Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

THE THIRD BOOKE, Of the Parts belonging to Nutrition or Nourishment.

The Praeface.

HAuing in the former Booke dismantled this Castle of the Bodye, and particularly the lower Region, wee are now arriued at that worke-house of Nature, wherein shee hath built her Engines and Instruments by which she doth not onely nourish and sustain the whole Family, but also perpetuate Mankinde by Propagation; the destiny of the matter not admitting a perpetuity in the particular creature. But because these two workes of Propagation and nou∣rishment are altogether distinct, if not in the Faculties being both naturall Alterations; the one called Generation, the other Assimulation; yet in the parts and Organs thereto belonging: wee haue also thought good to diuide them in our Dis∣course; and referring the worke of propagation to afterward, in this place onely to han∣dle the parts seruing to nutrition or nourishment.

Seeing therefore the substance of the whole body hath a necessary diffluence and dissi∣pation, as well by the in bred heate, which like the greene worme feedeth vpon the choi∣sest gemmes and flowers euen the Radical moisture, as also by the outward aire, and other externall causes, and therefore cannot possible either encrease to the iust extent or consist when it is growne, vnlesse the detriment and scath which is sustained by such dissipation and dissolution bee restored and made good: Nature hath prouided certaine nourishing Organs, whereby that daily expence is continually supplied. And heerein we haue to ad∣mire the wonderfull prouidence of the great Creator, who hath disposed these parts wher∣in it was necessary there should be such a confluence of noisome excrements in the lowest place, as it were in the sinke of the body, least otherwise their offensiue exhalations should defile the braine and the heart, which are the seats of the principall faculties, or vitiate and disturbe the rest of the senses. For this lower Region, is as it were the kitchen of the house, in which there are some parts, which as Cookes do prepare the common diet for the rest. But in the description of his Region, it must be remembred that we must not follow the order of dignity, or of nature, but of dissection, taking the parts according to their positiō.

The ••ie therefore falleth first of all into the snare of the kell, and indeede it is of all things most like to a snare or puisenet, the close Meshes whereof, are purfled with curled veines and curdled or crisped fat, so becomming a thrummed rugge to keepe warme the Mem∣branous and vnbloody guts and stomacke vnder it. As for his duplication, wherein the snaking and snayling diuarications of the vessels do craule all ouer the belly, I suspect it to haue bin ordained by nature, for some more secret and mysticall end, then the securing of those tender saplings, albeit I rest heerein vnsatisfied for any thing I haue read.

Immediately vnder these Cipresse wings (for wings they are called by the Anatomists) or Cauly cobwebs, appeareth the Maze or labyrinth of the guts wheeled about in manifold foulds & convolutions, that neither the aliment should so suddenly passe away, and so the wombe of man become an insatiate Orque voyding whilst it doth deuour, neyther yet the noisom steame of the Faeculent excrements haue free and direct ascent to the vpper parts, but be intercepted and deteined within those Meanders, & so smothered in those gulphs of

the Guts, or let out at the port Esquiline. In the middest of the Guttes is scituated the Mesenterie, which we may call not the Midriffe, but the Midruffe, for it is most like vnto a gathered ruffe, sustayning the winding reuolutions of the Guttes in their proper places, and conuaying vnto them the Meseraicke veines, by which as by tender bearded rootes, the Aliment is conuayed vnto the gate of the Liuer: some haue called them Batuli domus, the Porters of the house, because they continually carry the Aliment vnto that furnace, where it is tryed into bloud. Neither are they idle and rigid passages, but as Homer feig∣neth that the instruments of Vulcan are moued by instinct and of their owne accord, so we may say that these vessels are taught by their Creator, not onely to leade along the Chylus, but to draw it and prepare it for the Liuer.

Next appeareth the Pancreas which we call in Swine the Sweet-bread, a rude and vn∣shapely lumpe, most like a map or dish-clout, both in fashion and vse; or if you would li∣ken it to any thing in the body, then it nearest resembleth the Liuer or cake of the wombe, which groweth to the rootes of the Infants nauell. It serueth for a pillow or Cushion, to boulster vp the manifold diuisions of the Veines, Arteries, and Sinewes, which in that seat of the body are distributed vnto the adiacent parts; beside many other vses which we refer vnto their proper place: and passe along vnto the stomacke, the Cooke-roome, where Di∣et is the Steward, Appetite the Clark, and Concoction the maister Cooke. From thence the viands are deliuered vnto the Liuer, the principall part of this lower region, wherein they attaine their vttermost perfection, being depurated, from the scum by the bladder of Gall, from the residence by the spleene, from the vnprofitable liquor by the kidneies, which conuay it vnto the Cesterne of the bladder, to be cast out by the Conduite. Of all which if I should in this place vndertake to discourse, as it were easie for mee, though briefly as I began, yet the shortnesse of the partes I see would amount vnto too long a summe to bee comprehended in a Preface, especially considering wee shall at large prosecute euery par∣ticular in the following discourse: wherefore after we haue giuen you another kinde of di∣stribution of them in the Chapter following, we will apply our selues vnto their particular Histories.

CHAP. I. A distribution of the naturall parts contained in the lower Belly.

HAuing already intreated of the Inuesting or Cōtayning parts of the lower region or nether Belly, it followeth now that we continue our discourse to the parts contayned also. These are of double vse, for either they serue for nourishment, or for generation; those that be∣long to generation and propagation of the kinde, we refer vnto the next Booke. The nourishing parts doe either perfect the Chylus which we call Chilification, or the bloud which wee call Sanguifica∣tion. For the first, some make and concoct the Chylus, as the stomacke; some helpe and further this concoction, as the Kell and the Sweet-bread; others put to the last hand of perfection, and then distribute it, as the small guts; others receiue and auoyde the grosse and thicke excrements, as the great Guts, and these together with the smal, are fastned vn∣to the Mesenterie.

For Sanguification, some parts sucke the Chylus out of the Guts, alter it and giue it a certaine rudiment or tincture of bloud, as the Meseraicke veines, which also carry it by the Port veine, vnto the gate of the Liuer, and thence into the substance thereof, where it re∣ceiueth the perfection of bloud. Others when it is thus perfected, doe distribute it into the whole body, as the hollow veine by his faire forked branches. Others receiue the ex∣crements, either yelow choller, as the Bladder of Gall, and that which wee call Porus Bi∣liarius, and conueyeth it into the Guttes; or blacke and feculent choler, as the spleene or Milt, in which it receiueth a farther concoction, and the more laudable part it reserueth for his owne nourishment, but the very Lees it sendeth away either vpward vnto the sto∣macke by a short vessell called Vas breue, where it becommeth the Appetites remembran∣cer; or downward to the Haemorrhoidall veines. Finally, the serous or wheyie part of the bloud is still destilled away by the Kidneyes, wherein there is a segregation or separation made of that whey or vrine from the bloud; the bloud remayning behind for the nourish∣ment of the Kidneyes, but the whey is deriued by the vreters into the bladder, from

whence it is deliuered out by the Conduite.

Of all which parts we will entreat as I said before, according to the order of Dissection, beginning with the Kell or Omentum.

CHAP. II. Of the Omentum or Kall.

THE Kall or Kell which is deciphered in the sixt Table of the second booke, and in the first and second of this third booke, is called Omentum, as it were Operimentum, that is a couering: of the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to swim vpon, because it swimmeth vppon the bottome of the stomacke [Table 2 ^bb] and the vppermost guts [Table 2 ^cc.] From the wandring and implicated passages of his vessels, which may be likened to a fishers net [Table 1. Figure 1. and 2.] it

[illustration]

Table 1. Lib. 3. The first figure sheweth the Kall or Omentum, whole and loosed on euery side, resem∣bling a Satchell, or a small fishers Net, with the course of the Veines, Arteries, & Sinewes, running through it. The second figure contayneth the lower membrane of the Omentum, the vpper being remooued with the Collicke gut which it contayneth and the vessels.

[illustration]

FIG: I.

[illustration]

FIG: II.

• aaaaaa. The outward face of the vpper membrane of the Kail.
• bbbb. The circle or girdle of the kall at which it growes.
• ccc. The vpper part of the lo∣wer membrane aboue the colon.
• def. Sheweth the membrane, vessels, and fat of the Omentū.
• g. The trunke of the gate veine where it commeth out of the Liuer.
• h. An arterie with a nerue rea∣ching to the hollownesse of the liuer, and the bladder of gall.
• i. A vessell comming to the py∣lorus, especially on the back∣part, hauing an artery his cō∣panion.
• kk. A vessell with a nerue which goeth to the right bottom of the stomack.
• llmm. Braunches inwrapping the body of the stomacke from a vessell marked with k which also goe through the vpper mēbrane of the kal mm.
• n A vessell reached out to the duodenum, and to the begin∣ning of the empty gut, of∣tentimes hauing a small nerue to beare him company.
• o The diuision of the gateveine into the right and the lefte branch.
• p The right branch running in∣to the mesēterium & the guts
• q A veine going to the backe∣parts of the stomacke.
• s A veine imbracing the lefte mouth of the stomacke, in manner of a crowne.
• t The artery of the mesen∣tery.
• u An artery going to the lower mēbrane of the kal,
• x A vessel sent with a nerue to the colon and to the lower membrane of the kall.
• x A vessel going to the lo∣wer Omentum.
• yy The course of the ves∣sels of the spleene from the spleenicke branch.
• z A branch reaching to the left bottom of the sto∣macke.
• aaaa The Pācreas or sweet∣bread vnder the vessels and the duodenum.
• ...The second Figure.
• A A The vpper part of the lower kal arising from the back, which behind is vnder the stomacke, & with twoe membranes comprehendeth or em∣braceth the colon at the bottom of the stomack.
• B A veine comming from the left trunk of the gate veine and the arterie, with a nerue for the most part tied vp to it, going into the kall.
• C A notable veine and an arterie communicated to the kall and the collicke gutte, to which a small nerue is added in some steads,
• D A veine running along the left side of the kall. E. The right side of the collicke gut which lyeth vnder the hollownes of the liuer here cut away. F. The left side of the collicke gutte which lyeth vpon the spleene. GG, A part of the collick gut running along vnder the bot∣tom of the stomacke. HHH. The lower part of the inner kall arising in some sort from the col∣lick gut. III. The remayning portions of the vpper membrane of the kall torne off, that it may be showne how the kall may be compared to a satchell or bagge.

is called rete or reticulum, for that sayth Archangelus, as a net intangleth the fishes, so in this Membrane the Fatty vapours are intercepted and stayed. The Arabians call it Zir∣bus, the Latines Mappaventris, the dish-clout or map of the Belly, because it licketh vp the superfluities thereof. All the sanguine or bloudy parts almost are couered heerewith, but ouer some it is more fatty, ouer others more membranous. Amongst all creatures it is greatest in Men and Apes; and of Men, those that liue a sedentarie and idle life, sacrifi∣cing to their appetites, haue it so great, that it becommeth a burthen vnto them, where∣upon they are called Epiploocomistae, that is, Kal-carriers; but those that vse great exercises, as Hunters and such like, haue it more membranous, and lesse fatty.

It is a large membrane, scituated before vpon the bottome of the stomacke, [Table 6. ^PP Lib. 2.] and downeward ouer the guts [Table 6. ^XXXX Lib. 2.] vnto the Nauill. Some∣times, but seldome, and that in Apes and Dogges it is stretched euen vnto the sharebone; and vsually in dissections it is obserued to bee rowled vp, or doubled towards the spleene, not onely in such as are hanged or drowned sayeth Vesalius, but also in those that die of o∣ther ordinary diseases, or come to their ends by sodaine mischances. Sometimes also it insinuateth it selfe into the conuolutions or windings of the guts, and sometimes in Wo∣men it passeth betweene the bottomes of the wombe and the bladder, and by streightning the mouth of the wombe becommeth an ordinary, but yet not a perpetuall cause of bar∣rennesse or sterility, as also Hippocrates obserued in his book de natura Muliebri. In some women after their trauell, it remayneth gathered together about the middle of their Bel∣lies, and there is the cause of sore paynes. But if it fall into the passage that descendeth in∣to the Cod, it causeth a soft rupture, which disease no creature is subiect vnto but Men & Apes, as sayeth Galen in the third Chapter of his sixt booke de administrationibus Anato∣micis.

It is fastned alwayes to the stomacke [Table 6. ^MNO Lib. 2.] to the Spleen and the Col∣licke gut [Table 1. Figure 2. ^GGHH] to other parts sometimes it is ioyned, sometimes it is free from them, for it behooued not sayth Galen in the 11. chapter of the fourth booke de vsu partium; that it should hang loosely, least it should be crumpled together, and should leaue many parts vncouered, which stand in neede of his warmth.

The forme of it is likest to a Purse-net or Faulkners bagge, [Table 1. Fig. 1. and 2. ^II] consisting of a double membrane knit together in the bottome; Columbus sayth, but on∣ly reflexed or turned backe againe. It hath a round orifice [Table 1. Figure 1. ^bb] which as∣cendeth higher in the hinder part then before, and belowe it is round [Table 1. Figure 1. and 2.]

It is compounded of membranes and vessels, and a muddy and easily putrifying Fatte, which composition Galen expresseth vnder the name of his originall, in the place next a∣boue named. The Membranes are two (whence of some it is called a double Peritonaeum) and those very fine and smooth (least the guts should bee ouer burdened with his waight) lying one vpon the top of another; the vpper is called the vpper wing, the lower the lower wing [Table 2. ^cc.] The vpper and formost ariseth at the bottome of the stomacke [Tab. 2. ^aa. ^bb.] from the Peritonaeum which compasseth it about, and maketh his third coat, and is ioyned in a right line, with a portion of the inferiour membrane in the hollow parts of the Liuer and the spleene. The lower and hind-most wing ariseth from the Peritonaeum at the backe [Table 1. figure 1. ^ccc] presently vnder the midriffe; and being led to the hollow side of the Liuer, it cleaueth (yet but seldome) to a part of it, as also to the midriffe, to the right side of the stomacke, almost to the whole gut called duodenum, and to the hollowe part of the spleene; and groweth fast to the stomacke, and to the collicke gut, [Table 1. figure 1. ^GG] all the way the same is annexed to the bottom of the stomacke, so that to that gut it is as it were [Table 1. figure 2. ^HH] a mesenterie. In Dogs it is neither tyed to the Colon, nor to any other gut; in Apes onely to the right part of the Colon.

Many veines (but onely from the port veine) passe through both his wings. Through the vpper from two veines which passe by the bottome of the stomacke (which are called the right and the left [Tab. 3. ^H and ^X] Gastra epiplois) infinitely propagated obliquely down∣ward [Table 1. figure 1. ^{kk mm}.] Through the lower wing from those veines which passe in∣to the spleene [Table 1. fig. 1. ^ux figure 2. ^BCD] which are diuersly spread, sometimes with a foure-fold branch (as in the history of the Port veine shall be sayd) for the nourishment of the adiacent parts.

They are sprinkled with so many Arteries [Table 1. figure 1. ^u figure 2. ^c] from the Cae∣liacall

[illustration]

TABVLA II.

[illustration]

The lower belly, with the vpper Membrane of the Kall torn vp, and turned aboue the outside of the Chest and the sto∣macke; the stomack also remo∣ued out of his seat to the Chest, that the lower Membrane of the kall might the better bee perceiued; as also the guts re∣mayning in their naturall po∣sition, and a part of the spleen, are herein deciphered.

• aaaa. The inside of the vpper membrane of the kal, which some call alam superiorem the vpper wing.
• bb. The stomack strutting out couered with the vpper membrane of the kall.
• cc. The lower membrane of the kall, or his nether wing gathered vpward
• d Vessels passing to the spleen which appeareth bunching vnder the Omentum at b.
• e The trunke of the gate vein.
• f The spleenick branch of the port veine.
• g The bladder of vrine.
• h The seate of the spleen.
• i The vessels called Vrachos, by which the Infant is nouri∣shed in the wombe.
• kk The 2. vmbilicall arteries.

& mesenterical branches to giue them life; but their nerues from the Ribbe-branch [Table 1. fig. 1.] of the sixt payre are wondrous small, but finely scattered that they might not be altogether without sence.

The Fat is very plentifull about the vessels [Table 1. figure 1. ^{d e f}] but in the distances betwixt them, none at all. In an ordinary fat man it may amount to a pound, or a pound and a halfe; and amongst it do runne innumerable glandules or kernels, which sucke vp the faeculent moysture, which is separated in the first concoction. Wherefore seeing it is not ingendered of any portion of the bloud, as that fat called pinguedo, or as other fats, therfore it easily putrifieth, so that if vppon a wound it fall out of the body, it becommeth presently rotten, which hapneth not to the other fats vnder the skin, or in other parts.

The vse of the Fat of the Kall, is to cherish and to comfort the bottome of the stomack, (for the vpper part thereof is warmed by the Liuer which lyeth vppon it, and therefore it is that the Kall attayneth not so high) as also to increase the heate of the guts: for both these parts are membranous and without bloud; and therefore their naturall heate is but weake. Now this comfort the Kall affoordeth not onely by his owne heate, which yet is the more, because of the manifolde Veines and Arteries which are wouen together thorough his substance: but also because beeing thicke and bedded together, it much hindereth the heate from dissipation, and the incursion also of outward colde, and so by consequence is a great helpe and furtherer of concoction. And that it was ordayned to increase heate; Galen in his fourth Booke de vsu partium, and in the ninth Chapter, maketh manifest by the example of those, who hauing got a deepe wound in their bellies, so that a part of the Kall falleth out, do euer after worse concoct their nourishment, and stand in need of Sto∣machers or other couerings vpon their bellies to keep them warme, especially when much

of it falleth out; for it presently groweth liuid, and constraineth the Chirurgion to take it off, so saith Hippocrates in the beginning of his first Booke de Morbis; If the Kall fall out, it putrifieth necessarily. And Galen in the place before named saith, hee tooke almost all of it from a Fencer, who was presently cured, but euer after was easily offended with colde, so as he was constrained to defend his belly with Wooll. Heereto also Aristotle assenteth in the third Chapter of his fourth Booke de partibus Animalium, Nature (saith he) abuseth the Kall to helpe the concoction of the Aliment, that it might bee done with more ease, and grea∣ter expedition. For heate concocteth: now that which is fat is hot, and therefore the Kall beeing fat, must needs concoct.

Another vse of the Kall is to keepe the guts moyst, because they are often distended, & againe corrugated, as they are filled with Chylus, or empried of it againe. A third vse is, that in time of necessity and affamishment, saieth Galen in the xi. Chapter of the fourth Booke de vsu partium, it might supply a kinde of subsidiarie nourishment to the naturall heate.

The vse of the Membranes of the Kall or Kell, is to sustaine the branches of the Gate Veine, and the Coeliacall Arterie which passe into the Stomacke, the Spleene, the Gut called Duodenum, and the Collicke gut. Againe, to knit the stomacke, the duodenum, and the Collick guts vnto the backe. To couple together the Liuer and the Spleene.

Archangelus addeth. That the thicke and bloudie vapours arising from the parts contay∣ned in the Lower belly, might cleaue into these Membranes, and by their densitie and thightnesse or fastnesse be condensed or curdled into fat, that so good a vapour as might afterward be turned into nourishment, should not vapour out in vaine. Finally, Lauren∣tius addeth another vse of the Membranes out of Hippocrates Booke de Glandulis, That when the humour which commeth from the Guts, is so plentifull that it cannot be recey∣ued and assumed into the Glandules, the ouer-plus might bee reserued in the Membranes of the Kell.

CHAP. III. A briefe Description of the Gate-Veine and his Branches.

NOw because the Branches of the Gate-veine, and the Caeliacall or Sto∣macke Artery must be demonstrated by order of Dissection before wee come to the Guts, or else they will be offended, I haue thought it not a∣misse to giue you a briefe description of them in this place, referring the larger and more exact discourse vnto the proper history of the Veins and Arteries. First therefore, the Gate-veine (so called, because through it as through a gate the Chylus is conueyed into the Liuer) ariseth out of the hollow part of the Liuer, betwixt the two small eminencies of swellings thereof which Hippocrates cal∣leth Portas the gates. Some thinke, it is propagated from the vmbilicall Veine which proceedeth out of that cauity. We will diuide it into the Trunke and Branches. The trunk before it is diuided [Tab. 3. ^R] sendeth foorth two small shootes from his fore-part called Cysticae Gemellae, or Twin-veines of the Gall, [Tab. 3. ^{c c}] which passe vnto the bladder of Gall. The second is called Gastrica dextra, the right stomacke Veine [Tab. 3. ^b] which go∣eth vnto the backe part of the stomacke, and the Pylorus or mouth of the same.

The branches are some of them vpper, some neather. The vpper branches which wee call the roots of the Gate-veine, [Tab. 3. ^AAAA] are disseminated through the hollow part of the Liuer, and do make one Trunke [Tab. 3. ^{B C D E}.] These roots are by Anastomosis ioy∣ned with the roots of the hollow Veine.

The nether branches shoot out on the right side, or on the left, from the right side three branches.

The first, called Gastroepiplois dextra, the right stomacke and Kall veine [Tab. 3. ^H] attain∣eth from the right side of the trunke, to the bottome of the stomacke, and the vpper mem∣brane or wing of the Kell.

The second is called Intestinalis or the Gut-veine [Tab. 3 I.] because it is conueyed vnto the middle of the duodenum, and the beginning of the Ieiunum or empty gut.

The third is called Mesenterica, or the veine of the Mesentery [Table 3. ^b.] which is sub∣diuided into three veines: two on the right hand called Mesentericae dextrae, which are di∣stributed into the guts called Ieiunum, Ileon, Caecum, and a part of the collick gut, where be∣comming

[illustration]

Tab. iii. sheweth the Vena porta, or Gate-vein with his bran∣ches, which he sendeth to the bladder of Gall to the stomacke, to the Spleene, to the Mesentery, and to the Guts.

[illustration]

TABVLA. III.

• 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The vpper Branches of the Gate Veine, disseminated thorough the Caue of the hollowe parts of the Liuer.
• AAAA. Their distribution maketh the form of the Liuer.
• B. The trunke of the Gate-veine comming out of the hollow part of the Liuer.
• C C. The two twin veines of the Gall, called Cy∣sticae gemellae.
• D The right Gastrick or stomacke Veine.
• E. The diuision of the trunke of the Port-Veine in∣to two branches.
• F The left branch, which is the vpper, and is cal∣led the Spleene branch.
• G. The right branch, which is the greater and the lower, called the Mesentericall branch.
• H. The right stomack Kal-veine, cald Gastroepiplois.
• I. The Gut-veine called Intestinalis
• K. The lesser stomacke veine, called Gastrica minor.
• L. The right Kall Veine called Epiplois dextra.
• M. The sweet-bred Veines called Pancreae.
• N. The great stomack Veine called Gastrica maior.
• O O. Two Veins of the last named branch, inwrap∣ping the backside of the stomacke.
• P. The Bifurcation or partition of the great stomak Veine in the vpper part of the stomacke.
• Q. The Crowne-veine of the stomacke called Co∣ronaria stomachica.
• R. A branch of the Crown-veine passing along the vpper side of the stomack, and giuing branches to the Pylorus or mouth of the stomacke.
• S. The backward or hinder Kall-veine called, Epi∣plois postica.
• T. The diuision of the Splenick branch.
• V. The left kall-veine called Epiplois sinistra, whose root in the great figure is at V. but his distribution is well shewne in the small figure by V. and T.
• X. The left stomack-kall veines, called Gastroepi∣plois sinistra.
• Y Z. The veines which runne vnto the left side of the stomack turned backe from them which go vnto the vpper part of the Spleene, and the vp∣per Z of the two, sheweth the vessell called Vas breue or the short vessel, whereby the melancho∣ly passeth out of the Spleene into the stomack, & this is the reason why melancholy people haue alwayes crasie stomackes.
• aaaa Smal branches running through the substance of the Spleene, making the forme of the spleene
• b. The right Mesentericke veine.
• c. The left Mesenterick. dddd. The Meseraicall Veines. ee. The Veine which belongeth to the Collicke gut. ff. Veines belon∣ging to the right Gut. gg. The Hemorrhoidall Veynes which compasse the Fundament: but these shall bee more liuely descri∣bed heereafter.

verie slender and fine like bearded roots of a tree; they make those veines which we commonly call the Meseraick veines [Tab. 3. ^dddd] which passe between the two mem∣branes of the Mesentery, and gaping with open mouth at the coate, not at the cauity of the Guts; do sucke from them the Chylus, to which they affoord a certain rudiment or be∣ginning of bloud, and then conuey it to the Liuer, or rather into the rootes of the Porta, which are disseminated in the Liuer. From whence a part falleth out into the substance of the Liuer for his Nourishment, the rest is driuen into the hollow Veine, to be communi∣cated to the whole body. Moreouer we must know, that the very same Meseraicke veines which carry the Chylus thus vnto the Liuer, do also bring from the Liuer vnto the Guttes, perfect bloud for their nourishment at the very same time; the Veines of the Liuer draw∣ing the Chylus, and the Gut drawing the blood.

