The most excellent, profitable, and pleasant booke of the famous doctour and expert astrologien Arcandain or Aleandrin to fynd the fatal desteny, constellation; complexion, and naturall inclination of euery man and childe by his byrth: with an addition of phisiognomie very delectable to reade. Now newly tourned out of French into our vulgar tonge, by Williamd Warde.

OF PHISIO∣nomie. Nowe, for as muche as the ma∣ners of the mynde do folow the temperature of the bodye, I haue thought it meete and con∣uenient to adde here some sig∣nes of the Phisionomie, ac∣cordyng to the quantitie or qualitie of some partes of the bodye,

	¶Sygnes.	¶Nature.
The head	Great.	Of a dulle wytte.	Asses.
Verye smale.	Fooles.
Meane.	Of a good wytte.	Naturall.
Sharpe poynted lyke a Su∣gar lofe.	Vnshamefast.	Vaunters.
Wyth Heare ryght vpwarde.	Fearefull.	Passion.
Wyth Heare ryghte downewarde.	Symple.
Wyth Heare much curled.	Fearefull.	Ethiopians.
Wyth thycke Heare.	Euyll.
Wyth Heare curled at the ende.	Of good courage.	Lyons.
The for∣head.	Verye smale.	Hard to be taught.	Hogges.
Rounde.	Of a dull wytte.	Asses.
Longe.	Flatterers.	Dogges.
Square.	Couragious.	Lyons.
Without wrynckles.	Flatterers.	Passion.
Rough and wrynckled.	Hardye.	Lyons.
Hangyng ouer the eyes.	Sadde.	Passion.
Hygh and loftye.	Liberall.	Lyons.

the eares.	Smale.	Gesters.	Appes.
Great.	Dulle.	Asses.
Blacke and hangyng.	Folyshe.	Asses.
Meane.	Of good wytte.	Natural
The eye∣browes.	Ioyned together.	Sadde.
Seperated muche.	Fooles.	Hogges.
Fyne and softe.	Couragious.	Lyons.
Thyn and hard.	Vncleanelye.	Hogges.
Thycke hangynge downewarde.	Fooles.
the eyes.	Somewhat redde.	Shamefaste.	Passion.
Moyste and shynnynge.	Merye.	Of good maners.
Watrye weepyng.	Drunkardes.	Passion.
Runnyng.	Sleepye.	Passion.
Verye lytle.	Faynte hearted.	Apes.
Verye great.	Slowe.	Oxen.
Meane.	Of good disposition.	Naturall.
Farre into the head.	Malicious.	Apes.
But a lytle into the head.	Couragious.	Lyons.
Bolt out of the head.	Fooles.	Asses.
Somewhat great, and not farre inwarde.	Meeke and gentle.	Oxen,
Oft wynkynge.	Fearefull.	Passion.
Redde.	Angrye.	Passion.
Verye blacke.	Fearefull.

Blewe.	Fearefull.
Blacke yellowyshe.	Of a good stomacke.
Chollerycke.	Furious.	Goates.
Sparkelynge.	Merye shamelesse.	Dogges.
Of many colours.	Fearefull.	Passion.
Bryght and cleare.	Lecherous.	Cockes.
The nose	Rounde blunt and great.	Couragious.	Lyons.
Lyke a Haukes byll.	Couragious.	Egles.
With great endes.	Couetous.	Oxen.
Sharpe at the ende.	Angrye.	Dogges.
Flatte in the middes.	Lecherous.	Buckes.
Wyde and open.	Angrye.	Passion.
Verye blacke.	Fearefull.	Ethiopians.
Verye white.	Fearefull.	Women.
Somewhat browne.	Stronge.	Meanesse.
Aberne.	Of a good heart.	Lyons.
Freckled.	Subtell.	Foxes.
Redde.	Wyttye.
Enflamed.	Angrye.	Passion.
The face	Sharpe poynted.	Faythfull.	Dogges.
the Chyn	Wyth a rough nodde.	Liberall.	Lyons.
Great.	Stronge.
Longe.	Fearefull and eaters.

the necke	Sklender and smale.	Weake.	Women.
Fleshye.	Angrye.	Bulles.
Shorte.	Deceytfull.	Wolues.
Meane.	Couragious.	Lyons.
The backbone hearye.	Vnshamefast.	Brute beastes.
the hands	The fingers coupled.	Vncleanelye.	Hogges.
Short and great.	Rashe and cruell.
Nayles large and whyte.	Manlye.
Narrowe and longe.	Cruell.
Oblyque or awrye.	Impudent.
Smale.	Craftye and subtyll.
Breast.	With heare.	Inconstant.	Byrdes.
Wythout heare.	Shamelesse.	Women.
Ample and large.	Stronge.	Lyons.
Nauell.	Farre from the brest.	Gluttons.
Equally distant.	Prayse worthye.
the place about the priuye mēbers.	Ful of bones or sharpe.	Stronge.	Male.
Fleshye and fatte.	Weake and delicate.	Female.
Hanches.	Full of sinowes.	Stronge.	Male.
Fleshye.	Weake and delicate.	Female.
Thighes	Full of sinows & thicke.	Stronge.
Full of sinows and smale.	Lecherous.
Great and euyll fashioned.	Vnshamefaste.

Legges.	Ful of sinows & euil fashioned	Stronge.	Male.
Fleshy and well formed.	Weake and tender.	Female.
Feete.	Full of sinows and equally proporcioned.	Stronge.	Male.
Narrowe and smale.	Weake and tender.
Wyth croked and nayles.	Vnshamefaste, rauenous, greedye.
Wyth ryght nayles.	Commendable.	Naturall.
Bodye.	Verye smale.	Wyttye, sharpe.
Verye great.	Slowe.
Meane.	Wyse.
Euyll proporcioned.	Craftye.
Well compassed.	Stronge.
Of a lyght fleshe.	Wyse.
Of a soft fleshe.	Forgetfull.
Of a harde fleshe.	Dull and heauye of spirite.
Mouyng.	Lyghte.	Inconstant.
Slowe.	Of a grosse wytte.
Heauye.	Graue, couragious.
Voyce.	Stronge.	Graue iniurious.	Asses
Graue endynge sharpelye.	Fearefull, egre or fierce.	Oxen,
Softe and lowe.	Gentle.	Shepe.
Graue and moderate.	Stronge.	Dogges.
Sharpe and stronge.	Angrye.	Goates.

HEre by the nature you muste vn∣derstand the inclination and natu∣rall complexion, whiche speciallye we maye coniecture by the coloure of the bodye. For naturallye blacke men are fearefull as the Ethiopians be.

Whyte men also bee timerous and fearefull: and they that bee of a meane coloure Blacke and Whyte, bée strong and bolde. They that bee yellowe of the coloure of Golde bee couragious as Lyons. And yf they bee to yellowe, they bee malicious as Foxes.

They that bee some what pale and darcke coloured bee fearefull: and this is referred to the perturbation that commeth of feare. They that bee ve∣rye pale, and almoste greene for pale∣nesse bee colde: and therefore they are vnapte to moouynge, slowe, and negli∣gent to worke. They that be of sanguin colour and somewhat redde, are nimble and ready to work. They that be of a fi∣ry and enflamed colour become oute of their wits, and be like mad men, when

thei be to muche chafed. So you muste cōiecture of other colours that take part of the aforesayd. They that desire to see many other signes & tokens of the natu¦rall inclination, muste haue recourse to Aristotles litle booke intituled of the phi¦siognomy: & to the works of Galene, spe¦cially to his litle booke, where he sayeth that the maners of the minde do folowe the temperature of the body. Further∣more, you muste note y^t we haue foure humours, which Galene calleth the ele∣ments of liuing thinges y^t haue blood, to wéete: blood, fleme, collor, & the melanco∣ly humour. The blood is whote, moist & swéete. The spettle called fleme, is cold moist, & without qualitie, as the water is, if it bee not depraued. The collor or flaua bilis is whote, dry & bitter. The me∣lancoly humour is cold, dry, bitter & ear∣thy. The blood norisheth. The fleme hel∣peth the moouing of the ioynts. The col∣ler clenseth & maketh cleane the flema∣tike excrements of the bowels: & prouo∣keth the power or strength excretiue.

The melancolicke humour helpeth the bellye in hys actions: For, because it is egre and bitter, it constreyneth and presseth the mouthe of the Ventricle or bellye called the stomacke, and maketh it embrace and reteyne the meate, vn∣tyll the digestion bee made. The bloode maketh men moderate, merye, plea∣saunte, fayre, and of a ruddye colour, which bee called sanguine men.

The fleame maketh men, slouthfull, sluggyshe, neglygente, drowsye, fatte, and soone to haue graye Heares.

