in the Province of Schwaben; which has a Bridge upon the Rheine; under the House of Austria. It lies about two Miles above Basil to the East. Often taken in the Swedish War, and suffered very much in 1678, by the French. Once a Free Imperial City; but in 1410. granted by Lewis of Bavaria, to the Archduke of Austria. Also the more famous for a Defeat of the Imperialists; and the taking of John de Wert, by the Duke Bernard Waymor, in 1638.

Rheinsfeld, a strong Castle upon the Rheine; above S. Gewer; in the County of Caltimeliboch, un∣der the Landtgrave of Hesse. Built by one Dieter, a Count of this Country, in 1245: between Coblentz to the North, and Bingen to the South, in the Bor∣ders of the Bishoprick of Trier.

Rhene, Rhenia, Rhenica, Rhenis, one of the I∣slands called plurally 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 by the Greeks, and by Ma∣riners corruptly Sdille. See Delos. At a distance it seems to make one Island with Delos: in the Aegean Sea, amongst the Cyclades.

Retimo, Rhetimo, Rhitymna, a City in the Isle of Candy or Creet, mentioned by Ptolemy; and called at this day by the Greeks, Rytimni. It is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Candia; has a large Harbor at the North end of the Island; and now strongly fortified. Taken from the Venetians, by the Turks, in 1646, under whom it is now; also the Capital of a County of the same name in that Island.

Rhiphaei Montes, the Mountains in the Province of Petzorcke, in the North of Moscovy: running to∣wards Obdora and the River Oby, upon the Borders of the Asiatick Tartary: and called by the Russ, Ziem∣noipoias, that is, the Girdle of the World in their Language.

Rhoa, Edessa, a City of Mesopotamia, menti∣oned by all the ancient Geographers; famous for the Story of King Abgarus: very great, and an Archbishops See, under the Patriarch of Antioch. It has had anciently many other Names; at this day it is the Capital of Diarbeck, (or Mesopotamia) under the Turk. It stands in the middle between Aleppo to the West, and Amida to the East. In the times of the Holy War it had Counts; but falling into the Hands of the Mahometans again, they have reduced it into the State in which it now is. Thus described by Mr. Thevenot, who saw it. This City is about two hours march in circuit; the Walls are fair; and pretty entire, and form a Square; within there is hardly any thing but Ruins to be seen, and yet it is very populous: on the South Side is a Castle upon an Hill, with large and deep Ditches, tho they are cut in the Rock: this Castle is of a large circumference; has little within it, but Ruins; and some pitiful old broken Guns. Long. 72 30 Lat. 37. 30.

Rhodes, Rhodus, a celebrated Island in the Medi∣terranean Sea; upon the Coast of the Lesser Asia, near its South-West Point; over against Caria: ha∣ving Cyprus to the East, Egypt to the South, and Candia to the West. Of old it had very many names; and is now called by the most remarkable of them. About an hundred and thirty Miles in compass; or as others say, an hundred and ten. The principal Place in it is Rhodes: an Archbishop's See; seated upon an insensible Ascent of a Hill, near the North-East part of the Island; and environed with divers other little Hills, full of Springs and Fruits: it sprung out of the Ruins of Jalissi, an ancient City near it. It has a delicate Harbor to the East and North; form'd by two strong Moles approaching each other demi∣circularly, so as to leave a Passage betwixt them for no more than a single Vessel: and of old much fa∣med for a vast Coloss, (or Statue of Brass of the Sun) made by Chares, a Lydian, a Scholar of Lysippus of Sicyon; seventy Cubits high: which stood a-stride over the Mouth of this Harbor, upon two Rocks; so that the Ships failed between his Legs; and this was then thought one of the seven Wonders of the World. The Brass of this Statue in 654, (one thou∣sand four hundred and sixty one years after it was built), when Muhavia the Saracen Sultan of Egypt had conquered the Island, was carried to Alexandria in Egypt by the Saracens, upon the backs of se∣venty two Camels: having, it is said, been thrown down in an Earthquake: which verifies the Predi∣ction of the Oracle long before, That Rhodes should be lost, when that Colossus broke. This Island is seated twenty Miles from the nearest Coast of Asia to the South; one hundred and thirty four from Crete or Candy to the North-East; and five hundred from Constantinople to the South: of a most fertile Soil, and so serene and pleasant an Air, that as the Ancients dedicated both it and the Colossus to the Sun, because not a day passes without the full displaying of his beams here; so many of the chief Romans chose it for the place of their Retreat. First peopled by Do∣danim, the Son of Javan (Grandchild of Japhet), before he peopled Greece. After these, the Empire of this Island passed to the Phaenicians; who made the Inhabitants so very expert in Navigation, that for some Ages they gave Law to the World, and were Sovereigns of the Sea: their Constitutions and Judg∣ments in Affairs concerning the Sea being withal so just, as to become incorporated afterwards into the Roman Pandects. Their fear of the Macedonians made them sue to the Romans for Protection; whom they served very effectually to the Ruin of the for∣mer: after which they helped on the Ruin of Antio∣chus; and withstood the flattering Fortune of Mi∣thridates King of Pontus, till at last the Roman Greatness became undisputable by this small Island; and under Vespasian they were made a Roman Pro∣vince. It continued under the Greek Empire, (to which it fell in the Division) till 652: when it was conquered by Muhavia, the Saracen Sultan of Egypt. It returned under the Greeks again during the Civil Wars of the Saracens; and in 1124. was taken by the Venetians. The Greeks recovered it under John Ducas, about 1227. About 1283. it fell together with the Lesser Asia, under the Turks. In 1310. the Knights of S. John of Jerusalem (when Jerusalem and all the Holy Land was lost from the Christians) retook it, after a Siege of four years under Fulk Villares, Great Master of that Order. The Turks, 'ere it could be re-fortified, again besieged it: in which Conjuncture, Amadaeus IV. Duke of Savoy bravely succoured it; and to eternalize the Memory of his Victory, changed the Eagles, the Arms of his Predecessors; into the Silver Cross of the Order of the Knights; with these four Letters F. E. R. T. to signifie, Fortitudo Ejus Rhodum Tenuit. After this it was one of the Bulwarks of Christendom against the Turks. Mahomet II. the Great, attempted the Reduction of it in 1457. Again in 1480, with 100000 Men, and the greatest Art and Obstinacy ima¦ginable for 3 Months, but without Success: in comme∣moration whereof, Peter d'Aubusson, the then Grand Master, built the Church of S. Maria della Victoria; with a Chappel to the Honour of S. Pantaleon here;

it being upon his day that the Turks in their last As∣sault were defeated. Nor had Solyman II. the Magnifi∣cent, had any better Success in 1522; if he had not met one Andrea Amarato a discontented Traitor, a Portuguese; (discontented at the Elevation of another to the dignity of Grand Master before him) within the place; who was Chancellor of the Order, and betray∣ed their Counsels to that Prince: who yet spent six Months before it, and lost an infinite number of Men. And Amarato, his Treason being (before the Surrender) discovered, had his Head cut off on Oct. 30. Mr. Knolls in his Turkish History, p. 391, has well described the Situation of the principal City in this Island. Bellonius saith, it was seated in a Plain; fenced with double Walls, thirteen Towers, and five Bastions; of great Strength and Beauty. The Turks have to this day so great a Veneration for the Valor of those Knights of S. John of Jerusalem, that they preserve (saith he) their Houses as they left them; with all the Arms, Paintings, Statues and In∣scriptions; and the Walls of the City are put into the same state they were before the Siege. From hence these Knights passed to Sicily; and in 1530. obtain∣ed from Charles V. the Isle of Malta. Two small Bays accompany the Harbour on the North and South sides. The former is lock'd up by a Mole, which enters into the Sea above 300 Paces; bearing a Fort, called The Tower of S. Nicholas; built by the Order in 1464, and worthy of remembrance, for its withstanding the repeated furious Assaults of the Turks in the Siege in 1480. Long. 58. 00. Lat. 37. 50.

Rhodope. See Rulla.

Rhoetia: This ancient Country, which some de∣nominate the Western Illyricum, was of that extent, as to comprehend a part of what we now call the Circles of Schwaben, Bavaria, and Austria in Ger∣many; the Country of the Grisons, and something of Switzerland. Of which the Grisons, who are more properly called the Alpine Rhoetians, are the only People at this day retaining the memory of its Name: where, as one remarks of their Country, you have Mountains of Pride and Valleys of Misery. See Grisons.

Rhosne, Rodanus, one of the most celebrated Ri∣vers in France; called by the Germans Der Rogen; by the Fronch, Rhosne. It ariseth from a double Spring, in Mount de la Fourch; in the Borders of Switzerland; two German Miles from the Springs of the Rhein. And running Westward through Val∣lais (or Wallisserland), it divides that Tract; water∣ing Sion, or Sitten, and Martinach, (the principal Places in it;) then entering the Lake of Lemane, it divides Savoy from Switzerland: five Leagues be∣neath Geneva (saith Baudrand), it burieth it self for some time in the Earth, as I have often seen. Then turning South, and dividing Savoy from Bugey, at Bellay it becomes great enough to bear a Boat; then turning West, and dividing Dauphiné from Bugey, at la Bresse it entertains the Ain; at Lyons it is covered by a Bridge of Stone, and improved by the Addition of the Saone, (a great River;) here turn∣ing South, it parts Lyonnis from Dauphiné; watereth Vienne and Condrieu; divides the Viverais from Dauphiné, and salutes Andasse: at S. Vallier, (over against Tournon) receives the Isere above Valence; beneath it the Erico, the Drome, and the Ardosche; at S. Esprit it is again covered by a noble Stone Bridge: so dividing Languedoc from Provence, and encreased by the Sorgue, it watereth Avignon, where there is a third Bridge: then receiving in the Du∣rance, and the Gardon, and watering Beaucaire, at Arles it divides into two Branches. The Western Branch divides into two more; at last it falls into the Mediterrantan Sea by five Mouths: each of which has its proper Name; to wit, Gras du Midi, Gras de Paulet, Gras d' Enfer, Grand Gras, and Gras de Passon. Some adding thereto, Gras Neuf. Which Word Gras is understood to be taken from Antoni∣nus's Gradus, where he speaks of the Entrance of the Rhosne into the Ocean. But there is no Town built upon any of them, of any note, beneath Arles; which stands about eight Miles into the Land. This is a rapid River.