The third Mesenteriall Veine, is called Mesenterica sinistra, and is disseminated into the left [Tab. 3. C.] and middle part of the Mesenterie. From this commeth the Hemorrhoida∣lis interna, the inward Hemorrhoidall Vein, [Tab. 3. ^gg] (for the external proceedeth from the Hypogastricall branch of the Hollow Veine) and descendeth by the end of the Col∣licke [Tab. 3. ^{f f}] vnder the right gut, whose extremity it compasseth with small Tendrils, by which the Hemorrhoides do flow. And thus much of the branches which proceede out of the right side of the trunke of the Gate-veine.

Out of the left side issueth the splenick bough, and from it many propagations, some be∣fore

some after his diuision: before his diuision spring fiue branches.

The first called Gastrica minor & sinistra, the lesser and left stomacke veine [Table 3. ^K] goeth vnto the back part of the stomacke.

The second called Gastrica maior [Table 3. ^N] creepeth vnder the stomacke to his vpper orifice with three branches; the middle of which is called Coronaria Stomachica, the Crowne veine of the stomacke [Table 3. ^Q] because it doeth incompasse the vppermost mouth thereof.

The third is called Epiplois dextra, the right Kell veine [Table 3. ^L] this attayneth vnto the right side of the lower wing of the Kell, and to the Collicke gut.

The fourth called Epiplois postica, the backward Kell veine [Table 3. ^S] passeth with a dou∣ble branch, one on the right hand, another on the left, to the vnder wing of the Omentum or Kell, and a part of the Collicke gut.

The fift is manifold, called Pancreae [Table 3. ^M] because like small haires they passe vnto the Pancreas or sweet-bread; and these are the braunches which doe issue before the diui∣sion.

After the diuision from the vpper braunch neere the superior part of the spleene, sprin∣geth a notable veine, commonly called Vas breue, the snort vessell [Table 3. ^Z] which is in∣serted into the left side of the bottome of the stomacke, by which the melancholy bloud is belched out into the mouth of the stomack, to strengthē it by his adstriction, to further the principall action of the stomacke which is concoction, and to prouoke appetite.

From the lower branch proceed two veines: the first called Epiplois sinistra, the left kel veine [Table 3. ^V] which passeth to the left side of the lower wing of the Omentum.

The second is called Gastro epiplois sinistra, the left stomacke and Kell veine [Tab. 3. ^X.] It ioyneth it selfe with the right, and compasseth the bottome of the stomack; the remainder of them both after their copulation, is diuersly distributed [table 3. ^{Y Z}] into the middle line of the spleene: and so much of the Gate veine and his branches.

Of the Arteries called Caeliaca, and Mesenterica; that is, the Arteries of the Stomacke, and the Mesenterie which accompany the branches of the Gate veine. CHAP. IIII.

THE Arteries which accompany the braunches of the Gate veine before described are three. The first is called Caeliaca, or the sto∣macke Arterie [Table 4. figure 1. ^m] and the other two, Mesenteri∣ca superior, or the vpper Mesenterical Arterie [table 4. figure 1. ζ.] and the lower [table 7. 10.] called Mesenterica inferior.

The Caeliacall or stomacke Arterie [table 4. figure. 1. ^m and table 7. 6] is so called because it sendeth many branches to the stomack. It is a notable branch of the great Arterie, and euery where accom∣panieth the braunches of the Gate veine. His originall is from the foreside of the Aorta, where it leaneth vpon the back-bone, and is supported with the lower wing of the Kell, till it come to be diuided into two braunches: the right [table 4. figure 1. ^•] is lesser, and the left [table 4. figure 1. ^u] somewhat larger.

The Right branch [table 4. figure 1. ⁿ] as it goeth vpward to the hollownesse of the Li∣uer, sheddeth small surcles out of it selfe, some from his vpper part, and some from his lower.

From his vpper part two: First, the right Gastricke or stomacke Arterie [table 4. figure 1. ^p] is distributed into the lower part of his right Orifice. Secondly, Cysticae gemellae [table 4. figure 1. ^s figure 2. ^x table 7. 8.] two small Arteries creeping to the bladder of gall.

From his lower part three: First, the right Kell Arterie [table 4. figure 1. ^o figure 2. ^h] at∣tayning to the right side of the Kell and the Collicke gut. Secondly, the gut Arterie [tab. 4, figure 1. ^q figure 2. ^d] to the duodenum and the beginning of the Ieiunum. Thirdly and lastly,, the right stomacke and Kell Arterie [table 4. figure 1. ^t] which is fastned to the vp∣per Kell, and sprinkleth many branches to the foreside and backeside of the bottome of the stomacke.

That which remayneth of the right branch, determineth in the hollow of the Liuer [tab. 4. figure 1. ^Y table 7. ⁷] by which it receiueth life.

The left branch [table 4. figure 2, ^V] called Arteria splenica, passeth obliquely through

[illustration]

Table uij. sheweth a part of the Trunke of the great Arterie, out of which the Arterie cal∣led Caeltaca proceedeth; and beside it sheweth the branches of the Caeliacall Arterie, which do accompany the Branches of the Gate Veine.

[illustration]

FIG. II. The second Figure sheweth the mutuall con∣nexion of the Caeliacal Arteries, with the sweet bread and the spleene.

[illustration]

TABVLA IIII.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

• g The arterie belonging to the short vessell which passeth from the spleen to the stomack, called vas breue arteriosum.
• m The place where the Caeliacall arterie ariseth.
• n The right branch of the Caeliaca.
• r The right Kal arterie, as it is dis∣sen inated into the lower mem∣brane of the Kall.
• p The right stomacke arterie run∣ning into the right side of the back of the stomack toward the Pylorus.
• q The gut arterie which reacheth to the gut called duodenum and to the beginning of the Iciunum or empty gut.
• r The right stomacke-kall arterie which is disseminated into the right side of the bottome of the stomacke, and into the vpper membrane of the kall
• s The two twin arteries of the gal, how they passe vnto it.
• t Arteries distributed into the hol∣low part of the Liuer.
• u The left braunch of the Caeliaca or Aluina, which goeth especially to the spleene.
• x The greater stomacke arterie which goeth to the hinder side of the stomacke, and to his left orifice.
• y Certaine shootes sent into the middest of the stomacke where it is tyed to the backe.
• z The Crowne arterie of the sto∣macke, which circleth the left O∣rifice of the stomacke.
• α The left stomacke arterie which goeth into the vpper parts of the stomacke at the right orifice.
• β The back or hindmost Kall arte∣rie. which is distributed into the lower membrane of the Kal and the collicke gut.
• γ The left kall artery which goeth to the lower membrane of the kall.
• ♌♌ Branches which passe into the hollownes of the spleene.
• •• The left stomack Kall arterie go∣ing to the left side of the bottom of the stomacke, and the vpper membrane of the kall.
• ζ The vpper melentericall arte∣ry.
• •••• The right and the left emul∣gent arteries as they goe to the Kidneye••.
• •••• The right and the lefte sperma∣ticall arteries

[illustration]

The second Figure.

• aa The veine, the arterie, and the nerue which fould themselues in the Pylorus or mouth of the sto∣macke.
• b The lesser braunch of the Gate-veine, or the spleenick branch.
• c The greater branch of the Gate¦veine or the mesentericall branch.
• d A veine and an arterie going to the gut called duodenum.
• e Vessels going to the lower mem∣brane o•• the Kall.
• f The roote of the arterie which accompanieth the braunche of the gate veine
• g The Coronarie or crowne veine & arterie of the stomacke.
• h Vessels going to the lower Kall, and to the collick gut.
• i The sweet bread or Pancreas vp∣pon which the vessels are for se∣curity distributed.
• k A veine going to the left side of the lower Kal.
• ll A company of vesselles which passe vnto the spleen.
• m The insertion of these vessels.
• nnn Vessels reflected from the for∣mer, & offered to the stomack.
• ooo Veines and arteries sent to the guts.
• pq Two arteries going to the me∣sentery.
• rrrrr The glandules or kernels of the mesentery, which lie vnder the vessels for their security.
• t The trunk of the gate veine.
• u The hole of the bladder of gal where it opneth into the gut cal¦led the duodenum.
• x The veines of the bladder of gal.
• y Arteries and nerues that go to the liuer & the bladder of gall.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Two braunches which run vnto the back parts of the stomack.
• * The Haemorrhoidal veine & artery

the Pancreas [Tab. 4. fig: 2. ⁱ] to the Spleene. [Tab. 4. fig: 2. ^m.] It is larger then the right branch, that it might not easily be obstructed; for it conueyeth vitall spirits to the spleen, & also belcheth out into it the more faeculent part of the bloud contained in the great Ar∣tery. This Artery is continually ioyned vnto the splenick veine described in the Chapter going before, and hath so many branches, and in the same order of position, as also na∣med by the same names, which we will runne breefely ouer in this place.

Before the diuision from his vpper part proceede.

Gastrica sinistra vel minor, the left or lesser stomacke Artery [Tab. 4. fig. 1. α] turneth on the right hand to the vpper parts of the stomacke.

Gastrica maior [Tab. 4. fig. 1. ^x] offereth a branch to the backside of the stomacke, as al∣so to the midst thereof marked in the fourth Table at [^y]; out of this also ariseth the crowne Artery [Tab. 4. fig. 1, 2.] answering the crowne veine before described.

From the lower part.

Epiplois postica [Tab. 4. fig. 1. β. fig. 1. ^c] diuided into two stradling branches, which are propagated into the lower wing of the Kall and the Collick gut thereto adioyned.

Epiplois sinistra [Tab. 4. fig: 1 γ] passeth also to the lower Omentum, and runneth in to the left side thereof.

The remainder of this branch [Tab: 4. fig. 1 ^u] attaineth to the Spleene, and is diuided into an vpper and a lower branch, and these into others, till at length they reach vnto the hollow side of the Spleene, [Tab. 4. fig. 1, ^♌] From whence do proceede Gastroepiplois si∣nistra, [tab. 4. fig: 1 ^ε] which is sustained by the vpper wing of the Kell, and so goeth vnto the left side of the bottome of the stomacke.

Also Vas breue Arteriosum [Tab. 4. Fig. 1. γ] passeth out of the vpper part of the Spleen, and is inserted into the left side of the stomacke.

The Mesentericall Arterie is double, both of them proceeding from the fore-side of the trunke, the vpper below the Caeliaca; the lower below the spermaticall Arteries.

The vpper [Tab. 4. Fig. 1. ζ. fig. 2. ^P: Tab: 8, 10.] is propagated into the vpper part, and al∣most into the whole Mesentery, and reacheth his manifolde surcles to the empty gut, the Ileon, and a part of the Collicke gut, where it approacheth the right Kidney.

The lower [Tab. 4. Fig. 1. ^q, Tab. 8, 12] Mesentericall Artery, runneth vnder the lower end of the Mesentery, and especially to the left side of the Collicke gut and the right gut, and maketh the Hemorrhoid vessell, together with the Veins, and it is noted in the second figure of this fourth Table at this marke*. And so much at this time shall suffice to haue spoken of the Gate veine, and the Caeliacall Artery in this place, considering that we shal haue fitter occasion to prosecute their branches heereafter. Now we will proceede vnto the guts.

CHAP. V. Of the Guttes.

THe Guttes are calledin Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and Intestina in Latine, because they are placed in the inmost part of the body, and doe take vp the most part of the cauity of the lower belly. [their naturall position appeareth in the 2. and 5. Tables,] And because they farre exceed the length of the same, they are necessarily gired and rouled into manifolde Convolutions, [Tab. 2, 5, and 6.] that it might conteine them, as we vse to rowle vp a rope if we would put it into a bag. They are knit together by the benefite of the Mesenterium [as appeareth in the 7. Table,] by which also, and the interposition of the Omentum, they are tied to the backe, and are held vp or supported by the cauities or hollownesse of the hanch bones.

They are long bodies, and commonly sixe times so long as the man whose entrals they are, round they are and globous, that they might bee more capacious and lesse subiect to outward iniuries; Hollow, but not all of a bore as wee call it, carried also in circuler con∣uersions (excepting their beginning [Tab. 6. fig. 1, 2. at I and ^a] and their end, that the en∣trance and out-gate of the Aliment should not bee interrupted) least the nourishment should too suddenly slip away before the Chylus be fully distributed, and constraine a man eft-soones to call for more, and so be the cause of insatiable gulosity or rauenousnes, which would as Plato saith, interrupt all good and liberall learning. For so we see those creatures whose guts from the stomacke to the siedge, are either streight or lax, are insatiable deuou∣rers, which also Aristotle witnesseth in his third Booke de partibus animal. chap. 14. for the loosenesse or laxnesse of the gut encreaseth, and the rectitude of it hastneth the desire of meare. Wherefore those creatures whom it became to bee more moderate that way, haue more of these circumvolutions, which also make them able longer to containe the excrements, that they shold not be enforced but at their own pleasure to vnburden them∣selues; for those creatures that continually put in, must haue answerable euacuation.

The guts are continued with the stomack at the right Orifice called the Pylorus, but their substance is thinner then that of the stomack, and by reason of the inumerable veines that are inserted into Ieiunū and Ileon, which do in a short time suck it, they receiue much nou∣rishment, which presently by as many vessels is conueyed to the Liuer. This speedy distri∣bution of the nourishment could not be, if it went out of one stomacke into another, be∣cause there would not be space for the insertion of such a world of veines, and so the distri∣bution must needs be slower, and beside much of the Aliment would escape the Veins, vn∣lesse it were eft-soones all the way of the passage againe and many times as it were reui∣sed, till there were nothing left but bare excrement.

And albeit there be but one ductus or through-passage from the pylorus or mouth of the

stomacke, euen to the siedge, that it may not amisse bee called one gut; yet because the parts of it do very much differ in substance, figure, office, place, magnitude; and in num∣ber of circumvolutions and turnings: therefore first in respect of their substance, there are two sorts of guts. One slender, fine, and small, which Galen calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Plau∣tus calleth them Lactes of the old word Lacio, which signifieth to draw, because they draw the Chylus more powerfully then the other which are thicke and crasse, called by Hippocra∣tes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

The slender or smallest sort of Guts is three-fold, Duodenum, Ieiunum, and Ileon, which though they haue all almost one capacitie or amplitude, yet they are easily distinguished by their scituation, length, and by their Meseraick veines. And beside, the Ieiunum about his beginning, where it is tyed to the backe, is sometimes obserued to be enlarged.

[illustration]

Tab. 5. sheweth the Bowels of the Lower belly, euerie one in their owne place. The ends of the lower Ribbes, together with the Midriffe and the Peritonaeum adhering thereto are turned backe, that the Liuer, the Spleene, and the stomacke might be better seene.

• A. The Brest blade cald Cartilago ensiformis.
• B B. The Peritonaeum, togither with the Midriffe and the broken ribs bent outward.
• C C. The Gibbous or bunching part of the Liuer.
• D. A Ligament tying the Liuer to the Midriffe.
• E. A part of the vmbilicall veine.
• F F. The stomacke filled full of meate.
• G. A part of the Spleene.
• H. The blinde gut of the late writers: for the anci∣ents tooke the top of the Colon for it.
• I. The beginning of the great or thicke guts.
• I. and so to K. sheweth the passage of the Collick gut from the right kidney to the Liuer, & so the Col∣licke and the stone on this side are in one place, and therefore hardly distinguished.
• K. to L. the same Collicke Gut lyeth vnder the whole bottome of the stomack, which is the rea∣son that those which are troubled with the Col∣lick cast so much.
• L. to M. The passage of the Colon, from the spleene vnto the share bone by the lefte kidney a-way which maketh the payne of the Stone and the Collicke on the lefte side, very harde to distin∣guish.
• N. The Colon ending into the right gut.
• O. The beginning of the right Gut vnto the bladder.
• P. Q. The sunken or fallen side of the Colon at P. and his Chambers and puffes at Q.
• R S T. The lesser Guttes, especially lying vnder the Nauell.
• a a. The two vmbilicall arteries.
• b. The bottome of the Bladder.
• * The Connexion of the bladder and the Perito∣naeum.

[illustration]

TABVLA. V

The thicke or great guts are as many [Tab. 6. fig. 2, 3.] called Caecum, Colon & Rectū, all differing in scite, figure, and magnitude. For the Colon and Rectum, that is, the Collick and the right guts, are more ample then all the rest. For the figure, some are right as it wer by a line, as the Duodenum and Rectum, the rest are full of turninges, and as it were cham∣bered more or lesse.

In respect of their offices, some are appointed both for the perfiting and for the distri∣buting of the Chylus, to wit, the smaller and narrower, that so the smallest crumme of the meate may meete with their sides and vessels; others are appointed for beser vse, to gather together the excrements, as the Crasse or thicke guts.

The smaller, partly by reason of their excellency, partly for their commodity, do occu∣py the middle place, [tab. 5. R S T. tab: 7. ^cccc] euen all the Regions of the nauell & the Hy∣pogastrium, yet in dogs it is not so, which deceiued the Ancients, who called the small the

vpper guts, the thicke the lower; which order we finde different in man, whose Colon oc∣cupies the vppermost place, and passeth vnder the bottom of all the stomacke. For their commodity they are placed neare the Center of the Mesenterie [tab. 7. ^H] that the mesen∣tericall branch might without any great distance be conuayed vnto them, and so the Chylus quickly transferred to the Liuer.

The thicker guts are placed towards the sides [table 5. table 6. figure ••. table 7. ^EEEE] partly because they might giue way to the smaller; (the Colon also is knit to the bottome [table 5. ^E] of the stomacke) partly that like a munition or defence they might compasse and defend the smaller, least they should bee pressed or streightned. They were also made large, that they might containe the greater quantity of excrements, before they were pro∣uoked to excretion.

The first of the slender guts [table 6. figure 1, from to ^K] which Herophilus calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine duodenum, hath his name from the length of twelue fingers, which yet we finde it not to holde in our bodies; it may be, because now a dayes the stature of Man is much impaired. Galen calles it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as it were a production, to wit of the stomacke, which name yet some doe onely allow to the orifice of this first gut. This auodenum begin∣ning on the right side, at the Pylorus [table ••. figure 1, ^H] is reflected or turned backeward, vnder the stomacke, that it may bee knit with membranous ligaments, to the spondelles or rack-bones of the loynes, to hold it straight and right downe; for if it should haue beene rowled and circled about, first the entrance of the Chylus should haue beene hindered, and then being gotten in, it would haue beene subiect to bee returned backe againe. Moreo∣uer, it would haue beene a hinderance to the veine that commeth from the Port or Gate of the Liuer, and to the Arterie which passeth to the Liuer: beside, indeede there is no space or scope for any such cōuolutions or turnings in that place. It determineth vnder the Colon, about the beginning [table 6, figure 1, ^K] of his windings. It is the straightest of all, that the Chylus should not suddenly and togetherward fall into it, out of the stomacke; and somewhat thicker then the other two, because it receiueth a short veine from the trunke of the Port veine, which we called Intestinalis [table 3, ^I] or the Gut veine, (but no meseraicall veine at all) and an Arterie from the Caeliacall; both which are led along according to the longitude of this Gut, and to the beginning of the Ieiunum. Vnder this the Pancreas or sweete-bread lyeth, especially in Dogges, that it may boulster the vessels, and moysten or supple the gut with a slimie moysture.

The second small gut is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ieiunum, or the [table 6. figure 1, ^M] Empty gut, It is for the most part found empty, and that because of the innumerable meseraicks, and those very large, which ending in the inner coate of the gut, doe there gape with open mouth, & draw away the Chylus, as the nourishment falles lower and lower, till all the goodnesse bee drawne away. And if any part of the Chylus scape the first conuolution of this gut, yet the second or third will embrace it, till most of the profitable iuyce be drawne away by the meseraicks to this gut belonging; which suction or drawing is much encreased by the vici∣nitie of the Liuer, and beside, the Aliment as it passeth by, being yet fluid, doeth easilie follow.

His beginning [table 6. figure 2. ^M] on the right side vnder the Colon, where the con∣uolution of the Guttes begin, is very liuid or blewe; when it commeth aboue the Nauill (whose whole region it taketh vp) being before wound vp into many circled labyrinths, it endeth into the Ileon. It is in length twelue palmes and three fingers. In breadth it excee∣deth not the little finger, vnlesse it be puffed vp with winde. In the beginning of this Ieiu∣num, or in the end [table 6. figure 1. ^L] of the duodenum, is the passage of Choller or Gall inserted, called Porus Biliarius; that after the Chylus is now fallen downe beneath it, the Li∣uer may vnburden it selfe by this vent of this humor, which by his acrimonie prouoketh the Guts both to expell the excrements contayned in them, and to work downward the slimy phlegme that cleaueth vnto them; whence it is, that in dissections it is found more empty then the rest.

The third Gut is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or tenue, that is slender, because of the tenuitie of his mem∣branes; it is called also 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from a worde which signifieth to encompasse, as it were the circled gut; also voluulus, because of his many circumuolutions, in which the meat maketh profitable stay and deliberation: this gut also giueth name to that fearefull disease called I∣leos, or Iliaca passio. It is scituate vnder the Nauell, on both sides at the bones called Ilea, or hanch bones, and the cox or hip-bone: and though it be continuall with the Ieiunum,

and of a like substance, yet heerein it differs, that we finde it not either so empty of Chylus, or so full of Veines. It beginneth where the gut groweth reddish, and the Meseraicke Veines grow smaller and fewer, and passing vnder the right Kidney, meeteth vvith the crasse and large or great gut, that [Tab. 6. Fig. 1: O] buncheth out like a great Globe or Bowle, and endeth in his left side where it hath two holes; one continued with the Ileon, another lower, to which the blinde gut is ioyned. [Tab:⁶, Fig. ¹. ², ³, ^N] It is the longest of all the guts, euen one and twenty palmes long, and as broad as a finger is thicke, and because this gut onely can fall into the cod, this onely causeth the rupture cald Hernia intestinalis, the gut rupture, and so much of the small guts.

The great guts begin [Tab. ⁶. Fig. ¹, ², ³, O] where on the right side they strut out like a great Bowle, where there hangeth downe an Appendixe or additament, which is the first of the thicke guts, and is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or Caecum, that is the blinde gut [Tab. ⁶ Fig, ¹, ², ³ P] ha∣uing that name from his obscure vse, others call it Monoculus, because it hath but one per∣foration, yet some say it hath two in the same superficies, but diuided by so fine & thin a distance, that it seemes but one: when notwithstanding one of them is the end of the I∣leon, [Tab. ⁶ Fig: ¹, ², ³, ^N] and the other the beginning of the blinde gut, or of the Appendix. It taketh his beginning which is very thicke, from two heads; the end of the Ileon, [Tab. ⁶ Fig: ¹, ², ³, ⁿ & ^O] and the beginning of the Colon: vnlesse we had rather say, that the vtmost part of the Colon ends into it, and that the Ileon is continued with it where it begins. In a man it is a slender long Appendix, and like vnto a great writhen worme [Tab. ⁶ Fig. ¹, ², ³, ^P] or a little purse narrow toward the bottome, whence also it is called Saccus; farre nar∣rower and streighter then any of the other guts; foure Finger long, and as broade as the thumbe, and is knit to the right Kidney by the mediation of the Peritonaeum, but hath no Mesentery tyed vnto it. In Dogges it is farre greater, and besides differs in the originall, for in them it taketh his beginning rather from the beginning of the Colon on the right side of it, then on the left.