The Choller maketh them angrye prompte of wytte, nymble, inconstante, leane and of a quycke digestion. The melancolike humour, whiche is as it were the substaunce, the bottome, and leese of the bloode, maketh men rude, churlyshe, carefull, sadde, auaricious, deceyuours, traitours, enuious, feare∣full, weake hearted, and dreaming and imaginynge euyll thynges, vexed with the trouble of the mynde as though thei were haunted wyth a malignaunte

spirite. These humours than maye bee referred to the Phisonomye: for by them a man maye knowe the naturall inclination of men. You maye also referre therevnto the temperature of ages. For the puerilitie or Chyldehode, whiche is from the byrthe vnto fiftene yeares or there aboute, is whote and moyst. The adolescēcie or youth, which endureth vntyll fiue and twentye ye∣res, is of a good and meane tempera∣ture. The youthe or floryshynge age of mans state, whiche endureth tyll fiue and thyrtye yeres, is of a whote and drye temperature. The fourth age is the first parte of olde age, whiche endu∣reth tyll fourtye and nyne yeres: and then men begynne to ware colde and drye, and lyke vnto a plante that dryeth vp and wythereth, and they bee called in Latyne Senes The seconde parte of olde age endureth vntyll end of the life: and the men be called in Latyn Seniores. And this age is also diuided into two or three degrees. They that be in the first

degree, haue yet theyr greene olde age, whiche yet maye handle and execute ci∣uill matters. They bee of the seconde degree, whiche drawe them selues by lytle and lytle from the sayde affaires because of theyr weakenesse. They of the thyrde degree are in extreme feeblenesse. If you desyre to knowe anye moore of the signes of Phisogno∣mie, you shall finde them by diligent readynge of authours.

The prediction of the maners and natures of men, by considerynge of theyr face and other partes of theyr body.

¶Of the iudgement of the head.

SEynge that the head is the part that is most séene of al the parts of mans bodye, Hypocrates in his .vj. booke of common sicknesses, not without cause sheweth how to iudge of the whole bodye by the consideration of the head. For that which is either grea∣ter or lesser then it oughte to bee is al∣wayes faultie and not good, and they that haue this faulte or lacke, haue also those thinges that do euidently appar∣tain to the faulty & hurted myndes. And now euen as the head whiche is litle, is neuer without faulte, so that whiche is great, is not altogether parfite and good: but sometyme good and somtime yll. It is a signe of goodnes or of wickednes.

But the best fashion is the round head, and somwhat low on both sydes, as yf you shoulde imagine a verye rounde Sphere made of Ware to bee some∣what lowe of eche syde. The best forme then and shape of a head, is that whiche is meanely greate, and hath a comelye conuenient roundnesse: whiche appea∣reth before and behynde somewhat lowe. The principall cause why the head is lytle, is the lacke of matter or substaunce. And the cause of the great∣nes of it, is the abundaunce and super∣fluitie of the substaunce and seede man. But yf there bee lytle matter wyth the force of the firste formatiue vertue, it shalbe of a good forme and shape, and lesse euil, for as much as in the creature the noughtines of the fashion is ioyned with smalenes of the head. The braine foloweth the forme and fashion of the skull. For yf the skull bee corrupte, the brayne shalbe also corrupte. The head of man hath more brayne proporcional∣lye then all other beastes. The male

hath more braine then the female. The head of man hath moe ioynynges then all other thynges: and the male moe then the female. A well fashioned head is lyke a mallet, whereof the fore parte and the hynder parte, be lofty and high. The forme or fashion of the meane ventricle, muste bee a lytle pressed to∣gether, and so the cogitatiue is the more noble. If the forme before be lowe, the man hath no iudgement. And the hyn∣der parte bee lowe, he hath no memo∣rye, and hath a weakenesse of mouyng hys synowes, and consequentlye of all his bodye: for by the force of the braine is declared the force of the necke and synowes: and also the brodenesse of the shulders and of the breast, and the par∣tes of the sydes called Hypocondria, whiche be ioynynges to the lyuer and lunges. The head that is of a reasona∣ble fashion augmenteth the witte and vertue, and declareth a magnificence in the man: but when it is euyll is fashio∣ned it sheweth the contrary.

The iudgement of the head.

THey that haue a great head, and yet not out of measure, are com∣monly faire and well condicioned. They that haue a greate head oute of measure be fooles, idiotes, dull heades. When the head is great proporcioned to the body, and specially to the necke, so y^t the neeke be stronge, and meanelye great with the sinowes great & strong, it is a very good signe. The head fashi∣oned lyke a Sugar lofe, declareth the man to be paste shame, a deuourer, bold and rashe, which thing commeth of the heat and drynesse of the brayne. It is a another thyng when the head is great and the other members are not great accordynglye. The head is of a good fashion, when the ventricle before is also of a good fashion, and moyste ynoughe. For the takynge of the kindes commeth of the moysture, and the re∣teynyng commeth of drynes in the part behinde. The head with a meane ven∣tricle

somewhat pressed together about the sides, declareth the ventricle cogi∣tatiue to be ready to comprehende and deuise, that whiche is comprehended, and that because of the vnitie of the spirites that are in that place.

The head rounde signifieth, mobili∣tie, vnstablenes, forgetfulnesse, smale discretion and lytle wysedome in the man, for sometymes the mouing of the spirites stayeth. The lytle head necessa∣rily sheweth an euill signe, for asmuch as it soone falleth into a sickennes, be∣cause that in it there is litle brayne, and the ventricles narowe, wherein the spi∣rites to straightly kepte doe not theyr office: for they are oppressed, enflamed, and choked vp, wherefore they imagine not well, they dispose nothing wel, they haue no memory. Suche men are com∣monly soone angry, & are fearfull, & kepe their anger long, by reason of the great drought, and whote temperature of the braine. Thei take in hand false matters thei speake yll, & haue a double tongue.

The longe head withoute measure, ha∣uynge the Organes a wrye, and not ryghte, noteth vnshamefastnes and follye. The head lowe and flatte beto∣keneth insolencie and dissolutnesse.

The head high before betokeneth pride. The head that hath as it were a holow hoole behynde and is lowe and holow, declareth man to bee subiecte to angre and deceyte. The greate head wyth a large forehead and a face lyke a Gy∣aunt, is a signe of a slowe man, gen∣tle, stronge, and not easye to be taught. When the head is ryghte and almoste flatte in the myddest, and of a meane greatnes, it sheweth the man to haue greate wytte, and to bee couragious. If the head bee in all poyntes of a good measure, it is a signe of a great wytte and that the man is sharpe and libe∣rall. We meane the head not to great nor to smale, but accordynge to the quantitie and measure of the bodye.

¶The Iudgement of the body by the colour.

BLacknes in a man like a glistering horne is a token of adustion as wel in the members as in the heare. A blacke colour sheweth the man to be of a small courage in feates of warre fearefull and craftye and is to be com∣pared to them that dwell in the southe. A greene colour, darke, or blacke, de∣clareth the man ready and prompte to anger. Men that haue a verye redde or redde headed in colour are subtile and craftie. As the common sayeng among the Frenche men is l'ay veu bein peu de petites gens humbles, & rousseaux fideles, that is to say I haue sene fewe litle mē humble or lowlye, & fewe redde head∣ded men faithfull and true. They that haue a pale and a dead face, and yet a redde forehead and lowe eyes, are alto∣gether shamefaste. And to them you may attribute passion. The white co∣lour & samewhat ruddye, signifieth the

man verye stronge and courageous. Suche are the northen men. The co∣lour that is verye whyte sheweth the man to be contrarye to vertue. A pale coloure sygnifyeth the man to be withoute courage in deedes of warre, fearefull, and a turner of his backe, yf syckenes be not the cause of thys pale∣nes. When a browne colour is myxed with a pale, it declareth the man to be a blabbe of his tonge and a prater, sone angrye, and a speaker without any tem¦perature. This colour then tendeth to an extreeme folly. They that be but a lytle red and freckled and haue quaue∣ring and moouinge lyppes and wyde nostetrells be commonly couragious and readye to wrathe and anger: and to theym also is passion attributed. A meane redde colour noteth a readye and pregnaunt wytte and vnderstan∣dynge. They that be of a fyrye colour or verye neere, keepe theyr anger longe and are harde to pacyfye or to be ruled when they are angrye. When

the vaines of the braine and of the tem∣ples be seene and the eyes sanguyne, it is a sygne that the man is subiecte to vehement wrath, and that sometime he is folyshe & out of his wyts. When the face is redde, it is a sygne of shame or dronkennesse you shall then knowe this colour by the sygnes of the eyes.

¶ The iudgement of the heare by the substaunce.

THe heare smooth and thicke beto∣keneth meekenes, colde and moi∣sture. The further that the brayne is from heate, the more hearye is the head. The heate of a man that goeth to the vpper partes percinge throughe from all partes goeth thorowe the skinne of the heade and maketh an hu∣mour to comme oute of the holes that it maketh, and the fynest parte of this humour vanysheth away but the gros∣ser remayneth wythin and is turned in to heare. Whyche is harder than the

skinne and that by the meanes of the outward colde, & the heare is as bigge as the pore or hole, and as longe as the violence and force of thrusting it out is great. When the heare commeth oute slowlye, it is a signe of a moyste com∣plexion and not sanguyn. If they come a pase the body shall enclyne rather to drynesse than to moysture. And whan heate and drougth doe ioyne together the heare commeth out the sooner, and therewithall grosser. The multitude of heares declareth a hote man and the grossnesse of theym sheweth him to be full of fumosite. And therefore that happeneth more in yonge men than in yonge children. For in children the sub∣staunce is more vaporous than moyst. But in yong men it is contrary wher∣fore contraries folow their contraries. Abundaunce of heare in yong children sheweth their complexion that encrea∣seth and augmenteth, to tende to me∣lancolines. The curlinge of the heare signifieth heate and drines, & cōmeth of

the crokednes of the pores. The heares that be right vp in the head & the heare also that standeth vprighte in the rest of the body betoken fearfulnes in y^e man. The heares right or thicke declare the man to be cruell and whan they be rare then they shewe him to be a deceiuour and if they be curled and turninge vp∣ward it is a signe of a hoate complexiō. And they be fast together appearing vp on the forehead they declare a myghty courage and a brutall as the courage of beares. The heares that be pressed downe and couched together vpon the myddle of the forehead rysing together vpon the toppe of the heade shewe the man to be hoate, and without know∣ledge of honestye. The heares that be thine slender and fewe in number be∣side the temples declare the man to be colde and without force. The reason is for in that place, are the great arteres & that place ought naturally to be hoote, and consequently to haue aboundance of heares for asmuch as the generation

