Orthoepia Anglicana: or, the first principall part of the English grammar teaching the art of right speaking and pronouncing English, with certaine exact rules of orthography, and rules of spelling or combining of syllables, and directions for keeping of stops or points between sentence and sentence. A work in it selfe absolute, and never knowne to be accomplished by any before ... Methodically composed by the industry and observation of Simon Daines schoolemaster of Hintlesham in Suffs.

Of Syllables mixt.

BY Syllables mixt, I understand such as be promiscu∣ously composed of Vowell and Consonant; to wit, when the whole Syllable is principally guided by the

force of one Vowell, whether joyned with one or more Consonants. Whereby I would distinguish them from Dipthongs, Tripthongs, and Monograms, one of the In∣dividuals of a Monopthong, and not exclude E finall, and E in Es plurall, &c. which hath its use, though little force, as will anon appeare.

These, confusedly taken in their large sense, be in a man∣ner infinite, by reason of the great variety of words in∣cident to every Tongue or Language: but methodically resolved in a stricter measure, certaine Principles or gene∣rall heads (as we vulgarly term them) will occurre out of these Syllables, whereon all words, consisting of per∣fect Syllables, immediately depend, as all Syllables have their immediate dependance on the Letters.

These therefore are they, which by due examen of the Letters, we have endevoured to reduce to some certaine method, and put ob oculos; together with their severall rules or illustrations upon them, no lesse conducing to Or∣thography then Orthoepie.

From the connexion of Vowels and Consonants, pro∣ceed these syllables which here follow, with their illustrations.

Crab, web, rib, rob, rub.

Babe, glebr, bribe globe.

Here observe as a generall rule, that E in the end of a word or syllable, thus following a single Consonant, after a Vowell in the same syllable, is never pronounced, but only serves to make the precedent Vowell long; as in Babe, glebe, bribe, robe.

These be chiefly used in Synaeresis, or contractions, as, crab'd for crabbed; and in Participles of the preter tense, as stab'd, snib'd, rob'd, rub'd.

Bs, thus may follow all the Vowels, and is usually written with bbes, as in crabs, or crabbes; ribs, ribbes, &c. But I approve the succinctest way, especially where it beares the same force.

B before t is seldome sounded, as debt, doubt, quasi det, dout.

C, is the same with K, and indeed useth in writing to goe alwaies attended with K, or Ke; as crac we write cracke; brec, brecke; roc, rocke; &c. whether for em∣phasis, or what reasons I know not, but I wish custome were so confined to Classicall rule, as we might leave this apostemating our Tongue with unnecessary tumours.

A Long, E not pronounced, according to the first rule. C in sacrifice sounds Z.

Ch, thus combined in the end of a syllable, in all He∣brew and Greeke words sounds K, as in Mastich, Eu∣nuch, &c. but in words meerely English, or what we bor∣row from the Spaniards, we retain their pronunciation, as in much, &c. Drachme, quasi dram, and oft so written.

Ck (as I said before) is no more but c or k single; as ac, ak, or ack in pronunciation are but all one. Notwithstan∣ding we may produce this difference, that in the end of a word, the Vowell being short, ck is written for k.

This combination is often used in Participles of the preter tense, and among Poets many times serves as an ab∣breviation of ked, especially with the interposition of k; as backt, quasi backed slackt, slack'd, or slacked, &c. but then ought it to be marked with a semi-circle decressant; where note, that in these three, verdict, victuals, horse∣licter, ct sounds but t.

Had, red hid, rod, mud

The same in pronunciation with ad: For a Vowell be∣fore any Consonant doubled (as in this example) is alwaies

s;hort, and the pronunciation endeth at the first Consonant. But I remember no word wherein d is exacted double in the same syllable, but adde the Verb, comming of addo, to distinguish it from the Latin Preposition ad.

And for E in this nature, take here an addition to the first generall rule, That E in the end of any English word is never, or very rarely, pronounced, except in Monosyl∣lables where there is no other Vowell; as in the the Ar∣ticle, me, be, where it is sometime single, sometime dou∣ble; and thee Pronoune, wee, shee, see, where it is al∣waies double: or in proper names or words derived of some other Language, as in fesse, conge, which we have from the French; Penelope, Epitome, &c. which imme∣diately from the Greeke.

Lade, mede, or mead, bride, rode the Verb, rude.