The Ancients did not call this Appendix of the Colon the blind gut (whence some of them haue deliuered, that in Beasts there are three thicke guts, in a man but two) but for it, did take that Globous [Tab. 6. Fig: 2 at O] extuberation, which passeth from the insertion of the small guts vnto the Colon, of which we spake euen now. Wherefore Galen placeth the blinde gut on the right side of the Ileon, but the Colon he saith ariseth out of the left side, brought first vpward by the right Ilea or flankes. This blinde gut of the Ancients wh••ch we call the beginning of the Colon, in Apes, Dogges, Swine, & Oxen is very great, in whom it is a good helpe that in their groueling gate, when their fore-parts are violently moued, the excrements do not recoile to the small guts. The vse of this blind Gut saieth Galen, (vn∣derstanding the beginning and bowled extuberation of the Colon) is to be as a belly wher∣in the excrements are receiued, that if in the passage any thing haue escaped the distribu∣ting vertue of the small guts, and the Meseraick Veynes, it might by remayning somet me in this blinde gut be exhausted and sucked out. But the vse of the Appendix is whilst the Infant is in the wombe, to receiue those many and liquid excrements which in many mo∣neths time are gathered together. After the childe comes to any growth in the world, as we say, the vse of this Appendixe ceaseth, because (proportionably considered) there are fewer excrements gathered in the Collicke gut, and those that are, are dryer and thicker. Wherefore one saith verie wel, that the excrements growing fewer, are not driuen ther∣into, and so it remayneth contracted and gathered together, not in length, (for the length continueth the same) but in the Latitude, ouer it was in the Infant, euen we saide before, it hapneth in the vmbilicall vessels.

The second thicke gut, Tab. 6. Fig: 1. and 2. from ^O to ^Z. Tab. ⁵ from ^r to ^o, Tab. ^{7 EEEE}] is more lax and loose, and is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 of a word which signifieth to fore-slow, because by reason of his many blowne and swelling Chambers or Cels [Tab. ⁶ Fig. ², ^{3 YY}] it forsloweth the passage of the excrements; or of a word which signifieth to wreth, or to rack, because of the racking Collick paine which in it is bred. The beginning of this gut, called by the Ancients the blinde gut [Tab. ⁶ Figur. ¹, ². O] as is saide, is very large and more capacious then any other part of the gut is, and round like a Bowle or Globe, seated in the right Ile∣um or flanke, [Tab. ⁵ from I. to K.] for there is a fit place empty for it, because the right kid∣ney hangeth hie, to which it cleaueth; and touching the bladder of Gall vnder the Liuer, yea sometimes being so fastned vnto it▪ that it is dyed yellow by it, is turned vpward, rouled ouerthwart vnder the bottome of the stomacke [Tab. 5. from ^K to ^L] and so passeth ouer the

small guts. And this is the reason why the Ancients haue written that it occupyeth the vp∣per place, yet not in Dogges but in Men. And surely heerein Nature hath made an excel∣lent prouision both for nourishment and concoction, because we eate many hard meates, which neither the stomacke nor the small guts are able sufficiently to put ouer, which are deteyned in the Chambers of the Colon; and because this Colon passeth vnder the sto∣macke, and the Liuer the fountaine of heate, are there concocted and made fit for norish∣ment, and from hence are suckt away by the Meseraick Veines. On the left side it is tyed to the Spleene [Tab. ^{5 G}] with rare and thin Membranes; from the Spleen it passeth vnto the share bone [Tab. ⁵ from ^L to ^M] and then is presently turned backward to the left Kidney, to which it is strongly bound and so maketh a shew as it were of a Scythian bow. This strong binding of the Collicke gut to the left Kidney, is the cause why the Nephritick paine or fit

[illustration]

Tab. vi. sheweth the lesser and the greater guts.

[illustration]

The first figure sheweth the forme and folding passage of the lesser guts.

[illustration]

The second Figure sheweth the forme and convolutions of the greater guts, and the Muscles of the Fundament.

[illustration]

The thirde Figure sheweth together with the figure of the great guttes, the value or Membrane of the Colon or Collicke gut.

[illustration]

The fourth Figure sheweth a part of the collick and right guts and the coats of the Guts.

[illustration]

TABVLA. VI.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

FIG. III.

[illustration]

FIG. IV.

• H. 1, The Pylorus tied with a part of the stomacke.
• I K. 1. The gut cald Duodenum.
• L 1. The pore or hole of the choler, cald Porus Biliarius.
• M 1. The beginning of the empty gut, cald Intestinum Ieiunum.
• N 1, 2, 3. The end of the lesser guts.
• O 1, 2, 3. The beginning of the great guttes, where is the blind gut of Galen and the Ancients.
• T 3. The value or membrane of the collick gut, set to the sides of the Gut on eyther hand, where his beginning is not made round, but lax.
• P 1, 2, 3. The blinde gut of the later Anatomists.
• QRSTV. 2, 3. The collick gut from O to Q: from the right kidney to the liuer, from Q. to R. all along the bot∣tome of the stomack: from R to S: from the Spleene to the share bone: from S to T the returne of the Collicke gut to the nauell: from T to V how it is led along again downward to the right gut
• * 3. The Collicke gut opened, that the value may better appeare.
• XX 2, 3. The sunke or flatted place of the Collicke gut.
• YY 2, 3. The chambers or cels of the Collicke gut.
• Z 2, 3. The beginning of the right gut.
• a 2, 3. the round Muscle of the right gut.
• b c 2, 3. The two right Muscles of the right gut.
• d 2, 3. The place wher the right gut is tied to the yard in mē & to the neck of the womb in women.
• ee 4. The first and vtter coat.
• ff 4. The 2. coate of the guts.
• g 4. The third coate of the guts which maketh their body. hh 4. A part of the Mesentery, ty∣ing the right gut to the Holy of great bone.

of the stone in the Kidneyes, is confounded with the collicke payne. But to returne to the collicke gut; at the left Kidney it is much narrower, least it should compresse the spleene; wherefore those men that haue swolne spleenes, doe not easily breake winde, vnlesse their spleenes be pressed; here also it hath no chambers: and againe arising more on the left side as it were vnto the seate of the Nauell [table 6. figure 2. and 3, from ^S to ^T] maketh a dou∣ble, (which double is the cause that in this place the collicke torments are most grieuous, so that wee haue seene heere apostemations [table 5. ^H] maturated or ripened through the skin, and after healed) and so being carried to the beginning of the os sacrum, in that very place where on the one side it arose from the right gut, it now on the other side [table 5. ^X] endeth in it; but is distinguished from it by a certaine narrownesse, caused as it were by the whipping about [table 6, figure 2, from ^T to ^T] of a streight band: which place all Physiti∣ans in the administring of Clisters, and cure of the Collick torments, must not forget. The length of this Gut is about 7. palmes [demonstrated in the 6. table & the 1, and 2, figures] and so many fingers, and in breadth it is as wide as a mans Fist is thicke.

It is the largest and widest of all the Guts, that it might be a receptacle of the winds in∣gendered in the first concoction, to wit, in the stomacke and the small Guts; as also of the vnprofitable and faeculent part of the Chylus, which remayneth about the end of the small Guts: least sayth Galen in his fourth booke de vsu partium and the 18, chapter we should be constrayned continually, or ouer often to empty our bodies, because within vs there is continuall segregation made of the excrements from the nourishment. Now this Gut be∣ing so capacious, those excrements may in great quantity bee retayned, and auoyded but at conuenient times.

The Celles also or chambers of this Gutte [table 5, ^{Q Q}, table 6, figure 2, 3, ^{Y Y}] make much for this purpose of Nature; and hence it is that some Birds whose Guts haue no such Celles, doe continually mute, or very often: and therefore some haue called this collicke Gut, The lower Belly.

Least therefore the excrements should forceably issue out, or perpetually prouoke the expulsiue faculty, this Gut first of all ariseth vpward [table 6, figure 2, and 3, from ^O to ^Q,] afterward bending downward, it is againe reflected vpward neare the end thereof [table 6, figure 2, and 3, from ^S to ^T] not vnlike to a Romaine S. And hence it is that in our deiecti∣ons, the excrements are not auoyded all at once, but as it were at two stooles, the second following the first, after a little distance of time.

And because it is very great, therefore it hath two strong ligaments; one, whereby it is fast tyed to the vpper parts, and so by the other to the lower. It is also fastned to the backe by meanes of an externall membrane, springing out of the lower membrane of the Kall, as the other Guts are tyed to the backe by the interposition or helpe of the mesenterie. But in Dogges it is no where tyed to the Kall, neither hath it any of these ligaments. If it were narrow as the small Guts, it would alwayes be distended, and so alwayes tortured.

Againe, whereas the excrements when they passe out of the Ileon into the Collick gut, doe manifestly ascend [table 6. figure 3. from ^N to ^O] least in the compression of the belly, (which is made by the muscles of the Abdomen, and the helpe of the midriffe) to the siedge; the excrements and putrid or rotten vapours should not so easily finde the lower passage by the right gut, as returne out of the Colon into the Ileon, and so disturbe the distribution of the Chylus, and at length issue by the mouth as it hapneth in that miserable disease called Iliaca passio, where the gut Ileon doubling into it selfe, maketh such a constipation of the belly, that the meat cannot descend, and so the remainders thereof being yet liquid in the small gut, and defiled with the noysome sauour of that place are returned by vomit, and at last the excrements themselues, though not out of the great guts; least I say in euery nota∣ble compression of the belly this should happen, Nature hath ordained & scituated a cer∣tain value, leaf-doore, or floud-gate, at the beginning [ta. 6. fig. 3. *] of this Colon where it is ioyned to the Ileon, which is membranous and thick, and looketh vpward, because the ex∣crements of the meate are carried by ascent not by descent, out of the Ileon into the Co∣lon, as is said before. This value is easily found by the Anatomist, if you poure water into the right gut and hold it & the Colon vpward, for then you shall perceiue that none of the water will passe into the Ileon, no nor winde, vnlesse you presse it very hard. You may finde it also when the guts are cleansed, but then it is somewhat vitiated by the transfusion of water, which you must necessarily vse in the cleansing of them.

Hence it is that Galen sayth, the matter of clisters cannot naturally ascend into the Ileon

or small guts, although their medicinable force and vertue may goe a great deale higher. Andreas Laurentius hath described this value in his Anatomie, where also he maketh mēti∣on of Bauhines description of it, and attributeth vnto it this vse especially of hindering the regurgitation of the excrements. But Archangelus sayeth, that at the blinde gut there are three values like those in the heart, all appoynted for the same purpose, which the rest be∣fore did agree vpon.

The substance of the Colon is more fleshy then that of the other guts, and beside it hath many Celles [table 5. ^QQ, table 6. figure 2, 3,^YY] or chambered cauities, diuersly as it were arched; and againe sinking into a narrower extent, wherein the hardest part of the meate may rest, and so receiue (for they lie vnder the stomacke and the Liuer [table 5. at ^CC) a better concoction. But the small guts haue none of these Cels; the reason is, that the ex∣crements of the Chylus should not be reteined therein, the distribution of the Chylus hin∣dered, or the place of the belly taken vp therewith.

Finally, least the Cels or chambers of this Colon should bee dissolued or loosened foorth, there runneth through his middle and vpper part after his length, a certaine vincu∣lum or band of the breadth of the middle finger: which being loosened or broken, those chābers are dissolued. When this colon comes near to the right gut, it becommeth round [table 6. figure 2, 3, ^v] like the Colon in Dogges (that so the excrements and the winde al∣so which issueth sometimes silently, sometimes with noyse, might bee more easily exclu∣ded) and so his end is narrow and straight, fit to ioyne with the right gut.

The third of the great guts [table 5, his beginning is at ^O vnder the bottom of the blad∣der, table 6. figure 2, 3, ^Z, table 7, ^{F G}] is called rectum, of his right bore, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the be∣ginner by Hippocrates in his first booke Epidem: because it hath his beginning where the boughts of the guts do end, and thence passeth from the top of the sacrum or holy-bone, to the end of the rumpe, to which it is firmely tied by the interposition of [table 6. figure 4. ^{h h}] the Peritonaeum, least when it is burdened, it should fall with his owne waight: and so endeth in the seate, [table 6. figure 2, 3, ^a] in men vnder [table 6, vnder ^b] the bladder; in women vnder the wombe. In this place it is very great, which Hippocrates calleth partem laxam or his loose part, and groweth to the yarde of men [table 6, figure 2, 3, ^d sheweth the place] and to the necke of womens wombes, by the interposition of a musculous sub∣stance.

Hence comes in men that notable sympathy of this gut with the bladder, which maketh a man that is troubled with the stone in the bladder, to be euery moment prouoked to the stoole; but yet in women there is a greater simpathy betweene this gut and the wombe; so that oftentimes by compassion the gutte is vlcerated, and the excrements are auoyded by the secret parts. This gut could not be more commodiously placed, for the excremēts be∣ing herein by degrees collected, may be fitly together excluded. To the end of this gut a round muskle [table 6. figure 2, 3, ^a] is annexed, which may binde the orifice of it, where∣upon it is called by Hippocrates and Galen 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that the excrements might not at al times but onely by voluntary compression and violence be euacuated. This gut is a palme and a halfe long [table 6. figure 2, 3, from ^Z to ^a] and three fingers broade, and very corpulent or substantiall, and hath certaine fat appendixes or additaments growing to it without.

All these Guts as they are similar parts, do consist of a spermaticall substance and blou∣dy matter, changed into their proper flesh, if it may be so called: but as they are dissimilar they haue a membranous substance, that so they may without paine be distended or stret∣ched, when they strut with the Chylus, with the excrements, or with winde; yet is not this membranous substance alike thicke, but the small guts haue it more slender, the great guts more crasse and thicke. This may bee sliuen into three coates; whereof one is common [table 6. figure 4, ^{c c}] to them all, as hauing his originall mediately sayeth Galen 4. vsu partium 17, from the Peritonaeum: but immediately the duodenum and that part of the Co∣lon that cleaueth to the stomacke, hath it from the lower membrane of the Kall, although it be not so in Dogs: and the Ieiunum, the Ileon, and the remaynder beside of all the great Guts, haue their coate from the membranes of the mesenterie. For the membranes of the mesenterie, carrying the vesselles to the Guts, doe grow vnto them, where parting asunder, they seuerally walk along the sides of the Guts, & do degenerate into their third coat. This first cōmon coat they haue as instead of a ligament, so as a couering for their better defēce. They haue beside, 3. proper coats, [tab. 6. fig. 4. ^{f f g}] partly that their expelling power sayth Galen, might bee of greater force, partly also for security, when they abide many difficult

assayes in diuers diseases, especially in the Dysenteria or bloudy Flux, that the inmost bee∣ing hurt, the other may remaine perfect for the performance of their duty. Wherefore, many haue beene knowne to superuiue when the inner coate hath beene eaten out: yet both these coats are thinner and softer then those of the stomacke, because this receyueth the meate when it is harder and vnconcocted, those when it is for the most part concocted and attenuated or made as thin as pulpe. The first [Tab. 6. fig: 4, ^{f f}] or vtter of these coates is membranous, but strong; for the most part furnished with tranverse Fibres, sprinkled also with fleshy fibres, first to encrease his heate, that thereby the lesse laboured and di∣gested parts of the Chylus may in their passage be more throughly concocted; and again, that like Muscles they might contract the guts to expel those final remainders which could not be auoyded by the compression of the Abdomen. Ouer this coate is drawne as it were a Veyle or Filme, thight but very fine, wouen for the most part of right Fibres. The o∣ther proper [Tab. 6 Figure 4 ^g] coate is on the inside in the small gats rugous or plightie, (in the Colon the plights are vnfoulded and spred abroad into Cels) that it might mode∣rately stay the Chylus as it falleth downward, that if any part of it bee lesse laboured, it might receiue a farther degree of concoction in the passage.

Moreouer, that the same Chylus might the better bee sucked vp by the Veynes, these tranuerse foulds make this coate longer, and in some doubly and trebly longer then the vt∣ter coate; and for this cause also it was necessarily gathered into Plights; and these soulds or surphles are moueable, & may be driuen out of one place into another, as the surphles of a hemme gathered vpon a thred, that they may reteine the Chylus moderately & with∣out violence. This coate is also neruous, but yet it appears more fleshy, because of a crust like a Membrane which compasseth it about, engendred of the proper excrements of the guts arising from the third concoction, least the mouth of the Meseraicke Veins opening into this inner coate, should be stopped; and least the same inner coate, or the mouths of the Veines should be made callous or hard by the perpetuall passing of the Chylus. Both these proper coats at the end of the Colon, and in the right gut are thicker and thighter or faster.

They haue Fibres of all kindes, the inner oblique or slope Fibres, that it might reteine the middle transuerse or ouerthwart that it might expell; to the outward are added a few right Fibres, least the transuerse should be separated asunder: wherefore without the gut they are tyed together with the right fibres as it were with a ligament, euen as Chirurgions for the holding on of circular or round Ties, do cast ouer them right bands. But the right Fibres are fewer in the small guts, more in the great. In the Colon the Fibres follow his impressions or chambers. They are very great and large in the right gut, because of the many and hard excrements there heaped together,

The vessels of the guts [exhibited in the third Table] are Veines from the port veyne, arteries from the Coeliacall [Tab. 4] and Mesentericall branches. For to the Duodenum & the beginning of the Ieiunum, the gut-veine called Intestinalis runneth with a long course; but the rest of the Ieiunum and the Ileon, and a part of the Colon, from the Ileon to the left kidney, haue Meseraicke [Tab. 4. Fig: 2 ^{O O O}] veyns, which are carryed from aboue with an oblique passage through both the coats of the Mesentery, as it were out of his center. The vse of their veines, is to carry the Chylus from the guts to the Liuer, and bring back blood to them for their nourishment; of their Arteries, that they might be cherished with vitall blood, and by their perpetuall motion be preserued from corruption and putrifaction. Ga∣len thought, that they tooke vp also a little of the meate in their passage. To the other and remaining part of the Colon, and to the right gut, they are in a right line carried from the left Mesentericall Veine, and the inferiour Mesentericall Artery.

They haue Nerues from the sixt paire, the Duodenum very small ones from those sto∣macke sinnewes which compasse the Pylorus or lower mouth of the stomacke: the rest of the guts on both sides, receiue infinite surcles from a braunch which proceedeth from the roots of the ribs, from whence they haue most acute sense, that they might apprehend the prouocation of the choller and the excrements; notwithstanding that a certaine mucous or slimy matter which lineth them within, makes their sensation somewhat more dull.

On the outside they are smeared, sometimes couered with fat, and on the inside lined with slime, and as it were nealed like earthen pots, that through their slipperinesse the ex∣crements of the belly might sooner be precipitated or thrust downe (some thinke the Co∣lon is lined within with fat) and least their exquisite sense should bee continually prouo∣ked.

The common vse of the guts is to be instead of earth or the soile to yeelde nourishment to the parts. For as in the earth is contained the Aliment of the plants which they draw out by the Fibres or strings of the roots, so in the guts is the Chylus, which the rootes of the Meseraick Veines do sucke out for the nourishment of the creature. Againe, the vse of the small guts is to be the Instrument of distributing the Aliment; so saith Galen in his fourth Booke de Vsu partium, the 8. and the eighteenth chapters. For it behooued that there should be one Organ to concoct, and another to distribute; for otherwise the veines could not but haue drawne crude together with concocted and laboured nourishment. For the Chylus boyled in the stomacke, was to bee distributed to other partes, and the profitable parts thereof to be segregated and separated, which is accomplished by the Meseraicall veines. But because, as it hapneth in a Viall full of water, if it bee turned vp, the water can∣not yssue at the necke but by drops and degrees; so in the guts, if the Veines had beene set to one place, the multitude of the Chylus would haue stopped his owne passage: therefore Nature hath well prouided, that the guts shold be drawn out into a great length, that so in each part of them a litle quantity might be conteyned, & so a conuenient proportion suckt away by the mouths of the Veynes. Moreouer; in the very passage of the Chylus along the guts, it receyueth a farther degree of concoction, as also doth the blood in all the Veines. And therfore the substance of the guts is not much vnlike that of the stomack. But because they are not so neere the heate of the Liuer as is the stomacke, therefore Nature hath assi∣sted theyr cold membranous substance, by couering them with the warme happing of the Omentum or Kell, whereby their weake heate is cherished.

The vse of the great guts is to contain the thicke excrements and remainders of the meat together with the choler deriued vnto them from the Liuer by the passage of gall, as also the winds that are daily gathered, which are stored in the chambers of the Colon, and the bredth of the other great guttes, and kept in by the Muscles of the fundament, as we shall more manifestly shew afterward.

CHAP. VI. Of the Mesentery.

IT is called Mesenterium and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Greek, because it is placed in the middle of the guts, which as we said before, are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: for it is placed in the middest betweene the guts toward their backward position [Tab: 7 Fig. 1.] and incircleth them round. It is called also 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 from his pe∣culiar substance. His figure is circular [Tab. 7. Fig. 1, 2] and plaine, but ga∣thered into folds; about the beginning it is narrow, in the middle ample and large, and in the sides, especially the left side where it descendeth to the right Gut it becommeth more long, for which causes Galen sayde, it was treble or three-fold.

His beginning is at the first and thirde Spondell or racke bone of the Loynes from the Peritonaeum, from whence are produced membranous Fibres which spend themselues in the two Membranes [Tab. 7. Fig. 2^TY] of the Mesenterie, from whence it is that there is great consent betweene the Loynes and the guts; beside there passe also from thence cer∣taine Nerues vnto the Mesentery. For it is compounded of Membranes, Nerues, Veines, Arteries, Glandules and Fat.

It hath two Membranes [Tab. 7. Fig. 2, ^TY] one lying vpon another (in Dogs where it admitteth no vessels, they so grow together, as if it were but of one simple Membrane, neyther hath it any fat to make separation) and those firme & strong, as well for the streng∣thening of the vessels which are manifold and passe together vnto the guts, to which Ves∣sels it serueth for a band and strong muniment, as also least in violent motions the positi∣on of the guts should be altered or confounded, and that they might be stronglier tyed to the backe.

The Meseraicke Veines [Tab. 3. ^ddd Tab. 7. Fig: 2] diffused or spred abroad thorough these Membranes are innumerable and wondrous smal, as it were the fine & slender threds of the roots of a tree, which are still gathered into greater, till they growe all into one en∣tire roote; so these vessels by little and little are knit together into greater, and those grea∣ter into others yet greater, till they are all vnited into one veine, which passeth vnto the Port, and resteth in the hollow side of the Liuer. Two Arteries called the vpper and low∣er Mesentericall, are sent vnto the guts, which make the Meseraicke Arteries, which also run through the Mesentery, that by their continuall motion they might ventilate, and with

[illustration]

¶The first Figure sheweth where the Mesentery beginneth or ari∣seth, his scite, connexion, and vesselles; in it also the guts are re∣mooued from the middle of the Belly, and are laide vpwarde and downward vnto the sides, that the Mesentery might better ap∣peare.

[illustration]

The second Figure sheweth the Mesentery taken and freed from the body.

[illustration]

TABVLA. VII.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

• AA BB. Parts of the Peritonaeum or rim of the belly, turned out∣ward, and laide vppon the Ribs which are broken backward.
• C C C C. The lesser guts.
• D. The blinde Gut.
• EEEE. The Collicke gut, com∣passing round about the Lesser guts.
• F. The beginning of the right Gut.
• G. The bladder.
• * The place where the Peritonaeum or rim groweth vnto the Blad∣der.
• H 1, 2. The Center of the Mesen∣tery where the Peritonaeum tyeth the great Artery and the Hol∣low Veine to the racke-bones of the backe.
• I I 1 2. A glandulous bodie set for security vnder the distribution of the vessels which are inserted into the Center.
• KK 1, 2. Glandules set between the distributions of the vessels which passe to the guts.
• L M M M 2. Do circumscribe that part of the Mesenterie which ty∣eth the small guts to the backe.
• From N. to O. 2. A portion of the Mesentery which ioyneth the right part of the Colon to the backe.
• From O to P 2. The Membrane of the lower kal, tying that part of the Colon that is knit to the sto∣macke, to the backe.
• From P to Q 2. A part of the Me∣sentery knitting the left part of the Collicke gut which runneth from the spleen, to the right gut
• From Q to R. A part of the Mesen∣tery tying the right guts to the backe.
• S 2. The two Membranes of the Mesentery parted asunder with the nayles.
• T The first Membrane of the Me∣senterie.
• Y. The other Membrane of the Mesenterie.

vitall spirite illustrate the Mesenterie and guts, and so keepe them from corrupting; all which also are ioyned into one great one which lyeth vpon the backe. This Galen obser∣ued sometimes to be presently parted in twaine out of one roote, sometimes to be two se∣uerall distinct instantly from their beginning.