Rian, Abravanus, a Lake and River in the South-West of Galloway in Scotland; of which Cambden saith, that they are exceeding full of Herrings and Stone-Fishes.

Richelieu, Richelaeum, a City in the Province of Poictou; built by the Cardinal of that Name, who was born here in 1585; and for some time under Lewis XIII. of France, governed that Kingdom as he pleased. Amongst other of his Actions, he built or rebuilt at least this place, to perpetuate the Memo∣ry of his Name and Family; and procured it to be honoured with the Title of a Dukedom. It stands four Miles from London to the East, five from Mire∣beau, and one from Tours to the North-West. Now in a flourishing State.

Richensée, Verbigenus, a Lake in the Canton of Argow in Switzerland.

Richmond, a Town and County in Yorkshire; ly∣ing on the North West of that County, towards Lan∣cashire; which bounds it on the West. It is a mountainous and desolate Place; yet produceth Grass in reasonable quantity. This County took its Name from Richmond; a Town built by Alane, Earl of Bretagne in France (the first Earl of this County, after the Conquest; Nephew to William the Conque∣ror;) upon the River Swale, over which it hath a Stone Bridge: thirty two Miles from York to the North-West, and twenty from the Sea to the South-West. The Town is indifferently well frequented, and populous. It was anciently walled, and fortified with a Castle by the said Alane, for the greater secu∣rity of these Parts against the English: the Gates are still standing, but in the midst of the Town; its Si∣tuation being shifted. Before it was thus rebuilt, it was called Gilling. Oswy, King of Northumberland, was basely murthered here in 659; ever after reputed a Martyr. It is now a Corporation, represented by two Burgesses in the House of Commons; and con∣taining two Parish Churches; in the Hundred of Gil∣lingwest. Long. 18. 15. Lat. 55. 17. This Earl∣dom continued in that Family till 1171: when it came to Geofrey Plantagenet, the fourth Son of K. Henry II. (by the Marriage of Constance, Daughter of Conan, Duke of Bretagne.) In 1230. Peter de Dreux, was Earl of Richmond; one of whose Descen∣dents (John de Montford) was created Duke of Richmond in 1330, the sixteenth Earl, and first Duke: to whom in 1342. succeeded John of Gaunt, after∣wards Duke of Lancaster. The twenty second Earl of Richmond was Henry VII. King of England. The twenty third was Henry Fitz-Roy, a Natural Son of Henry VIII. The twenty fourth was Lewis Duke of Lenox, created Earl of Richmond by King James I. in 1613, and Duke of the same in 1623. Which Fa∣mily ended in Charles, the fourth of that Line, who died without Issue, Ambassador in Denmark, in 1672. In 1675, Charles Lenox was created Duke of Richmond by Charles the Second, his Natural Fa∣ther by the Dutchess of Portsmouth.

Richmont, a Place in Saintonge in France.

Richmond, a Town in Surrey, upon the Thames; between Kingston and London; heretofore called Shene, but by Henry VII named Richmond. There is an ancient Palace, or Royal House in it, belonging to the Kings of England; in which Edward III. died

in 1377. Henry the Seventh rebuilt this Pile twice; it being burnt in his Reign; and afterwards he died here, April 22. 1409. Also Queen Elizabeth of blessed Memory, left this World in this place, March 24. 1602. And before her Ann, Daughter to the Emperor Charles V. and Wife to King Richard II; esteemed a very beautiful Lady. The Civil Wars in the Reign of King Charles I. left some of its effects upon this Palace. This Town stands pleasantly and healthfully, upon an easie Ascent; fair, large, well built, and well inhabited; in the Hundred of King∣ston.

Rickmansworth, a Market Town in Hartford∣shire, in the Hundred of Cashio, near the River Coln.

Ries, or Riez, Rejus, Rejensis Civitas, Albecum Rejorum Apollinarium, Colonia Rejorum, Civitas Regiensium, Rogium, a City in Provence in France; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Aix; from which it stands twelve Miles to the North-East, and six from Davignan to the North-West; eight from Sisteron to the South: little, but populous; built on a Hill by the River Auvestre, which falls into the Verdon. S. Hilary Bishop of Arles presided at a Council here in 439: in which Armentarius Bishop of Ambrun, ordained by two Bishops only without the Authority of the Metropolitan, was therefore re∣duced to the quality of a Chorepiscopus. In 1285. when Charles II. King of France was a Prisoner in the hands of the Arragonese, another Council here assembled passed a Canon to command publick Pray∣ers to be made for his Deliverance.

Rieti, Reate, a City in the Ecclesiastical State in Italy, in the Province of Ʋmbria; which is a Bishops See, immediately under the Pope; upon the River Velino, in the Borders of the Kingdom of Naples; between Aquila to the East, and Narni West: twen∣ty eight Miles from each, and forty from Rome to the South. Tho this City stands in a bad and un∣healthful Air, yet it is populous, in a thriving State; and of great Antiquity, being mentioned by Strabo, Ptolemy, and Pliny.

Rieux, Ruesium, Rivi, a small City in the Upper Languedoc; which is a Bishops See, under the Arch∣bishop of Tolouse; upon the Garonne (where it takes in the Rize), in the Borders of Gascony: seven Leagues from Tolouse to the South, eight from de Foix to the South-West, and eight from Lyons to the South-East. Made a Bishops See by Pope John XXII. in 1318, having been heretofore inclosed in the Diocese of Tolouse. § There is a Seigniory in Bretagne, called also Rieux, which gives name to a Family of Honor there.

Riga, Rigen, a City of Livonia; called by the Inhabitants Riig: one of the Hanse Towns, great, strong, rich, and populous; being the Capital of Li∣vonia, and an Archbishops See. It has a large and safe Haven at the Mouth of the River Duna, (where it enters the Baltick Sea;) seven German Miles from Mittaw to the North, twenty nine from Revel to the South, and forty eight from Vilna; in the Borders of Curland. Built by Albert the Third, Bishop of Livonia, in 1196: others say in the year 1186, by one Bertold an Abbot. In the year 1215, it was made an Archbishops See by Pope Innocent III. and the Metropolitan of all Livonia, Prussia, and Curland. A great while the Seat of the Masters of the Knights of the short Sword in Livonia, and afterwards of the Grand Master of the Teutonick Order in Prussia; who divided the Sovereignty and Administration of Justice with the Archbishop in this City, till the Re∣formation, which excluded both of them. In the year 1561, it willingly submitted to the Crown of Poland. In the year 1605. it was in vain besieged by Charles IX. King of Sweden; nor had he better success in the second Siege, in 1609. Charles Gusta∣vus Adolphus, his Son, in the year 1621, took it; and ever since the Swedes have possessed it: neither were the Moscovites, sitting down before it some years ago, able to take it. It is seated in a spatious, pleasant, fruitful Valley; a quarter of a League over; fortified to Land with six Regular Bastions, Counter∣scarps, Palisadoes, and Half-Moons by the Swedes in the year 1633. Its Traffick with the English, Dutch, Germans, and Moscovites, is so great, that it has almost as many Ships as Houses; and so abounding with Provisions, that an Ox may be bought for three Crowns. Their Religion is the strict Lutheran, and no other allowed: they speak both the Curland and Sclavonian Tongue; tho they generally understand the High Dutch too; their Publick Acts and Statutes being expedited in that letter Language. Thus far Olearius. Long. 47. 57. Lat. 57. 35.

Rigi, Volerius, a River in the Island of Corsica.

Rignano, Arinianum, a Town belonging to the Falisci, an ancient People of Hetruria; which is now only a Castle, in S. Peters Patrimony, on an Hill; one Mile from the Tiber, and twenty one from Rome to the North. It is honored with the Title of a Dukedom, tho there are but few Inhabitants in it.

Rille, Risela, a small River in Normandy; which arising by Seez, and flowing North, watereth Aigle, Rugles, Lyre; and at Beaumont le Roger, takes in the Charante; and separating Lisieux from the Coun∣ty of Roanois, falls into the Seyne, above Honfleur; three Leagues to the East.

Rimini, Ariminum, a City in Romandiola; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Ravenna. It is a neat, populous City; in a fruitful Plain, upon the Shoars of the Adriatick Sea; at the Mouth of the River Mareochia (Ariminus;) over which it has a Bridge, built with great Art, by Augustus Caesar: but the Haven is almost choaked with Sand. This City stands between Bononia to the West, and Ancona to the East; twenty five Miles from Ravenna to the North-East, and a little more from Ʋrbino to the North. The Via Flaminia made by the old Romans with so much Expence, ended at the Bridge of this City: and the Aemilian began here, which went to Piacenza. The Inhabitants were very faithful to the Romans, under the Distresses brought upon them by the Victorious Arms of Hannibal, in the second Pu∣nick War. The taking it by Julius Caesar, was the first Act of the Civil War between him and Pompey. Being destroyed by the Dalmatians, it was rebuilt by Dioclesian. In the times of Justin it sustained a Siege from the Goths. In the year 359, here was a famous Arrian Council, of above four hundred Bi∣shops, held under Constantius the Emperor; who found means to gain a general Subscription to the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the Arrian Opinions, even from those who were not Arrians. In after times it was subject to the Family of Malatesta; who adorned it with no∣ble and magnificent Palaces. Before this it had been subject to the Lombards and Franks. The first of the Malatesta's obtained it from Otho the Third, in the year 1002. This Family is no more mentioned till the year 1348, which is on another occasion too. The same continued till about the year 1522: when Pandulfus, the last of this House, being hardly laid at by Pope Alexander VI. sold it to the Venetians: out of whose Hands Pope Julius II. recovered it the last mentioned year. In the year 1527. it was again surprised by Pandulphus; whilst Pope Clement was besieged by the Forces of Charles V. But this Pos∣session was short, and Pandulphus dying in great Poverty at Ferrara, that noble Family (which had produced so many learned Men, and good Generals)

was extinct. The Church has ever since enjoyed this City: it has many remains of Roman Antiquity; and amongst them a rare Triumphal Arch, built in Honor of Augustus: beside the Ruins of a sine The∣atre. Long. 35. 37. Lat. 43. 51.