A long, E not sounded. Here likewise take another generall rule; for E in Es, in all Substantives plurall, is ne∣ver sounded, except where one of these Consonants pre∣cedes, to wit, c, s, x, z, or g, (like the Consonant j;) or one of these combinations, ch, or sh: nor in the third person singular of Verbs of the Present tense in the Indicative mood, as in moves, knowes, saies, &c. which we pro∣nounce for the most part quasi sez.

Pads, beds, rids the Verb, gods, studs.

This combination is chiefly used in contractions of Verbs, and that especially among Poets; as had'st, or haddest; bid'st, or biddest.

F, in the end of a word, especially where the Vowell go∣ing before is short, we usuall double in writing, and put E last of all, though needlesse either of both; as scof, wee write scoffe, &c.

A long, e not sounded, as before in safe, wife; the rest with Dipthongs, as briefe, loafe. Staffe is written with f

double, but pronounced single, quasi stafe.

Here take notice, that such Substantives as in the singu∣lar number end in f, with any of the Vowels aforegoing, in the plurall number they change this t into v; as life, lives; wife, wives; loafe, loaves; &c.

The Vowell is alwaies short afore ft.

Bag, beg, big, bog, bug.

E after g, in the same Syllable, at the end of any word, makes g to be sounded like j Consonant: Wherefore it is against Orthography to write e in the end of a word after g, where g is to retaine its proper sound.

G before h in the end of a syllable is not sounded; but this combination we seldome use but in the word sighes, where i precedes, and is pronounced quasi sithes, with an aspiration, i long.

This is seldome used after any Vowell but i, as in sight, night, might, right, and where g is not at all pronounced.

This some have put as a true combination of a Syllable, by reason of these words, benigne, condigne, oppugne, &c. but the same reasons I bring against M. Coot in l and r, shall hold in this. And first, none of these syllables are or ought to be written without e, for then are they defe∣ctive, and against Orthography. Secondly, any of these Consonants combined with l, n, or r, may begin a Syllable but not end it; for no Liquid can follow another Conso∣nant in the end of a Syllable; for then should it be no lon∣ger a Liquid, when all the force is drowned in another. Thirdly, e never is or ought to be inserted but for some use: Now because e finall in our Tongue is of so little ef∣fect or estimation, any of these Liquids being in the high∣est nature of a Semi-vowell, may justly claime as much faculty in the producing of a Syllable, whereby (the one not giving to the other, but as equall competitours) they

make the Syllable imperfect, by reason neither the one nor the other have the full force, and therefore not properly said to be a perfect Vowell: whereupon I grant these kind of Syllables imperfect (as indeed imperfections incident to our Tongue among some other which onely time and industry can amend) but yet distinct; which I prove in that they thus combined, exact more then one motion of respi∣ration or breathing, which is proper to a Syllable, as ap∣peares by the severall essentiall definitions thereof. And for the manner of dividing them in spelling, by the same authority the Latin Grammarians command scripsi to be spelled scri-psi, by the same will I admonish the spelling of any those words occurring in that nature; for example sake, condigne thus, con-di-gne, so notable▪ no-ta-ble; mau-gre, &c. Also the like for plurals of Substantives oc∣curring in this kind, as fi-dles, a-cres, which sounds like akers; and very many the like, specially produced by l & r

These we never use but as Interjections when we mark them with an exclamation point, and that onely after these two Vowels; as ah! oh!.

H (as I said in the single Consonants) never precedes a Consonant but in Iohn, where it hath no force of a letter.

A long, e not sounded, make, leake, strike, broke, Luke.

These I discussed sufficiently in C, whither I refer you, not loving reduplications.

A short and proper, as in allude; but when d or t fol∣low, it sounds like our Tripthong aw, or the French a, as in Alderman, malt, &c. any of the other Vowels prece∣ding are alwaies proper and invariable.

Male, veale, stile, stole, mule: O, in the Verb stole, short, in the Substantive stole, of stola, long.

A before ll, in the word all, ought to be pronounced full and broad, after the manner of the French pronuncia∣tion of their a, or our aw Tripthong. As likewise in all the

derivatives, or words compounded of all; as also, alto∣gether, already, &c. and wheresoever all is finall. Where note, that when l is to terminate any word, we usually write it double for the fuller sound sake. O before ll in roll, sounds ou dipthong, quasi roule, aspirate.

Scald, feld, fild, fold, guld. A before ld sounds al∣waies as in all; and o like ow, as in old. And i long in divers Monosyllables, &c. vide post, alth.

This alwaies followes the Spanish pronunciation, as in belch, and is seldome used with any other Vowell but e, or i, as Welch, filch.