It hath Nerues also sprinkled diuersly as it were into many tendrils. Those are two, one on eyther side frō the nerues which are reached from the sixt paire to the roots of the ribs: which Nerues being spread abroad after the fashion of a Membrane, doe inuest the bran∣ches of the Arteries, by which meanes the colde Nerues by the touch and society of the Arteries becomming warme, the Animal vertue proceeding from the Brain, is more free∣ly communicated to the guts. It hath Nerues also from the sinnewes proceeding from the Spondels of the loynes, and that for his better sense, that feeling those things that molest it, the expelling vertue being prouoked, it might turne them downe into the Guts. These nerues together with the Veines and Arteries, are receiued into the center [Tab. 7. Fig: 1, 2 ^H] of the Mesentery, diffused through the whole body of it, and with an innumerable off∣spring are carried through his coates or Membranes vnto the guts. It hath also glandules or kernels very [Tab. 7. Fig: 1, 2 ^KK] many (to which certaine thredy or hairy veines do come from the Meseraickes) interlaced with infinite diuarications of the braunches of the Port∣veine, & the great Artery, with which they hold a certain proportion for their magnitude; but the biggest of them are about his center, where the first distribution of the vesselles is made, and where they are most gathered together: as wel that they may support & diuide the vessels, as also that they may hinder their compression which would otherwise forslow

the distribution of the Chylus, like as they doe when they become schirrus [table 7, figure 1. 2, ^II] or hard; whence followeth for this reason a generall consumption of the whole body.

Beside, it had not beene safe that so many vessels riding so high, being so slender and running so long a course from their originall, should bee carried to the trunke of the port∣veine without a kinde of convoy; wherefore these glandules or kernels, as it were certaine wedges, are set between their diuisions, that in vehement motions they be not broken nor offende one against another. Finally they serue to moysten the guts, that their concoc∣tion may be celebrated by elixation or boyling, that is, by heate and moysture.

Amongst these glandules there is plenty of Fat, made of bloud sweating or falling out of those vesselles wee spake of euen now, and there retayned by the solidity of the mem∣branes, with which fat the middle spaces are filled, and the heate of the parts cherished, that so the Chylus which is carried through them, may be prepared for sanguification.

And although this Mesenterie be one and continued together, yet in regard of his dou∣ble originall, and of the guts which it tyeth together, and of the two Arteries; it may be di∣uided into that Mesenterie which knitteth together the small guts [table 7, figure ••, ^{L M M}] in the middest of the belly called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; and into that which tyeth the colon [table 7, fig. 2, frō ^N to ^O] both on the right side and the left; [tab 7, figure 2, from ^P to ^Q] not vnder the bottom of the stomack, for to that it is knit by the help of the Cmentum [table 7. figure 2, from ^O to ^P] & in his lower part [tab 7, fig 2, from ^Q to ^R] groweth to the right Gut, & is cal∣led by Hippocrates 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Lastly, it hath a part which they call the appendixe [table 7. fig. 2, from ^Q to ^R] of the Mesenterie, being of the nature of a ligament, whereupon Galen diuideth it into the right, the left, and the middle.

The vse of the Mesenterie is to tie the Guts together, as it were by a common ligament, and to fasten them to the Racke-bones of the Loynes, that they neither should bee confu∣sedly shufled together, or fall downe by reason of their waight. But the Colon or collick Gut in that part of it that runneth vnder the stomacke, is tyed to the backe by the Kell as hath beene sayde. Againe, the double membrane of this mesenterie doth inclose and su∣staine the vessels which runne through it, that they should not be medled together, and so hinder one another, as also that they might more safely attaine vnto the Guttes, whereas happely if they were not strengthned by this duplication, they might break when a man did leape or fall, or otherwise straine his body there about.

Of the Pancreas or sweet-bread. CHAP. VII.

PAncreas, that is, all flesh, is so called because of the likenesse it hath with flesh in an ordinary and moderate body, for in a Fat body it seemeth to be Fat it selfe: it is also called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. It is an vnshapely body, very loose, all glan∣dulous (wherefore Archangelus would haue it called Pandenon) and large. It hath his beginning at the first spondle of the loynes, and thence defused, spreds it selfe vnder the backpart of the stomack and his bottome, the duodenum [as appea∣reth in the table belonging to the chapter of the bladder of gall at the note ¹] and the gate∣veine at the Kidneyes, euen as farre as the seates of the Liuer and the spleene. In Man it is not so red as in Dogges, and in all beasts because of their groueling gate, it lyeth vppon the stomacke.

That which in his middle appeareth white, is his Parenchyma or proper flesh, and be∣cause of his whitenes and softnesse, some call it Lactes: we call it the sweet-bread, because in Swine it is esteemed a sweete morsell, though the sweet bread of a Calfe or Veale bee another thing, as you shall heare hereafter. It hath veines but very small from the Gate∣veines for his nourishment: and Arteries from the Coeliacall for his life; sinewes also from the sixt paire, and glandules. The especiall vse of it is to sustaine, secure, and preserue from Compression the diuisions of the branches of the Gate-veine, of the Coeliacal Arterie, and of the nerues which are carried to the stomacke, and to the Gut called duodenum; but espe∣cially the Splenick braunch which passeth vnto the spleene; as also the vessell which con∣tayneth the choller called Porlis Biliarius, because about his seate is the originall of all their diuisions.

Moreouer another vse it hath, by reason of the many glandules in it contayned, which is to licke vp the remaynders of that muddy and superfluous Fat (or if you will, the crude

and phlegmaticke part of the bloud, which Hippocrates calleth Coenosam humiditatem, the muddy moysture) which the Kall and Mesenterie could not contayne: that the bloud be∣ing thus depured, might bee exhibited to the inward partes, more pure and better defe∣cated.

Againe, whereas these glandules doe as it were feede vppon and deuoure the crude or raw and moyst part of the bloud; it must needes follow that from them should exhale in∣finite vapours moyst and hot, which steaming vp round about the stomacke, doe make this action of Chilification, a kinde of elixation or stewing, like a Maryes Bath.

Finally, the Pancreas like a pillow or quishion is placed vnder the stomacke and other parts, least being filled, they should leane too hard vpon the spondelles of the loynes, and be violated with their hardnesse. Albeit Fallopius and Archangelus I know doe reiect this vse of it, because there is no such vse of it in brute beastes, in whome it lyeth aboue the sto∣macke. It parteth also the stomacke from the great Arterie, least when the stomacke is very full and strutteth out, the Arterie should be pressed, and so the free course of the vitall spirits to the lower parts intercepted.

Of the branches of the Hollow Veine, and the great Arterie, disseminated through the lower Belly. CHAP. VIII.

WEE should now proceede vnto the stomacke, sauing that wee thinke it not a∣misse before wee come vnto it, to giue you a short view of the diuarications of the hollow veine and the great artery, as they diuide and subdiuide them∣selues in the lower belly; that if you please in the same body, you may call for a sight of them before you trouble the carcasse too much, by remoouing the stomack and other entrals. And first of the branches of the Hollow veine.

The Hollow veine hath two trunkes, one passeth vpward through the midriffe, the o∣ther downward, which we will diuide into the trunke and the branches. From the trunk [table 8. ^K] most commonly there proceed on each side foure veines.

The first is called Adiposa, or the veine of the Fat of the Kidneyes: the left of these, [tab. 8 ^g] is for the most part higher then the right [table 8. ^f.] They runne vnto the Fat of the Kidneyes and their vtter membrane. Sometimes one of them ariseth from the Emulgent, as appeareth, [table 8 ^f] sometimes both.

The second is the Emulgent; the left of these [tab. 8. ^e] which sometimes ariseth three∣fould, is higher then the right [table 8. ^d] least one of them should hinder another in their suction; and longer also, because the seminarie or seede vessell springeth out of it [table 8. ⁱ.] Both of them when they attayne vnto the middest of the body of the Kidneyes are di∣uided and so implanted to carry vnto them the whey of the bloud, which because it should not returne againe into the hollow veine, Nature hath placed certaine values in the emul∣gents.

The third is called Spermatica or the seede veine; the right of these [table 8. ^h] is some∣times double, arising out of the middle of the trunke below the Emulgent: The left ariseth from the Emulgent [tab. 8, ⁱ] because otherwise it must haue rid ouer the Artery, yet not∣withstanding sometimes it receiueth a small branch from the Caua or hollow veine. They descend obliquely to the testicles, and determine in the Bodden body called Corpus varico∣sum, to which they carry the matter of the seede.

The fourth are called Lumbares or the veines of the Loynes. These are sometimes two, sometimes three of a side [tab. 8. ^mmmm] they passe between foure rack-bones of the loynes, and doe send two veines to the sides of the marrow of the back which arise vnto the Brain, and haply they bring from the braine a part of the matter of the seede.

Afterward at the fourth spondell of the loynes, the trunke of the hollow veine [table 8. ⁿ] is diuided into two branches which are called Rami Iliaci, out of which before their diui∣sion there proceede on either side two veines.

The first is called Muscula [table 8. ^{n p}, ^{n p}] one of which is higher then the other; some∣times it proceedeth not from the branches, but from the trunke, and passeth to the muscles of the loynes and of the abdomen or paunch, from whence it hath his name.

The second is called sacra, a small veine, sometimes single, sometimes double, and pas∣seth through the vppermost and formost holes of the os sacrum or holy-bone [table 8. ^{o o}] vnto his marrow, and hath his name from the bone.

[illustration]

The Branches of the Holllow veine and the Great Arterie, disseminated through the lower Belly.

[illustration]

TABVLA VIII.

• AAA The midriffe called septum transuersum.
• B G The Gibbous part of the liuer, the rightside at B. the left at G.
• C C The hollow part of the Liuer called Caua icco∣ris.
• D The bladder of gall.
• E E The foreside of both the Kidneyes.
• H The Ligament which tieth the liuer to the mid∣riffe.
• I The vmbilical or Nauel veine where it is inser∣ted into the Liuer.
• K The trunk of the hollow veine called vena caual
• L The trunke of the great arterie.
• N The gullet where it passeth through the mid∣riffe or the bosom of the Liuer called sinus hepatis
• a The trunke of the Gate veine.
• b The Cyslicke veines where they goe to the blad∣der of gall.
• c The passage of the bladder of gall which goeth to the gut called duodenum.
• d e The emulgent veines with the emulgent arte∣ries vnder them.
• f The right fatty veine called adiposa dextra, arising out of the emulgent.
• g The left fatty veine arising out of the trunke of the hollow veine.
• h i The spermatical veines, the right arising out of the hollow veine, the left out of the left emulgēt.
• l l The two vreters which carry the vrine vnto the bladder.
• mmmm I he veines and arteries of the Loynes cal∣led Lumbares.
• n p n p Below, the vpper muscle veine and arterie, called musculae superiores.
• n The diuision of the hollow veine aboue the holy bone.
• o o The holy veines and arteries called sacrae.
• p The Iliacal branch of the hollow veine.
• q The Iliacal arterie.
• r The diuision of the Iliacal artery, and the Iliacal veine vnder it, into the inward & the outward: the inward is marked with p the outward with s.

Jf The interior transuerse or crosse braunch. ssss The middle muscle veine. t t The veine and arterie of the yard, proceeding from the branch marked with p and ••. u u The Hypogastricke veine which sendeth branches from the inner bough to the bladder, the wombe, and almost al the parts in the watercourse. x x The place where the vmbilical arteries are inserted. y A portion of the external branch, wherewith the internal is augmented •• Character. The remainder of the inward branch 2, 2 The Epigastrick vein which is a propogation of the vrte: bough: it creepeth vpward by the lower parts of the Abdomen to the Nauel. 3 The lower mus∣cle veine, reaching to the Coxendix or Hips: a veine without an artery, which deriueth his branches to the muscle of the fundament, and to the skin about them. 4 The great arterie piercing the midriffe. 5 The artery of the midriffe called Arteria phrenica. 6 The Caeliacai artery. 7 9 An artery passing to the Liuer. 8 The Cysticke artery, or artery of the bladder o•• gal. 10 The vpper mesenteri∣acall artery. 11. The original of the spermatical arteries. 12 The lower mesentericall artery. 13 The coniunction of the sper∣•••• atick veine and artery. 14 The diuision of the great artery into the Iliacal branches, and how it ascendeth aboue the hollow vein 15 The artery of the pri••ities called arteria puderd••, which is a shoot of the inmost braunch, going to the parts of generation. 16. 17 The remaynder of both the trunks marked with ^• and ^•, running to the thighes.

Then the Iliacall branch is on both sides bifurcated or forked [table 8. vnder ^r] into an exterior or vtter [table 8. vnder ^q] and an interior or inner. From these proceede three veines.

The first is called Epigastrica [table 8. vnder character, ••] which is disseminated into the Peritonaeum and the muscles of the abdomen. The chiefe branch of this veine ariseth vnder the right muscles of the Abdomen, euen vnto the vein called māmaria, and with it about the Nauell is ioyned by Anastomosis or inocculation.

The second is called Hypogastrica, a notable veine [table 8, ^uu] and sometimes double. It is disseminated almost into all parts of the Hypogastrium or watercourse, the bladder the yarde, and the wombe; and at the right gut maketh the external Haemorroidall veines.

The third is called Pudenda [table 8. character ^{15 15}] which is consumed into the scrotum and the flesh of the yarde or virile member.

These veines being thus deriued out of the Iliacall braunches of the hollow veine, they passe on either side out of the lower belly [table 8, ^{• t}] & are called Crurales, or the veines of the thighes, of which we shall speeake hereafter. And thus much of the Branches of the Hollow veine, now followeth the great Artery.

The Great Artery also hath two Trunkes, the lesser goeth vpward, the greater [Tab. 8. character 4] descendeth, because it hath more parts to be communicated vnto. This trunk accompanieth the Hollow Veine (for the Veines and Arteries are sorted together quite through the body) and sendeth forth branches almost like vnto it, of which wee will now entreate.

The first is called Coeliaca [Tab. 8. char. 6.] a notable Artery of which wee haue spoken before in the fourth Chapter.

The second is called Mesenterica superior [Table 8. character 10] before chapt. 4. de∣scribed.

The third is called Emulgens [Tab. 8 ^{d e}] which together with the Emulgent Veines en∣ter into the Kidneyes.

The fourth is called Spermatica, the right and the left [Tab. 8. char. 11] both of them a∣rise from the trunke of the great Artery, and together with the Spermaticall veines attaine vnto the Testicles, passing through the productions of the Peritonaeum or rim of the belly.

The fift is called Mesenterica inferiour [Tab. 8. char. 12] described in the 4. chapter.

The sixt are called Lumbares. [Tab. 8. at the vpper ^mmmm] They passe through the holes of the Spondels of the Loynes, not onely into the Peritonaeum and the Muscles confining, but do also send two Arteries to the marrow of the backe, which together with the veynes aboue named, do ascend vnto the braine.

The seauenth is called Iliaca, which before the Artery is diuided, rideth ouer the hollow veine [Tab. 8. char. 14] least if it should haue couched vpon the bone, it might haue beene hurt in his perpetuall motion.

Afterward, as the Hollow veine, so this great Artery is diuided into two trunkes, called Rami Iliaci, each of which parteth into an exteriour or outward, and an interiour or in∣ward branch; [Tab. 8. at ^{r q}] the outward is the larger, & runneth into the thigh. From these before they come vnto the thigh proceede six branches.

The first is called sacra, arising vnder the bifurcation or forking, [Tab 8 ^oo] and passeth to the Os sacrum or Holy bone and his Marrowe, as the Veines did called before Sacrae. These are but small Arteries.

The second is called Muscula, [Tab: 8 ^ss] a branch of the vtter bough running vnto the neighbouring Muscles.

The third is called Hypogastrica, [Tab, 8 ^{u u}] braunches of the inner bough passing vnto the bladder, the yard, the wombe and the Muscles which couer the share bone.

The fourth are called Arteriae vmbilicalis, of which we haue spoke abundantly before.

The fifte is called Epigastrica [Tab. 8 char. 1] a branch of the inner bough, which climb∣beth vp vnto the right Muscles of the Abdomen, and is ioyned with the Mammaria, as is saide of the Veines.

The sixt and last is called pudenda, [Tab. 8 char. 15.] a braunch of the vtter bough, which is consumed in the skin of the virile member. That which remaineth of the great Arterie, passeth into the Thigh, and is called Cruralis of which wee shall entreate afterward: now we will returne vnto the Entra's or Bowels, from which we haue a little digressed, to shew you the diuarications of these vessels in the Lower belly, but that very breefely, because we reserue their more exact description to their proper place in the Booke of the Veynes and Arteries.

CHAP. IX. Of the Stomacke.

THE Ventricle as it were a little Venter, is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, a cauity or hollownesse, of a word that signifieth Hollow or concavous, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which is indeede the proper Greeke word for it. It is the common receptacle of meate and drinke, the Kitchin of the body. It is but one in men and other creatures that haue both iawes set with Teeth, but in those that chew the cud, which haue but one iaw of teeth, it is four-fold; in Birds it is threefold. It was necessarily to be placed where his extention might not be hindred, yet as neere the mouth as might be for the receyuing of the meat to be coqued for the whol body. Wher∣fore, for that there was no roome in the chest or neere the mouth, it beeing taken vp by the parts which serue for respiration, and encompassed beside with a wall of bone, which would haue hindred his dilatation, it is seated in the lower, [Tab. 9. ^FF] immediatly vnder

the Diaphragma, betweene the Liuer and the Spleene, [Table 9 ^CC. sheweth the Liuer, G. the Spleene, and FF the stomacke] in the middest of the body, saith Galen 4. vsu partium 7. especially his vpper orifice, ouerthwart between the two Hypochondria, that it might be continuated with the guts, not so much for the distribution of the Chylus, as that the Ex∣crements might be more easily setled lower, least with their noysome vapors they should molest the heart and the Brain. It lyeth for the most part of it, in the left Hypochondrium, as appeareth in the 9 Table, because heere it had most roome, and againe for the more com∣modious implantation of the vpper mouth, by which it receiueth the meate. Moreouer, to giue way vnto the [Tab: 9, ^CC] Liuer which takes vp the right side; and lastly, with the Spleene to helpe to ballance the body against the Liuer. Before, it lyeth bare, especiallie when it strutteth, not vnproperly then called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 venter fermentatus, for when it is empty, it is more hid vnder the Liuer) that it may easily be felt with the hand; wherfore

[illustration]

Tab. 9. sheweth the Bowels of the Lower belly, euerie one in their owne place. The ends of the lo∣wer Ribs, together with the Midriffe and the Peritonaeum adhering thereto are turned back, that the Liuer, the Spleene, and the stomacke might be better seene.

[illustration]

TABVLA. IX

• C C. The Gibbous or bunching part of the Liuer.
• F F. The stomacke filled full of meate.
• G. A part of the Spleene.
• H. The blinde gut of the late writers: for the ancients tooke the top of the Colon for it.
• K. to L. the same Collicke Gut ly∣eth vnder the whole bottome of the stomacke, which is the reason that those which are troubled with the Collick cast so much.
• L. to M. The passage of the Colon, from the spleene vnto the share bone by the left kidney a-way, which maketh the payne of the Stone and the Col∣licke on the lefte side, very harde to distinguish.
• P. The sunken or sallen side of the Co∣lon at P. and his Chambers and puffes at Q.

it is quickly affected with cold, and therefore care must be taken of it. On the right side, the vpper and forepart of it lyeth vnder the hollownesse [Table 9. ^F vnder C] of the Liuer, and by it is embraced, whereby his heate is cherished. On the left side his greatest part reach∣eth to the Diaphragma, wherupon when it is too much stuffed, by hindering the motion of the Diaphragma, it causeth the disease calleth Dyspnoca: likewise the Spleene, [Tab. 9 ^G] li∣eth vnder his left side against the backe and lower part thereof. Behind it are, the backbone as a strong and thicke defence, and the Muscles of the Loynes as a soft bed with fat grow∣ing thereto for his better repose, which also doe adde warmth vnto it. Below, it confineth vpon the guts, and the Omentum or Kall, and vnder his bottome lyeth the Colon [Tab. 9. ^{K L}] with the Omentum betweene them, whence commeth their mutuall consent and sym∣pathy not onely in the Collicke paine, but also after the taking of a Medicine there follo∣weth a kinde of loathing and vomiting, the excrements going this way to the Rectum or streight gut.

His magnitude is diuers, Hippocrates counts it fiue palmes bigge. Taken out and blown it is much greater then it can be whilst it is in the body; notwithstanding, whether it con∣taine more or lesse, yet it so closely embraceth that it receyueth for the better concocting and boyling of it, that it leaueth no emptinesse in his whole cauity.

But least being filled it should fall downe with the waight, his left orifice which is con∣tinuated with the [Tab. 10. Fig: 1, 2 ^G] oesophagus or Gullet is tyed to the Diaphragma, the right is ioyned [Tab. 10. Fig: 1, 2 ^H with ^P] to the Duodenum. On his backe and vpper part, he lyeth vpon the backe bone, and cleaueth to the fifte spondell of the Loynes; below to the Omentum, other where it is loose and free, that it might more freely be distended. Finally, vnder his bottome, and especially vnder his lower mouth called Pylorus [Tab. 10 Fig: 2 ^{H P}] and vnder the beginning of the duodenum is the Pancraeas placed [Table 10. figure 2. ^S] to boulster them vp. His figure [table 10.] is round for the more capacity, and that it might be lesse subiect to be offended. Long it is because of his two orificies, which make it very like vnto a Bag-pipe. On the left side, and in the bottome [Table 10. figure 2. ^M] it is lar∣ger and rounder, but toward the right hand it is by little and little attenuated or lessened, that it might giue place to the Liuer, and that the meate might by degrees fall from that side toward the bottome, which is the chiefe place of concoction. Foreward it is [Table 10. figure 1. ^LL] equally bunched; backeward [Table 10. figure 2. ^{M N O}] whilst it is yet in the body it hath two protuberations or bunches, the left is the greater, the right is the lesse and flatter, betwixt which is a hollownesse which doeth not appeare when it is taken out and blowne; which hollownesse was ordayned to giue way to the spondels of the backe, [Table 10. figure 2, ^O] and to the descending trunkes of the hollow veine and the greate Arterie.

On the outside it is smooth, plaine, and white; within [Table 10. figure 4.] when it is knit or gathered together, it is rugous or rugged as we see in Tripes; and reddish. It is hol∣low, and his hollownesse of all other parts the most ample, that it might receiue sufficient quantity of meate and drinke, least for our nourishment we should be constrained to bee alwayes eating; now, when it is once full or satisfied, wee may haue leysure for other busi∣nesse, whilst all the meate taken at a meale, be digested and distributed.

There are two Orificies in the vppermost region of it. On [Tab. 10. Fig 1. ^L] the lefte side one which appeareth best when the stomacke is best stuffed. This orifice is continu∣ated with the oesophagus or Gullet, [Tab. 10, Fig. 1, 2, ^ABC] and about the eleauenth Spondel of the breast, is knit vnto the Diaphragma or Midriffe. It is also farre greater then the o∣ther, [Tab. 10. Fig: 4 ^l in respect of ^m] of the same widthe with the oesophagus, that nothing which we can swallow might stay at it. Thicker also it is then the other, least it shold be vi∣olated when it is constrained to receyue hard, thicke, and vnchewed gobbets, such as hun∣ger bitten folke do with great rauenousnesse swallow downe and deuoure. It hath fleshye and circular Fibres [Tab. 10. Fig. 4 ^l] that it might naturally streighten it selfe when it hath receiued the meate and drink, to intercept the ascent of vapors into the Brain, which some also would haue to giue great furtherance to the perfection of concoction, because those that would sodainly boyle any thing, do closely couer the pot mouth, that the vapours or fumes might be kept in: Againe, least the vapours flying vp to the heart or braine (which happeneth to great eaters, and those that are of a verie moyst distemper) should cause the Giddinesse, the Meigrame, suffusion, and a stinking or distastfull breath. This Orifice in some vpon extreame greefe is so contracted or drawne togither, that they cannot swallow any whole meate.