Ringwood, a Market Town in Hampshire, upon the River Avon. The Capital of its Hundred.

Rio Grande, a vast and rapid River in Castile d'Or in South America; made by the Conjunction of Rio Cauca or Rio grande de Santa Martha, (which ariseth in the Province of Popayan in the Terra sir∣ma: with the Rio grande de la Madalena, which springs out of the new Kingdom of Granada) ha∣ving this name given it by the Spaniards, because they discovered the mouth of it upon S. Magdalen's Day: as the other, that of Santa Martha, from its flowing along the Province of the same name These two Rivers unite in one Channel near the City Tene∣riffa in the Province of S. Martha; falling after∣wards into the North Sea. § Also a Government in Brasil.

Rioga, Rivogia, a Province in Spain, which was a part of Navarre, but now annexed to Old Castile: it is divided from Alava, by the Douro; and lies be∣tween Old Castile and Navarre. The principal Towns of which are Calzada, Legrono, Najara, and Belo∣rado.

Riom, Riomum, Ricomagum, a City in the Low∣er Auvergne in France; two Leagues from Clermont to the North: in a flourishing State. The Capital of Auvergne: adorned with a College of Oratorians of the Foundation of Lewis XIV. an antient Abbey built in the beginning of the seventh Century, two Hospitals, and divers Churches and religious Commu∣nities. Genebrard, and Sirmondus the learned Jesuit, were produced by this Place.

Ripa de Transona, a small but elegant City in the Marquisate of Ancona; under the Pope: and a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Fermo. It stands five Miles from the Shoars of the Adriatick Sea, the same from the Borders of the Kingdom of Naples, and ten from Fermo. Pope Pius V. made it a Bishops See in 1571.

Ripaille, a Town in Savoy, upon the Lake of Geneva.

Ripen, Ripa, a City in the Kingdom of Denmark, in South Jutland; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Lunden: and has a convenient Harbor upon the German Ocean, at the Mouth of the River Nipsick; and a Fortress; five Miles from Hadersleben to the West, and eight from Flensburgh to the South-West. This Bishoprick was founded by Bala∣tand King of Denmark, in 950. Christopher I. King of Denmark, died here in 1259. The City was taken by the Swedes in 1645: but since recover∣ed by the Danes.

Ripley, a Market Town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in the Hundred of Claro, upon the River Nyd.

Rippon, Rhidogunum, a Town in Yorkshire in the West Riding, in the Hundred of Claro, of good Antiquity; near the Youre, over which it has a Bridge. Adorned with a Collegiate Church, with three lofty Spires; and antiently with a stately Monastery built by Wilfride Archbishop of York, till the Danes de∣stroy'd it with the Town. Yet Odo Archbishop of Canterbury repaired it again, and translated the Re∣liques of the holy Founder to Canterbury. There is a narrow hole in a Vault under ground in the Church, called S. Wilfride's Needle. It is one of the best Towns in the County, well inhabited, and of note particularly for making good Spurs. Having the Privilege to be a Corporation also, represented by two Members in the House of Commons.

Risano, Formio, a River of Carniola; the upper part of which is called by the Germans, Alben; the lower by the Italians, Risano. It springeth out of the Alpes from Mount Ocra, in Carniola; towards the Lake of Lugea, or Czirknitzerzee; and flowing Westward through Istria, falls by the Bay of Trieste into the Adriatick Sea; six Miles from Trieste, and two North of Capo di Istria.

Risano, Rhizana, a City of Dalmatia, mention∣ed by Ptolemy, Pliny, and Polybius: which is a Bi∣shops See, under the Archbishop of Raguza; under the Dominion of the Turks: and accordingly much depopulated and ruined. It stands forty Miles from Raguza towards Scodra; from which, thirty. Long. 45. 15. Lat. 42. 00.

Risborough, a Market Town in Buckinghamshire, in the Hundred of Aylesbury.

Risenbergh, a Mountain in the Eastern parts of Bohemia, out of which the Elbe springeth.

Rivadava, or Rivadeo, a City of Gallicia in Spain, called by the French, Rivedieu: it stands upon the Bay of Biscay, in the Borders of Asturia; at the bottom of an Hill, and the Mouth of the River Na∣vius; which affords it the convenience of a Port: fourteen Spanish Leagues from Oviedo to the West, and four from Mondonedo.

Rivera di Genoua, Liguria Littorea, is a Coun∣try in Italy: bounded on the West by the Maritime Alpes, (by which it is divided from France;) on the East by the River Magra, (by which it is divided from Hetruria, or Tuscany;) on the North by the Apennine; and on the South by the Mediterranean Sea, here called the Ligurian Sea. In the middle of it stands the City of Genoua, which divides it into the Eastern and Western. This is now under the States of Genoua; by whom a great part of the Western Division is destinated more to pleasure than profit: the rich Genoueses having filled it with Country-Hou∣ses, where they spend the pleasant time of the Sum∣mer and Autumn in noble Palaces, and delightful Gardens. The Eastern Division supplies them with as much Wine as they need, and an extraordinary plenty of good Oil. The principal Place in the We∣stern is Aranza; once an inconsiderable Village; lately a Place of great Trade and Wealth, having sixty Sail of Ships trading into all parts of the World: but their Shipping is now declining. The principal Place in the Eastern, is Sarazana; a Town of great strength.

Rivoli, Rivolium, a small Town in Piedmont, called by the French, Rivoles. It stands upon the River Doria; eight Miles from Turin to the West: and has one of the most sumptuous Castles in Pied∣mont.

Roan, Rotomagus, the Capital City of Normandy: called by the French, Rouen; by Caesar, and the other ancient Historians, Ʋrbs Velocassium. It is an Arch∣bishops See, and the Seat of the Parliament of Nor∣mandy. Great, rich, populous, well built, in all re∣spects one of the best Cities in France; and thought by some to be the greatest, next to Paris. It stands upon the Seyne; (which affords it a noble Harbor, and a great Trade) at the foot of an Hill; twelve Miles above Dieppe, and twenty eight beneath Paris: with a Bridge upon the Seyne, for the convenience of a Land Trade. It has an old Castle called the Pa∣lace, in which the Dukes of Normandy kept their Court; and is about seven Miles in compass, having (besides what lies within the Walls) six very great Suburbs; and containing in the whole thirty five Pa∣rishes, with thirty four Monasteries for Men and Wo∣men. The Castle on S. Catharines Hill is now in∣tirely ruined. This City is said by Vitalis, lib. 5. to be built by Julius Caesar. Valesius proves it one of

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the most ancient Cities of France; and that in the times of Theodosius the Great, it was esteemed as a City of the highest rank. Taken by the Normans in 889, and assigned to Rollo (first Duke of Nor∣mandy) in 912, when Rollo became a Christian. It continued under his Posterity fourteen Descents. In 1019. it suffered very much by fire. Taken from John King of England, by Philip the August, King of France, in 1204; after it had been in the Hands of the Normans three hundred and sixteen years. This City continued under the French till 1418: When the English under Henry V. retook it, after a bloody Siege. Charles VII. of France recovered it to that Crown in 1449. In the times of the late Civil Wars of France, it was taken and sacked by the Hugonots in 1562: but recovered after the Battel of Dreux, and plundered by the Royal Party; Anthony of Bourbon, the King of Navarre, being slain before it. It fell after this into the Hands of the Leaguers. Hen∣ry IV. besieged it in 1593. but was prevented from taking it by the Prince of Parma; though in the year following it willingly submitted to him, after he had imbraced the Roman Catholick Religion. The Parliament in this City was instituted by Philip the Fair, in 1286. Established by Lewis XII. in 1499. and re-established by Francis I. in 1515. Pope Cle∣ment VI. was sometime Archbishop of the See: Pope Martin IV. and Gregory XI. Archdeacons. There have been divers provincial Councils here assembled. Particularly in 1074. one against the Concubinage of the Clergy.

Roane, or Rovane, Rhodumna, an ancient Town in France, in the Dukedom of Bourbonne, and the County of Foretz, upon the River Loyre, (where it becomes first capable to bear a Boat:) Very great and populous, tho not walled. It stands twelve Leagues from Lyons to the South-West, and eighteen from Moulins. The Territory belonging to it, is called le Roanez or Roannois; and has the Honor of being a Dukedom, by the Creation of King Charles IX.

Rober, Erubris, a River in Lorain, which falls by Trier into the Moselle.

Robil, Robel, Rebellio, a City or Town in the Dukedom of Mecklenburgh; in the Lower Saxony, by the Lake of Muritz, in the Borders of Branden∣burgh: two German Miles from Var, and seven from Gustro.

Robogh, a Village in the County of Tyron; upon the Sea Shoar against Scotland, in the Province of Ʋl∣ster; which has preserved the memory of the Rho∣bogdii, (an old Irish Clan,) that possessed the Coun∣ties of Antrim, Colran, and Tyrone, in this Province; from whom that Cape now called the Fair Foreland; by the English, was then called Rhobodium; being in the County of Antrim, scarce fifteen Miles South of the nearest Shoar of Scotland.

Rocca Nova, a Town in the Terra di Otranto, in the Kingdom of Naples; honoured with the Title of a Dukedom.

Rocca Romana, a Town in the Terra di Lavoro in the Kingdom of Naples, near Alifa: honored with the Title of a Principality.