This combination we seldome use in words meerly our owne, unlesse in divulge, and that we derive from the La∣tin Verb divulgo, &c. G sounds j Consonant.

Half, pelf, self, wulf, which some write wolfe, indiffe∣rent with e or without. This combination is seldome used with o, but in proper names and borrowed words; and then what seemes to be f, is generally written ph, as in Butolph, &c. Half and calf some pronounce with omissi∣on of l, as they were haufe, caufe, (pronounced like the word fault) which I approve not, unlesse in the latter to make distinction betweene tibia the calfe of a mans leg, and Bovilla a calfe or a veale.

Walke, welkin, milke, folke, bulke.

Calme, whelme, film, Colmes (a proper name) culme a word obsolete, or out of use.

Fal'n, stol'n.

Scalp, whelp, culp, a word obsolete.

False, else, pulse.

This is little used in any of the Vowels.

Exalt, belt, milt, bolt, insult.

Balthazar, stealth, filth. Th a sharp and brisk aire.

Here note that al before d, (as I said before) k, l, m, n, p s, and t, sounds as in all; and in alf, alk, alm, alp, the l, in

pronunciation, often omitted, as in calf, walk, calm, scalp, and after au in fault: Which yet is more materiall in their Or∣thography then Orthoepie; which is in a manner indifferent, & equall in the ballance of custome. The Vowels, wherewith these combinations be chiefly used, I have expressed in exem∣plary words: In all other whereto they be combined, these Syllables are alwaies proper; onely o in olt sounds ow, as in colt quasi cowlt; and in olm l is omitted, as Colmes, quasi Comes, and so Colman, as Coman.

Al'n and ol'm be chiefly used among Poets, and that per Apocopen, and therefore ought to be signed in writing with the badge of an abbreviation, as in fall'n quasi fallen, contract: stol'n, the Preterperfect Participle of the Verb steal, and swol'n or swell'd, which is all one. But this combination I re∣member not used with any Vowel but a or o, as by the words inserted appeares.

I in ild in many Monosyllables is long, as in mild, child, wild, pil'd, til'd, fil'd, stil'd, whil'd, exil'd, beguil'd, recon∣cil'd, &c. where note that in all contractions in this sort the Vowell aforegoing is usually long.

Salve, helve, shelve, delve, silver, involve. E in the end of a word after u, makes v a Consonant, it selfe not sounded: and this is likewise to be observed in many words plurall, as I said before, as also in some Verbs, &c. as salves, selves, involves. Salve some call save, a full and broad.

A in the Verb am is short, in Cambrick, Cambridge, long. Cham, Sem, swim, from, crum.

A long as before, blame, dreame, crime, tome, fume. O in some pronounced like u, quasi sum; came and come the Verbs, quasi cam, cum, &c.

This is all one with am single, though many times unneces∣sarily written with m double, as stam, or stamme, hem, or hemme; him alwayes is single, the rest commendable so too.

B after m in the same Syllable is never sounded, as lamb,

quasi lam; kemb (which some call kome) quasi keme; combe quasi co••••e, or measure of corne; climb quasi clime, i long; thumb, quasi thum, u short, so dumb, &c.

This we seldome use in one Syllable, unlesse in Hymne and its compounds, Greeke words, where n is omitted, and sounds quasi Hym.

Lamp, tempt, glimpse, pomp, thump. All Verbs end∣ing in mp have their Preter-participle in t, as damp, dampt, exempt (which we take immediately from the Supine of the Latine Verb, not having it in English) &c. S after emp in Tempse is z, p not sounded.

Can, hen, pin, son, (or sonne, which we pronounce quasi sun) tun, &c.

A before n in ancient, anger, ant, and all words where g after n sounds j Consonant, is pronounced full and broad, as in danger, change, strange, &c. in the rest short.

This is needlesse double with any of the Vowels in any word except the word Anne (which the Latines call Anna) the proper name of a woman, notwithstanding it be usually doubled in sonne and beginne.

Bane, beane, seene, shrine, tone, tune.

A before n in this combination is alwaies long and full in Monosyllables and Dissyllables, as France, chance, glance, inhance, &c. But in Trissyllables short, as in countenance, utterance, &c. In all the other Vowels this combination is short, as in hence, since, sconce, dunce.

Lanch, bench, pinch, bunch: ch proper, except in stinch, which sounds quasi stink.

Seldom in any English word thus combined in one syllable

Drank, drink, drunk: seldome used with e or o.