Finally, these Fibres serue to this good purpose, that those things which we eat, should not returne into the oesophagus or mouth when a man stoopeth low forward, or lyeth much backward.

This Orifice because of the aboundance of sinnewes [Tab. 10 Fig. 1, 2. ^{T V •} Fig: 2 ^{X Y}] that it receyueth is of most exquisite sense, that it might feele it owne want; which sense of want stirreth vp the appetite, that the creature might addresse himselfe to prouide for more meate and drinke to satisfie it. The Auncients call this Orifice 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, the heart, because when it is affected, by reason of his exquisite sense, the like symptoms or ac∣cidents follow, which follow them whose very hearts are affected, whence the pain of this mouth of the stomacke is called Cardialgia, we call it heart-burning, when indeed it is only a disease of the mouth of the stomacke. Sometimes the like soundings do follow as when the heart is affected; and to say truth, the heart is alwayes with it dravvn into consent, not

so much because of the neere neighbour hood that is betweene them, as because their si∣newes proceede from the same branch. Some call it the mouth of the stomack, common∣ly the vpper orifice; sometimes it is called the stomack, because of his largenesse; and be∣cause it commeth nearer to the back-bone then to the brest-blade, therefore wee applie in his diseases, locall medicines both behinde and before; before is more vsuall, but when the whole stomacke laboureth, then we apply onely before.

The neather and the right orifice [Tab. 10. fig. 1, 2 ^H] of the stomacke, is also bent a litle vpward, being the bredth as it were of foure fingers distant from the bottome, least the weight of the meate should open it. This within, beside transuerse Fibres, is compassed with a thicke and compacted circle, after the fashion of a round Muscle, or like the Sphin∣cter or Muscle of the siedge, which sometime becommeth schirrhus or hard; and by which after a naturall instinct, it may be shut and opened, streightned or widened. This remay∣neth fast locked till the meate bee perfectly chaunged and boyled into a moyst and liquid Creame, wherefore also it is narrower [Tab. x. Fig. 4. compare ^l with ^m] then the left ori∣fice, yet it may be opened as wide, as do testifie the stones of fruite being eaten, Bullets of Lead swallowed, and other things by chaunce gotten downe, which without annoyance are againe rendred at the siedge. This afterward beeing by degrees relaxed and opened, doth by his strength, not being prouoked by weight, driue downe the Chylus into the duo∣denum [Tab. x. Fig: 1, 2. ^P] and so to the rest of the guttes, to be sucked by the Mescraicke Veines; wherefore it is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or the Porter, commonly the neather orifice. In a word, wheron the left side the stomack is thick in his top, there his vpper mouth beginneth from the oesophagus or Gullet; where on the right side it is thicke and eleuated, there is the end of the stomacke, and the beginning of the Duodenum.

But because when it is filled with meate and drinke, it might bee commodiously disten∣ded, and the vyands being distributed, againe constringed and streightned, and in great Meales when it is thrust full not be violated. For these reasons I say, the substance of it is Membranous and Neruous, which when the stomacke is corrugated or crumpled vp, is thicke; when it is dilated, it is thin. And verily in those that are much giuen to their pan∣ches, it is so enlarged and rarified that it can no more be corrugated, which oftentimes is a cause of long weaknesse of the stomacke, after such gourmandizing fyts; for in whome∣soeuer the body of the stomacke is thin, such men do worse concoct their meat, then they that haue it fleshy and thicke.

It hath three Membranes or coates [Tab. x Fig. 3.] one common, and two proper. The fyrst which is the vtmost and the common coate [Tab. x. Fig. 3. ^hhh] from the Peritonaeum; yssued thence where it compasseth the Diaphragma at the vpper mouth: this addeth strength to the proper coats. It hath right Fibres, and is the thickest of all the coats which come from the Peritonaeum, because from it must arise the vpper Membrane of the Omen∣tum.

The second coate is altogether fleshy [Tab. x Fig. 3 ⁱ] consisting of fleshy Fibres, which being contracted, whatsoeuer is offensiue to the stomacke, is as it were wittingly vomited vp; those Fibres also encreasing the heate, do make much for the helping of concoction; because for that office a great heate is required. This is immediately knit vnto that which followeth: it hath also transuerse Fibres [Tab. x Fig: 3 ⁱ] vnder which a few fleshy oblique or side Fibres do lye. Some of which run from the vpper mouth, where they haue theyr beginning euen to the pylorus, but more of them do descend to the bottome of the sto∣macke toward the pylorus. Vnder these about the left mouth, do arise circular fleshy Fibres which do shut the orifice: but when the transuerse and oblique do moderately drawe the stomacke together, it embraceth the meate; if violently or strongly, they driue the meate now digested by degrees toward the pylorus, because it looketh vpward, and the Chylus is heauie.

The third coate is inmost and Neruous [Tab. x. Fig: 3 ^k] into which the vesselles them∣selues are ended: this is continuated to the coate of the oesophagus, and of all the Particles vvhich are in the mouth; because the mouth shold admit of nothing that might be vnplea∣sant or distastfull to the stomacke; and because the preparation to the first concoction is made in the mouth. Hence it commeth, that vvhen any chollericke humor or vapour is raised vp, the tongue is defiled vvith bitternesse and yellovvnesse, and oftentimes the ex∣ulcerations of the mouth and the tongue are communicated to the oesophagus, and the sto∣macke, and theyrs againe to them: by reason of vvhich consent, vve cannot euacuate the

head by the Palate, but we must also euacuate or empty the stomacke.

His third coat is wouen with three kinds of Fibres, that so the stomacke might bee the better extended. The right Fibres are very many and conspicuous aboue the rest, by which as it were by hands, they say it snatcheth his meate; by the oblique which are outwarde, it reteyneth it; and by the transuerse it expelleth it after it is labored and concocted. Al these are so thightly wouen one within another, that they wil not appeare vnlesse they be distra∣cted and rent or sliuen asunder. This coate is also rugous and vnequall. In those beasts that chew the cud, harsh beside and rough, and distinguished into certaine proportionable in∣equalities, not vnlike to the hony-combe.

It hath these foulds and roughnesse from a fleshy crust which ariseth out of the excre∣ments of the third concoction of the stomacke, and serueth to defend it from anie harde thing that should be receyued into it, least if it selfe were made callous, the mouths of the Veynes should be stopped, that neyther the Chylus could be sucked out of the stomacke, nor the stomacke be able to draw blood for his nourishment. It maketh also somewhat for the moderate retention of the meate; for by his corrugation and harshnes, it doth so much

[illustration]

Table x. sheweth the stomacke with the Gullet.

The first Figure the foreside of them both, with the vessels inser∣ted into them. The second figure their backe sides. The thirde Fi∣gure sheweth the Coats and Fibres of the stomacke. The fourth Fi∣gure sheweth the stomacke with the inside turned outward.

[illustration]

TABVLA. X

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

FIG. III.

[illustration]

FIG. IV.

• A 1, 2. The Orifice of the Gullet cut from the throate.
• B 1. The straight and direct course of the gullet from A to B.
• C 1, 2. How the Gullet aboue the first rack bone of the Chest from B to C inclineth vnto the right hand in the first Figure, and to the left in the second.
• D 1, 2. His inclination to the left hande from C to D in the first Figure: but in the seconde to the right hand
• EE 1, 2. The two Glandules called Tonsillae, or the Almonds set close to the gullet in the ve∣ry end of the throat
• F 1, 2. Another glandulous body in the midst of the gullet about the 5 rackbone, but it lyeth vnder it. In Calues we cal this the sweet bred.
• G 1, 2. The connexion of the gullet with the sto∣mack where the vpper orifice of the stomack is fashioned.
• H 1, 2. The 2. orifice of the stomack, cald Pylorus.
• I, K 1, 2. The vpper part of the stomacke, at I the lower K.
• LL 1. The foreside of the stomacke.
• M N O 2. The backside of the stomacke and M sheweth the prominence of the left side, N of the Right, but O sheweth the doke or impres∣sion, where it resteth vpon the racke-bones.
• P 1, 2 The gut cald Duodenum.
• Q R 2. The passage of the bladder of Gall into the Duodenum at R.
• S 2. A Glandulous body growing vnder the duo∣denum, beating vp his vessels.
• T V 1, 2. The right and the left Nerues of the sixt paire, encompassing about the gullet and the vppermost or left orifice of the stomacke.
• X Y 2. A Nerue on the left side creeping vp to the top of the stomacke, and so running out to the Liuer.
• a 2. The first Veine of the stomacke, cald gastri∣ca dextra, or the right stomack vein comming from the trunke of the gate veine, and his Ar∣tery commeth from the trunk of the Coeliacall Artery, both of them teach vnto the pylorus.
• b 1, 2. The second veine called Gastroepiplois dex∣tra, togither with the Artery accompanying it, and a Nerue, all tending to the right side of the bottome of the stomacke.
• c 2. The third Veine of the stomacke called Ga∣strica minor, it wanteth an Artery for his com∣panion from the splenick branch.
• ddd 1, 2 The fourth veine cald Coronaria stomachica, with his artery, compassing the left mouth of the stomack. This is a branch of Gastri∣ca maior. e 1 Certain branches from the branch marked with a discending from the top of the stomach, and running with their Ar∣tery toward the Pylorus. f 1, 2. The first veine called Gastrica maior, deriued from the Splenick branch, which together with his arterie and nerues creepeth to the left side of the bottome of the stomacke. g 1, 2. Vessels deriued from those which passe to the Spleene. h h h 3 The first and outmost coate of the stomacke from the Peritonaeum i 3. The second coate. k 3. The first and inmost parted in this place from the two other. l 4. A round swelling of the left orifice bending inward, where the Gullet is continued with the sto∣macke. m 4. A round swelling of the right orifice or the circle of the pylorus. n 4. The inward superficies or surface of the stomack.

that nothing raw or vndigested can fall out of it. This Crust is spongie, hauing smal holes as it were short Fibres from the inward to the outwarde superficies, that by these hollowe passages of his the thinner part of the Chylus might pierce and bee sucked away by the Veines. This crust may be separated from the Membrane or coate in bruit Beasts, yea al∣so in the stomacke of a man if it be perboyled.

The stomacke is not thicker or fleshier in the bottome then in other parts, as it is at ey∣ther of the mouthes. Some say that in corpulent men there cleaueth a Fat to the bottom, on the left side; which when it is plentifull, they say a man may endure long before he shal haue any appetite to his meate.

The vesselles the stomacke hath are these. Sixe veines branched from the gate-veine, some of which come from his trunk, others from the mesentericall or spleenicall boughes. From the trunke commeth the right Gastricke [table 10. figure 2. ^a] which goeth to the right orifice; and the right Gastra epiplois [table 10. figure 1. 2. ^b] from the mesentericall bowe attaineth to the middle of his bottome. From the spleene bow the lesser Gastricke [table 10. figure 2. ^c] which goeth to his back-part; the greater [table 10. figure 1. 2. ^f] Gastrick, from which comes the crowne veine of the stomacke, which in [table 10. figure 1, 2. ^{d d d}] manner of a crowne incompasseth his left orifice or vpper mouth: the left Gastra epiplois disseminated into the other middle part of his bottome. And finally, that we call vas bre∣ue or the short vessell [table 10, figure 1, 2. ^g] of all which we haue intreated more particu∣larly in the chapter of the gate or port veine.

The office of these veines is to bring in bloud for nourishment, for it is nourished con∣tinually, as it was in the mothers wombe, that is, with bloud not with Chylus, by which we grant it is delighted and refreshed but cannot graunt that it is nourished with it. Some few of these also while the Chylus is boyling in the stomack, doe insensibly sucke out some small part of it (for they are but few in respect of those which determine into the Guts, be∣cause in the stomacke is celebrated concoction, but the guts containe the Chylus already concocted, which it was fit should be withall expedition distributed) and do change it into bloud by a naturall instinct, before it come to the Liuer, as Galen teacheth. Haply that the membranes of the stomacke may with it be nourished. Or if thou hadst rather, say that these veines doe carry the Chylus, they haue sucked after the manner of the meseraickes, to the rootes of the port veine, that are disseminated through the Liuer, that there it may be tur∣ned into bloud. From these veines come those sodaine refections of the spirits by sweete and strong Wine, Broths, and Cordials; which refections would not so soone follow, vn∣lesse the Liuer did suck nourishment by them out of the stomacke. That which is called the vas breue or short veine, which from the veines of the spleene is by an vnited passage of many braunches carried into his bottome, doeth there belch out a sowre and sharpe bloud, sometimes to the vpper mouth to stirre vp appetite, (which yet properly is prouo∣ked by sence of want) and to strengthen it by his adstringent vertue.

It hath Arteries from the Coeliacall branch of the Aorta [table 10. figure 1, 2. ^{a b d f}] or great Artery, which doe accompany euery one of the veines, excepting the lesse Gastricke [table 10. figure 2. ^c] to affoord strength of life to preserue it from putrifaction, by ventila∣tion to cherish, refresh and increase his naturall heate with their heat and vitall spirit, that so concoction might be made more perfect: but of these branches more hath beene sayed in the chapter of the Coeliacall Arteries.

It hath very conspicuous and notable nerues from the sixt paire, which at his orificies or mouths are double [tab. 10. figure 1, 2. ^{T V}] disseminated from those branches which make the recurrent nerues, and yeilde certaine Tendrilles to the lungs and the pericardium, or purse of the heart; which Tendrils because of their softnesse and the length of their way, are couered ouer with strong membranes and doe run crosse one another, that for grea∣ter security they might passe obliquely or side-long; and piercing through the diaphragma or midriffe are on both sides doubly diuided: so that the left compasseth the [table 10. fig. 1, 2. ^{T V X Y}] right and backe part of the mouth of the stomacke, and the right the lefte and forepart; which orifice they doe so inuolue, that it seemeth to bee made altogether of si∣newes; from the aboundance of which it hath most exquisite sence to stirre vp and awake the sence of the want of nourishment, which sence ariseth from suction; for there is the seat of the appetite; & to this onely part hath nature giuen the sence of want or of Animal hun∣ger; for euen we feele that part especially to be contracted when wee are extreamely hun∣gry. For if we should not feele a kinde of molestation vpon the vtter and absolute exsucti∣on

of our nourishment till there be a supply made, wee should by degrees be extinguished & affamished before wee were aware; for our substance is in perpetual wasting and decay; the inbred heate continually feeding vppon the Radicall moysture. But now it is other∣wise, because the naturall hunger that is setled in euery particular part, hath with it ad∣ioyned a sence of discontent, which is onely appeased by assimulation of fresh nourish∣ment.

These branches of Nerues going downeward, make his membranes which were onely membranous before, to become neruous, being disseminated euen to his bottome. These doe also impart the nourishing force or faculty to the fleshy Fibres of the stomacke. From the left nerue there runneth a branch along the vppermost seate of the stomacke to the py∣lorus, which when it hath foulded with a few small surcles, it goeth thence to the hollow of the Liuer. To the bottome of the stomacke doe other two nerues attaine from the sixt paire also, to wit, from the propagation led by the roots of the ribbes. Sometime to the left side there are offered nerues arising from the sinewes which runne vnto the spleene.

Wherefore seeing the stomack hath obtayned so many sinewes, it is no wonder if when the braine bee stroken or affected, the stomacke also bee disturbed, and vomitings caused, especially in the Hemicrania or Meigrame. And on the other side when the stomacke is affected, then the Animall facultie languisheth, and melancholly symptoms do happen: so that one of them suffering the other hath euer a compassion, not as most men haue of o∣thers miseries, but indeede a reall fellow feeling.

Furthermore, there attaineth to this bottome of the stomacke, sometimes a vessell or entrance of many vesselles from the bladder of Gall, carrying choller thither, and causing perpetuall casting. A Family of such men are sayd to be at Spire in Germany, all of which family euery third day, vomit vp a good quantity of Choller, & they be called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, casters of choller vpward.

The vse of the stomacke is to receiue meate chewed with the teeth, and drinke altered in the mouth through the gullet, and the same to retaine till it haue contracted it selfe, and embraced them by closing both his orificies; and then his naturall inbredde facultie and proper heate, boyleth and conuerteth the better part of the Aliments into white creame, which we call Chylus; That is, a substance disposed to be conuerted into bloud. For the proper action of the stomacke, sayth Galen 5. vsu partium 4. is concoction, it being the or∣gan or instrument of the first concoction, or the shop and forge of Chilification.

Moreouer, because the substance of the stomacke is membranous, and therefore not so hot, his ingenit heate is encreased, yea doubled by the adiacent parts; as the Liuer, the Midriffe, the Spleene, the Kell, the Collicke gut, the trunkes of the hollow Veine and the great Arterie, the Sweet-bread; but especially the Coeliacall Artery, compassing it about al∣most on euery side yeeldeth most immediate assistance. For the narrower side of the sto∣macke toward the right hand, is in a manner hid vnder the Liuer; the left lieth close to the Spleene and so of the rest, which are all as so many coales set together vnder a vessell to make it boyle. After the Aliment is concocted, the pylorus or lower mouth of the sto∣macke is loosened, and the Chylus thrust downe into the duodenum, from thence to sup∣ply Aliment to the whole body: and so much of the stomacke.

Of the Oesophagus or Gullet. CHAP. X.

NOw although the Oesophagus or gullet is (for the most part of it) scitua∣ted in the Chest or second Region; yet because it is continued with the stomack in substance, membranes and fibres little differing from it, being nothing else, but as it were a production of the same; we will intreate of it in this place, and not in the second Region, the rather because the Table wherein the stomacke is deciphered, contayneth also the delineation of this oesophagus. It is called therefore in Greeke by Hippocrates, Galen, and Aristotle, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifieth to carry meat, as also 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the stomack, from words that signifie length and narrownesse. For indeed this name of the stomacke is pro∣per to this part, albeit other authours, especially our English toung hath turned it to signi∣fie the ventricle or place where the meate is contayned; the true stomacke we call the gul∣let: the Arabians call it meri and vescet, the Latins Gula. It is the common way of meat and drinke from the mouth into the ventricle or stomacke as we call it, which all creatures

haue that draw breath. This part taketh his beginning in the lowermost cauitie or hol∣lownesse of the throate, at the rootes of [table 10. figure 1, 2. ^A the orifice of the gullet cut from the throat] the toung behind the larynx or wezon to whom it is tyed, and on either side toucheth the Tonsils or Almonds [tab. 10, fig. 1, ^{E E}] and passing through the necke & the breast, betwixt the wezon and [as appeareth in the table belonging to the chap. of the Lungs, figure 1, 2. where ^A sheweth the gullet, and ^B the arterie] the spondels of the necke and breast vppon which it leaneth; (for it might not passe through the middle cauitie of the brest, lest it should trouble some Instrument of breathing, and beside it stood in need of some setled supporter and that farte within, to leane vnto, that so it might be safe from externall iniuries) it goeth directly [Tab. x. Fig. 1, 2. from ^A to ^B] to the fift Spondell of the breast, where it enclineth it selfe a little to the right side, that it may [Tab. x. Fig. 1. from ^B to ^C] giue way to the trunke of the great Artery descending, which comming out of the left Ventricle of the heart, goeth necessarily to the left side ward. When it hath atteyned to the ninth Spondell, it is lifted aloft by the helpe of certaine Membranes, and passeth a∣boue the great Artery, least in the descending of grosse and thicke meates, it shoulde lye heauy vpon it, and hinder the course of the arteriall blood and spirits. Then againe it en∣clineth to the left side [Tab. x. Fig. 1 from ^C to ^D] where the vppermost mouth [Tab. x. fig: 1, 2 ^G] of the stomacke is scituated, and going vnder the hollow Veine, passeth through the Neruous part of the Diaphragma, by a posterne of his owne into the lower belly, and is im∣planted not into the right, least it should necessarily perforate the Liuer, but into the lefte orifice of the stomacke, together with two Nerues [Tab. x. Fig. 1, 2 ^{T V}.]

In his originall or rising, it is tyed to the throate by a coate that compasseth the mouth, but to the stomacke (where it groweth to the Diaphragma) by the continuation of his body: to the bodies of the Spondels, to the weazon and the parts adioyning, by the helpe of Mem∣branes proceeding out of the Ligaments of the backe.

His figure is round, [Tab. x fig. 1, 2] both that more matter might passe in lesse roome, (for of all figures the round is most capacious) and that it might be safer from iniuries: ve∣ry long it was of necessity to be because the mouth is farre from the stomack; and it may well be called a reddish gut, for after that manner it is distended into a sufficient capacity, that the meate should not stay in it, or pressing the weazon hinder respiration, and put a man in danger of choaking.

The substance of it is in a meane betweene flesh and sinnewes, (wherefore it may bee both enflamed and subiect to convulsion also:) sinnewy or membranous, that it might be extended into length and bredth when the meate is put in, and againe fall, that it take not too much roome when it is empty; fleshy it is also, that being soft it might giue way vnto the meate as it passeth downe. But because as a sacke to be filled with Corne, vnlesse it be held vp and open, doubleth into it selfe when the corne is powred in; so the Gullet being soft, should double into it selfe, when the meate is powred into it; it is supported and held open by his connexion to the bodyes of the Spondels. Hence it is, that lying vppon the long ridge bone when it is affected, we apply Cataplasmes to the ridge of the back. It hath three Coats, one common, and two proper. The first bred out of the Ligaments of the Spondels, which is the Case or couer of the two proper Coates. The second, which is cal∣led the external, is fleshy and very thicke, as if it were a perforated Muscle, and hath his o∣riginall from the second Cartilage of the Weazon, as it lookes toward the necke, & hath onely transuerse Fibres, that with these the Aliment that is drawne by the fibres of the in∣ner coate might be more readily thrust into the stomacke; they are also a great help when the stomack violently laboreth to vomit vp any thing that oppresseth it: which two things are after a diuerse manner performed. For if the fibres do beginne to be contracted aboue, they serue to swallow with: if from the Orifice of the stomacke, for vomiting. The thirde coate is internall, and of a dissimilar substance; vnder or within whose inward superficies, a certaine smooth and slippery veyle or wimple is substrated, hauing right and slender fibres to draw the norishment after the mouth hath receyued it. The remainder of his substance from which that veile or filmy couering like the Cuticle from the skin may be separated, is Neruous and more Membranous then the externall, more harde also and sensible, that the pleasure and good rellish of meates and drinkes may be better apprehended by conta∣ction or touching. This Coate ariseth from that which inuesteth the palate, the mouth, lips, and throate; and runneth as farre as the left Orifice of the stomacke. It hath very few oblong fibres, least they should keepe the meate too long in the gullet, which would haue

beene a great annoyance to the wezon. That these may be the better obserued, they had neede be parboyled, to take away their aboundant moysture.

The act of deglutition or of swallowing, is a worke mixed of an Animal and Natural, & is helped by certaine muscles called oesophagaei, belonging to the gullet; but they are ac∣counted among the muscles of the weazon, which proceeding from the sides of the gristle called Thyroides, doe wholly embrace the gullet; and being parted by a right line, are inser∣ted into his middle part, as we shall see more at large in the booke of muscles.

For the facilitie of swallowing, the cauity of this gullet is alwayes moystned by the glan∣dules that are set neare vnto it. In the throate by the glandules that are common to the gullet and to the wezon, which containe the spattle, and [table 10, figure 1, ^EE] are called Tonsillae or the Almonds; again, by a glandulous body that on the backside, [table 10. fig. 1, 2. ^{F F}] and toward the sides groweth to his middle passage, commonly in a Calfe called the sweet-bread; as well to moysten his cauity and defend him from the hardnesse of the spondels, as also to hold him steady from inclining to either side.

It hath veines, but very few, from the hollow veine and the Coronarie braunch of the [table 10, figure 1. 2. ^{d d}] port or gate veine; Arteries from the great Arteries descending trunke, and from the coronarie branch of the Coeliacall Arterie [table 10. figure 1. 2. ^{d d}.]