Rochdale, a Market Town in Lancashire, in the Hundred of Salford, upon the River Roche; in a Dale or Vale; which together compound its name.

La Roche, Rupes, a Town in the Territory of Genevois, in Savoy; five or six Leagues from Gene∣va, little less from Anneci, and one from the River Arve: at the foot of the Mountains. It hath a Col∣legiate Church, and two Religious Houses.

Roche-chouart, a Seigniory in the Province of Poictou, towards the Borders of Angoumois; giving name to a Family of Honour.

La Roche-En-Ardenne, a fortified Town in the Dukedom of Luxemburgh in the Low Countries, up∣on the River Ʋrt; twelve Leagues from Luxem∣burgh and nine from Liege. Honour'd with the Ti∣tle of an Earldom.

Rochefort, a Town and Port at the Mouth of the Charante, in the Pais d'Aunis in France: Heretofore no more than a Village; but now become a Maga∣zine, enlarged with divers Buildings; and more daily.

La Roche-sur-Yon, Rupes ad Yonem, a Town in the Lower Poictou in France, towards Lusson; upon the River Yon, which after joyns with the Lay. Ho∣noured some Ages since with the Title of a Princi∣pality; which is enjoyed by the House of Bourbon.

Rochelle, Portus Santonum, Rupella, Rupella San∣tonum, Rupella, a City and famous Port of France, upon the Bay of Aquitain; the Capital of le Pais d'Aunis, and a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Bourdeaux. Seven Leagues from Brouges to the North, two from the Isle of Re, and thirty from the Mouth of the Loyre to the South-East. It takes its name from the Rock on which it stands; supposed to be built about the Sixth Century (because not mentioned before) against the Incursions of the Nor∣mans. At first it had Princes of its own. After this it was under the English from the times of Henry II. who possessed it as Duke of Anjou. And that Prince granted this City its first Charter and Privileges, which were confirmed by Richard and John his Sons. King John Landed here in 1206. when he went to the Siege of Mountauban; and after, in 1213. In 1224. it was taken from the English by Lewis VIII. King of France; but recovered the next year, and conti∣nued under the English till 1453. And then finally taken by Charles VII. In the beginning of the Ci∣vil Wars of France, this Town fell under the power of the Hugonots: who very much improved its Fortifications. It was their principal place of refuge, under Charles IX. After the Massacre of Paris it was besieged by all the Forces of France; defended it self to a wonder; and at last forced that Prince to a Peace in 1573. It continued after this in their hands till 1628. and then was taken by Hunger; (in order to which, the Ocean was bridled with a prodigious Bank, begun in 1627. and carried the length of 747. toises;) the English having twice unsuccessfully attempted to relieve it. After the taking of it, Lewis XIII. King of France, visited it in person; re-established the Roman Catholick Religion, destroy'd its Fortificati∣ons, (saving two Towers built heretofore by Charles the Fifth, for the Defence of the Port); and took a∣way its former Privileges. In 1649. it first became a Bishoprick; the Chair being removed hither from Mallezais, a small Place in Poictou, by Pope Inno∣cent X. at the request of Lewis XIV. Long. 19. 25. Lat. 45. 56.

Rochester, Rossa, Durobius, Dorobrevis, Rutupiae, a City in the County of Kent; and a Bishops See, un∣der the Archbishop of Canterbury; upon the Med∣way; over which it has a stately Stone Bridge, one of the fairest in England; five Miles from the Thames, twenty five from Canterbury to the East, and Lon∣don to the West. This was a Roman Town, or ra∣ther Castle, as William of Malmsbury stiles it: much enlarged to the East, West, and South. In 676. it was ruined by Aetheldred King of the Mer∣cians; and after this, several times by the Danes. Aethelbert King of Kent erected here a sumptuous Church; and caused one Justus to be made the first Bishop of it in 604. Gundulphus the Norman, about 1080. rebuilt this Church, and brought in Monks; which are since changed into a Dean and six Preben∣daries. It has a Castle built by William the Con∣queror

which in the Reign of William Rufus, (and twice after in the Barons Wars) has been besieged. Dr. Sprat, the present Bishop, is the eighty third of this Diocese. Charles II. added an Honor to this Place; when he created Henry Viscount Wilmot of Athlone in Ireland, Baron of Alderbury in the Coun∣ty of Oxon, and Earl of Rochester, December 13. 1652. Whose Son, John Wilmot, succeeded him in 1659. Which Family failing, Laurence Hide, (se∣cond Son to Sir Edward Hide, Earl of Clarendon, and Lord Chancellor of England) was by the same Prince created Earl of Rochester, November 29. 1682. But before these, it gave the Title of Viscount to Sir Robert Carr, created Anno 1611. by K. James I. Viscount Rochester, and afterwards Earl of Somerset.

Rochford, a Market Town in the County of Es∣sex. The Capital of its Hundred.

Rochitzerbergh, Claudius, a Mountain in Stiria, called by various names.

Rockingham, a Market Town in Northampton∣shire, in the Hundred of Corby, upon the River We∣land: giving the Title of Baron to the Right Ho∣norable Edward Watson Lord Rockingham, to whom belongs the Castle here; which hath lost its strength long since.

Rocroy, Rupes Regia, a strong Town in Cham∣pagne, in Retelois; in the Borders of Hainault; twelve Leagues from Retel to the North, four from Mariebourgh to the South. Near this Place the Spaniards received a great Defeat from the French, under the Duke D'Anguien May 19. 1643. six days after the death of Lewis XIII. King of France. But afterward the Spaniards took this Town, under the Prince of Conde's Conduct, in 1653. It is since re∣turned under the Crown of France.

Rodaun, Erodanus, a River in Prussia in Poland; which riseth out of a Lake twenty five Miles above Dantzick; and falling into the Vistula not much above this City, a little beneath it enters the Baltick Sea.

Roden, a small River in Shropshire.

Rodez, or Rhodes, Segodunum, Rhuteni, Rute∣nae, Segodunum Retunorum, a City of Aquitain; the Capital of the County of Rovergne, and a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Bourges: The Bishop takes the Title of an Earl: a great and beautiful City, seated upon the River Veronium; fifteen Leagues from Mende to the West, thirty two from Narbone to the North, and twenty two from Cahors to the East. A very ancient City, and mentioned by Julius Caesar. The Goths, Saracens, and Franks successive∣ly ruined it in their times. It served heretofore un∣der its own Counts: till it became united with the Crown of France in the Person of Henry IV.

Roding, a Stream in the County of Essex.

Rodosto, Redcestum, a City of Thrace; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Heraclea: it stands upon the Propontis, twenty Miles from He∣raclea to the South; at the foot of an Hill by a Bay of the same name, which affords it a convenient and very large Haven: so that it is now a Place of considerable Trade, and reasonably populous. Pliny calls this City Resiston. It is beautified with many great Mosques, some Grecian Churches, and two Sy∣nagogues: and much frequented by the Merchants of Romania, the Sea of Marmora, and the Black Sea.

Roer, Rura, in Trithemius Rera, Adrana, a Ri∣ver of Germany; called by the French, Roure. It ariseth in Eifel, in the Dukedom of Juliers; and wa∣tering Juliers and Linnich, at Roermonde it falls into the Maes.

Roermonde, Ruremunda, a City of the Low Countries, in the Province of Guelderland: called by the French, Ruremonde. It stands upon a River of the same name, and the Maes; having the first to the South of it, the second to the West: three Leagues from Venlo to the South, twelve from Liege to the North, Cologne to the West, and Wesel to the East. Made a Bishops See by Pope Paul IV. under the Arch∣bishop of Mechlin in 1559, (he changing its Collegi∣ate Church into a Cathedral); and was an Hanse Town till 1635: when it fell into the Hands of the Hollan∣ders, from whom it is since recovered by the Spa∣niards. In 1665. it suffered much by a Fire.

Rohaczow, Rohaczovia, a considerable Town; the Capital of a Territory of the same name in Lithu∣ania; upon the Nieper, where it takes in the O∣drucz; twenty Polish Miles from Mohilow to the South, and forty from Kiovia to the North.

Roham-Thaura, Antitaurus, a Mountain in the Lesser Armenia; which lies to the North of the Great Taurus; between the Euphrates and the Arsanius: separated from the said great Mountain, and therefore by the Ancients called Antitaurus. In the Valleys beneath it stands the City of Comdna, now called Ta∣bachasa.

Roia, Rodium, a City of France, in the Province of Picardy; upon the River Auvergne, in the Terri∣tory of Santerre; four Leagues from Noyon to the West, nine from Amiens, and seven from Compeigne to the North. A small City, but populous.

Roll-rich-stones, a Monument of vast unwrought Stones, circularly set, near Ensham in Oxfordshire: supposed to have been erected in Commemoration of some great Victory in ancient Times.

Rom, one of the Names of the Lesser Asia.

Rom, Roma, a small Island in the Baltick Sea; upon the Coast of the Dukedom of Sleswick, about two English Miles from the Shoar: under the King of Denmark.

Romagna, Romandiola, a great Province in Italy, in the States of the Church: of old called Aemi∣lia Regio. Bounded on the West by Bononia, on the North by the Dukedom of Ferrara, on the South by the Dukedom of Ʋrbino, and on the East by the Adriatick Sea: a small part of it towards the Appen∣nine is subject to the Duke of Florence, and there∣fore called Romandiola Florentina: The rest (which is the far greatest part) is under the Pope, as a Tem∣poral Prince. The principal Places in it are, Raven∣na, (the Capital), Faenza, Imola, Forli, Bertinoro, Rimini, Cervia, Cesena, Sarsina, and some others.

Romania, the same with Thrace.

Romania, Argia, the Eastern Province of the Morea; the Capital of which is Napoli di Romania. The other Places are of small importance.