and growynge of heares commeth of heate. Therfore whan the heare is thin and slender in that place, there is lacke of heate, and this ought to be ascribed vnto women for thei neuer haue a bon∣dance of heare in that place. The heare thinne and hard besyde the temples de∣clare the man to be colde and feareful. And when they be thycke in the same place and besyde the eares it is a sygne of heate & whordome. And thei be there stable, blacke or yellowe they signify a violēt mind or courage. If thei be grosse and somewhat whiter, it is a signe that the man shall be indocible whom men shall not rule nor tame. The abundāce of grosse heares & pressed downe, with the abundance of heare in all the rest of the body, doe shewe in an infante a me∣lancolines to come, that is to saye, that he shall fall into a furye or folly. When heares growe in a man that is already aged it is a token of great adustiō by na¦ture, y^t which engendreth folly & priua∣tion of wytte and sense. Women are ne¦uer

bald, for their nature is like the na∣ture of infantes or children. The gel∣ded men lykewyse neuer waxe bald for they be almost of the nature of womē. The heares y^t are made curled by tou∣ching like vnto the wrinkling of pepper doe sygnifye weakenesse in the vertue digestiue and age comminge haste∣lye on.

¶The Iudgement of the co∣lour of the heare.

THE signification of the colour of the heare is not veryfyed for the most part but in temperate clima∣tes. Yet a man maye Iudge thereof some thinge in euerye climate in ma∣king comparison of men of y^e climate vn¦to other as to y^e Flemynges & Ethiopi∣ans. For the Ethiopians be blacke & their heare is curled and extreme croo∣ked. Yet therefore their complexion shall not be hoate but thys heate and curlynge of heare commeth of an out∣warde heate.

For they be rather colde, for as much as the heate goethe oute by vapours. But Fleminges whiche dwell in cold regions, are whit and haue their heare some what of a yellowe colour flatte and playne. And yet for all that we may not say that generally they be cold but rather that their complexion is ve∣rye hote: for the heate is within them as it commeth to passe in winter &c. A white colour signifieth either a vehe∣ment colde, as it appeareth in olde men that haue white heares or elles a great dryenesse, as it happeneth in things ve∣getatiue when they drye vp, the which for their blacknes or greenesse turne in to whitenesse. And that neuer hap∣peneth vnto men but at the end of sick∣nesses dryinge vppe. Heares haue fo∣wer principall colours to weete blacke redde, aberne and whyte or graye. The regions and ayer doe some thinge in the aperation of the heares. The whytenesse of heares commeth by wante of naturall heate or by rotten

fleame. And is a sygne some tyme of wanton maners and conditions. The blacke heare cometh of superabundant coler aduste or of bloode aduste, redde heare sygnifyethe heate whyche is not aduste for they be of a diminished heate The heares that be very redde declare the man to be a craftye deceiuour, de∣priued of wytte colerycke, ful of wrath and furious withoute reason. The heares that be of a cheste nutte colour declareth the man to be vpryght, iuste and well beloued of men. Golden heares, that is to saye yellowe heare or of the colour of golde, come of colde diminished. The abern coloured or yel∣lowe heare hold something of cold, and the heate is dead in the moyst, and this is referred vnto infantes. The people of the northe notwythstandinge haue thys heate bycause of the region. And therefore this muste be noted for suche thynges doe manye tymes deceyue the Iudgers of Phisyognomye. The blackenesse of heares whyche is lyke

to a bryghte horne with some roughnes and crookednes declareth the heate of the complexion: but the heare that is onelye blacke sygnifyeth fearfullnesse and couetousnes. The colour that is as it were a bright glistering horne, is like to the nature of Mars. Neuertheles the heares be not grosse, but somwhat fyne of the finesse of the humours, and are made blacke wyth a greate heate, which thing appeareth in breade tosted vpon the coales bycause the moysture in gone. But when the rest of the body is to heary then Mars & Saturne doe employ their forces. And suche men are commonly theues and robbers and when they haue their breast onely hea∣rie, it is a signe of heate & of a great cou∣rage. When all the body is couered w^t heare, it is rather a signe of y^e courage a fowerfooted beast then of a mā: when the nod of y^e necke is couered w^t heare euen from the heade it is a sygne of strength and of courage and in that the man is like to the lion.

¶ The Iudgement of the forehead.

THe face is the onelye partie where the man onely becommeth. They that haue a great forehead are cō∣monly slouthfull and are compared to oxen. They that haue a broad forehead commonly chang their minde and yf it be very great, they be fooles of lytle dis∣cretion and rude of witte. Vnderstand take this brodnes w^t the iust quantitye of the length and largenes. They that haue a rounde forehead are subiecte to wrath and anger specially if their fore∣head be open & plaine. And they be also insensible like vnto Asses. They y^t haue a litle forehead and narrow be fooles, & doltes, not easely to be taught, slouens, deuourers lyke swine. They y^e haue a metly long forehead haue good wits & ar easely to be taught but yet they are som what vehemēt as dogs be. They y^t haue square forehed of a meane greatnes for mall to the heade are vertuous, wyse,

and couragious like Lions. They that haue a plaine and flatte forehead and w^t out wrinkle will not bowe, & be w^tout wytte contumelious, and much subiect vnto anger, obstinate, and full of contention. They that haue a longe and stretched oute foreheade be flatte∣rers and such haue their parte of passi∣ons. They that haue a darcke and coue∣red foreheade be audatious and terri∣ble. A lowe forehead and obscure, ma∣keth the man readye to weepe, and in that he folowethe the pecockes. The forehead that is great hath euer muche grosse fleshe, and contrarye the lytle forehead hath fine & thinne fleshe. The lytle forehead and finesse of the skynne betoken a fyne wytte and wauerynge. Nowe than the spirite or wytte, is a fyne body engendred of the vapours of the bloode. And this spirite or wytte beareth the vertues of the soule to the spirituall mēbers. And therfore where there be grosse humours there a good wytte cannot be. When a foreheade is

to much wrinkled, it is a signe of a man wythout shame, and this wrinkling cōmeth of to much moysture, although that sometime it proceedeth of drieth, & if the same be not in all y^e forehead, it de¦clareth the man to be full of anger, and very subiect to anger and kepeth longe hys anger and hatred wythoute cause. They that haue a shorte foreheade, the temples and the checkes flatte preste downe, & large chawbones he subiecte to the disease called the kinges euyll. They that haue as it were a litle cloud on y^e toppe of their nose or in y^e middes, as narrowe are coumpted angry men as bulles and Lions. A hygh forehead large and longe signifieth encrease of goods. A low foreheade is no signe of a manly mā. The forehead that is some what swelling vp aboute the temples wyth a grossenes of fleeshe wyth the Iawes also full of fleeshe, declareth a greate courage anger, pryde and a grosse vnderstanding.

¶ The Iudgement of the eyebrowes.

THE eyebrowes are places in the ioynture of the bones, and there∣fore they growe in manye men when they be olde. The eyebrowes that be very heary declare folyshnes of maners and mischeife. The eyebrowes thicke with abundance of heare ioyned to the beginning of the nose do sygnifye a great adustion, & such men are of an euyl nature. If the eyebrows y^t be hygh vpward do descend to the begynning of the nose and aboue are rysyng to the tēples, it is a signe that heat & drougth do rule, and such men be crafty & male∣factours If y^e eyebrows descend down∣wardon y^e side of the nose, & rysyng vp∣ward on the syde of the temples, they declare men to be without shame and dulle and that bycause of a furyous heate. The eyebrows thinne and of a competent greatnes, declare the, temperature and goodnes of the hu∣mours

and they that haue them so are of a greate wytte. The eyebrowes longe shewe the man to be arrogant and wythout shame, but when they be longe wyth much heare they sygni¦fye the man to thinke and to haue hys mynde vppon great thynges. The eyebrowes whyche descende downe¦warde on the syde of the nose, and ray∣sed vpward on the syde of the temples, and hangyng downeward on bothe sydes declare the man to be wythout shame enuious, folyshe insatiable, and lyke vnto hogges. The eyebro∣wes which descend crooked on the side of the nose declare the man to be witty in naughty thinges, and whan they be crooked on the out side of the eye, they signifie the man to be recreatife & mer∣ry. If y^e eyebrowes be right as though they were drawen with a lyne and lōg it is a signe of an euyll minde weake and femnine and as womens mindes bee. When the eyebrowes comme togyther, they shewe the man

to be verye pensyfe and not very wyse. Hanging eyebrows and falling downe vpon the eyes, declare enuye: but yf they be crooked they sygnifye a smalle memorye. The eye browes that be rounde compassed lyke a bowe, so that they ioyne almoste to the nose, declare the man to be subtyll wytty and studi∣ous. The eyebrowes thynne meete or measured by the diamenter, and greate betoken a good wytte.

¶The Iudgemente of the eyelyddes.

THE eyelyddes are sette aboue the great coueringes of y^e smal vaines by a grosse vapour. The fyne∣nesse of the skynne declarethe the sub∣staunce of the matter that is to saye of the humours and that coler hathe the domynion. And they that haue such heare, be malycyous and vitious vnto whome you maye also ascribe the other passyons of colere.