His Nerues are very notable, comming from the sixt paire [table 10. figure 1, 2. ^{T V}] which for security sake are carried side-long; (the oblique way being much more safe then the right) for being soft and slender, and to be led a long way, they might easily bee stret∣ched or broken by the waight of the stomacke, if they had been led right on: which nerues when they haue encompassed the gullet round, at length are fastned in the stomacke, [tab. 10. fig. 2. ^{X Y}.]

The vse of this oesophagus or gullet is, that by it as it were by a tunnell, the meate and drinke, a little altered in the mouth, and turned ouer the rootes of the tongue by his muscles to the beginning of this gullet, might by it be receiued, whither when it is ariued, the throat and parts of the gullet aboue the meate closing themselues, and those below being dilated, the meate and drinke are driuen downe into the stomacke.

It is worth the obseruation, that with some men solid bittes finde freer passage then li∣quid drinks or broths, which are often returned into the nose, and this hapneth vsually in those who haue beene long afflicted with the Collicke.

The cause of this accident is to bee imputed to the resolution of the muscles of the choppes, for solid things with their waight offer a kinde of violence to the muscles, and make their owne passage, but liquid things cannot doe so. Although I am not ignorant that there may also be another reason rendred hereof, to wit, a tumor or inflāmation of the glandules before mentioned; for solide meates doe presse them and so open the cauity, to make way for themselues.

Of the Spleene or Milt. CHAP. XI.

THE Milt is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it draweth away the drosse of the bloud, as they say Lupines among wheate doe sucke away the bitternesse of the earth; in Latine it is called Lien. It is placed in the [table 11. ^{O O}] vpper∣most part of the inferior venter or lower belly, in the left Hypochōdrium, vnder the midriffe towards the backe: wherefore in hayle men it cannot be felt, but in those that haue swollen spleenes, it may not onely be felt, but sometimes seene to bunch out a good way in the Abdomen. The embowed part [table 11. ^{O O}] resteth vpon the spon∣dels and bastard ribs which are a defence vnto it; the concaue or hollow part [table 11. ^P] turned to the right side, is opposite to the Liuer, as if it were a left Liuer. It is seated either higher or lower in diuerse bodies, betwixt the stomacke and the ribs, for there onely was a roome empty for it. Commonly there is but one spleene, yet sometimes two and three one on the top of another; neuer of an equall bignesse, but distinct in their coates and ves∣sels: it is wondrous rarely absent, and very rarely doth it change places with the Liuer, that it should be in the right side, and the Liuer in the left. It is knit to the Rimme or Peritonae∣um and the omentum, sometimes more outwardly to the diaphragma, and to the externall membrane of the left Kidney with very slender membranes, arising from the Peritonaeum, where it compasseth the Diaphragma, for it had not neede of so strong bands as the Liuer, because it is nothing so waighty, sometimes inwardly, forward to the stomacke, backward

to the backe alwayes, by the interposition or mediation of vessels, and of the vpper Mem∣brane of the Omentum [Tab. xii fig: 2 CC] which cleaueth to the Line [Tab. xi. ^P. Tab. xii. fig: 2 ^HH] of the Spleene.

It varieth much in his Magnitude, colour, and figure. For in a man it is thicke and great, but much lesse then the Liuer, that it may not hinder the dilatation of the stomack. In some men it growes greater; for by reason of the loose rarity of his substance, it easily encreaseth by the affluence of humors; especially it groweth in those men in whom natu∣rally there is more plenty of Melancholy iuice: and although this humor in respect of the Choller and Vrine be but little, yet because it must be drawne a long way, and is stubborne

[illustration]

TABVLA XI.

• ...O O. The fore-side and hollowe side of the Spleene, which also sheweth how his po∣sition is in the body of Man.
• ...P. A Line into which the Vesselles of the Spleene are implanted.

and refractary by reason of his thicknesse and vnwilling to follow, therefore the Spleene is ordained somewhat the bigger. It hath not alwayes the same colour. For in an Infant when it is nourished with pure blood defecated by the mothers Spleen it is red like the Li∣uer; but in growne bodies where it is nourished with a thicke iuice, it is more then russet toward blacke; for such is the naturall colour of the Melancholy humor. But in those that are diseased in their Spleenes, such as is the humor that offends, such is the colour of the Spleene, Liuid, Leaden, Ashy or Leeke greene; sometimes it is couered with a coate ve∣ry like a Cartilage, in colour, thicknesse, and hardnesse; in Dogges, it is of a brighter red then the Liuer.

His Figure [Tab. xii. fig. 2] he varieth according as the parts which lye neere him do re∣quire, yet is alwaies so long as the vncouered or naked left side of the stomacke will admit It is also broad, and somewhat square like an Oxe tongue, or as Hippocrates hath it, like the soale of a mans foote. Aboue it is broader, and ends in a double obtuse & blunt Angle or corner. Below narrower, and ends in one narrow corner or angle. Without and on the left side, and as it looketh to the Diaphragma, somewhat gibbous or embowed, so that it hath a little representation of a globous or round figure. Sometimes from the ribs it hath [Tab. xii. fig: 4 ^{L L}] certaine impressions or distinctions. Inward, and on the right side some∣what concauous [Tab. xii fig: 2 betweene ^HH] or hollow, that it might giue way, or rather enclose the stomacke, and so further his concoction. Through the middle length of this

cauity, runneth a white line [Tab. xi. ^P and Tab. xii, figu: 2 ^HH] which hath some rising ine∣qualities in it, which receyueth the Veines and the Arteries [Tab. xii. fig: 2 ^N] and the Kell [Tab. 12 fig: 2 ^BB.]

[illustration]

The second Figure sheweth all the sides of the Spleene taken out of the body. The first the fore-side with a part of the Kell and his vessels. 2 The hollow side, 3 the gibbous side, the 4 sheweth the impressions which sometimes it receyueth from the Ribbes, the fift sheweth the hollow side slit open.

[illustration]

TABVLA XII.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II

• A. The left side of the Spleene, for the right and the middle part is couered by the Kell.
• B B. The lower wing of the Kel, in which the vessels are led.
• C C. The vpper wing of the kell, thorough which the ves∣sels passe to the stomacke.
• D E the vpper part of the spleen D. the lower E.
• F G The right and the left side of the Spleene.
• H H. A Line in the hollow side of the Spleene into which the vessels are inserted.
• I K. The substance of the Spleen dissected.
• LL. The gibbous side of the Spleene, with the impressions aboue mentioned, which are made by the ribbes.
• M M. The gibbous side of the Spleene, without these im∣pressions.
• N. Veynes and Arteries which run vnto the Spleene.

The Milt or Splenicke branch of the Gate-veine [Tab. 3 ^B] called Ramus splenicus, [Tab. 3 ^F] below the Liuer is sent (a great bow it is sustayned by the lower Membrane of the Kall, [Tab. xii. Fig. 2 ^BB]) ouerthwart to the Spleen (sending first some few branches from it, de∣scribed in the history of the port-veine) and diuided in his cauity, [Tab. xii. Fig: 2 ^HH] is spent in his substance [Tab. xii. Fig. 2 ^{I K} Tab. ^aaaa. Tab. 4. Fig: 2 ^llm] into much smaler branches, not conspicuous as in the Liuer, but so smal and fine, vnlesse it be a few of them, that they rather seeme to be Fibres then vessels: ouer and through which vesselles, runnes a thicke and grosse blood, making the proper substance or flesh of the Milt.

This Milt or splenicke branch carrieth to the Spleene a thicke iuyce, the more earthie part of the blood, that there it might be wrought into his nourishment. But because some part of this iuyce is so grosse that it cannot be attenuated by the Spleene, and therefore as vnprofitable must be segregated or separated, there are ordained two kindes of Vesselles to receyue it; one which belcheth it out vpward into the left side of the bottome of the sto∣macke, sometimes vp higher toward the left orifice, where with his sowrenesse he stirreth vp the Appetite after the Chylus is gotten into the Veins of the Liuer: so wee imitate na∣ture, when we make sowre or snarpe sauces at supper, to prouoke and recall our appetite which by our dinner was extinct and lost. Againe, this humour hauing a binding faculty, strengthneth the stomacke, that his actions may be more firme.

This regurgitation or belching of melancholy, is made sometimes by three, sometimes by many Branches proceeding from the splenick branch; sometimes by one, proceeding from the vppermost branch neere the Spleene, which Galen calleth Vas breue, that is, the short Vessell, described before in the 3. and 4. Tables. Hence comes sometime castings of a blacke humor, which is after carried downe the guts with the Chylus, and so excluded. This Vessell also is of great vse in Quartane Agues; for by it such patients are to good pur∣pose by vomit purged, before and after the fit: for in these Agues, as also almost in all me∣lancholy diseases, not onely the Milt but the mouth of the stomacke is affected. There is al∣so another vessell by which this humour is carryed downeward, which beeing inserted at the end of the right gut, maketh the inwarde Haemorrhoida [Tab. 3. ^gg. Tab. 4 Fig: 2, *] Veines, for the outward come from the Hollowe veine; although this humour bee often

purged by the Arteries, not onely into the guts, but more often into the emulgent veines, and so through the Kidneyes into the bladder. And so wee immitating Nature in melan∣cholly diseases vse diureticks, or medicines prouoking vrine.

The spleene also receiueth many Arteries (more then the Liuer) and those very [Table 4. figure 1. ^u] great, the Coeliacall [table 4. figure 1. ^m] which commeth out of the Aorta or great Arterie vnder the Diaphragma, after the same manner and with the same number of diuisions that the veines haue, not onely that they may affoord him life, but also that by their perpetuall motion they might preserue in good state the body of the spleene, by ven∣tilating, cherishing, and refreshing his naturall heat, almost oppressed with a drossie iuyce, which iuyce they change into a thicke bloud for the spleenes nourishment, and the drosse is purged or auoyded away as wee haue sayde. Beside, these Arteries carry to the Aorta wheyey humors, together with a thin and cold bloud, which are receiued by the Anastomo∣sis or inocculation of the vesselles; which humours by the emulgent Arteries are deriued into the Kidneyes; and from hence comes that quantity of vrine or whey which is in the great Artery.

It hath Nerues inserted into his coate very smal ones, from that branch of the sixt paire which commeth from the rootes of the ribbes on the left side, but whether they passe far∣ther into his substance we yet doubt.

It hath but one coate, and that very thin, springing from the membrane of the Kall, which we sayd claue to the right line of the spleene, and was a production of the Peritonae∣um, which coate compasseth and defends his flesh on euery side, because it is very soft and loose.

His substance [table 12. figure 5. ^{I K}] seemeth to be nothing else but a thicke blacke and congealed bloud ful of fibres, for it is a Parenchyma as Erasistratus called it, or a fleshy affu∣sion, very soft, thin, loose, and spongious, that it might more easily draw thick iuyces from farre (for a spongie substance is fitter for that purpose then a fast and firme) and giue them entertainment: wherefore also the veines disseminated through it, are softer and looser then others, that the humour may more easily, though it be thicke, fall out of them.

The vse of the spleene, Erasistratus thought to be none at all; inconsiderately accusing Nature to haue framed it in vaine. The receiued opinion is, that it was ordayned to bee a receptacle of the crasser and more foeculent part of the bloud, made and separated in the Liuer, like as the bladder of gall is the receptacle of yellow choller; that the bloud being thus on either hand depured, might passe more cleare and neate to nourish the body, and especially the principall parts. This thick and impure bloud yet mingled with much good and laudable, the spleene by the spleenicke braunch of the gate-veine, by an inbred faculty draweth vnto it selfe as familiar and of kin vnto his substance; which albeit the veines of the Liuer could not change, yet the spleene by reason of the perpetuall motion of his many & large Arteries worketh it into his owne nourishment: of which notwithstanding there re∣mayneth an vnprofitable part which it belcheth out into the stomacke, by the short vessell to stirre vp appetite by his aciditie and sharpnes, and by his adstriction to corroborate and confirme the actions of the stomacke. But against this common receiued opinion, Bau∣hine in this place annexeth a long discourse, full of wit, but how consonant to trueth, I will leaue to others to iudge. It shall be for the present sufficient to make his conceite knowne vnto you.

If the spleen, sayth he, had onely beene appoynted to stable an excrement, it should not haue been seated in the vpper but in the lower part of the abdomen, as the other receptacles of excrements are: for so woulde it more commodiously haue receiued so heauy and ear∣thy an excrement.

Againe, seeing of all the humours there is least quantitie of this melancholy, Nature would not haue made the spleene bigger then the bladder of gall, if shee had not intended some other office for the spleene, beside the receite of melancholly.

Moreouer, if this had beene her only end, she would haue framed in the spleene a large cauitie where this humour might haue commodiously beene entertayned, as she framed a cauitie for the choller in the bladder of gall.

Fourthly, we must know and vnderstand that no part ordayned for the separation of ex∣crements, doth receiue and naturally auoyd them by the same passages, as we may perceiue by the Kidneyes and the bladder of gall. Fiftly, no part is nourished by the excrement which it attracteth but by laudable bloud. Sixtly, as the passages of choller are dispersed

through the substance of the Liuer, among the rootes of the gate and hollow veines, to draw away the excrementitions choller. So also should there haue beene many propagati∣ons and tendrils from the spleenick braunch, dispersed through the substance of the Liuer, which we finde to be nothing so.

Finally, if from the Liuer the foeculent bloud bee purged away, as an excrement into the spleene, then it must of necessity follow that this excrementitious humour should re∣gurgitate or returne into the trunke of the Gate-veine, because the splenick branch ariseth out of the same trunke far vnder the Liuer, and aboue the trunke of the meseraicks.

Wherefore we think, sayth Bauhine, that the spleene was ordained and instituted by Na∣ture, for a further confection of some kinde of bloud. Which vse, Aristotle first allotted vnto it, and therefore in his third booke de partibus Animalium and the 7. chapter, hee cal∣leth it a bastard Liuer. The same also Galen giueth assent vnto, in his booke de respiratio∣nis vsu, as also Aphrodisaeus and Aretaeus: Vesalius and Fernelius, touch vpon this vse of the spleene also; but Platerus and Archangelus resolue vpon it very confidently.

The spleene therefore from an inbred faculty of his owne, draweth vnto himselfe the thicker and more earthie portion of the Chylus, somewhat altered in hauing receiued a certain disposition or rudiment of bloud in the meseraicke veines, by the spleenick branch of the Gate-veine, out of the trunke of the meseraick veines before the Chylus get into the Liuer; that so the Liuer may the better draw the more laudable parts of the Chylus, for o∣therwise the small vessels of the Liuer being obstructed by the crasse and crude bloud, not onely sanguification would haue beene interrupted; but also the Iaundise, Dropsies, A∣gues, Scirrous hardnesses, and many other mischiefes, woulde haue ouertaken vs of neces∣sity; all which we see do euery day hapen when the spleen fayleth to do his duty; and either through weaknesse or obstructions, ceaseth to attract that crasse and foeculent part of the Chylus. But a great euidence of this trueth is this; that the spleenicke branch doeth not proceede from the Liuer, but ariseth as is sayde, and is seated below it. Neither is it like∣ly that so thicke a iuyce confected and made into bloud in the Liuer, should get out of it by the hairie and threddy veines of the same; yet wee doe not deny that melancholly iuyce is ingendred in the Liuer; but wee say, that that onely is there ingendered which is a part of the masse of bloud, not that which is receiued into the spleen, for his nourishment and the vse of the stomacke.

Furthermore we are of opinion saith Bauhine, that a part of the Chylus is sucked euen out of the stomack, by veines ariuing at the left side of his bottom from the spleenicke branch.

When the spleen hath receiued this Chylus a little altered in the long iourney through those spleenicke surcles and branches, it laboureth and worketh it at great leasure, and by a long processe, as the Alchymists say, and much preparation in the innumerable small ves∣sels or Fibrous complications which are disseminated through his substance (like as the o∣ther and greater part of the Chylus is laboured into bloud in the complications of the ves∣selles disseminated through the Liuer) and boyleth it into a thinner consistence by the help of naturall heate assisted by the many and large Arteries, and their perpetuall motion. And then a part of it becommeth the Aliment of the spleen, the rest is carried by veines issuing from the spleenick branch, to nourish the Stomacke, the Guts, the Kell, and the Mesentery; which thing Galen also insinuateth, when he sayth, That the same meseraicke veines do car∣ry Chylus vnto the Liuer out of the stomacke and the guts, and returne bloud againe vnto them and the omentum. For seeing that the originall and substance of all the veines which are propagated from the gate-veine is one and the same▪ it followeth necessarily, that their action also should be the same; but to returne.

A part also happely of this humour thus altered is drawne into the next adioyning ar∣teries, and so conueyed into the great Artery, to contemperate the intense and sharp heat of the bloud in the left ventricle of the heart, and to establish and settle the nimble & quick motions of the vitall spirits, which are a very great cause why some mens wits are so giddy and vnconstant.

Sometimes it falleth out in great and confirmed diseases of the Liuer, when his sangui∣fication is decayed or in manner perished, that the spleen performeth his office, and trans∣mitteth a part of the bloud by him laboured through the spleenicke branch into the veines of the Liuer, which through the rootes of the hollow veine and the branches thereof, is di∣stributed into the parts of the body for their nourishment, euen as the bloud is wont to be distributed, which is laboured and confected in the Liuer it selfe.

But that part of the altered Chylus that before we sayd was drawn into the spleen, which it cannot by reason of the thicknesse thereof transforme into profitable iuyce, but is alto∣gether vnapt for nourishment, is poured out, part of it into the stomacke, part into the Hae∣morrhoid veines; sometimes through the trunke of the gate veine, or through the spleenick Arteries it is deriued vnto the Kidneyes, whence it is that in diseases of the Spleene, the water fals out often to be blacke.

Wherefore we conclude saith Bauhine, that the Spleene is a great helpe to the Liuer for the confecting of blood; partly because it maketh blood answerable to his owne Na∣ture, partly because it auerteth or draweth aside vnto it selfe the thicker part of the aliment, not so fit to make pure blood, and by that meanes the Liuer, vnburdened of such a clogge, performeth his office of sanguification with more facility. And thus it may be sayde verie well to purge and defecate the blood, and to make it more pure and bright. And heerup∣on the Ancients placed the seate of laughter in the Spleene: and Plato saith, that the spleen polisheth and brightneth the Liuer like a Looking-glasse, that it might make a more cleare representation of the Images of the passions from thence exhibited vnto the soule.

Aristotle also calleth it a left Liuer, and obserueth that those creatures which haue no Spleene, haue as it were double Liuers: and Galen remembreth in his fourth Book of the vse of parts, and the 7. chapter, that Plato calleth it the expresse Image of the Liuer.

It is therefore not to bee wondered at, if the diseases of the Spleene doe no lesse (haply more) hinder sanguification then the diseases of the Liuer it selfe, because by howe much the better the Spleene doth his duty, by so much the bloode in the Liuer is more pure and cleare.

In Dissections also we often finde, that the Spleene exceedeth the Liuer in magnitude, or is equall to it, being yet sound in colour and consistence.

Notwithstanding, albeit in both these entralles, when a man is sound and hayle bloud is generated, yet it must needs be confessed, that there is more store of good and hot bloud fit for the nourishment of fleshy parts made in the Liuer then in the Spleen, whose bloud is neyther so much, nor so hot, nor all out so good; which Hippocrates intimateth when he saith, that the same things which make the Spleene to flourish, make the body to wither and consume.

And thus I haue acquainted you with Bauhines conceit of the vse of the Spleen, wherein me thinks he acquitteth himself, as Bellarmine doth in his disputations of the sufficiency of works in our Iustification, who after that in diuers Books, and by manifold arguments he endeuoureth to proue that works may iustify, yet in the end he concludeth, that it is more safe onely to trust to iustification by faith; so Bauhine for all his former arguments, yet you see concludeth, that the more, better and warmer bloode is made in the Liuer: as if hee should say, there is a little & cold blood made in the Spleen, not fit to nourish the fleshy parts, but onely his owne substance, which I thinke no man will deny vnto him. But of this question we shall see more heereafter in the Controuersies; we will now put an end to our discourse of the Spleene, adding this one vse more of it; That with his in bred heate, and the many Arteries wherewith that heate is encreased, it furthereth the concection of the Stomacke.

CHAP. XII. Of the Liuer.

THE Liuer is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from a word that signifieth Want, be∣cause it supplyeth the want of al the parts; or from making merrie, bee∣cause in this part is the seate of concupiscence. The Latines call it I••cur, as it were Iuxta Cor, because next to the heart his power is most eminent. It is worthily numbred among the principall parts, as being the seate of the naturall faculty, and of the nourishing part of the soule, common to alisanguine or bloo∣die creatures: and first of all the Entralles or bowels it is perfected in the mothers womb.

It is the beginning of Veines, not in respect of their originall, which is seed (for the ves∣sels are made before the Viscera or entrals) but in respect of their rooting & distribution; for from hence spring two great and long Veines; below out of his cauity or hollownesse the Port or Gate veine; aboue out of his convexity or embowed side, the hollowe veyne is sayde to proceede, albeit indeede the hollow Veine groweth to his backe [Tab. xiii. Fig: 2, ^FG Fig: 3 ^MN] part, with two notable branches dispersed through his substance, which two

vesselles arise out of the Liuer, the Parenchyma or flesh of it being compassed about their roots as the earth is about the roots of a tree, and doe minister nourishment to the vvhole body, wherefore the Liuer is called the shop of sanguification or blood-making.

It is placed in the [Tab. 6. lib. 2 ^FF Tab. 9. CC] vpper part of the lower belly, that being set in the middest as it were of the body, it might send bloud equally vpward and downe∣ward; it is about a fingers breadth distant from the Diaphragma least it should hinder his motion; in dead bodies sometimes it toucheth it, and is couered wholly by the ribbes. It taketh vp the greatest part of the right Hypochondrium, partly that it may leaue the left for the stomacke [Table 6. Lib. 2. ^FF. Table 9. ^FF] and the spleen [Tab. 9. ^G] (for these three oc∣cupy both sides; whence it is, that when any of them, much more when all are swelled, ther followeth great difficulty of breathing) partly because the bloud might be better carried to the right ventricle of the heart. It leaneth but lightly vpon the vppermost, foremost, and right side of the stomacke [see the Tab. 6. lib. 2. and Tab. 9.] least it should presse it with his waight, and driue forth the matter contained in it. A little part of it also reacheth toward the left side, that the body might be ballanced. In Dogs it taketh vp well neere both sides, because their spleenes are long and narrow, but the greatest part is compassed below with the bastard ribs which defend it from iniuries.

His Figure is diuerse, because of the parts [Table 13. figure 1. 2.] adiacent, for his office

[illustration]

Table xiij. sheweth the Liuer with his Veines.

The first Figure, the Gibbous and forepart.

The second Figure, the Gibbous and hinder part, together with a part of the trunk of the hollow veine.

The third Figure, a part of the hollow veine fastned to the backside of the Liuer, and is opened with a long slit, to shew the holes of his branches where they open into the Liuer.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

FIG. III.

• A A 1 The Gibbous and foreside of the Liuer.
• B 1. The Vmbilical veine.
• CC 2. The Gibbous and backside of the Liuer.
• D 2. 3. The seate of the hollow veine where it pas∣seth through the midriffe.
• E E 2. The veines of the midriffe called Phrenicae.
• F G 2. In this distance is the place where the trunk of the hollow veine groweth to the backeside of the Liuer.
• H 2. A Ligament which tieth the Liuer to the mid∣riffe.
• I 2. A Ligament tying the left side of the Liuer to the midriffe.
• K 2. A part of the Gate veine.
• L 2, The bosome of the Liuer into which it admit∣teth the left orifice of the stomack.
• M N 3. Certaine braunches of veines proceeding out of the Liuer.
• OO ••. Smal braunches which are thrust out of the Liuer to the hollow veine.
• PP 3. The roots of the hollow veine dispersed tho∣rough the Liuer.

[illustration]

The fourth Figure sheweth the rootes of the Hollow and Gate veines, dispersed through the Liuer and their Ana∣stomoses or innocculations.

[illustration]

FIG. IV.