Romans, Romantium, Romanis, a spruce fine City in Dauphine in France; seated in a pleasant Plain upon the River Iseure; over which it has a Bridge; four Leagues from Valence to the South-East, toward Grenoble ten Miles, and the same distance from Vi∣enne to the South. It is thought to represent Jeru∣salem in its Situation and Figure; insomuch that in 1520. there was a Building added to it, made in the fashion of the Holy Sepulchre that stands upon Mount Calvary; Francis I. King of France himself laying the first Stone: And also a Convent founded, under the Name of the House of Mount Calvary; now in the possession of the Recollects, but first given to the Religious of the Order of S. Francis. The Hugue∣nots sacked and ruined this City in 1562. It has been often taken and retaken in the Civil Wars.

Rome, Roma, the Capital City of Italy, once the Sovereign and Mistriss of the whole World; the more immediate Capital now of Campagna di Roma. The Emperour Commodus desired to fasten his own Name upon it, by calling it Commodiana; as a Go∣thish

King, called it Gothia; and other Princes the like: But the Name of Rome still has been always preserved by it. This City is seated upon the Tyber; twelve Miles above its fall into the Tyrrhenian Sea to the North-East; one hundred and twenty from Na∣ples to the North; three hundred from Genoua to South; one hundred thirty five from Ancona, and one hundred and forty from Florence. Long. 36. 30. Lat. 40. 40. Though there are great Controversies concerning the Time and the Founder of it, yet the most received opinion is, that it was built by Romu∣lus and Remus; in the first year of the seventh O∣lympiad, Anno Mundi 3198. seven hundred and fifty years before the Birth of our Saviour. Its Foundati∣ons were small and obscure; and not above two Miles in compass; with four Gates, inclosing only the Capitoline and Palatine Mountains. It continued under seven Princes two hundred forty five years: when Sextus, the Son of Tarquinius, ravishing Lucretia a Roman Lady, it so incensed them, that thereupon they not only dethroned Tarquinius; but for many Ages they would not endure the Name, much less the Au∣thority of a King; but lived under Temporary ac∣countable Magistrates, Consuls; two together, yearly e∣lected; with Praetors, Tribunes, Quaestors, Censors, Praefects, and other Magistrates under them. And when extream necessity required it, they created a temporary Dictator with Supreme Authority over all. At this time their Empire was not above fifteen Miles in length: and this Change greatly hazarded the Ruin of the Insant City. In the year of Rome 365. (during the Consular Government), it was ta∣ken by Brennus King or General of the Gaules; and all but the Capitol burnt down to the ground: yet it continued a Free State, though sorely shaken by Hannibal about the year five hundred thirty se∣ven; and by their own Domestick Broils under Ma∣rius and Sylla, between the years 665. and 672. But, the fatal time being come, Julius Caesar (in the year of Rome 705.) by the Battel of Pharsalia, put an end to that Commonwealth, forty six years before the Birth of our Saviour: making himself to be de∣clared Perpetual Dictator and Emperour; and the Name of the Commonwealth of Rome to be changed into, the Roman Empire. And though the Civil Wars broke out again to the great hazard, not only of their Empire, but Being; yet Augustus, in the Battel of Actium, put a happy Period to them, in 721. and prepared the World to receive the Prince of Peace, by an Universal Peace. He was born under this Prince in the year of Rome 753. and of the World 3950. The times that followed were fatal to Rome; which double dyed her Purple in the Blood of Holy Men, who endeavoured to reduce her from the Vassalage of Doemons to the Knowledge and Service of the True God. To these an end was put by Conslantine the Great, by the Defeat of Maxentius under the Walls of Rome, in the year of Christ, 312. of Rome 1064. This great Prince laid soon after the founda∣tion of the Ruin of Rome, by removing the Seat of the Empire to Byzantium or Constantinople, in the year of Christ 330. which afterwards brought on the Division of the Empire, into the Eastern and Western. Alaricus King of the Goths in 410. (of Rome 1162.) took and spoiled this City. Gensericus, the Vandal, followed him; and in 455. took it the second time. Odoacer took it in 465. Ricimere in 472. Totila in 547. So that in the space of one hundred thirty seven years, it was taken and spoiled by these Barba∣rous Nations four times. In 580. it was besieged by the Lombards; and preserved by the Emperours Forces, which were sent to relieve it. Leo IV. in 593. bestowed something in the repair of it. Rome was now recovered by the Eastern Emperours. Ju∣stinian by Narses his General in Italy, having slain Totila in 553. and three years after, by the taking of Capua, having put an happy end to the Gothick War in Italy. This City continued under those Princes, till 726. when under Gregory II. Italy (by the pro∣curement of that Pope) revolted, because Leo the Emperour had by an Edict prohibited the Worship of Images. The Lombards were very instrumental in this Change. Neither could they and the Popes long agree: but Aistulphus in 753. besieged Rome; and Pope Stephen III. (obtaining no relief from the Emperour against the Lombards) sends for Pepin King of France; who came and delivered him for that time. Desiderius the next King of the Lombards got Rome by a Stratagem in 770. and using his Power tyrannically, Charles the Great (in 774.) was called in; who put an end to the Kingdom of the Lombards, and made the Western Empire once more considerable. The Lombards and these French Princes in order to oblige the Popes by the Ties of Gratitude to them, had at several times bestowed several Territories upon the See of Rome. Charles the Great reserved to him∣self and his Successors the Approbation of the future Popes; which was confirmed by a Council held at Rome, in 773. This in after-times embroiled the Popes and the Western Emperours, as much as ever the Eastern and the Lombards were. For Charles the Great being crowned at Rome in 800. his Posterity had frequent quarrels with the Popes, (the Clergy and City of Rome) about the Elections of the Popes. The first Invasion was made by Stephen VI. about 817. under Lewis the Gentle; who is pretended to have granted away that Right of electing the Pope, which had been acknowledged in Charles the Great. In 819. Paschal I. a Roman, was chosen Pope against the Will of this Prince. But in 823. Lothaire co∣ming to Rome to receive the Crown, put this Pope to purge himself by Oath; and slew many of the Nobility, for setting him up against the Emperours Will: for which that See bore him no kindness. Gregory IV. in 833. finding Pepin his Son in rebellion against him, and pretending to reconcile them, when he came into Germany, he took part with his Son against the Father; and Pope-like, threatned to ex∣communicate the Emperour, if he did not resign the Empire to his Son: which Treachery of his, in 839: was severely revenged by Lothaire the Emperour, by taking many Places from him in Italy. In 839. the Saracens sorely distressed the Papacy; which necessi∣tated the Pope to have recourse to the Emperour for Protection, and he had it: In this Invasion, the Saracens wasted the Suburbs of Rome, as they did in 846. which occasioned the building of the Castle of S. Angelo by Pope Sergius II. The Empire being translated from the Franks to the Germans, in the Person of Ar∣nulph (a Natural Son of Carloman;) against him Formosus crowns Guido a Rival, in 891. And in 893. sendeth for Arnulph to come and free Rome from the oppressions of this Guido. Arnulph comes into Italy, and in 906. took Rome. A Schism being about this time in the Church of Rome, there was little done by the Popes, till Berengarius (growing Potent in Italy) necessitated them to seek to Otho I. who being crowned at Rome, in 962. a Council there held in 964. acknowledged the same Right in him, that had been in Charles the Great. Gregory VII. on this account begins a quarrel with Henry IV. Empe∣rour; sets up Anti-Emperours, and excommunicates the Emperour, in 1076. whereupon that Prince thus provoked, besieged Rome in 1081. took it in 1084. and burnt it: and soon after, this Turbulent Pope died in Banishment in great misery. In 1242. Pope