And when that place is verye fleshye (as the eyes of the Dules) it is a signe of fraude and guyle. The eye lidde ap∣pearyng hygh aboue, and seemeth ful∣ler then it is, declynynge a lytle aboue the eye, declareth the sight to be other then the common sight of men, and to muche fixed and set vppon one thyng. But yf the sayde eye lydde tend down∣warde, it is a signe that the man is full and fatte, and namely when it is redde rounde aboute, it is a signe that the man is a dronkarde and riotous, &c, whyche thynge I haue tryed in manye men which dyd haunt tauernes. The reason is, because suche a disposition of the eye lydde signifieth weakenesse of the eyes, and consequentlye of the brayne. Wherefore they that haue them so, feare often tymes the Wyne. If thei be thinne and fine downward, so that the whyte of the eye bee coue∣red, it is a signe of drynesse of humors. And if that happen in any sharpe passi∣on, it is a signe of death. When the

heare of the Eyelyddes is croked downewarde, or naturally tourned or wreathed at one syde, it is a signe of lyinge and subteltie. They that haue verye great or grosse Eyelyds, sée farthest of, for they conserue theyr syght wyth heate and outwarde colde. Whan the corners of the Eyes bée broade, it is a sygne of diseases of the Eyes. And yf they haue anye fleshye apparence, they signifye Dronkennes, and specially when y^e Eyes bée appa∣rent and cleare, and haue theyr coue∣rynges dryed vp.

The Eyelyds aboue the Eyes, whi∣che couer them beneath signifie longe lyfe. They that wagge and remoue often theyr Eyelyddes, bée fearefull, and wythoute good sence or wytte.

The Eyelyddes thynne, sygnifye healthe, and declare the thoughte of the man to bée nygh vnto good.

The iudgement of the eyes.

THe complexion of the Eyes is moyst, & they bée made of .vij. lids, whiche are called in Latyne Tunicae oculorum, with thrée humours. The passions of the mynde bée decla∣red specially by the Eyes, as tribulati∣on, myrth, loue, hatred, & suche other.

The Eyes haue foure principall co∣lours, to wytte, blacke, somewhat whyte, chaungeable, darcke, and tau∣nye. The forme of the Eyes that bée rounde, are the moste wauerynge and rollyng that bée, the most parfyte, and vncorrupt, because there is no square∣nes in them. The Eyes that haue cor∣ners are most fylled w^t superfluities in y^e same corners: the eyes y^t be great be∣token fearfulnes & weakenes, for their grossenes cōmeth to a great abūdance of moisture in y^e brain, wherin ther is a certeyn coldnes, which is spred amōg y^e mēbres, & quencheth y^e blood: wherfore euen as the sprite of the blood maketh the man bold, so the cōplexion that is cold and moiste maketh him fearefull.

The eyes that bee bolt forewarde, de∣clare follye in the man. But when thei bee hollowe inward they shewe a ma∣licious subteltie in the man. Broade eyes tendynge to the largenes of the bodye, and lyke vnto Hogges eyes, de∣clare a moysture of the bodye. They that haue theyr appearynge outwarde and loftye see not verye well: for their eyes bee farre of from their fountaine whiche is the brayne. And suche men are commonlye greate babblers and praters. The hollowe eyes farre in the head haue a sharper sighte than the other. The rollynge or waggynge of the eyes commeth of heate and beto∣keneth wrath, lecherye, and boldenes. When the eyes moue deformely, so y^e nowe thei runne, and now they stande styll, it is a signe of great malyce, and that suche men are full of wicked cogi∣tations. They that remoue theyr eyes swiftly with a sharpe sight, be theues, vnfaythfull, and full of deceyte. Suche men haue a subtell witte, but it is

readyer to euyll than to good. A sted∣fast looke, commeth of two great and stedfast cogitation, and oftentymes of a desyre they haue to deceyue. They that haue a looke lyke women, are whoremaisters and withoute shame: for that disposition commeth to them by such a complexion as women haue. When a man looketh as thoughe he were a chylde, so that hys face and eyes, be alwayes smylyng, it is a signe that he shall be of a longe and merrye lyfe. Merrye and laughyng eyes with the rest of the face, betokeneth flattery, lecherye, and backebytinge. The eyes that bee as it were yellowe, signifie crueltye and deceyte, as it appeareth well ynoughe in baudes and murthe∣rers, this colour commeth of a Chol∣ler raignyng and adust. Lytle eyes sig∣nifie malyce, folly, and weakenesse in a man. The hollownes of the eyes com∣meth of a dryeth, whiche dryeth vp the muscles and ligamentes. Whereof ensueth a contradiction in the inward

partes, & that the man becometh brain∣les. The eyes are set & situat natural∣ly in man accordyng to the largenes of the body. The Eyes that are of diuers colours & dimme in the balle of them betoken folyshnes. The boltyng oute of the Eyes doth represent diuers ob∣iectes, whereby it commeth to passe that the man is confuse with this di∣uersitie of obiectes, goynge aboute to beholde them all together. The Eyes that tend vpward, signifie goodnes, but if they be red & great tending vpward, thei signifie wickednes, folly, & dronk∣nes, And that cōmeth of the weakenes of the brayne, whyche is verye moyste and not temperate. The eleuation of the Eyes commeth by accident, for the cause of it is to muche heate, the Sygne whereof is the redde colour: whereof also commeth the pertur∣bation of the reasonable soule.

As we sée in the great anger of men.

The extention of the Eyes and of the face, shewe the malyce of the man: because that heate and drynes bée the

cause thereof. And the whote soule, bryngeth commonly some euyll signe. The Eyes that bée as it were hidden in the head, sée further of then other and signifie suspicion, malyce, daun∣gerous anger and naughtye conditi∣ons: they declare the man to haue a great memorye, and speciallye of In∣iuries: audacious, cruell, full of crafte, a lyer, vicious, and a Whoremon∣ger. &c. Whan the Eyes are nowe shutte nowe open, and by and by stande styll, suche men haue not yet committed any crimes, but they haue them in theyr heart. The Eyes haue diuersities of colours because they bée Diaphanes and of a rare substaunce and fyne. And therefore the spirites of the syght shew their qualities in the Eye. As a womā that hath her flowers spotteth the looking glasse, & marreth children in the cradell, & somtime hur∣teth whole & sound eyes: when there be many apparent spots in the ball of the Eye it is a signe of noughtynes.

And yet shall the spotted eye be worse, yf it bee of diuers colours. The chaun∣geablenes of the eyes commeth of no∣thyng but of heate raysynge vp the va∣pours vnto the eyes. And the greater the varietie is, the greater is the heate. For as much as the spottes be diuers, the adustion of the spirite raysed vp, is the greater, whereof commeth the di∣uersitie of maners, and the multitude of vices. And of this great varietie, the honeste and commendable iudge∣ment is corrupted. The eyes that bee redde as coales, signifie wickednesse and obstinatie. For by the colour of fi∣er, is signified greate Choller. They that haue meane eyes, enclinynge towarde the colour of the skye, or somewhat blacke, haue a sharpe and pearsyng vnderstandynge, and be faith¦full and curtesye. Almansor saieth that the best and moste commendable co∣lour of the eyes is betwene blacke and chaungeable, yf they bee not full of beames, or yf there bee not any rednes

or yellownes in thē, those eyes declare discretion & vnderstanding. His reason is, because they bee withoute Choller or Melancoly adust. The colour of the eyes graye and blacke, specially where bee no spottes, is cause of moyste hu∣mours and temperate without adusti∣on, whereof foloweth the spirite lyke vnto the nature. And of this spirite commeth the vnderstandynge and spe∣culation: the diuers coloured is made of a moore cleare visible spirite, there∣fore suche men are well borne, and sée∣kers of knowledge and science. The worser eyes haue whyte spottes or blacke or redde, or of some other co∣lour. And they that haue suche eyes are worse then all other, and more to be reproued. The chaungeable great and of aberne colour, yf they haue ly∣tle redde sparkes very dustye signifieth the man to bee troubled in hys mynde and vicious: but yet bolde and wyttye. When there be lytle redde spottes in the eyes, and tourne moore to blacke

than to red so that they séeme blacke, it is a sygne of a noble heart, iuste, good & witty. The Eyes that shyne wythin as spottes of Whyte betoken cleane men, stable, and verye courtise.

The Eyes that haue lytle spottes all together red, & yet not roūd but square, and shynynge lyke fyer wythin & vn∣derneath, & that there bée other be∣syde them that bée pale, & other blood colour, & that the circles whiche close in the ball of the Eye bée sanguine, & that the Eye bée of a good greatnesse, & that the Eyelyds & the ball do re∣moue & wagge much, it is a Sygne of a cruell heart, moore than a man would thinke: the redder those lytle spottes bée & the smaler, so much the moore do they shew the great anger & wickednes in the man: the spottes that bée greater & darker, diminishe those great vices: but they take them not away all together: the blacke spot∣tes or sanguine in the blacke ball of the Eye or browne do signifie malice

or poysonyng. The pale spottes signi∣fye secreate wyckednesse. And you muste note that as muche as the co∣lours are moore vehement, the moore efficatie they haue.

Yet there bée some Eyes coloured lyke the Rainebowe, the whyche yf they bée drye, declare great lacke of wytte: But yf they bée moyst, they sig∣nifie magnificence & wysedome: yet wyth wrathe & infamous whoredome. If the ball of the Eye be blacke, & clo∣sed in with the foresayde yellowe co∣lour, or if it seme lyke gylt (as the Phi∣sitions say) it betokeneth the bloody Flixe in the neather partes.