• A. The trunke of the hollow veine arising vpward from the Liuer.
• BB The trunk of the hollow veine, as it getteth out of the Gibbous part of the Liuer, which is bent downwards, and watereth al the parts of the bo∣dy vnder the Liuer.
• CCCC. The roots of the hollow veine which are in the substance of the Liuer.
• DDDD. The ends of the roots of the hollow veine which pierce or open into the midst of the roots of the gate-veine.
• E E The principal trunk of the gate vein.
• FF The roots of the gate veine, euen all those that are black, dispersed through the substance of the Liuer, which vnder the lower part of the Liuer do meet, and make one trunk.
• GGGG The endes of the rootes of the gate veine which pierce or open into the midst of the rooots of the hollow veine.

requires no proper figure, but a sufficient magnitude and thicknesse.

The form of it is outward or inward; the outward forme or surface which is the vpper & more backward part is smooth, equall and conuexe or embowed [Tab. viii. ^{B G} Tab. 2 lib. 4 ^bb, Tab, xiii. Fig. 1 ^AA, Fig: 8 CC] round (which is called pars gibba, the gibbous part or the head) that it may give way to the Diaphragma, and may agree with the cauity of it; but backward it hath a [Tab. xiii, Fig. 2 at ^{F G}) long bosome sufficient to embrace the stumpe of the hollow veine [Tab: xiii, Fig. 2 ^{F G}] least it shold be pressed eyther with the Liuers waight or the motion of the Midriffe.

The inward face of the Liuer which is the lower, is [Tab. 8 C C. Tab, xi, ^RR. Tab: xv, Fig. 1 ^BBC] hollow, vnequall, and is called the Simus or saddle side, that it may giue way to the sto∣macke strutting [Table 9. ^TP. Tab. xi ^E. Tab. 2, lib. 4 ^CC] with plenty of meat, and couer it immediately to cherish the first concoction of the Chylus.

In this part there are two hollowes or bosomes, one on the right side to receiue the bo∣dy of the bladder of Gall [Tab. xv: Fig. 1, ^P] the other on [Tab: xiii. Fig: •• ^L. tab: xv. Fig; 1 ^H] the left side, where it giueth way to the passage of the stomacke. In Dogs it hath a priuate hollownesse, whereinto it admitteth a part of the right Kidney. But where the gate-veine getteth out of it, it is vnequall, because it riseth somewhat high, least the Veines should be pressed by the rack-bones. On the Right side it is round [Tab. 9 ^CC Tab: xiii, Fig: 1, ^AA] and very thicke; on the left it groweth thinner by degrees, and endeth somewhat sharpe in an acute Angle; [Tab. xiii Fig: 2. from ^L to ^I] in the forepart also it is thin in the bought or compasse. There is but one Liuer, for the largenesse makes recompence for the num∣ber; and it is the greatest in a man of any creature for his proportion, and in the biggest men biggest, because it must make blood for the vse of the whole body; not onelie for his nourishment, but also to serue for his expence of spirits: for there are more functions of the soule in a man, then in any other creature; which functions spend more animall Spi∣rits, and those are engendred of the vitall spirits, and the vitall spirits of blood; therefore a man had neede of good store of blood, and by consequent of a great Liuer wherewith to make it. In fearefull men and such as are giuen to their paunches, it is greater then in other men. In fearefull men, because the weakenesse of their vitall faculty comming of the cold temper of the body, might be supplyed by the strength of the natural faculty. In raue∣nous gourmandizers, because of the aboundance of the meate they eate; for as the Liuer is more plentifully nourished, so it groweth greater. For the most part the Liuer of a man is whole (that when a man goes right vp, it might couer the stomacke with the hollow part of it) [as is snewed in the 6 Tab. lib. 2. and in Tab. 5] excepting the fore and right part wher there [Tab xiii. Fig: 1. at ^B Tab. xv Fig. 1, ^E] is a cleft like an outlet, which was necessary for the passage of the vmbilical or nauil vein. [Tab. 6, lib. 2, from ^D to ^B, Tab. 5 ^C. Tab 8 I. Tab. xiii. fig: 1 ^B] On the backside a part of it filleth the cauity, which both the mouths of the sto∣macke do leaue.

But in bruite beasts it is diuided into foure, fiue, or six Lobes or Finnes, which are con∣tinuated or coupled together, onely by the mediation of Veynes, within which lobes their stomackes are couered as it were with the fingers of a hand, because they haue no cloathes to keepe it warme, as men haue. For if in them it were whole, when they go groueling it would not so lap about the stomacke, but hang off. Wherefore Birds because they stande more straight vp, haue it diuided but once.

It is knit to the spine bone of the Loynes, to the Diaphragma, and to other parts by the helpe of the rim or Peritonaeum, of whom it receyueth three strong Ligaments, least being heauy, it should at any time fall. The first and right is thin [Tab, 5 ^D, Tab. 8 ^H, Tab. 2 lib. 4. ^d. Tab xiii. Fig. 2 ^H] like a Membrane, broad, neruous, and very strong, proceeding from the Rim where it compasseth the Midriffe; and tyeth the Liuer (into whose coates it doth degenerate) forward to the Diaphragma, and is called Suspensortum or the heauing Liga∣ment: wherefore, when the Liuer growes heauy, the Midriffe is drawne downe, and in re∣spiration there is more difficulty when a man stands, then when he lies along. The second and left Ligament is also very strong, round, [Table xi. C. Table ii, lib. 4. ^C. Table xiii, figure ii, I. Table fifteene, figure one, ^G] and proceeding from the Rim; it knitteth al∣so his thinner part to the Diaphragma, that the sides of the Liuer may on either hande bee held vp, it sometimes also cleaueth to the Cartilages of the bastard ribs. The third Ligas¦ment is the vmbilicall or Nauell veyne, now dryed after [Tab 6 lib 2. from ^D to ^B. Tab. 5 ^B, Tab. xii: Fig. 1 ^•] the birth, whereby at the Nauell it is tyed down to the Abdomen, [Tab: ••3

Fig: 7, 8. from ^Z to ^Y] lest the Liuer falling down should draw the Diaphragma after it. More∣ouer, where the beginning of the gate-veine is [Table 11. ^I] there groweth to it a portion of the omentum. So on the backside in the compassed face or gibbous part where the hol∣low veine passeth through it, it cleaueth to the rim.

It hath a most fine and slender membrane, and but one, growing from that membrane of the veines which ariseth from the Peritonaeum or rim; and this incloseth all his substance.

That substance is nothing else but bloud poured out of the veines, whence it is red and soft, and standeth round about and betwixt them, as the earth about and betwixt the small bearded rootes of a tree; which bloud being held in by the membrane wee last spake off, cloddeth together, and therefore of Erasistratus is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, an affusion or pouring out. Galen cals it flesh, Hippocrates a fleshie viscus or entrall: wee with Galen call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the flesh as well of this as of the other entrals.

The empty spaces betweene the rootes of the hollow and port veine this substance fil∣leth vp, as may appeare when the flesh is taken away, for so it may be as we haue seene ele∣gantly performed, especially by that occulate Anatomist Petrus Pauius of Leydon neere xx. yeares since, then my first Maister & Moderator in Anatomie; a liuely resemblance wher∣of wee haue here annexed, albeit it may partly be perceiued by the precedent Table.

• A The trunk of the hollow vein where it pierceth the midriffe
• B A part of the midriffe.
• CC A parte of the trunke of the hollow veine which groweth to the back part of the Liuer.
• DD The trunke of the hollow veine which is carried tho∣rough the lower belly, his brā∣ches being remoued.
• EEEE The roots of the hollow veine dispersed through the substance of the Liuer: these appeare here all white.
• FG The vmbilicall veine, with∣out the Liuer at F. within the Liuer at G.
• HH The trunke of the gate vein without the liuer.
• II A part of the right side of the gate veine torne from his left side, that the vessels might bet¦ter bee demonstated: but the trunke of the gate veine HH. should haue ridden ouer the hollow veine DD.
• KKKKKK The roots of the gate veine dispersed through the substance of the Liuer, which here appeare all blacke.
• LLL The Anastomoses or inoc∣culations of the rootes of the gate veine with the rootes of the hollow veine.
• M This innocculation is like a Pipe or trunke, & it is a com∣mon and continued passage, into which you may put a good big Probe: from this there are open passages into the last strings of the gate or hollow veine.

[illustration]

Table xiiij. Sheweth the rootes of the Hollow and Gate veines, disseminated through the Parenchyma or flesh of the Liuer, & their Anastomoses or inocculations: also the trunkes of the Nauell, Hollow, and Gate-veines. Into euery one of the trunks you may put a sticke before you boyle the Liuer and separate his substance from the vessels, that so the vessels may appeare open, and not corrugated or crumpled vp together.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XIIII.

There are a few Arteries inordinately shed through his substance amongst the other ves∣sels: But there are more rootes of the port veine [table 13. figure 4. Table 14. the blacke rootes belong to the gate veines] in his lower part, and fewer in his vpper, and on the con∣trary

many more [Tab: xiii, Fig. 4. Tab. xiiii the white rootes belong to the Hollow veine] roots of the Hollow veine in his vpper parts, then in his lower, (wherefore there is more plentifull sanguification or making of blood in the hollow side, and more aboundant di∣stribution in the conuex or embowed part) but all of them committed acrosse or mixt to∣gether by Anastomosis, [Tab. xiii: Fig. 4. ^GGGG, Tab. xiiii: ^LLL] which most resembleth the inoculation of plants; although sometimes the roots of the hollow Vein do fasten their ends into the midst of the roots of the Gate-vein, by which the bloud runneth out of the roots of the Gate vein into the Hollow vein, so that these roots do make plexum mirabilē, or the wonderfull web, texture, or plat of Veines (in respect of which it is likely the Liuer is saide to be the beginning or originall of veynes) for the perfecting and absolute confection of the blood. But there is one peculiar and notable Anastomosis or inocculation to bee ob∣serued [Tab. xiiii, ^M] which is a manifest and open pipe and continuated passage into which you may passe a good bigge probe, and from which there lyeth an open way through all the least threds of the Gate and hollow Veines. And so much the rather are these inoccu∣lations of the Veines one with another, more diligently to be obserued, because through them the humors offending passe, when the habite or vtmost region of the body is by pur∣gation emptied by the siedge.

The lower [Tab. xiii, Fig. 4, ^FF. Tab: xiiii. ^KKKK] of these roots, are by little and little ga∣thered into greater, and these into other, till at length in the lower part of the Liuer they consent together into the trunke of the port or the Gate veine [Tab. xiii, Fig. 4. ^E• Tab: xiiii ^HH] as broad as a thumbe or broader.

The vpper roots are in like manner [Tab: xiii. Fig: 4. ^CCCC, Tab. xiiii, ^EEE] vnited by degrees, till at length they fall into two notable and great [Tab. xiii, fig: 3, ^{M N}] braunches, reaching to the fore-seate of the Hollow veine, where it groweth to the Liuer, and lyeth vpon the Diaphragma, and there make one trunke [Tab. xiii. figure: 2. ^F, fig: 3, ^D. fig: 4 ^B. Tab, xiiii, ^AC.] Hence it is that the Gate veine [Tab: viii, ^a] is saide to arise out of the hollow side of the Liuer, and the Hollow veine, [Tab: viii, ^K] out of the conuex or embowed part.

Amongst these roots, certaine fine tendrils [Tab: xv fig: 2, ^QQ. Table xvi, figure 1, ^DDD, figure 2, ^aaa] hauing the bodies of Veines, and being gathered into one stumpe or stalke [Tab: xv, figure 2 ^a. table xvi, figure 1, ^E] are disseminated, which carry the choler from the Liuer to the bladder of gall, which also are ioyned with the rootes of the gate-veyne, that the blood before it come into the branches of the Hollow veine, may bee purged and clensed from that cholericke excrement.

The same substance of the Liuer whereof wee spake before, by compassing about these vessels, strengthneth them, and warranteth their tender threds from danger; by whom al∣so it receyueth in lieu a proportionable good, for it is nourished by blood laboured in the roots of the Port veine, and out of those small ends powred on euery side into his lap: the remainder which he refuseth, is carried into the roots of the hollow vein, and thence both thrust out, and drawne for nourishment into the whole body.

There are a few small Arteries [Table 4, figure 1 ^H] from the Coeliaca diffused in his sub∣stance (which do appeare more vvhite then the Veines) on the hollow side where the bran∣ches of the Gate [Table 4, figure 1 ^t and figure 2, ^Y, table xi. ^L] veine do ioyne together in∣to their common trunke or stumpe, that they might ventilate and so preserue the naturall heate of the Liuer, wherfore they runne onely through the hollow part; for the embowed part is wafted with the continuall motion of the Diaphragma, as with a Fan. They also car∣ry vitall heate, that the heate being doubled, the sanguification might better succeed; and that the Liuer also might not be destitute of the vitall faculty: for in the whole bodye, the Veines and Arteries are in a league and helpe one another: these ministring spirits to the veines, the veines blood to them.

It hath two smal Nerues [Tab: iiii, fig: 2. ^y tab: xi ^M] from the sixt paire: one from that branch that is sent to the vpper mouth of the stomacke; [tab: xv. fig: 1 ^o, tab. xvi, fig: 1 O] the other from the branch [table xv. Figure 2 ^f] which passeth to the roots of the ribbes of the right side, both of them dispersed into his coate, that he might not be altogether like a plant without sense, albeit seruing onely for nourishment it stoode in no need of any quick or notable sense wherefore his Nerues are so very small. Hence it is, that the paines of the Liuer are not acute or sharpe, but obtuse or dull, and grauatiue onely. But the bottome or center of the Liuer is altogether without sense, because of the many motions of the hu∣mors therein.

The vse of the Liuer is by his affused substance to part and separate the vessels that they cleaue not together; to sustaine and establish them; to cherrish them with his heate, be∣cause in that place their coats are thinner, sayth Galen 4. vsu partium, 13. than in any other part of the creature. For by this helpe, sanguification which is celebrated in the rootes of the gate veine, which are in the substance of the Liuer, is duly administred: to affoord vnto them the naturall Faculty as it were by irradiation, euen as the vessels of seede receiue the faculty of Seed-making from the Testicles; as also to procreate the Naturall spirite, which some deny but Archangelus by many arguments doth establish: and last of all to preserue and maintaine the Nourishing Soule as they call it, which is seated in euery particular part of the body.

But because there are many opinions concerning the manner of sanguification, I haue heere thought good to set downe Bauhines conceite, as the opinion of a man to whome I am especially in this worke beholding.

All Aliments aswell solid as liquid are taken by the mouth and after mastication or chewing as there is more or lesse neede, are swallowed into the stomacke and there conco∣cted and turned into Chylus. This Chylus, afterward when the pylorus or lower mouth of the stomacke is opened, is thrust downe into the guts; and if any part of it escaped elabo∣ration before, is there reuised and re-concocted. The thin and lawdable part of the Chy∣lus (for the thicke excrements called Aluinaefoeces, are forced into the great guts) together with that humour which is as it were a watery excrement, and was engendred in the con∣coction of the stomacke, is suckt away by certaine branches of the Gate-vein deriued from his trunke (which is fixed in the hollow part of the Liuer) vnto the stomacke, but especially vnto the guts. These veynes which are called Venae Meseraicae, and wee must call the Mese∣raick veines, do attenuate the Chylus which they receyue, prepare it and giue it the fyrst rudiment of blood, so that now it beginneth to be called Chymus, that is, a Humour: which when it approacheth to the trunke of the Gate-veine, is vnburdened of his thicke part, the Spleene drawing it away by the Spleenicke branch, as hath beene sayde in the vse of the Spleene.

That which remaineth of this Chymus or Humour, is conueyed out of the trunke of the Gate-veyne into his rootes which are very many and very small, dispersed through the hol∣low part of the Liuer. Their coate also is very thin (as is also the coats of the vessels of the Spleene, the Testicles and the Paps) that the sanguifying Faculty might more easily insi∣nuate it self into them from the Parenchyma or flesh of the Liuer, without which the blood cannot be made profitable for nourishment; and from which those vessels receiue by irra∣diation the sanguifying Faculty, as the spermaticall do the Faculty of Seede-making from the Testicles. In these vessels therefore the Humour is changed into blood, for no Chylus is powred out of the roots of the Gate-veines into the flesh of the Liuer.

Now that this Humour might be longer reteyned, and passing through many alterati∣ons be diuided into as small portions as was possible, or rather be perfectly laboured, Na∣ture ordained no such cauity in this place as in the stomacke; but of infinite & slender bran∣ches of Veines made a texture-net or web wherein the Chylus is better thinned, mitiga∣ted and parted into small portions, that the flesh of the Liuer on euery side compassing his disseuered parts, might better worke it into a Masse of blood. For if there had beene a cauity formed in the Liuer, then must the Chylus haue had a Canel or pipe for his egresse and regresse through which it woulde haue falne away crude and not perfectly sanguified, and therefore vnfit for the nourishment of the parts.

After the blood is thus absolued and perfected in the roots of the Gate-veine, they haue a naturall instinct to part with it, partly to powre it into the flesh of the Liuer for his nou∣rishment that before did them so good an office; partly to vnloade their burthen into the rootes of the Hollow Veine, which are especially disseminated through the Conuexe or gibbous and embowed part of the Liuer, which rootes also haue an instinct or desire to draw it into themselues, and to deliuer it ouer into their boughes and branches (in which it receyueth a farther degree of elaboration) pure and defaecated from all excrements, to be distributed vnto the parts of the body.

The rootes of the Hollow and Gate veines, although they be hand ouer head as we say, without any precise order distributed through the flesh of the Liuer, yet in manie places they are ioyned by Anastomosis or inocculation (excepting the branches which serue for the nourishment of the Liuer it selfe) as they touch in their passage ouerthwart one ano∣ther,

or else the extremities or endes of the gate veines are fastned into the middest of the rootes of the hollow veine; or contrarily the ends of the hollow veines into the middest of the gate veines: for after no other manner but this, can the bloud be translated out of the rootes of the gate veine into the rootes of the hollow veine.

But that the bloud might better passe through the narrow and straight passages of the vessels, it is wefted by a thin and watery humour which is most like to whay; and there∣fore is called serum sanguinis, we call it commonly the Vrine; a humour which is not fitte for the nourishment of any part, but onely mingling it selfe with the bloud, it maketh it more thin, and so readier to passe along: wherefore Hippocrates called it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, The Wagon of the Nourishment.

And whereas no Aliment is so simple, but that it consisteth of diuers and different parts; we must know, that all those parts cannot be changed into laudable bloud; wherefore as in the first concoction celebrated in the stomacke and the small guts, there was a segregation of the excrements of the belly: so in the beginning of the second concoction, which was in the meseraicke veines, there was a segregation made of the crasse and foeculent part of the Chylus, from the pure and laudable, which was sent away to the spleene. But in the concoction which is accomplished in the veines of the Liuer, two excrements are separa∣ted, least if they remayned mingled with the bloud, they should be with it transported into the whole body. These through their proper passages are conuayed and stored vp in pe∣culiar and appropriated receptacles or places of receipt. The first of which, is the bilious or cholericke excrement, which is disposed partly into the bladder of gall, partly sent away into the gut, as we shall say in the next chapter. The second is, the serous or whaey humor, the greatest part whereof, when the bloud is ariued out of the rootes of the gate-veine into the hollow veine, becommeth an offensiue burden vnto it; and therefore the Kidneyes by the emulgent veines and Arteries draw it out of the hollow veine and the great Arterie in∣to themselues.

The bloud thus cleansed and depured from all manner of excrements, is distributed by the trunkes and branches of the hollow veine through the whole body, in which passage it receiueth an alteration or disposition of nourishment, that no time should bee lost. These branches of the hollow veine doe with the bloud carry also a part of the aboue mentioned whay or vrine, to make it more fluxible, that it might the better passe through the Capilla∣rie veines of the parts to nourish them; where when it is ariued, it is as it were sprinckled v∣pon the flesh, into which by little and little in manner of a vapour or dewe it soaketh and sinketh, cleauing like glew till it bee wholly conuerted into their proper Aliment; which glew by nourishing and restoring, maketh good the Radical moysture and the substance of the parts. But the whay which accompanied the bloud thither in the third concoction, that is, in nourishment which is accomplished in euery particular part, as an vnprofitable excrement is exhaled in sweat and insensible transpiration: thus far Bauhine.

Of the Bladder of Gall. CHAP. XIII.

THE Bladder of Gall [Table 15. Figure 1. 2. ^{P P}] called vesica biliaria, or follicu∣lum felleum, in grecke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, is the receptacle of pure choller; and hath his seate in the right and hollow part [Table 15. ^BB] of the Liuer, that it may be fitter to receiue the choller, which being a mad and hare-brain'd humour, had neede at the first generation of it be sent away, least it should set all the body in an vprore; and therefore Nature placed his receptacle in the very bosome of the Liuer; his own acrimonie also hastneth his euacuation. The Liuer therefore hath as it were en∣graued in it a certaine cauity or bosome, wherein the vpper and middle partes of the blad∣der are tyed firmly to it; the lower part in the meane time hanging loose from the body of the Liuer, so as it toucheth the right side of the stomacke and the Colon, dieth them both oftētimes with a yellow colour; yea further affecteth them with his iuice sweating through his coates; whence it is not vnlike, that the burnings and flaming heates of some mens sto∣macks doe arise. The Figure of it is [Table 15. Fig. 2.] long, that it might not bee pressed by the stomacke, round also with his length and hollow, which hollownesse by degrees be∣commeth narrower, till at length it endeth in a necke.

It is small in respect of the spleene and the Kidneyes, albeit it drawe a iuyce both of a middle quantity and consistence in respect of the iuyces drawne by them both: but the rea∣son

• ...

• AA 1. A part of the Rimme of the belly, with the ribs is here turned back.
• BB C 1. The hollow side of the Liuer.
• D 1. A part of the gibbous side of the Liuer.
• E 1. The fissure or clefte of the Liuer, made for the ingresse of the vmbilical veine.
• FF 1. Certaine inaequalities in the hollow side of the Liuer neare the original of the gate-veine.
• G 1. A Ligament of the Liuer, tying his left side to the midriffe.
• H 1. The bosom of the Liuer which giueth place to the stomacke.
• I K 1. The stomacke thrust to the left side.
• L 1. The left orifice of the stomacke, with the ves∣sels which compasse it about.
• M 1, 2. The right orifice of the stomacke or the Pylo∣rus ioyned to the duodenum.
• N 2. The gut called duodenum ioyned to the pylorus.
• O 1. A nerue inserted into the hollownes of the Li∣uer proceeding from those Nerues which com∣passe the mouth of the stomacke.
• P 1, 2. The bladder of gall.
• QQ 2. The holes of the bladder of gall dispersed through the Liuer, betwixt the rootes of the hol∣low and gate veines
• R S 2. The rootes of the gate and hollow veines in the Liuer of the gate vein at R of the hollow vein at S.
• a 2. The concurse or meeting of the passages of cho∣ler into one branch
• b 1, 2. The necke of the bladder into which the pas∣sage is inserted
• c 1. 2. The passage of the gall into the duodenum.
• d 2. The Duodenum opened, that you may see the in∣sertion of the porus biliarius, or passage of choler.
• e 2. An artery going to the hollow part of the Liuer, and the bladder of gal.
• f 2. A small Nerue belonging to the Liuer and the Bladder of Gall, from the ribbe braunch of the sixt paire.
• gg 2. The Cyslicke twins from the gate veine.
• i 1. The Pancreas growing to the duodenum.
• klm 1. The mesenterie, but k. sheweth the distribution of the right trunk of the gate veine into the mesen∣terie.
• m 1. A part of the mesenterie, to which is ioyned the right side of the collicke gut.
• n 1. A veine going to the backe part of the right gut.
• o 1. A part of the bottome of the bladder of vrine.
• p 1. The right Kidney couered with a fat membrane
• q 1 The right vreter from the kidney to the bladder.
• r 1. The right spermatical veine and arterie.
• s 1. Branches from the foresaid vessels to the Perito∣naeum.
• t 1. The vessel of seed called deserens, or the Leading Vessell.