Gregory IX. (having excommunicated Frederick II. Emperour, for refusing to give the See of Sardinia to Rome;) and proclaiming a Croysade against the Emperour; that Prince defeated his Army: and fol∣lowing his blow, took Ravenna, Siena, and Faenza (with divers of the Cardinals,) and reduced the See of Rome to a mean condition. Innocent IV. insolent∣ly renews the Excommunication against the Empe∣rour in 1242. Whereupon arose the famous Facti∣ons of the Guelphs for the Pope, and the Gibelines for the Emperour; which made Italy extremely mi∣serable for some Ages. During part of which times, in 1305. Pope Clement V. removed the See to Avig∣non in France; where it continued to 1376. upon which arose a Schism between the Popes of Rome and Avignon; not ended, till the Council of Constance; which begun in 1414. In 1408. Ladislaus King of Naples took Rome, and laid its Walls in the dust. In 1494. Charles VIII. of France took Rome. In 1526. Cardinal Pompeius Columna; and in 1527. the Forces of Charles V. took and sacked Rome. Philip II. besieged it, and had certainly taken it, if the Pope had not complyed about 1557. Yet after all these Changes and Calamities, this City at this day is said to be fifteen Miles in compass; very populous; and full of magnificent Buildings, as well Ancient as Modern. They reckon in it above three hundred thousand Souls: besides eight thousand Jews, who are enclosed in a particular quarter by themselves; and obliged every Saturday to hear a Christian Sermon. Houses and Palaces twenty two thousand; Parishes ninety two: forty one National Churches; sixty four Religious Houses for Men; above forty for Women; thirty Hospitals; one hundred and six Societies of Pe∣nitents; and divers Colleges. It hath eighteen Gates; three hundred and sixty Towers flanking the Walls; six Bridges over the Tiber; three principal Fountains; and eight Obelisks remaining out of about forty five, it formerly had, rehearsed in the Writings of Anti∣quaries. The Church of S. Peter, (in which the Body of that Apostle is deposited) built within and without of Marble, in the Figure of a Cross; near one hun∣dred Toises long, sixty six broad in the Branches; with a Dome fifty five Toises high, a Portail twenty four, erected in 1612. by Pope Paul V. to a Portico of the same largness; together with all its Riches, Paintings, Columns, Statues, Altars and Galleries; sur∣passes the greatest Idea that the mind can well form of Beauty and Grandeur. Then the Library in the Vatican Palace obtains the pre-eminence of all other Li∣braries in the World. Anciently this City Walls were 50 Miles in compass; with seven hundred and forty Towers in them; and thirty Gates, leading to, and de∣nominating as many broad High-ways, which were paved and adorned with wonderful Magnificence: where the Rests of Tombs yet appear; it being by the Law of the Twelve Tables (in Ʋrbe ne sepe∣lito, neve urito) forbidden to bury in the City. It had anciently eight Bridges; of which Pons Sublicius built by the King Ancus Marcius, and repaired by Aemilius Lepidus, where Horatius C••cles sustained the Effort of the Thuscanes who would have re-esta∣blished the deposed Tarquinius upon the Throne; and where afterwards the Emperour Heliogabalus was precipitated into the Tiber, is ruined. But Pons Mil∣vius, without the City, is no less remarkable, for the Victory there obtained by Constantine the Great over Maxentius, and the drowning of that Tyrant in the Tiber also. It had anciently eighteen Fountains; eight hundred Baths; an unknown number of Sta∣tues, Columns, Colossusses, Obelisks; (the Columns of Trajan and Antoninus are still standing;) and Temples for no less than thirty thousand Gods, by the accounts that Varro and others make of the Gods of the Ro∣mans. The Censors have sometimes sold the Com∣mon Sink to Gardiners for six hundred thousand Crowns. The number of Inhabitants in Tiberius's time was computed to sixteen hundred thousand, two hundred ninety and one: In Augustus's, much more. Their Army, under the Emperours, ordinarily con∣sisted of two hundred thousand Foot, and forty thou∣sand Horse: their Fleets, of fifteen hundred Galleys, and two thousand Ships. There were one hundred and sixty Granaries in their Empire: And in fine the Empire it self had for its Bounds to the East, Eu∣phrates, the Mountain Taurus, and Armenia; to the South, Aethiopia; to the North, the Danube; and to the West, the Atlantick Ocean. For the Coun∣cils that have been celebrated here since Christianity, by Popes and Anti-Popes against one another, against the Schismaticks and Hereticks (so called) of all Ages, and against Emperours and Princes, or the Abuses committed and occasioned by them and any of them; it is not for this place to rehearse so vast a number: Themselves have sometimes proved the greatest Abuse. Of late, the Prosecution of Dr. Michael Molinos, (Author of the Doctrine of Quietism,) and his pretended Abjuration, Septemb. 3. 1687. may be adjudged one of the most remarkable Occurrences that has for many years happened in Rome: of which See the Supplement to Dr. Bur∣net's Letters. After Pope Innocent XI. the Election fell upon Cardinal Ottoboni, a Venetian, October 6. 1689. who took the Name of Alexander VIII. Af∣ter him, upon Cardinal Pignatelli: who is called Inno∣cent XII.

Rome, Roma, a small Island in the Kingdom of Congo, in the River Zaire; twenty Leagues from its Fall into the Ocean; in which there was some few years since a French Colony.

Romechi, the Turkish Name of Greece.

Le Romois, the Territory of the City of Roan; beyond the Seyne, in Normandy.

Romont, Rotundus Mons, a small County in the Province of Vaac or Vaud; which was under the Duke of Savoy, but now a part of the Canton of Freiburg.

Roncevaux, a Town in Navarre, where the French received a great Defeat under Charlemagne in 792.

Ronches, Aronches, Arunci, once a City of Lu∣sitania; now a small, but strong Town in the Pro∣vince of Extremadura; between the Rivers of Ca∣ja and Elva; three Leagues from Albuquerque to the West.

Ronciglione, Roncilio, a Town in S Peter's Pa∣trimony; the Capital of a Territory of the same Name, seated upon the River Fatiscus: thirty Miles from Rome, and ten from Viterbo; heretofore under the Dukes of Parma, but now under the Pope; and the Territory belonging to it, is called Lo Stato di Ronciglione.

Ronda, Arunda, an ancient City in Spain; cal∣led also Ronda la Vieja; in the Kingdom of Gra∣nada in the Borders of Andalusia, upon the River Guadiaro; not far from the Goza and the Guadal∣qua Virejo; twelve Leagues from Gibralter to the North, and thirteen from Malaga to the West; it has a Castle, and is the Capital of a Territory; and in a thriving State. Long. 15. 00. Lat. 36. 10.

Roni, Paphlagonia, a Province in the Lesser Asia.

Roschild, Roschilda, a City in the Island of Ze∣land, in the Baltick Sea, under the King of Denmark; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Lun∣den; and ennobled by the Bones of the Kings of

Denmark here buried. Often mentioned also on the account of a Peace here concluded between the Danes and Swedes in 1658. It stands four German Miles from Koppenhagen to the West, and seventy five from Kroonburg to the South-East. The Bishop∣rick was founded by Sweno King of Denmark, in 1012.

Roscomen, Roscomenum, a Town and County in the Province of Conaught. The County is bounded on the North by the Curlew Mountains, dividing it from Slego; on the East by the River Shannon, dividing it from the Counties of Lotrim, Longford, West-Meath, and Kings County; on the South by Kings County and Galloway; and on the West by the River Suck, which parts it from Galloway and Mayo. It is of a considerable length; viz. sixty English Miles from North to South, but not above nineteen where broa∣dest; the Soil is level and extremely fruitful; so that it abounds with Grass and Corn, produced by very little Husbandry. Roscomen, the principal Town (which gives name to it,) stands upon the River Suck; towards the Western Border, but near the middle of the County; twelve Miles from Ath∣lone to the North-West, and thirty three from Galway to the North-East.

Rosas, Rhoda, Rhode, Rodopolis, once a City, now only a Castle, and a small Town in the County of Roussillon in Catalonia in Spain; which has a large Harbour on the Mediterranean Sea; very strongly and well fortified: taken by the French in 1645. but restored by the Pyrenean Treaty to Spain. It stands ten Spanish Leagues from Perpignan to the South. This place was first fortified by Charles V. before which, it was only a Monastery; though in the time of the Romans, it had been one of the most consi∣derable Cities in Spain; supposed to have been built by the Rhodians, before the Romans were Masters of this Kingdom; and from them to have taken this name.

Rosetto, Metelis, a City of Egypt; called by the Turks Raschit; by the Italians Rosetto: it stands with a Port upon the Mediterranean Sea, upon the Mouth of that Branch of the Nile, which was ancient∣ly called Canopicum; now one of the principal Ci∣ties of that Kingdom. Monsieur Thevenot, who tra∣velled from Alexandria hither, tells us, that it is sixty short Miles. This City, saith he, was anciently called Canopus; it lies five Miles up the River from the Sea; and is next to Cairo, one of the best Cities in Egypt; and still encreasing; being a place of great Traffick, very pleasant, surrounded by lovely Gardens, and full of well-built tall Houses; and in which there is great plenty of Victuals very cheap; but in the Months of July and August, they have none but Ci∣stern-waters to drink. Many pieces of ancient Money have been found in the Sand betwixt Alexandria and this City. The Country about it yields Sugar-Canes in plenty. Long. 60. 45. Lat. 31. 6.

Roseveque, a small Town in Flanders; famous for a Battel, which Charles V. won against the Re∣bellious Gante-men; of whom were slain forty thou∣sand, and their General Philip d' Artevill taken and hanged.

Rosieme, Rosima, a City in Poland; the Capital of Samogithia, upon the River Dubissa; twelve Polish Miles from Corona to the North, thirty from Riga to the South, and twenty seven from Vilna to the West; this place is little and ill peopled. Bau∣drand writes Rosienie.

Ros••, Russia, a County in the North of Scotland; bounded on the North by Naverina and Sutherland, on the South by Murray and Abria, on the East by the German, and on the West by the Irish Sea. Charles I. was Earl of this County in the Life of his Father.

Rossano, Roscianum, Ruscianum, a City in the Hi∣ther Calabria, in the Kingdom of Naples; which is an Archbishops See, and a Principality; built upon a Rock, incompassed on all sides by Rocks; and seated scarce three Miles from the Shoars of the Bay of Taranto; sixteen from Bisignano to the East; thirty five from Cosenza to the South-East, and twelve from Thurium to the South; which last, being an old City, was formerly the Bishops See. This Place is great, well peopled, and was the Birth-place of Pope John VII.

Rosse, Rossa, a Town anciently in the Province of Mounster in the County of Cork; and a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Cashell; it stands upon the British Channel, at the Mouth of a small River cal∣led Fin; thirty Miles from Cork to the South-West, and twenty two from Kinsale to the West. The Bi∣shops See in 1618. was united to that of Cork; the Town being reduced to a meer Village. § There is a Market Town of this name in Herefordshire, in the the Hundred of Greytree, upon the River Wyc.

Rossetto. See Rosetto.

Rossillon, Ruscinonensis Comitatus, a County of Catalonia, called by the French Roussillon, by the Spa∣niards Rossillon: bounded on the East by the Medi∣terranean Sea, on the North by Languedoc, on the West by Ceretania, and on the South by Catalonia: The Capital of it is Perpignan. There are besides in it Leucate, Villa Franca, Rodes, E••na, and some o∣ther Places of note; it extending from East to West eighteen Spanish Leagues. This Country was anciently a part of Gallia Narbonensis; annexed to Spain in the Times of the Goths: had then Earls, which were Sovereign Princes of it; and on the Death of Gerard the last of them, under Alphonsus II. ad∣ded to Arragon. By James I. annexed to the King∣dom of Majorca; and recovered back again to that Crown by Pedro IV. By King John II. sold to Lewis XI. of France, in 1462. and by Charles VIII. of France, returned back freely to Ferdinando, on condition he should not obstruct his Conquest of the Kingdom of Naples in 1493. It continued under that Crown till 1659. when Lewis XIII. retook it by his Arms. and had the Possession confirmed by the Pyre∣nean Treaty. There are three considerable Rivers wa∣tering it, the Tet, the Tech, and the Egli.