The great Eyes & long Eyebrowes, betoken short lyfe. They that haue in theyr Eyes a blackyshe Whyte, are commonly great Personages, & lyue in great honour.

The waueryng or moouyng Eyes & sharpe, sygnifie theft, whych is attri∣buted vnto Haukes.

The drye eyes and full of veynes, be∣token priuation of wytte to come or present. The eyes compassed aboute with dimme darkenesse, declare that the man is seasoned with euyll do∣trine, and that he is vnfaythfull and temperat. But when they shyne much and be without spotte, it is a token of goodnes. When the eyes shyne verye muche, and are browne, and sanguine it is a signe of rashenes and of priuati∣on of witte: But yf they be well pro∣porcioned, they betoken good state of the wytte. The colour of the eyes meane betwene blacke and chaunge∣able is commendable aboue all other sortes aforesayde, yf they bee not full of beames and streakes, eyther yellow or red. If the eyes bee great, and verye cleare and cleane, they signifie iustice, docilitie, prouidence, and good aduer∣tisment. If they bee eminent, red, and smale, it shalbee a signe of the thought and the tongue vnrulye, and of an vn∣constant mynde. Tremblyng eyes and

browne, betoken a man withoute shame, vnfaythfull and vniuste.

When the eyes haue a competente greatnesse, and be verye bryght, it is a signe of magnanimitie, & that the man enterpryseth greate thynges & bryn∣geth to passe great matters. Somtime it is a signe of anger, and that the man is gyuen to Wyne, that he is a thefe, and couetous beyonde measure.

When the eyes bée great and smiling it is a signe of a dull man, lecherous, and that foreséeth not what shall come after. Hollow eyes and smylyng as it were lying in wayte, or to spye, speci∣ally, yf the chéekes, the eyebrowes, and the lyppes do moue all together, it is a signe of wycked cogitations, deceytes, and namely, yf somtyme the eyelids bée ioyned together, & touche one ano∣ther, it is a signe of most wycked thoughtes. Sad eyes are not much to bée feared: for they bée to the cogitati∣ons of moyst eyes, & betoken study of good sciences. But yf the eye browes

and the Forehead be of a good bredeth & styll, & that the Eyelyds be good, it is sygne of a faythfull mynde, graue & gentle: the sad Eyes & dry wyth shar∣penes of the Forehead & stedfast looke, & castyng down of the Eyelyds signi∣fie hurt & cruelty, & that the man hath a rash boldnes: they that haue wa∣try Eyes are louers of Wyne, and become bald, and such men haue al∣ways a moyst Brayn & weary: they that haue theyr Eyes very watry & running, are slepy & loue to sleepe. Ble∣rines or watrynes of the Eyes com∣meth of grosse blood, & of a melanco∣ly humour whych falleth into the Eye lyds: the watrynes of the Eye by the looke of the disposition, betokeneth drunkenes: yf it bee wyth depression of the Eyes, it declareth slepe.

The flat Eyes sygnifye slownes: wherein the man is compared to Ox∣en. The meanes of the Eyes sygni∣fieth goodnes and puritie. The Eyes that be somwhat hollow, betoken

magnanimitie. But yf they be moore hollow, it is a sygne of mekenes. If the ball be black, it is a sygne of a slouthfull and dull man. The ball of the Eye that hath round about certain Pearles, signifieth the man to be en∣uious, a babbler, fearfull, and very daungerous. The Eyes that stand awry wyth a vehement ague, sygni∣fye death. If the Eyes tarry longe open, it is a sygne of folyshnes, and that the man hath no shame.

The Eyes that bee very blacke, be∣token fearefulnesse, and desyre to scrape together gooddes. And yf they bee not verye blacke, but somewhat yellow, it is a sygne of a good and ver∣tuous mynde: the Eyes that bee Browne, or Whyte, signifie feareful∣nes, and specially the Whyte: the eyes that be not altogether Browne, beto∣ken a good courage and mynde: the Eyes that be full of vaines, signifie fo∣lishe men and destitute of their wittes, and that is referred vnto Goates.

Now the eyes are called full of vaines which haue many lytle lynes or strea∣kes, as the minutes of vaynes bee, by the which the colour of the eyes is made diuers. The eyes that bée en∣flamed signifieth the man to bée paste shame. The eyes are enflamed when they shyne and are brighte, & glyster lyke fier: for they bée kyndled wyth yre and wrath. And yf they sée one thynge, they thynke they sée twayne. The eyes and the chéekes red betoken dronkenes And when they bée red & drye, it is a sygne of wrathe & angre. When the eyes bée browne or troubled, it is a sygne of feare. The meane eyes and lowe, betoken shamefastnesse & hone∣stye. The steddye eyes snd somewhat red betoken whoredome & deuouring The chaungeable eyes & shorte de∣clare a couetous man & desyrous of goods. But yf he haue the forehead and eye browes halfe retyerd he is the moore couetous.

¶ The Iudgement of the face.

THE face is taken symplye for a naturall looke: but the vysage is vnderstand of the qualitie of the mynde. The face of them that be very cleane is meane in the cheekes and temples and somewhat fatte. And that face is a trewe face, louing and not disdaynefull. The merrye face commeth of a merry harte, and so the contrarye. The meane forme that is to saye neyther to greate nor to lyt∣tle, is very handsome. He that hath a full and fatte face is importune, a lyar, a deuourer, and not very wise. A fatte face maketh the man circum∣specte in his affayres, and sygnifyeth a sharpe wytte. The thynnes of the face betokeneth the man to be pensiue. A rounde face sygnifyeth folly: and a greate face sygnifyeth slouth. The face that is very litle sygnifieth naugh∣tinea, craft, flattery, no liberalite: & fear¦fulnes. They y^t haue a croked face, are

of a naughty and wicked dysposytion. A longe face testifyeth the man to be without shame and iniurious and that cometh of heate. The temples swollē with great veynes and arteries, signi∣fye wrath and anger. If the fleshye face be somewhat thicke, and not very neat it is a signe of fearfullnes and of great follye. A grosse and rusticall face wyth broade Iawes, sygnifyeth a rude and blount nature.

¶The Iudgemente of the visage or of the face.

THe asperite or sharpnes of y^e face, of y^e state of the lipps, of y^e chekes, of the forehead, and of the county∣naunce, sygnifieth a folyshe man and without sence or wytte. The face that sweteth often, yea with a lytle mouing betokeneth heate, leacherie, glottonye, and that the man is a great eater, and therefore falleth into indigestion: and at the last into great sycknesses. When the face is hollow lyke a valley, more

leane than fatte, it sygnifyeth the man to be iniurious, enuious, a lyer, a rioter cruell, and specially yf he be of an adust colour and somewhat blacke or elles yellow. The face well proportioned of fleshe, of colour, & other things appar∣taining, declare a commendable lyfe, and aboundaunce of vertues. Euerye fatte face & full signifyeth an ignorant man, and gyuen to pleasures. Take héede you be not deceiued in the iudge∣ment of Lazer men for their eyes be∣come round and their vaines appeare. The lyttle visage heareth witnesse of a lyttle vnderstanding, of wyckednes, of folly and of ignorance.

¶ The iudgement of the nose.

THe nose that reacheth downe euen to the mouthe of a competent big∣nes declareth the gristle and the brayne thereof to be of a hoate com∣plexion and sygnifieth goodnes and au∣dacitye. Whan the nostrells be greate and wyde it is a sygne the mans codds

and stories be greate, and that he is a whoremonger, a traytour, false, au∣datious, a lyar, enuious, couetous, a nyggard, and but a little fearfull and of a grosse vnderstandinge. The Nose sheweth the disposytion, of the hart: yf it be great, it is a sygne that the man is subiect to wrath. A lyttle nose and a greate also declare the secrete partes of the man, and of the woman. The pryuye member of a man great, commeth of a grosse and hote matter. Yet the foote of the woman declareth her matryce. A narrowe foote, longe leane sheweth the lyke of the matryce of the woman, and so the contrarye. The measure of halfe the foote beyng bare, is the measure of the length of the matrice, yea in all women. Greate lippes declare the skynne or the lyppe of the gate to be great, and so contrary And specially in a maide. The nostrells of the Nose shewe the stones of the man. If they be greate and wyde it is a sygne that hys coddes be greate

and large: but if they be smalle it is a sygne that the coddes be narrow and smalle. Wherefore the rule cannot fayle (vnlesse it be by accident) that is to saye by syckenes and yll rule, as dauncyng, or suche lyke. For tra∣uayle and labour encreaseth the mem¦ber. And so manye haue theyr righte hande greatter then the lefte bycause it laboureth more. A hawke Nose sygnifyeth magnanimytye and cou∣rage, cruellty, rapacitye, and bold∣nes whych thynge commeth of heate. And therefore they that haue thys hawke Nose are commonlye angrye and full reuenge and gyue themsel∣ues to vnlawefull thynges. A flatte Nose sygnifyeth violence whoredome and yet neuertheles weakenes. For that commeth of fleame & of moisture If the nose be short the mouth litle and the teeth short & great, that commeth of moystenes and colde. A sharpe nose, a longe necke, and the voyce fayer & shrill come of coleryke temperature.