Hand, lend, wind, pond tunn'd, the Participle of the Verb tun, for tun'd of tune hath u long. I in ind finall is long in all or most words, except in the Preter-participles of Verbs ending in in, contracted per Apocopen; as pinn'd (which is

written with n double to distinguish it from pin'd, of the Verb pine) which comes of pin; skin'd of the Verb skin &c. and in these words, hinder, cinder, and tinder, or rather tunder.

Hang, wing, long, sung, g proper.

Range, revenge, singe (or burne) sponge, which we pro∣nounce spunge: G is in effect j Consonant by reason of e which is not sounded.

This combination we seldom use but in length & strength

Canst, ken'st, (a terme known to Mariners) this is seldome used in other words then the two recited, whose Vowels be short, unlesse in the second person singular present Indicative of Verbs ending in n, and that by way of Apocope, as thou be∣giun'st, for beginnest, &c. But in lieu hereof we have many Preter-participles ending in d, which beare the same force in pronunciation, as chanc'd, fenc'd, minc'd, &c.

Trap, skep, whip, stop, up, sup.

Escape, weepe, tripe, trope, scoope, for scupe.

The same that ap, therefore needlesse doubled.

Trappes, whippes, &c. which would doe better single, but only to please our phantasie in dreaming upon a word.

The same that af in pronunciation. For ph look in pha▪

Snapt, swept, skipt, under-propt, supt. This is used in Preter-participles, which somtimepromiscuously interchange d and t, as sup'd, or supt.

This we use onely with i, and that in certain words derived from the Latin, which should properly be only such as end in quus, as oblique, of obliquus, and not such as terminate in cus; wherefore they doe ill that write Catholick, Rhetorick; Ca∣tholique, Rhetorique, &c. notwithstanding I know it is usu∣all among many Schollers. But this will be better proved in our▪ Etymologicall part.

Far, Lucifer, sir, for, spur.

A long, except in are the Verb, as they are, &c. which sounds only ar short: spare, feare, fire, dore, lure.

Starre, deterre, firre, abhorre, curre. Here R beares an Emphasis, and therefore we write it double.

Scarce, fierce, force, nurce. C sounds s by reason of e: a in scarce long.

March, search, birch, lurch, ch as in much, these excep∣ted, Monarch, Tetrarch, Patriarch, Arch-angell, &c. being such as we derive from the Greeke and Hebrew.

Hard, heard, err'd, bird, afford, surr'd. A in ward hath a full sound. Er is the same in pronunciation with ir, as appears. All Preter-participles of Verbs ending in ire, contracted, have i long, as fir'd, mir'd, of the Verbs fire, mire, &c. as also Par∣ticipials terminating in ired, as admir'd for admired. O long except where r is doubled: wherefore we must write abhorr'd with r double, because abhorre, the Verb, hath it so; and stor'd with r single, because it is so in store, &c. In like man∣ner u where r is doubled hath a flat or dull sound and short, where the pronunciation of the Syllable sticks chiefly in r, as in demurr'd, which, together with the Verb from whence it is derived, ought to be written with r double, to distinguish it from the adjective demure, where u is long, and hath its pro∣per sound: which likewise generally holds in all Participles and Participialls ending in ut'd contract, where r is single.

This is only used in these, garb, hearb, disturb.

Skarfe, skurfe: a is full and broad, as in wharf, dwarf, u short.

This we use little but in such words as we take from the Saxons, as the names of certaine Townes or Villages, which end in ergh, or urgh, as Whinbergh, Orburgh, now writ∣ten Whinborrough, Orborrough. The like use we make in some derived from the Dutch, as in Hamburgh, &c.

Large, searge, forge, urge: G sounds j Consonant, because of e succeeding. Which, for this reason, we ought not in wri∣ting to omit, where it serves for a difference in pronunciation. A in this combination is short, o long.

Darke, yerke, forke, Turk, lurk. E finall here makes no difference, and therefore indifferently inserted.

Snarle, Earle, girle, Sporle, the name of a Village; curle, or crispe. A hath a full sound, o long.

Harme, terme, firme, storme, murmur: a in warme, swarme, full and broad, o in worme sounds n.

Warne, herne, hirne, (or corner) which is rather hurne, horne, burne. A in warne full, in the rest more acute, as in barne. All the other Vowels short.

Sharp, chirp, Thorp. A like aw in warp, the rest as in carp

Sparse (of sparsum the supin, to sprinkle) insperse, hearse, worse, indorse, purse. S proper in all: the Vowels short: o in worse quasi u, u in purse full.