Rostock, Rostocium, Rostochium, Raciburgum, Rhodopolis, Rosarum or Rosarium Ʋrbs, a City in the Lower Saxony upon the Baltick Sea; in the Duke∣dom of Meckleburg in Germany: which is a Free Imperial City, and has an Harbour made by the River Warna, on which it stands eight Miles from Wisemar to the East, and eleven from Stralsundt to the West. It is under the Protection of the Dukes of Meckle∣burg, by whose Ancestors it was built about 329. and walled by another about 1160. Its Ancient Name was Rostzoch or Rotzoch, which signifies a Miry Ground. Ericus King of Denmark conquered this Territory about 1286. Christopher III. his Successor in 1322. restored it to the Duke of Meckleburg. Waldemarus IV. granted this City and its Territory to Albert Duke of Meckleburg, in 1360. A••∣bert another Duke in 1416. founded an Uni∣versity here, which was opened three years after. It is about five Miles in compass, and almost equal to Lubeck. A Sedition arising in this City in 1573. a∣gainst the Duke, he entred it in Arms, and treated the Senate with great severity. In 1629. it was with the whole Dutchy of Mecklenburg taken by the Imperialists: out of whose hands it was recovered by the Swedes, Octob. 16. 1631. Long. 34. 20. Lat. 54 20.

Rostow, Rostovia, a great City in Russia; which is the Capital of a Dukedom of the same Name, and an Archbishops See. It stands upon the River Coto∣rea, having a Fortress of Wood: twenty six Miles from the Wolga to the South, and thirty four from Mosco to the West. The Dukes of this Province were next Novograd in the greatest Esteem of any in this Kingdom; till John Basilovitz, in 1565. totally extirpated the Family; and since that time it has been given to the second Son of the Czars.

Rotenburg, Rotenburgum, a City of Franconia in Germany, upon the River Tauber; ni••e German Miles from Norimburg to the West, and a little more from Wurtsburg to the South. Made a Free Imperial City by Frederick Lin 1163. There is another Town of the same name in Schwaben, upon the Neckar: one Mile from Tubingen to the West, which is under the Emperor.

Roterdam, Roterdamum, a great, strong, rich, po∣lous City; the Capitalos the Province of Schielandt, and one of the most celebrated Sea-Ports in Holland. It stands on the North side of the middle Branch of the Rhine; four German Miles and an half from the Sea, and eight from Amsterdam to the South-West. Trithemius saith, it was built in 89. by Ratherius the twentieth King of the Franks. Erasmus, the great Restorer of Learning, was born in this City. They have taken care to preserve the memory of it by an Inscription let upon the House; and placed his Statue on the Bridge besides: which was erected in 1564 and very injuriously treated by the Spani∣ards in 1572. The greatest convenience of this Town is. that Ships of great Burthen are taken into the middle of many of the Streets without difficulty; their Channels being deep and large. It was small, when the Spaniards were ejected; and therefore not mentioned as to the time of its conjunction with the States.

Rother, a River which ariseth in Sussex; and passing between it and Kent, falls into the British Sea at Rie. A••pledore in Kent is seated upon it: And Ox••ey-Isle, encompassed with it.

Rotherham, a Market Town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and the Hundred of Strafford; upon the River Dun, over which it hath a fine Stone Bridge. Of note, for giving Name and Birth to Themas of Ro∣theram, Archbishop of York, one of the Founders of Lincoln College in Oxon: who expressed his kindness to this Town by founding likewise a Col∣lege in it; with three Schools for Grammar, Wri∣ting and Musick.

Rothsaye, a Castle in an Island in Dunbritton Fyrth or Bay on the West of Scotland; which has annexed to it the Title of a Dukedom; and belonged heretofore to the Prince, or Eldest Son of the King of Scotland. It is said, the Royal Family of the Steu∣arts came at first from this Castle; which was their most ancient Seat.

Rothwell, or Rowell, a Market Town in Northam∣pto••shire. The Capital of its Hundred.

Rota, Ebora, a Castle in Andalusia, upon the Bay of Cadiz; at the Mouth of the River Quadalquivir; three Leagues from Cadiz to the North; mentioned by Strabo, Mela and Stephanus, as one of the Cities in that part of Spain.

Rotta, Rutuba, a small River in Liguria in Italy; which riseth out of the Appennine; and flowing through the County of Nizza, and dividing it from the States of Genoua, falls into the Mediterranean Sea at Vintimiglia.

Rotwyl, or Rotweil, Rubea villa, Rotevilla, a small, but Imperial and Free City in Schwaben in Germany; upon the Necker, under Mount Abenow; from which it stands three Leagues to the South, ten from Brisach to the East, and six from Schafhouse to the North. In this City Conrad III. Duke of Schwaben, in 1147. instituted a Chamber of Justice for that whole Dutchy. It has its Name from Rott a Ger∣man word, which signifies a Troop; built at first on the opposite side of the Necker; and removed to the place it now stands in, upon the account of frequent Inundations. In 1643. it was taken by the French. Monsieur Guebrande, the French General, died in the City soon after of the Wounds he had received in the Siege; by the Treaty of Munster it was restored to its former state, and is united now with the Swiss Cantons for its Preservation.

Roucy, a Town of France in Champagne, upon the River Aisne: giving its Name and the Title of Earl to an Honourable and Ancient Family there.

Rouen. See Roan.

Rovergue, Rutenensis Provincia, a Province in France, under the Generalite of Gascony: bounded on the South by Languedoc, on the East by Givau∣dan, on the North by Auvergne, and on the West by Quercy; the Capital City of it, is Rodez; Ville Franche de Rovergue, is another principal place. Caesar and Lucan mention its old Inhabitants by the Name of Rutheni. The Riches of it consist in Cat∣tel and Wooll, Mines of Iron, Brass, Allum, Brim∣stone, &c. It is watered by the Tarn, the Lot, the Aveiron, &c.

Rovigo, Rhodigium, a small City in Italy; here∣tofore under the Dukes of Ferrara, but now under the Republick of Venice; and the Residence of the Bishop of Adria; from which it stands twenty Miles to the West, and twenty five from Ferrara to the North, the same from Padoua to the South. The Learned Caelius Rhodiginus was a Native of this Ci∣ty. It is the Capital of Rovigno, a small Province in Lombardy, surrounded by the River Adige: which was anciently a part of Romandiola; but in 1500. in the disorders of Italy seized by the Venetians.

Rousillon. See Rosillon.

Roxburg, Marchenium or Marchidun, a strong Castle, both by its Situation and Art; seated upon the Twede, (where it receives the Trefe) almost twen∣ty English Miles from Berwick to the West. James II. of Scotland, a ••rince of great Virtue and Goodness, was slain at the Siege of this Place by one of his own Cannon, which accidentally broke in firing it against the Castle, in 1459. The next year the Castle was surrendred to the Scots; who intirely ruined it, in revenge of the Death of their Prince; so that it can searce now be seen where it sto••d.

Royan, Royanum, a Town in Saintonge, at the Mouth of the Garonne; heretofore strongly fortified.

Royaumont, an Abbey in the Government of the Isle of France, eight Leagues from Paris, towards the River Oise: which in 14••9. suffered much by Thunder and Lightning.

Roye, a considerable Town in Picardy: adorned with a Collegiate Church, and some Religious Houses: upon one of the Sources of the Moreuil. It gives Name to an Honourable Family also.

Royston, a Market Town, divided betwixt Cam∣bridgeshire and Hartfordshire: at the bottom of an Hill, in the Hundred of Odsey.

Rubicon. See Pisatello, the Modern Name.

Rudolfswerd, Rudolphi-verda, a new and very strong City in the Borders of Carniola, upon the Ri∣ver Gurk; three Miles from the Save to the South, six from Cell, and five from Carolstadt to the West.

Ruffach, Rubeacum, a small City in the Ʋpper Al∣satia, in the Territory of Mundat, upon the River Rottback: once an Imperial and Free City: but ta∣ken by Turene, in 1675. after a great Defeat of the

Imperialists; and now under the Bishop of Strasburg. It is one of the ancientest Towns in Alsatia; and was for the rare fertility of its Soil, (for five hun∣dred years) the Seat of some of the Roman Nobility. Conradus Pellicanus was born in this City. It stands three Miles from Brisach to the West, and two from Mulhuse to the North.

Ruffec, Rufeacum, Roffiacum, a small Town in the Diocese of Poictiers five or six Leagues from An∣goulesme, in France: pleasantly situated; and honor'd with the Title of a Marquisate. Pope Clement V. be∣fore his elevation to the Pontificate presided at a Coun∣cil here in 1304. There have been others celebrated at it in other times.

Rugby, a Market Town in Warwickshire, in the Hundred of Knightlow, upon the River Avon.

Rugen, Rugenlandt, Rugia, an Island in the Bal∣tick Sea, upon the Coast of Pomerania; which has the Title of a Principality; about seven German Miles square; but the Sea breaks in and covers a considera∣ble part of the middle of it from the West, and al∣most divides it into several Islands. This was caused by an Outragious Tempest in 1309. A part of this Island at the same time, which lay to the South-East as far as the Isle of Ruden (then conjoyned with this,) was torn away; and sunk so deep into the bottom of the Sea, that the greatest Ships may Sail over it: what remains, affords Corn and Cattle in great plenty; serv∣ing as a granary to the parts adjacent. The best Town in it is Bergen: the others of note are Sogart, Hick, and Bingst. This Island is able to Arm about seven thousand Men in case of necessity. About 1066. it was subject to Buthen, Son of Godescalck King of the Heruli. Christopher II. King of Denmark, in 1322. subjected it to that Crown. VVratislaus IV. Duke of Pomcrania, in 1325. becoming Heir of it, by the death of VVizlaus the last Prince, drove out the Danes and became Master of it: after this the Danes regained the Possession of it. Erick King of Denmark in 1438. resigned it the second time to the Duke of Pomerania; and under them it was in 1630. when Gustavus Adolphus began the German War with the Conquest of this Island. By the Treaty of Mun∣ster in 1648. it was confirmed to the Swedes. In 1678, the Danes attempting to recover it out of the Hands of the Swedes, received at first a great over∣throw; but in a second attempt in the same year pre∣vailed; and kept the Island till the Peace of S. Ger∣mane, in 1679; by which it was restored to the Swedes, who now have it. The Christian Faith was first Preached in it by the Monks of Corby in Saxony; in 875. They built a Chappel here for the Service of God, which was after abused to the Pagan Idolatry; till VVaidemarus a Dane, (about 1161) destroyed the Idol they Worshipped, and thereupon they be∣came generally Christians.