When the nose is broade in the middes toward the typpe, it is a token of super∣fluitie of wordes, of lyeing of anger. I haue knowen such men excéedinge in vices and chieflye in lyes. They that haue their nose sharpe at the ende are commonly lyars hurtfull, and conten∣tious. For that procedeth of coler. The nose that is great at the end, declareth desyrours of thynges as oxen are. And such men couet all that they see, and specially in carnal voluptuousnes. And moreouer are commonly very angrye. Large & wide nostrells betoken whore∣dome. The nose that is great at the end signifieth insenble men past shame and vnapt to be taught. The nose turned vp¦ward and round at the ende is a sygne of magnanimitie and greate courage which is in lyons. The nose thynne and small at the ende like a birds byll signi∣fieth lightnes and folly.

¶The Iudgement of the nose and nostrells.

THE nose that is crooked and hard from the forehead to the mouth, is a sygne that the man is without shame. A hollow nose and the forehead rounde and emynent aboue, declareth leacherous men. If the nose be croked nygh vnto the forehead it is a sygne of a man past shame and without honesty. The nostrelles crooked are ascribed to men of a good hart. The Nose tending to the laterall partes of the man, yf it declyne onely to one parte of the posyti∣on, goyng from the gyrdle on the side of the last part betokeneth some hurt: But deuyded into both the partes of the posytion, it sheweth syckenes or hurt, and that commeth eyther of the primatyue cause, or of the cause goe∣yng before. The Nose that is in hys begynnynge almoste flatte. Beto∣keneth lyberalitye suche are the Ly∣ons. A redde nose whyche hath a hole at the verye foundation, and the bredth of it somwhat swellynge, after

the fashion of strawberies, betoke∣neth dronkenes: and suche men are commonly moyste and lecherous, spe∣cially yf that sygne be on the body of a small measure. And thys hath bene tryed. Open and wyde nostrelles sygnifye readynes to anger. The thinne and very open nostrelles, be∣token crueltie and disdainfull thought. The nostrelles thynne and longe syg∣nifye vnstablenes and lyghtnes. And yf they be thynne and sharpe they sig∣nifye quarelyng men. Whan one part of the nostrelles is myxed wyth the forehead and taken honestly from the forehead and seperated by a good composition so that it be not to hyghe nor to lowe with some lyne descendyng it is a signe of constancie, manlines and prudence. The nostrelles ryght vp betoken distemperance of tonge. The nostrelles that be in all things greater, are better than the lesser. The lyttle nostrelles are naturallye ascrybed vnto seruile and bound wyttes and to

vnfaithefull men. The wyde No∣strells shewe a token of myrthe and strength. And when they be verye narrowe, rounde, and almost stop∣ped they betoken follye. The large∣nes of the nostrells, the Iawes fatte, and the small quantitie of heare on the chéekes, sygnifye a moyst complexion. If the heare that groweth in the no∣strells of a man be great thycke, and muche, it is a sygne of a hard wytte and spirite and vnmoouable. But yf there be lyttle heare and softe, it be∣tokeneth a gentyll and easye wytte, and good to be taught.

¶The iudgement of the eares.

THE greate Eares are engen∣dred of aboundaunce of matter and suche men haue common∣lye a lyttle necke, and fayer.

They be sanguine somewhat colericke wyth grosse bloode and some thynge

aduste. And those men are very vnpa∣cient and prone to anger. When the eares be great and ryght beyond mea∣sure it is a sygne of follye, and abun∣daunce of manye superfluous wordes and longe lyfe. If they be so greate that they maye be compared to Asses eares, it is a sygne of follye and slow¦nes. And when they be greate and hange downeward, they sygnifye ry∣ches. If they be thynne and drye, it is a sygne of greate vnstablenes, and that the man shall not haue much goodes. Very small eares betoken folyshe men théeues and whoremongers. The small eares sygnifye the same thynge that the other before doe and therwith all they sygnify deceyte and malignite. When the eares be narrowe and very long it is a sygne of enuye. And yf they be verye longe they shewe and declare an enuious man. Lyttle eares, sygnifye shorte lyfe. The eares that be to rounde declare an in∣docible man. If the muscle of the

eares be ioyned fast wyth the fleshe of the throte. it is a sygne of follye, and vanitye. Plyable eares declare the proportion of the heate and moy∣sture. The right eares stiffe and full of gristles, declare that drynes hath domi∣nion. The eares that be lyke halfe a cyrcle meane, and hollow, and Ioyned to the line and middle somwhat pressed together toward the centre, styckinge neare to the head declare goodnes of na¦ture. The eares that be couched close to the head sygnifie dull men slow and slowthfull. The eares that be hydden and fyxed ryghte to the head betoken slowth. The eares that be hearye betoken long life and a good hearing.

The meane eares amonge all the sortes aforesayde are good, and to∣kens of goodes, If there be anye greate quantitye of longe heare and thycke in the eares it betokeneth a hoate courega and a desyre of carnall pleasure.

¶The Iudgement of the Iawes and chekes.

MAlae be the emynent partes vn∣der the eyes and Maxillae is the diminutiue. The chaffes be the parts of the Iawes oute of the whych the beard groweth. The Iawes are taken offten times for the chaffes. The Iawes specially declare the complexi∣on of y^e man. The Iawes that is to say the eminent cheke of the vpper part of the mouth with the length of y^e Iawes of the parte of the composition sygny∣fye malicious men. The short Iawes and farre out from the vpper part of the mouth sygnifye malyce backbiting violence enuie, specially whan in those partes there is no fleshe. The leane Iawes & of a thinne substance browne or somewhat yellowe declare a hote & a dry complexion. The Iawes that be as it were black, wyth a purged substance of fleshe signifye exces of dryenes and colds as it appeareth in a melancolye

man. The grosse fleshe of the Iawes is a signe of a grosse nature of coward∣nes and sometyme violence. The Iawes that be to thynne betoken ma∣lignitye. And they that be softe and long sygnifye importunate babblynge and prating. The chéekes that be ful, with full and blowen temples, be∣token great wrath. Whan the chekes are small and so sytuate, that they appeare cutte and seperated from the eyes, it is a sygne of aboun∣daunce of euyll humours.

The roundenes of the chéekes de∣clare enuye. Whan the chéekes be lyghte and euyll sette, they sygni∣fye length of tounge, importunitye and much talke. Redde chéeks (as is a∣boue sayd) signifie dronknes.

¶The nature of the mouth.

THE mouth great & wyde betoke∣neth wrath, boldnes & warre. And such men are comonly glottons.

A wyde mouth withoute measure. as thought it were cutte and stretched out sygnifieth rauening inhumanite, wic∣kednes, a warlyke hart and cruell, like vnto beastes of the sea. Such men are greate talkers, boasters, babblers, enuions, lyars, and full of follye. The mouthe that hathe but a lyttle closynge and a lyttle openynge, sygny∣fyeth a fearful mā, quyet & yet vnfaith∣full. The mouthe that is verye ap∣parent and rounde wyth thyckenes of lyppes, sygnifyeth vnclenlynes, follye, and cruelltye. The mouthe whyche hath a quantitie in his sytuation with a lyttle shutting, and smylynge eyes wyth the reste of the face, sygnifyeth a carnall man a louer of daunses, and a greate lyar. Whan the mouthe turneth in speakinge it is a sygne that it is infected w^t some catarre or murre as it is manyfest ynough. The long chynne declareth the man to be verye lyttle subiecte to anger, and of a good complexion: and yet he is somewhat

a babbler and a boaster of hymselfe.

They that haue a litle chinne, are much to be auoyded and taken heede of, for besydes all vices wyth the whych they are fylled they are full of impietye and wyckednes and are spyes, lyke vnto ser¦pentes. If the ende of the chynne be round it is a signe of feminine maners and also it is a sygne of a woman. But the chynne of a man muste be almoste square.

The iudgement of the lippes.

THE lyppes be of softe fleshe with a good moouinge bycause of the speech. The greate lyppes are meete for fooles and dullardes. The redde coloure of the lyppes, on the syde of the openynge of the mouthe, commeth of the vaynes that be in that place. The naturall coloure of the lyppes is redde in the vtter partes bycause of the fynesse of the skynnes, and sygnyfyeth cleanes

of complexion and wythoute myxti∣tion of troubled bloode in great ver∣tue. The blacknes of the Lyppes sygnifieth the contrarye, for the ver∣tue of the bloode and naturall heate is gonne and those that haue suche Lyppes are syckely. The neather lippe lose and verye redde sygnifyeth greate fleshelynes, and vnshamefast∣nes in a woman. The lippes grosse de∣clare great substance of matter drawen of heate. And the grossenes declareth the humours and the grosse spyrites, of the whyche proceedeth dulnes of vnderstandynge. If they be ryghte and thycke, that is to saye fyrme and fast, and Ioyned togyther Mars is theyr planette. And lykewyse whan the mouthe is greate.

Softe lyppes and somewhat smy∣lynge whyche be in a merrye face be∣token fleeshelyenes. Yet sometime they be also deceyuours, theeues and full of fraude and gyle.