Barres, erres, stirres, abhorres, burres. Here r ought to be doubled for the same reason as in arre, e not sounded for reasons prescribed. The Vowels short; a sharp in all but warres, where it is somewhat broader.

Marsh, or marish (of the Latin word mare) indeed moorish, as it may truly be called: a sharp. In any other we little use it.

Smart, pert, or saucy, dirt, fort, hurt. A in quart, wart, swart, thwart, sounds aw; in the rest as in the word art: e in pert like ea, or the Latin e; o in fort, sport, long; in the rest short: u flat as in ur.

Startch. But in this and all the rest, if there be any, t is needlesse, since rch is as much in pronunciation as artch, ex∣cept the exceptions mentioned before.

Wrath, wreath, tith, broath, both, Ruth, sitteth. Th in hath, wrath, lath, bath, swath, substantives, hath a brisk and its proper sound, in the rest after a flat & more dull, as in seath, swath, tath, bath, Verbs, &c. where a is long. After e it is alwaies proper, and most usually happens in third persons sin∣gular of the Indicative mood, as in moveth, biteth, &c. after ea▪in death, breath, the substantive, bleath, heath, proper: in wreath, sheath, bequeath, breath the Verb, flat: after i in

with, stith, smith, proper; in tith, blith, sith, dull and flat, i long: after o and u for the most part proper, and hath ever u long, and o onely in both. In a word, h after t in generall produceth a kind of lisping sound as we call it.

Narth, earth, mirth, forth, worth, which we sound quasi wurth. Forth the proper name we call Ford, o long: in the other forth, indifferent.

Swarve, serve, nerve, which we sound nirbe: i, o, and u, in this combination I remember not. A full.

This we make no use of in our Tongue, but in lieu thereof ks, as in larks, &c.

Was, is, us▪ S when it is single, after a and i, sounds z, as in these Monosyllables, as, was, is, his, and in Osee, Elisa∣beth, gosting (to distinguish it from Gosting the proper name) husband, these, those, in ise or ose final, or wheresoever s con∣cludes as the last syllable of any word; & in these verbs, muse, use, refuse. Wherefore in words wherein it claims its proper pronunciation we write it with ss, somtime with e, sometime without; as in pass, or passe, which is most usuall in printing.

Purchase, please, advertise, expose, vse: s, as before, by rea∣son ce after any of the Vowels usurps the sound that properly belongs to s. Wherefore we must write face, and not fase; dis∣grace, and not disgrase; peace, and not pease, which is a kind of corne; vice, not vise; and advice when a substantive, advise when a verb; truce, not truse, &c. only cease holds its own, the better to distinguish it from the verb seize, which signi∣fies to set upon. Muse and use substantives have s proper, to distinguish them from their verbs. As also chase the verb, to drive away: the substantive Chace, or Forrest, is written with c.

Chas'd, eas'd, advis'd, repos'd, confus'd: these be all Pre∣ter-participles contracted per Apocopen: the s as before.

Passe presse, pisse, mosse, trusse. S is proper, and hath an acute sound. The pronunciation ceaseth in the first s, but ought to be written double, as you see for the reason exhibited in as.

Trash, flesh, fish, bush. H after S in the end of a syl∣lable, participates a Sibilus (as the Latines call it) or a kinde of hissing sound: A in wash full, in the rest all the vowels usually short. O in this combination is seldome used, unlesse in proper names.

Mask, desk, frisk (or skip) busk, mosch, which we call musk. E finall makes here no difference, the vowels short, S acute, K proper.

Though we use this combination in spasme, which comes of the Greeke word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Dunesme, Ba∣ptisme, Chrysme; to wit Greek words, and proper names, yet is it improperly taken as a single syllable. The reasons you have heard already in agn. Where∣fore they may be said to do well, who, making but two syllables of Baptisme, pronounce it with omission of s, quasi Baptim. And thereupon (I believe it came) that some call Chrisme, Cream. Their division in spelling ought not to be betweene s, and m, but i, and s: as, Bap-ti-sme, Chry-sme, Spa-sme; and not Baptis-me; where e hath the full force of a vowell. For then should there be in Baptisme, three perfect syllables distinct, which is not. For, (as I partly said before) when e finall followes any of the Liquids after another Consonant in the same syllable, the syllable thus combined is imperfect in its pronunciation, by reason it consists not of a perfect vowell.