Rugoso, the same with Rubicon. See Pisatello.

Rulia, Rhodope, one of the greatest and best known Mountains in Thrace; out of which the River Hebrus ariseth: it stretcheth from West to East, at this day little Inhabited; the Turks call it Rulia, that is the Queen of Mountains; the Italians Argentario, the Greeks Basilissa; it divides Thrace, and ends at the City of Apo••loma.

Rumelia. See Greece.

Rumford, a Market Town in the County of Essex, in the Hundred of Havering.

Rumney, a Market Town and Corporation in the County of Kent in Sheway Lath, which returns two Members of Parliament. § Also a River in Monmouth∣shire, falling into the Severn.

Rumsey, a Market Town in Hampshire, in the Hundred of Kingsomborn, upon the River Test.

Rupel, Rupera, Rupela, a small River in the Dukedom of Brabant; made by the Demera Dila, Senna and Neth; which falls into the Scheld at,

Rupelmonde, Rupelmunda, a Town and ancient Castle in Brabant; which has its name from the last mentioned River; between the Scheld and Ru∣pel; two Miles from Antwerp to the South. Mercator the great Geographer was born in this Town, in 1512.

Ruremond. See Roermond.

Russ, Ʋrsa, a River in Switzerland, which ari∣seth from the Alpes and Mount S. Godard; and run∣ning Northward by Altorff and the Lake of Lucern, watereth the City of Lucern; and being improved by some smaller Rivers, finally buries it self in Aa.

Russe, Rusna, a River of the Ducal Prussia, which has been call'd Chronus. It ariseth in Lithuania. where it is called Niemen; and entertaining the Se∣zara, and Vilia, it watereth the Southern parts of Samogitia: after which it takes the name of Russe; and at last ends in the Bay of Memel by five Out-lets; having watered Grodno and Kowna, two considerable Cities of Poland in his Progress.

Russia, a vast Country in the North-East part of Europe; called by the Inhabitants Rusz; by the Ger∣mans Russandt; by the English Russia and Muscovy; by the Poles Moskwa and Russenlandt; by the Turks Russ; to the Ancients, known by no other name than that of Sarmatia Europaea: It is bounded on the North by the frozen Ocean; on the East it is se∣parated from the Asiatick Tartars, by the Rivers of Obb and Jaickz; on the South it is divided from the Crim Tartars by the Tanais Minor, or the Do∣netz, as it is now called; on the West the Nieper and Narva divide it from Poland. Its length from North to South is three hundred and eighty German Miles; its breadth from East to West three hundred of the same. So that it is by far the greatest Kingdom in Christendom; if it were equally Civiliz'd, Fertil, and Peopled, as it is not. For the dispatch of Business and the Management of Affairs, it is divided into forty Provinces; the names of which, (and of about thirty three Cities, that are to be found in it) would take more room than this small Work will allow. This Nation in 861. made an Invasion into Greece; and besieged Michael the Emperor in Constantinople, but could not take it. The Captives they carried home with them, and made them partakers of a greater bles∣sing by teaching them the Christian Religion; which was after this in 866. promoted by B••si••ius the Em∣peror. In 944. they made a second attempt upon Constantinople, which miscarried also. In 980. Ʋio∣domir Duke of Russia, (Marrying Anna Daughter to Basilius Emperor of Greece,) embraced the Christian Religion, and settled it intirely in this Country: from whence it comes to pass, that they embrace the Te∣nets, Rites, and Ceremonies of the Greek Church; and have the utmost Aversion for the Latin Church and Service. About 1058. Boleslaus King of Poland Conquered Russia; which was reduced to obedience after a Revolt by another Boleslaus in 1123. In after∣times they had frequent Wars with the Poles; who prevailed so far as about 1342 they intirely Conquer∣ed the red Russia; the Nobility of which, (in 1434) were received into the same state with the Nobility of Poland; allowing them at the same time the Ex∣ercise of the Greek Religion, which they from their first Conversion to this day follow. They are as well by Interest as Conquest united to that Crown; and never to be separated from it, but by another Con∣quest. About 1205. the black Russia (now called Muscovy) was Invaded by Batton Son of Ghangius King of the Tartars, who lived to the North-East of this Country: they oppressed this Nation for many Ages, and so harrassed them, that no account can be given of the times, when the Reigns of their Princes

began or ended. John XI. was the first who began to enfranchise these Countries from the Servitude of the Tartars, which they had so long groaned under. John Basilovitz the 4th. of this Race (who began his Reign very young) in 1540. ended it by the Conquest of the Tartars and all the petty Princes, which had till then reigned in several parts of this Empire. This was the cruellest Tyrant that any Age has produced; and died as wretchedly as he lived, in 1584. Foedor Juanovits his Son succeeded him at the Age of twen∣ty two years; he was a perfect natural Fool. There was another Brother called Demetrius of nine years of Age, which had more sense. But Boris (who ma∣naged all this under Foedor) caused Demetrius to be Murthered. In 1597. Foedor dying suddenly without Children, Boris was Elected; and soon after Deposed, in favour of a Counterfeit Demetrius brought in by the Poles: after which followed nothing but Calami∣ties and Confusions; till in 1615. (or as others say in 1612) one Michael Fedrovizt, Son of Foedor Nikitis (a Kinsman far removed, of John Basilovitz) was chosen by the Body of this Nation Emperor of Muscovy. This Prince settled this vast Empire; go∣verned it with more Justice, Clemency, Prudence and Piety than all his Predecessors had used; and at last died in great Honor July 12. 1645. To him Suc∣ceeded Alexius his Son. The two Princes, which some few years since ascended the Throne together, are of the same Race.

Red Russia, is a Province under the Crown of Po∣land; sometimes called the Proper Russia and Roxo∣lania; it lies extended towards the South, between Poland (properly so called) and Muscovy. This con∣tains the Palatinates of Russia (properly so called,) Podolia, Volhinia, Belza, Braslaw, Kiovia, and the Territory of Chelm: being that part of Russia, which (as I said before) was Conquered by the Poles; and by Casimir II. in 1342. united for ever to Poland.

White Russia, is a very confiderable Province un∣der the Crown of Poland; and so called, because it was of old a part of Muscovy or Russia: it is divi∣ded into six Palatinates; which are Novogrod, Miscislaw, Witebsko, Minskie, Polokie, and Smo∣lenskie. This last Palatinate has been recovered in latter times by the Russ, and is not now under the Poles.

Russia, properly so called, Russi, Rutheni, is a Province of Poland, and a part of Red Russia; which has Poland on the West, Volhinia and Podolia on the East, the Territories of Culm and Belsia on the North, and the Carpathian Hills, (dividing it from Hungary and Transylvania) to the South: the Capital of it is Lemburgh. Some give this Province the name of Black Russia.

Rustan, Rustanus Ager, a small Territory in the Province of Bigorre in Aquitain in France; near the River Arroux and S. Severe.

Ruthen, a Market Town in Denbyshire in Wales. The Capital of its Hundred.

Rutlandshire, Rutlandia, is the least of all the Counties of England. Bounded on the North by Lincolnshire, on the East and South by Northam∣ptonshire, (divided from it by the River Weland) and on the West by Leicestershire: its greatest length is from North to South, not full twelve Miles; from East to West hardly nine; and its circumference about forty. The Air is temperate, serene and healthful; the Soil rich, and fruitful in Corn and Pasturage, es∣pecially about the Vale of Catmoss. Woods and pleasant Springs are plentiful enough; (of the latter, the Weland and the Wash are the principal:) so that it wants nothing. This County was a part of the Lands possessed by the Coritani, before the Roman Conquest: and was Conquered by P. Ostorius, in the Reign of Claudian the Emperor. Afterwards it made a part of the Kingdom of Mercia; and now is in the Diocese of Peterborough. There are but forty eight Parishes, and two Market-Towns in it. Okeham being the Shire Town, and Ʋppingham the other. In 1390. Ed∣ward Plantagenet, eldest Son of Edmund Duke of York; In 1326, Richard, second Brother of the said Edward; and in 1450. Edmund Plantagenet. se∣cond Son of Richard Duke of York; (all of the Royal Family) successively were Earls of this County. But in 1525. Thomas Mannors, Lord Roos of Hamlake, Tresbut, and Belvoir (Descended by the Lady Ann his Mother, from the said Richard, Duke of York) was Created Earl of Rutland, by Henry VIII. in 1325. whose Posterity enjoy this Honor to this day. John the twelfth of this Family, succeeding John his Father, in the year 1679.

Rutuli, an ancient People of Latium in Italy. Ardea was their Capital City.

Ruvo, Rubi, a City in the Province of Bari, in the Kingdom of Naples; which is a Bishops See, un∣der the Archbishop of Bari; a small, but spruce and populous City: about seventeen Miles from Bari to the West. Horace mentions it in his Satyrs; Inde Ru∣bos fessi pervenimus, &c.

Rye, a member of the Cinque Ports, upon the edge of the County of Sussex, towards Kent, in Hastings Rape; situated at the fall of the Rother into the Sea; where it hath a convenient Haven, especially for a ready passage to Diepe in Normandy. It returns two Mem∣bers to the Lower House of Parliament. The Fisher∣men take excellent Herrings here.