They that haue not red lyppes wyth∣in are sycke, or very neare to sickenes. The lyppes of the mouth very great, and slacke, or to muche tourned out∣ward signifie simplicitie, and readines to wrath and grosse witte: and fleame ruleth in them. Thynne lyppes and lose in the vppermost partes, so that the vpper lyppe be bowynge downe to the ioynyng of the lyppes, signifieth magnanimitie: thynne lyppes and hard appearyng aboute the téeth signi∣fie a beastly vnderstandyng and wytte vnapt to be taught. The lyppes that bée great beneath in the neather part, betoken folysh men, and lyke to Asses. The vpper lyppe very apparent in the Gummes, signifie men that loue con∣tumelies and euyll slaunderynge, and are alwayes in brawlynge and contra∣uersies: the lytle lyppes with a lytle mouth, signifieth weakenesse of the spirite and naughty crafte. The best maner or sorte of lyppes and mouth is when they are not to moyste, for the

moystnes of the mouth and lyppes, sygnifye fearefulnesse and maligni∣tye. The greate blabbe lyppes, beto∣ken greate follye, babblynge and au∣dacitie. The lyppes that bée neyther to thycke nor to thynne, and some∣what tourned outwarde, sygnifye, se∣cretenesse, pollicie, wrathe, and a great wytte. The lyppes that bee well co∣loured, moore thynne then thycke, signifie a fayre condicioned man, and chaungeable to two wayes: But ra∣ther vnto vertue. And of suche men Iupiter is the Plannette. The lyppes that bée not equall, so that one is grea∣ter then the other, declare the man to bee wyse and of a chaungeable for∣tune. The vpper lyppes smale and somewhat loftye, signifie the man to bee a blabbe and a longe tongue, ve∣rye enuious, and an accusour.

Thynne vpper lyppes, hangynge and tourned insyde out, betoken a theefe, and a deceyuour. You maye not iudge of the Ethiopians lyppes vnlesse you

haue bene conuersaunt amonge them and diligentlye noted and obserued theyr qualities. But of our regions and countreys, we maye geue iudge∣mente.

¶Of the teeth.

WHen the teeth that bée lyke Dogges teeth, bée long and fast, and that they stycke oute of the mouth, it is a sygne of a glotton, sub∣iecte to angre, wicked and a foole.

Weake teeth thynne and smale, de∣clare all the bodye to bée weake, and the lyfe of the manne to bee shorte and weake. The sownde made wyth the teeth betokeneth follye or lacke of wytte, whyche thynge happeneth sometyme to Chyldren sleepynge, whyche is a token of Wormes.

Greate and broade teeth, apparente eyther wythin, or wythoute, sygnifye vanitie in a man, slouthe, simplicitie, but yet a good wytte.

Some saye that is is signe of a grosse wytte, procedynge from grosse hu∣mours: the téeth that bée extreme drye altogether without moysture, signifie in a sicke man death, and in a health∣full man they shewe a sicknes verye nigh at hande, for the moyst roote sée∣meth to be cōsumed. And the bodies of suche men are as a lampe withoute Oyle: y^e téeth that be full of reume sig∣nifie a fault of the head, or elles of the stomacke, through the communica∣tyng of the head and the lunges, which becauses of a descendyng or runnyng at the nose (which goeth by the throte) of coughing or quinseys, and of swel∣lyng in the throte. Beastes that haue theyr teeth gagged lyke a sawe drinke lyckynge: but those that haue them vniforme and euen drynke suppyng.

¶Of the tongue.

THe tongue is made to tast and to pronounce woordes and to vtter the voyce. The tongue that is tourned right downe, or that stutteth or stumbleth, signifieth the flixe of the belly: they that be subiect to laskes and flixes become stutters, because of the matter whiche descendeth from the head, whiche entreth into the poores of the tongue and muscles, whereof it commeth to passe, that the tongue is the greater, and thereby made broder, and so shorter: and therfore some stam∣mer and stutte. The tongue that is ti∣ed before, can not well pronounce wor∣des or letters, but pronounceth C, in¦steade of S: and that maketh the man to stutte. And yf it be tyed behynde it can not well pronounce the letter R, but in steade of R, it pronounceth L, they that stutte feare wyne, for they wyll bee dronke commonly, and there∣fore drunkards doe stammer, and can not well pronounce this word (Tren∣tatry). The heauines of the tongue in

youth, signifieth soddayne death after it waxeth once lyghte. The greate and broad tongue declareth a rude wytte and vnderstandynge and flematycke humours. He that stutteth and repe∣teth often the fyrste syllable of a worde is readye to melancolynes. The tonge that is touched wyth a lyght mouynge and is cause of repetynge the wordes by corruption of speeche, betokeneth follye violence and wrathe: because of the moouyng of the spirites, and of the heate whiche hasteth the prouocation vnaduisedlye. When the tongue is longe and redde withall, it is a sygne of wysedome: for it declareth good and commendable humours. A whyte tongue betokeneth pouertie and mi∣serye. The tongue that is hurte or marred wyth heate vnnaturall sygni∣fieth distemperaunce and euyll dispo∣sition speciallye of the belly and breast. A longe tongue, grosse and so rounde that a man maye wype hys owne nose with it, declareth a nature lyke an

Oxe. The tongue that is shortened wyth some humours loseth hys taste. All men that stutte be rude of bodye and proude.

¶Of the voyce.

THey that haue a slowe voyce and graue, are quiet men and easye to bee spoken to, merry and well manered. The voyce that is graue and drawen long, betokeneth strength I meane the grosse voyce, and that soundeth lyke a trumpet. The force of the voyce, foloweth the wydenesse of the Veynes, and the multitude of spirites: all the whyche thynges come of heate. The men that haue a grosse voyce are verye iniurious and are compared to Asses. They that haue a grosse voyce by nature, wyth∣out forcynge it are stronge, and that is referred to Dogges. They that haue a grosse voyce, and sowndynge well, are warrelyke and eloquent.

A sharpe or shryll voyce signifieth fear∣fulnes. By this voyce I meane a smal voyce and not a great: the voyce shryll and soft, and broken betokeneth a wo∣manlyke feare, and is attributed vnto them y^t be effeminate: the voyce sharpe and stronge, declareth men to be full of anger, it is the propertie of Goates.

A weake voyce betokeneth narrow ar∣teries, and want of spirite, which thin∣ges come of cold. A softe voyce and not drawen or stretched oute, betokeneth meekenes, which is in shéepe. For you muste referre and compare the voyce as well as all other thyngs to the like∣nes of beastes. The antiuocates, that is to saye, they that speake great at the fyrst and smale at the laste, and haue a sharpe voyce are full of wrath, and yet they be soone appeased agayne, & are of a gentle affection. A meane voyce in sounde and in greatnes, declareth the man to bee wyse, circumspecte, iuste, and trew. They that haue an vnplea∣saunt sound of theyr voyce, and discor∣dyng

are numbred amonge the fooles: they that be hasty in theyr speache (spe∣cially yf they haue a shryll voyce) are commonlye wycked and greate fooles, importune, and lyers. But yf the voyce be great, the man will common∣ly be angry, and of a noughty nature. They that haue a soft and sweete voice are enuious, and full of suspicion.

They that moue muche and often and speake with mouinge of theyr handes, are vncleanely, eloquent, and decey∣uours: But they that moue not so theyr handes, haue a perfite witte and vnderstandynge, and haue also a good disposition and good counsel: they that speake in the Nose are lyers, euill wyl∣lers, and enuious.

¶The maners and condi∣cions of men & prouinces.

THe Spaniards are meanly strong but for to doe all other thynges, which are possible to be done, they surmount & passe many other nacions.

And there be many among them very excellent, and that in diuers maners in castyng the stone, in nymblenes and in manye other thynges.

In Portugale the men are melan∣colye and sanguyne for the most parte: manye of them are sufficient stronge, althoughe they haue no lyuelynesse of witte or spirite.

The Sicilians are collericke, and melacolicke, and stronge of bodye: they exercise them selues in wrastelynge, or at the castynge of the barre, and are nymble and quycke.

The Italians for the moste parte are weake men, and some amonge (althoughe the number bee smale) haue greate strength, and are wont to bee moore excellent than other, but yet rather of imitation then by inuention. They bee slender, and of a stature be∣twene greate and meane.

In Germanye the men are flema∣ticke, whiche shewe manifestlye the nature of that complexion, that is to

saye, that they bee flematycke and ve∣rye Chollerycke. Furthermoore, they hee of a greate bodye, but yet fewe there are amonge them that haue great bodylye strength, or anye greate actiuitie and nymblenesse, to doe anye harde thynges, though they bee ve∣rye industrious to doe materiall thyn∣ges, whiche concerneth anye worke of the handes.

The Frenchmen be made and pro∣porcioned of fleame and of Chollere, and are for the moste parte slowe and weake. Yet there are some of them sin∣gulare, and surmounte others in ma∣nye thynges, but the number is smale. They bee robute and stronge, but thei haue not the meane and waye howe to vse theyr strength.

¶The iudgement of other partes of the body.

THey that haue a lytle Necke and a long, haue a good voyce & great & are fooles, feareful & malignāt.

But they that haue a short necke, are very whote and great deceyuours.

They that haue a greate necke, are great fooles, and great eaters: the nod of the necke long and broad, signifieth good courage and pryde: the eleuation of humour, signifieth a rude & vnfaith∣full nature. When the armes of the body that is right vp, are so longe that the hands reache to the knees, it is a sygne of actiuitie and nymblenesse at worke, of audacitie, and of goodnes, with liberalitie: But when they bee shorter it is a sygne of a louer of dis∣corde, and of an ignoraunt person.

The paulme of the handes long, with longe fyngers, signifie an apte man to manye artes, namelye to mecanycall & handye craftes, & prudent and ware in all hys affayres. For there is in hym a sygne of good regiment and gouer∣naunce: the greatnes of the fingers sygnifie folly and imprudencie.