Clasp, hesp, crisp, s proper, the vowels short. Hast, beast, best, whist boast, Ghost, must: O long; a indifferent; the rest short; s proper: onely in Christ, i is long.

Cat, net, knit, knot, gut. The vowels short.

Delicate, seate, write, wrote, sute, or depen∣dance in Law; for suit, or garment, is written suite,

the like difference is betweene Brute, and bruit, or beast. The vowels long, because of E finall.

Mates, meetes, mites, motes, mutes. E in es not sounded: the precedent vowels long. This is chiefly in Substantives plurall, and third Persons sin∣gular of Verbs, as I have often insisted upon.

Match, stretch pitch, botch, butcher; Custome hath prevailed in our Tongue, to insert T in many words before ch, though the sound be in a manner all one; but if there be any reason, it is for a kinde of Em∣phasis, or to put a little force to the syllable. But which (the pronoune) rich, stich (or paine of the side,) all proper names ending in ich, much, such, &c. be never written with T, most of the other are ch proper, the vowels short.

Sprats, frets, pits, pots, puts. The vowels short, the rest proper, used in Verbs singular, Substan∣tives plurall.

Wave, leave, wive, (the Verb) grove, u there is none, A alwayes long. Ea in lieu of E, I in give, live, sive (or teme) and all praeterperfect tenses of Verbs ending in ive, as rive of rive, strive or strove of strive, is ever short; in the rest long, as in thrive. O in Love, move, and glove, sounds V. Where note, that E after V in the same syllable alwayes makes V a consonant. And therefore concerning Or∣thography in writing, it must not at any rate be left out, where it ought to be inserted, that is, where V degene∣rates into a Consonant. For otherwise U, standing still in the nature of a Vowell, makes a Dipthong, where there should be none, and so alters both sense and pro∣nunciation.

Saves, gives, groves, gloves. E not sounded.

V a Consonont, the precedent vowels long, except the exceptions in ave.

Wax, sex, six, box. V in this combination none. Here ought the writer to be very carefull, in that he writes not ax for acks, &c. and è contra. Wherefore he may know by the way, that we in our English Tongue make little use of this combination, unlesse in these words, flax, tax, wax (both verb and substantive) re∣lax of relaxo; sex, context, annext, index; six, mix, fix, pix, Rix, Hix; box, intoxicate, Pox, which are always writ∣ten with X; and perhaps some few more, which I re∣member not now: besides borrowed words, and pro∣per names, which no man can reduce to rule.

Amaze, gaze, blaze; frieze, snieze; size, assi∣zes; gloze (which is better with S) toze, (a Verb a∣mong some vulgars) buz, buzard. A long, E none single, but in Dipthong. I long, O long, V short. This is seldome used at the end of a syllable in any other words of our owne. And thus much of syllables, where Vowels precede: Now will we examine what principall syllables occurre, where Consonants go be∣fore (à parte assumentis) and Vowels follow (à parte as∣sumpti.)

Notes

• ab, eb, ib, ob, ub
• abe, ebe, ibe, obe.
• abd, ebd, ibd, obd, ubd.
• abs, ebs, &c.
• abt, ebt.
• ac, ec, ic, oc, uc.
• ace, &c.
• ach.
• ack, &c.
• act, &c.
• ad, &c. adde.
• ade. ades.
• ads. adst.
• af, &c.
• afe.
• afes.
• aft.
• ag.
• age.
• agh.
• aght.
• agn.
• ah, oh.
• ahn.
• ake.
• ac, ack, ack'd, ack't al, &c.
• ale.
• all.
• ald.
• alch.
• alge.
• alf.
• alk.
• alm.
• aln.
• alp.
• alse.
• alsh.
• alt.
• alth.
• alve.
• am.
• ame.
• amme.
• amb.
• amn.
• amp.
• an.
• anne.
• ane.
• ance.
• anch▪
• anth.
• auk.
• and.
• ang.
• ange.
• angth.
• anst.
• ap.
• ape.
• appe.
• appes.
• aph.
• apt▪
• ique.
• ar.
• are.
• arre.
• arce.
• arch.
• ard.
• arb.
• arfe.
• arg.
• arge.
• arke.
• arle.
• arm.
• arn.
• arp.
• arse.
• arres.
• arsh.
• art.
• artch.
• ath.
• arth.
• arve.
• arx.
• as.
• ase.
• as••d.
• as••e.
• ash.
• ask.
• asme.
• asp.
• ast.
• at.
• ate.
• ates,
• atch,
• ats,
• ave,
• aves,
• ax.
• aze.