You must also measure the place from the nauell vnto the ende of the breast

and to the beginning of the necke. If the parte of the breast be bygger, it is a sygne of prudencie and wysdome, but yf that whiche is in the breast vnto the nauell, bee greater it is a sygne of a de∣uourer. If the bellye bee to slacke, as though it were emptye, it is a sygne of fearefulnes, of wyckednes and of de∣uouryng: the bellye that is somewhat softer and deeper, is a sygne of the force and vertue of the wytte, and of magnificence. The sydes thynne and narowe and deepe, betoken feareful∣nesse: But when they bee moore fleshy and harde, they shewe the man to bee dnapt to be taughte. And they that bee round, as though they were swollen, sygnifie much vnprofitable talke.

The backe broad and sound, is a sygne of manlynes, & the womans is contra∣rye. If the body of thē that haue croked bodyes bee softe, it is not so euyll as yf it were in a thick & hard body. If the lo∣wer part of y^e chyne of the back be hid∣den in the breadeth and to abundaunt,

and enuironed with fleshe, it agreeth with women. That whyche is longe and sharpe at the ende, it declareth dis∣temperaunce of the carnall desyre, and fearefulnes. Then the chyne of the backe of a man is that whiche is mani∣fest in the bones moderate and sound. The haunches harde and solyde, and seperate from the bones, betoken a stronge and warrelyke man. But yf they bee broade, ample, and full of fleshe, they signifie a feminine vnder∣standyng and witte: But yf they bée to leane and full of wrynckles and com∣passed about with a thyn skynne, they signifie the wickednes of Apes.

When the knees touche one the other in goynge, they bee referred to the wo∣man kynde. When the lower partes of the shynnes nexte to the heeles, and the heeles, and the vnder parte of the feete bee broade, and full of fleshe, it is a sygne of a foolyshe man, or wyth∣out wytte. The vnder part of the féete seperated from the synowes and ar∣teries,

sheweth a cleare vnderstan∣dynge, noble, and manly. If the feete bee soft, and enuyroned with fleshe, it is a sygne of a softe and womanlyke wytte. The feete verye longe shewe the man to bee vigilant and geuen to deceyte, seekynge the hurte of manye men. The féete very thynne and short, betoken malignitie. The shorte feete hauynge the sole hollowe is an euyll sygne.

¶Of the goyng of the feete.

THey that marche or goe a greate pase are stoute men and attayne to the ende of theyr enterpryses. But they that goe alytle pase, and shorte, haue but a lytle courage. The croked goyng, is cause of griefe, and of obscuritie of wytte. When the man goeth lyghtlye hauynge all hys bodye vpryghte, it is a sygne that he wyl take in hande some enterprise, and by and by doe some great thynge.

But if a man go swiftly with his eyes lookyng downewarde, and go altoge∣ther croked, it is a sygne of a nyggard, fearefull and subtyle. They that haue the nod of the necke short, are audaci∣ous and bolde, and yet fearefull. They that haue a harde brayne, it is a sygne that they bee indocible. The nod of the necke tourned vpwarde, signifieth in∣solence, rygour, follye and vanitie.

When the nod of the necke hangeth on the pectorall partes, they declare the mynde to bee occupied in thoughtes and imaginations. And it is also a sygne of sparynge and of wyckednes. The throte sharpe sygnifieth lightnes. The shulders thynne, right, and poyn∣ted, sygnifie the man to bee a lyer in wayte to deceyue. The Elbowes thynne, sygnifie imbecillitie & weake∣nes. And when they bee verye full of fleshe they betoken weakenes. But when they bee meanely solyde & harde great of artires and muscles, they be∣token a noble bodye, & of good courage.

Whan the fingars are soft it is a signe that the mā is easye to be instructed and taught. Whan they be hard he is strōg and vnapte to be taughte. Whan the handes be short and the fyngars strong it is a good signe. If the fatte and lyttle hands haue very short fyngars they be. token a deceyuour, a spye, and a thefe. The hands thinne and crooked, shewe the man to be a greate talker & babler. The nayles white brode & some what redde sygnifie a very good Iudgement. But whan they be narrow & very long it is a signe of folly, & cruelty. The nai∣les y^t be bowed & croked signifie impu∣dency, and violent rapacite. The nailes that be depe within the fleshe & sticke to fast vnto it signifie excessyue crueltye & great folly. The nailes that be to short pale black, and sharpe, declare a naugh∣tye malignant man. These signes that be attributed to the nailes of them sel∣ues haue no vertue nor force. But whā they be ioyned vnto other greater they haue some efficacie or forte. Whan the

fingars be ioyned and sticking the one to the other, they signifie vnclenlynes. And that be cafte & fast together round shewe malignitie, couetousnes and the man to be a whoremonger. Whā they be small and thinne it is a signe of folly. The short fingars and great signifie en¦uie, audacity, & cruelty. And whan they be two long and to slender, it a signe of a wyttles man & farre from wisedome. And if there be to greate distaunce be∣twen them, it is a signe of lightnes and of to muche talke. But whan they be meanely great & of an honest forme and fashion it is a sygne of verye good ma∣ners. Now these thinges are ment as∣well of the nailes & of the tooes as of the fyngars and handes. A slender & thinne breast & without vertue or strength, sig∣nifieth weaknes of heate. They y^t haue their pappes hanging & their breast en∣uironed with softe fleshe, are giuen to wine, and to leachery yea excessiuelye. They that wagge their shulders & lyfte vp their necke shalbe coūpted arrogant

& proud. But they that wagge all their body shewe euidently that they be effe∣minate. And among al these the moste tollerable kind are they y^e bowe down their bodye on the right syde when they sturre, and the folyshest are they that turne body toward the left syde.

Of the breath.

WHan the breath sometime resteth and than a long time after brea∣keth out in great aboundance, de∣clareth the man to be in great trouble of mind. Also when the head shaketh & sigheth, it is a signe that their is in it some naughty and euill framed thing. The spirite that maketh a noyse, and is greatly mooued and thrust oute, it is a signe of cruelty & that the man is giuen to wine. They also y^t haue their breath troubled and grosse as they that haue runne longe are voyde of counsell and subiect to anger, and haue also a facilite readines to do and to speake. This rule ought to be obserued in all signes and

tokens so that you must take the super∣fluitie in euill part and the meane and temperature to be good. Whā y^e thighs be to croked and to heary it is signe of whoredome. This is referred vnto the goates. Aristotle saith more y^t the but∣tocks that be very dry signifie virility & mālines & they y^t be very fleshy & moist signifie effemination, & they that be as it were cut, declare the wickednes of y^e man. And this is referred vnto beares and apes. The signes of an impudent man be suche as folowe. First he hath bright shining eyes & open, the eyelides far a sonder: great féete, & great handes he reiseth himself against thē y^e beholde him. He is red of colour & hath a sharpe voice. And beside all these signes of im∣pudency he is iniurious. The heary mā which hath blacke heare right & smoth, the mouth, the chinne, and the temples heary, great eyes and glisteryng, is fu∣rious, enclined to whoredome: a louer of fraies and fightinge, euill tounged, Ieronimus Gardanus a Phisition of Milan

a man truly of great learning & know∣ledge saith thus in his .xii. booke de sub∣tilitate. Euē as all lame mē are wicked so all they which are in health haue not good maners. For it is more requisite, & there is more a doe to forme a mind without faulte, than a body. Wherfore the most wicked of al other, are y^e croke backed men seing the faulte of them is neare vnto the hart whych is the prince of all y^e body. Next are the blind and the squint eyed men, forasmuch as nature hath failed about y^e braine. After them come the dome & the deffe. And then the halting men & after thē are they y^t haue their fingars fast ioyned together, or to farre a sounder the one from the other for nature hath failed in them, in mem¦bers lesse necessarye. They that be ful of wartes haue the nexte and last place and the scarred bodies folow them.

¶The Iudgement of other partes of the body.

THE largnes of the breast and the greatnes of the shulders and back sygnifye bouty, and audatitye, with capacitye of wytte and wisedome But y^e smallnes of the backe declareth the man to be of a discordaunt nature. The meanes of the breast and equal∣nes of the backe is a very good sygne. The shulders lose declare weakenes of the mynde and fearfullnes. They that haue a great belly are vndiscreete, fooles, proud and whoremongers.

The meane belly and narrow stomack sygnifie hyghnes of vnderstanding and good counsell. The smallnes of the legges declare ignorance and the grea∣nes of thē, sygnifie audacitie & strength of body. Aboundance of fleshe at the knes sygnifyeth debilitie and weaknes or effemination. They that haue a wyde pase in goyng and slowe, prospere commonly in their doynges & affayres. But they that haue a lyttle pase are violent, and of small strength and in their workes of an euyll will. Finallye

he hath a good memorye and well com∣posed in nature that hath a softe fleshe moyste and meane betwene rough and softe, and whan he is neyther to great nor to litle when he is whyte, declining to reddenes: or whan he is neyther to much but meanely blacke. Gentyll of continuance hauing the heare full and meane. Great eyes somewhat round A meane head, and of a good fashyon, wyth a great necke well and equally sette. The shulders faste and ferme wythoute wauerynge to or fro not ha∣uing muche fleshe in the small of the legges, and knées. A cleare voyce smal temperate: some what smilyng & not mockig: hauing a lyke loke of mirth &c. Yet you maye not be to hastye in gy∣uing Iudgement or aduyse in one of these signes: But take the testimonye of them all. And you haue the dyuer∣syte of signes tending to dyuers things turne alwayes to the better parte and the moste approued. Then may you pronosticate and gyue Iudgement

more assuredlye of greate and smalle thynges to comme, yea of eue∣rye man what soeuer he bée, for as muche as you shall knowe moore certaynely hys déedes and hys maners, in kéep∣ynge thys rule and waye.

FINIS.

R. H.