[illustration]

Table xv. The first Figure sheweth the lower belly, wherein the stomacke with the guts are thrust into the left side: the Liuer is lift vp also, that you may better see the hollow side of the Liuer, the bottome of the bladder of gall, the vessels which passe there∣unto, and the passage of gall called Porus biliarius, which goeth vnto the duodenum, and certain bran∣ches beside of the gate veine, together with a part of the mesenterie. The second figure sheweth the bladder of gall, his passages and vessels, as common∣ly Anatomists make demonstration of them.

[illustration]

FIG I.

[illustration]

FIG. II

of his smalnes is, because the number of his drawing orifices is both greater and more commodious then those of any other instrument whereby the Liuer is depurated or pur∣ged.

His substance is membranous, to the end that being full, it might be dilated or stretched, and when it is empty it might fall together againe. For it hath a double membrane; one common from the Peritonaeum (Vesa tus sayth from the coate of the Liuer) wanting Fibres wherewith that part onely which hangeth off from the Liuer (which onely stands in neede of a defence) is cloathed; and with this coate it is tyed to the cauity or bosome of the Li∣uer. Another proper, thin indeede, but firme and strong and of such a nature that it is not to be hurt or offended by choller, by which other membranes are much affected. Where∣fore though it be but single, yet the number is supplied by the strength and fastnes of it; for it hath all kindes of fibres, that the substance might be stronger and fitter for dilatation; the inmost are right, the outward transuerse, the middle oblique and those not many. It is within incompassed with a crusty substance ingendred of the excrements of the third con∣coction of the bladder it selfe, least it should be hurt by the acrimonie and sharpnes of the

choler conteined therein.

His Vessels are. Two slender Veines from the trunke of the Gate-vein, called Cysticae ge∣mellae, the twins of the bladder [Tab. xv: fig: 2 ^gg. Table xvi. fig. 1 ^pp] which (as in the vvhite coate of the eye) are distributed for his nourishment. For it is nourished as all other parts of the body with blood not with choler: and by other vessels [table xv, fig: 2. ^QQ. Table xvi fig, 1, ^DD. figure 2 ^aaa] draweth his proper excrement pure and vnmixed, saith Galen 5. vsu part. 7. blended with blood, as do the Kidneyes.

The Arteries it hath are very small, from the Coeliacall Artery which ascend [Table xv. fig: 2 ^c. Tab, xvi, figure I ^N] vnto the hollownesse of the Liuer, that beeing (as it were) wrought by their continuall motion, it might be kept from corrupting.

A Nerue it hath, but scarse conspicuous or visible [Tab: xv, figure 2 ^f Tab, xvi, figure 1, ^o] from a little branch of the sixt paire, that creepeth ouer the coate of the Liuer. All these vessels are fastned in the same place at the neck [Tab: xv, fig: 2 ^b, table xvi, figure ¹, C] to the body of the bladder, and dispersed into his coate do reach vnto his bottome, [tab. xv, fig: 2 ^P. table xvi, figure i, ^A]

• A 1. The bottome of the bladder of Gall, in his naturall scituation.
• B 1. A bosome or denne at the beginning of the necke of the bladder, at which place within are the values placed.
• C 1. The necke of the bladder of gall.
• DDDD. The holes or passages of the bladder of gal distributed through the substance of the Li∣uer between the roots of the Gate-veine at F. & the Hollow veine at G.
• E 1. The meeting of the passages aforenamed.
• FG 1. The roots of the gate-veine at F. the rootes of the hollow veine at G. al distributed through the Liuer.
• H 1. The Porus Biliarius, whose mouth made of the concourse of the passages marked before with DDD. is wider then the necke of the bladder.
• II A common passage or hole (aswell of the Porus Biliarius H. as also of the necke of the bladder C.) reaching to the gut duodenum.
• K 1. The right orifice of the stomacke ioyned to the gut.
• LM 1. The gut duodenum opened, that the insertiō of the forenamed common passage at M. might appeare.
• N 1. An artery dispersed into the hollowe part of the Liuer, and into the bladder of gall.
• O 1. A small nerue common to the Liuer and his bladder proceeding out of the sixt pair: the cut∣ter hath made it a little too big.
• PP. 1, The veines called Cysticae gemellae, or the twin veines of the bladder of gall, which are braun∣ches of the gate-veine deriued to the bladder. They should haue beene made much lesse.
• qq 2. The hollow part of the Liuer.
• r 2. The bottome of the bladder opened.
• s 2. The outside of the bladder of gall.
• t 2. The bosome or denne proper to the vesicle or blader of gal. u 2. The neck of the bladder
• x 2. Three values at the necke, sometimes but two.
• yy 2. The porus biliarius open, which carrieth the thicker choler directly from the Liuer, to the end of the gut duodenum.
• Z 2. The meeting of the necke of the bladder, and of the Porus biliarius into one.
• aaa 2. Certaine small passages out of the bottome of the bladder, carying the thinner part of the Choler into the Liuer.

[illustration]

The first Figure sheweth the Naturall scituation of the bladder of Gall taken out of the Liuer, his fashion and vessels.

[illustration]

The second Figure sheweth the bladder of Gall growing to the Liuer, but opened, that you may see his values: it also sheweth the Porus biliarius, which passeth from the Liuer to the Duodenum.

[illustration]

TABVLA XVI.

[illustration]

FIG. I

[illustration]

FIG. II.

It is diuided into a bottome, a necke, and the passages of choler, which are called Me∣atus or pori Bilarij. The bottome is the greatest [Tab: xv. fig: 1, 2. ^P. Table xvi: fig. i, ^A] part of the bladder, and looketh downward [as appeareth table xvi, fig: i] when with the Liuer it remaineth in his naturall seate. It is round, and dyed with the colour of the yellow cho∣ler it containeth; sometimes it is blacke, when the choler being long kept in the place is a∣dust or burnt, which also now and then is condensed or hardned into smooth stones of di∣uers formes, which stopping the lower passages, wee haue knowne to breede perpetuall laundises and incureable.

The necke is the narrower part [Table xvi. figure 2, ^b] of the bladder, much harder∣then the bottome, to whose end is set a peculiar bosome or cauity. [Table xvi. figure i, ^b. figure 2, ^t]

It is also long, looking vpward, and by degrees ending in a narrow passage [Table xvi. figure 1, C] which making a semi-circular Figure, as of a halfe Moone, determineth into the passage of choler, called Porus [table xvi. Fig: 1, ^M] Biliarius, where the common pas∣sage is made [Table xvi, Figure 1, I]

The passages of the bladder of Gall are double (called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because they car∣ry choler) for that the cholericke excrement is two wayes purged out of the Liuer, to wit, pure and vnmingled, or mingled and thicke according to Galen, 4 vsu part. 12, and 13. For the vnmingled and pure choler is drawne by small vessels [Table xv. Figure ii, ^{Q Q}. tab, xvi. Figure 1, ^DDD, Figure ii, ^aaa] sent into the Liuer [Table xvi, Figure ii] with infinite strings: shed abroad between the roots of the hollow [table xv, Figure ii, S. Table xvi, ^L] and Gate∣veines, [table xv, Fig: ii, ^R. table xvi, Figure 1, ^F] and at length ioyned together into one [tab: xv, Figure ii, ^{b a}. table xvi. Figure 1, ^E] passage, and thence powred into the Bladder, and so it is continually filled and as continually emptied (the Bladder being pressed as some say in those creatures that go vpright by the Liuer, in others by the stomack) by a passage [tab xv, Figure ii, ^b. table xvi, Figure 1, ^G] determining into the pore or hole of choler, [table xv, Figure ii, C. table xvi, Figure 1, I] which is very fine and threddy, that it will scarse admit a Probe, especially where there are certaine small Membranes about the necke [table xvi, Figure ii, ^X] which hinder the recoyling or regurgitation of the choler.

The thicke and mixed cholericke excrement is drawn from the Liuer by another pas∣sage called porus Biliarius [table xv. Figure 1, 2. ^c. table xvi. Fig. 1. ^H Fig. 2, ^{Y Y}] the pore or hole of choller, supported by the inferior membrane of the omentum or Kall. This is a long vessell, which from the Liuer is inserted in a circular or round figure, not into the bot∣tome of the stomacke, least the choller with his biting sharpnesse, should prouoke the sto∣mack to put ouer the Chylus before it were concocted; nor into the seat or place of seidge, not so much for feare least in so long a passage it should be broke; as because this excre∣ment being powred forth into the small guts (for this passage being stopped men become full of Iaundise, and their excrements white) attenuateth and cutteth a great quantitie of Flegme euer heaped vp in them, scoureth their inward superficies, and being mingled with the excrements gathered in the great guts, doth prouoke thē to excretion, that so together with the dry excrements it may be auoyded by the stoole. But this pore of choler is inser∣ted into the small guts, not at their beginning, least the Choler should flye vp into the sto∣mack (althogh where there is plenty of it it vseth to regurgitate or recoyle to the stomack, which is ordinary in cholericke natures when they fast long) but into the end of the Duode∣num at the entrance [Tab. xv, figure 2, ^D. Table xvi, fig. 1 ^M] of the Ieiunum or emptie gut be∣twixt the two coats of the gut, obliquely, the orifice being couered with loose membranes or rather with the foulds of the inmost coate straightly ioyned and closing vp the passage least any thing should returne backe, much like the passage of the water into the bladder. Somtimes the pore is parted in twain, with a smal distance betweene the partitions & both of them inserted into the same gut. And it carrieth mingled choler together vvith more pure, to stirre vp the faculty of the guts to auoyde the excrement after the Chylus is suck∣ed from them.

There is also found sometimes a third passage, inserted into the bottom of the stomack, into which it powreth choller; and such men doe continually vomit choller, and are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, purgers of choller vpward, as those men who haue it at the end of the empty gut, are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, purgers of choller downward, and these men to stooles are alwayes bilious. The vse of this bladder of gall is to receiue and expel yellow

choller exactly sincere vnmixt and familiar vnto it selfe immediately from the Liuer and so out of the whole body, which otherwise running at randon through all, would defile the spirits, raise a continuall vlcerous sence his acrimony gnawing the flesh and rending the membranes, cause all our motions to be head-strong and giddy, our sensations phrenetick and mad; and beside diuerse other inconueniences would breed a continual Iaundise.

Of the Kidneyes. CHAP. XIIII.

THE Kidneyes are called Renes of a word which signifieth to flow, because the vrine flowes away by them; and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as it were Pissers. All men and foure∣footed beastes which beget by generation haue them, but no fowle or fish with scales, saue onely the Tortoyse, saith Aristotle in his fourth book de par∣tibus animalium; for their humour is spent into scales and feathers, and beside

[illustration]

The lower Belly emptied of the Membranes, Guttes, and Stomacke, together with many of the vesselles which are therein.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XVII.

• A A The midriffe turned backe with the ribs & the Peritonaeum.
• B B The caue or hollow part of the Liuer, for the liuer is lifted vppe, that the hollow part of it may be better seene.
• C The left ligament of the liuer.
• D The vmbilicall veine.
• E The hollownesse in the Liuer, which giueth way to the sto∣macke.
• F The left orifice of the stomack.
• G G Certaine knubs or knots & impressions in the hollow part of the Liuer.
• H The bladder of gal.
• I The gate veine cutte off, and branches which go to the blad∣der of gall.
• K A nerue of the Liuer comming from the stomachical nerue.
• L An artery common to the Li∣uer and the bladder of gall.
• M A nerue common also to thē both, comming from the right Costal nerue of the ribs.
• N The passage of the gall to the guts cut off
• OO The hollow and forepart of the spleene.
• P The Line where the vessels of the spleene are implanted.
• Q The trunk of the hollow veine
• R The trunk of the great artery.
• S The Coeliacal artery cut off.
• T V The Kidneyes yet wrapped in their membrane.
• X Y The fatty veines called venae adiposae.
• a b The emulgent veines togither with the arteries vnderth in.
• cc dd The vreter from either kid∣ney to the bladder.
• e f The spermaticall veines to the Testicles, the right from the hol¦low veine, the left from the e∣mulgent.
• g g Veines comming frō the sper∣matical veines to the Peritonaeū.
• h i The spermaticall arteries.
• k The lower mesentericall artery.
• l The ascending of the great ar∣tery aboue the hollow veine, & the diuision of it & the hollowe veine into two trunks.
• m The artery of the loynes, called Lumbaris.
• n The holy artery called sacra.
• o A part of the right gut.
• p The bladder of vrine.
• * The connexion of the bladder, with the Peritonaeum.
• q A part of the vessel, which lead the seede from the testicles, is here reflected.
• r s The scrotum or codde, that is the skin which inuesteth the yarde and the testicles.
• t The fleshy pannicle or mem∣brane which is vnder the Cod.
• u The coate which is proper to the testicle with his vessels.
• x A part of the yarde excoriated or flayed, and hanging downe

they drinke little because their longues are not so bloudy as other creatures are. The kid∣neyes haue seldome the same scite or position in men; and doe lye behinde the guttes and the stomacke, a little vnder the Liuer and Spleene [table 17. ^{G O}] close vppon the backe, at the sides of the hollow veine and the great Arterie [Table 17. ^{Q R}] yet not in an equall di∣stance (hauing their hollow partes turned toward one another) that they might more rea∣dily draw away the whay, that all the bloud that is receiued into the hollow veine, might be presently purged and so carried pure, with a little water onely to weft it, into the whole body.

For this watery humour, albe it be an excrement and no part can be nourished with it, yet is it very necessary as long as the nourishment is contayned in the veines of the mesen∣tery and the Liuer, that by the thinnesse of this humour or whay being made fluxible, it

might passe those straight veines, whereupon Hippocrates calleth it vehiculum alimenti, or the wefter of the nourishment, as before is sayd. But when the bloud is gotten into the hollow veine, it then needeth not so much helpe, because it is to passe through large and patent passages, and beside is made of it selfe more fluxible by the heat of the heart and the Liuer.

They often stand not one opposite to the other [table xx. and table 2. lib. 4.] least in their ioynt strife they should hinder one the others attraction, as Galen hath conceiued; but wee, sayeth Bauhine, imagine that the cause of this position is rather to bee attributed to the arising of the vesselles [Table xx. ^h] and properly of the emulgent or sucking veines, because their attraction is greater and of more vse. They lye with their flat sides vppon the muscles of the loynes which they call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, appointed for the bending of the leg; about their heads not much lower then the lowest ribs, in those voyde spaces which are betwixt the rootes of the ribs and the hip-bones. They lie betweene the two membranes of the Peritonaeum, one of which lyeth vnder them, the other vpon them; whence it is that in fits of the stone, the legge on that side where the stone lyeth is benummed, sayeth Hippocrates, because of the compression as well of the muscle we spake of before, as of a sinew which descendeth that way.

But before we proceede further in the particular description of the Kidneyes, giue mee leaue to insert a story out of Bauhine, wherein hee describeth a strange fashion and position of a Kidney, with all the vessels thereto belonging; which wee haue caused also to be cut in the following Table for thy better satisfaction, gentle Reader. In our publique Anatomy sayth he, Anno Dom. 1589. we found a very vncouth forme and scituation of a left Kidney, as also of the emulgent and spermaticall vessels: For the Kidney was placed iust vppon the diuision of the great Artery and hollow veine at the os Sacrum or holy-bone [table 18. ^{d e}] in that cauity wherein the bladder marked with [^f] was scituated; but in the Table wee haue remoued the Kidney a little from his place, that the implantation of the emulgent ves∣sels might better be demonstrated: for there were three emulgent veines, and two arteries fastned into it. Two of these veines proceeding out of the middest of the trunke of the hollow vein [table 18. 6. 6.] and descending directly downeward, were implanted into the right side. The third emulgent arising out of the left side [tab. 18. 9.] of the hollow vein, and descending vnder the trunke of the great arterie, was a litle mixed with the left spermatical veine [table 18. 16.] and after inserted into the left side of the kidney.

As for the emulgent Arteries, one of them had his beginning vnder the bifurcation, out of the right Iliacall branch [table 18. 7.] The other did arise a little aboue the bifurcation out of the great artery; [table 18. 8.] the first was simple and inserted into the right side of the Kidney; the second was diuided into many branches and did insinuate it selfe into the left side. So also the left vreter was very short, arising out of the lower end of the Kidney, [table 18. 19.] and was inserted into the bladder [tab. 18. 20.]

Finally, in that place where the left Kidney is vsually placed, Nature had set a glandulous and fat substance [table 18. ^c] to which both an emulgent veine and arterie were disposed [table 18. 4. 5.] as also from the vpper emulgent veine, the left spermaticall veine [table 1••. 4.] did arise. It may be that those men who are by fits tormented with grieuous paynes about the Holy-bone, and haue all the Nephriticall signes, haue such a position of one of their kidneyes as this was: now we returne to our description.

The right Kidney lyeth iust vnder the Liuer, and because of his waight in a man [table xviii.] it is lower then the other Kidney, as if it gaue place to his better; his end reacheth to the third racke-bone of the loynes. It is very rarely higher then the left, and then onely when it is shorter, or when the part of the Liuer lying next it, is hollowed: they are also rarely of an equall height, because of the different position and quantity of the Liuer and Spleene; some▪ also adde because of the higher or lower beginning of the emulgent ve∣selles.

On the left side, the Kidney lyeth vnder the Spleen, and is often (yet not alwayes) higher then the other, because there the Spleen is thin and slender; so that the Kidney ascendeth sometimes to the first racke-bone of the loynes, sometimes to the xi. of the breast; yet ne∣uer is one so farre aboue the other, that the middle of the higher doth reach aboue the to•• of the lower. But in bruite beasts because of their groueling gate, and because their spleen reacheth further downeward the scituation of the Kidneyes is contrary; so that in Dogges there is a hollownesse or bosome made in the Liuer (which in a man hath neyther hollow∣nesse

[illustration]

The first Figure sheweth the disport of Nature in the se∣minary vessels, the emulgents, and the position of the left Kidney, as wee met with it in a publicke Dissecti∣on.

[illustration]

The second Figure sheweth the seminary vesselles, with the Testicles.

[illustration]

The third Figure sheweth the diuers formes of the Testi∣cles, and their seuerall parts.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XVIII.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. III.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

• a b. The right kidney a. the left b,
• c A glandulous and fatty substance, which was in the roome of the left kidney.
• d e. The hollow veine d. the great artery e.
• f The bladder of vrine.
• g g. The testicles.
• 1, 2. A double right emulgent veine, the first of which hath a double originall.
• 3. The right emulgent artery.
• 4. The left emulgent veine.
• 5. The left emulgent artery.
• 6, 6 Two emulgent veines at the left kidney.
• 7, 8 The emulgent arteries vnder the bifurcati∣on or diuision at the left kidney.
• 9 The fourth left emulgent veine.
• 10, 10. The right spermaticke veine.
• 11, 12. The originall of the spermaticke arterie 11. his coniunction with the vein 12.
• 13 The left spermaticke veine.
• 14 The left spermaticke artery.
• 15 A veine going from the left spermatick veine to the Peritonaeum, a companied with an artery.
• 16 The vnion of the left spermatick veine with the emulgent veine. 17 The leading vessels
• 18 The insertion of the right Vreter.
• 19, 20. The originall of the left Vreter at 19. and his implantation at 20.

[illustration]

Figure. 2. xxxx. The Vreters.

• θ θ The spermaticke veines and arteries.
• 11 The coate of the testicle which ariseth from the Peritonaeum.
• Λ The spermatical veine and artery, as they passe into the production of the Peritonaeum, and as they passe againe out of it.
• μ The bodden body called corpus varicosū or the wonderfull implication of the veine and artery
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The left testicle couered with the inmost coat.
• ξ ξ The reuolution of the leading vessels.
• o p The ascent of the leading vessell vnto the share bone.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The reflection orreturning of the leading vessels to the backe side of the share bones.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The coition or meeting togither, and in∣sertion of those vesselles into the Glandules called Prostatae at 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

[illustration]

Figure 3.

• A B The forepart of the right testicle.
• C C D The spermaticke veine and artetie cut off where they fall out of the Peritonaeum, and C sheweth the beginning of the bodden body, called Corpus varicosum, and D sheweth his basis or foundation.
• E The passage of the leading vessel.
• F His reflexion. G, A portion of the leading vessel climbing vp ward, with his departure from the testi∣cle. H, The porous or spongy face of the leading vessel or Epididymis, wher it groweth to the coat of the testicle. I, the gibbous or round part of the same vessell, where it groweth not vnto the foresaide coate. L, the forepart of the testicle. M, the backe part of the same, together with his inmost coate, & the bod∣den body. N N, the first commixtion of the spermaticke vessels. OO, the basis of the spiry bodden body and his insertion into the inmost coate of the testicle. P, the testicle couered with his inmost coate, she∣wing the vpper part into which the bodden or varicous body was inserted. Q R S, the inmost coate of the testicle, drawne from the testicle at R. but couering the testicle at S. T, the testicle cut through the middest. V V, the distribution of the vessels through his substance.

nor diuision) that the right Kidney might ascend higher. Indeede the true causes of their diuerse scituation, are the different magnitude of the kidneyes, the different length of the vessels, and their position either more or lesse oblique. They are knit by the help of an externall Membrane arising from the Rim (which like a Ligament stayeth them firme∣ly

in their proper places) to the loyns, the Diaphragnid, and the right to the blind gut, som∣times to the Liuer; the left to the Colon (whence it is that nephriticall paynes, that is, in∣flāmations or other paynes of the Kidneyes become more grieuous by reason of aboun∣dance of wind or excrements, & the collicke is often hardly distinguished from the paines of the Kidneyes) and to the spleene.

Beside the membrane aboue named, they haue also other fibres from the Peritonaeum inserted into their gibbous part, which are happely those Hippocrates calleth Nerues, in his booke de natura ossium. They are also tyed by the emulgent vessels to the hollow veine and the great Arterie [table 17. ^{a b}, tab. 2. Lib. 4. ^{m n}, table 22. ^{h i}.] Finally to the bladder it selfe by the vreters or passages of vrine, of which wee shall heare more by and by [table xvii. ^{p c •}, table xxii. ^{m n c}.]

The Kidneyes are two, because one would not haue beene sufficient for the euacuating of so great a quantity of waterish excrement, which is farre more aboundant then both the excrementitious chollers, yellow and blacke. By this meanes also there is a stronger at∣traction of serous bloud, and both sides draw alike; and if one happen to bee stopped with the stone or grauell or ought else, yet the worke of attraction standeth not, but the vrine is auoyded; (although Archangelus will not yeelde to this, because Nature hath created no∣thing against casualties;) whereas if there should bee but one (which is very rare) it must haue beene of necessity as big as both, because of the aboundance of this excrement, and so the body should not haue beene equally ballanced, vnlesse that one had beene seated in the very middest of the backe, iust vpon the hollow veine and great Artery, which scituati∣on would haue hindered the free descent of bloud and spirits by compression. Wherefore Nature for one greater made two smaller, that neither the belly should bunch out, or the creature incline and hang too much to either side. It is also as rare to see three or foure, which when it hapneth they keepe not their ordinary conformation. Eustachius obserued three together, the right was naturall, the left had nothing like a Kidney, but onely the sub∣stance of a triangular form, and wanting an vreter, for the vreter proceeded out of the third which was almost foure square.

The Figure of the Kidney is long and broad, yet broader aboue then below; before and behinde pressed somewhat flat, yet a little more rising before like a bean which therevpon we call a Kidney beane. On the outside (which they call the backe [table xxii. figure 1. ^c.] of the Kidney) towarde the flankes gibbous or embowed and round: on the inside where they looke toward the hollow veine, partly gibbous and partly concauous; flatte or sadled, and as it were crooked into the forme of a line turned with a blunt angle, for such must it of necessity be, both for the admission of the vessels, and for the forming of the hol∣lownes or cauities therein.

Their magnitude is proportionable to their office of purging the whaeye humor, al∣though for the most part they are not of a like [table xxii. figure 1.] bignesse, nor their pro∣portion answerable to the body; yet the greatest disproportion is in their longitude, which commonly equalleth foure rack-bones; but their breadth for the most part is but of three fingers, and the left is often shorter then the right.

About the kidneyes cleaueth fat plentifully [table 2. Lib. 4, ^{o o p p}] because it hath pecu∣liar vessels by which it is nourished; so that in fat men they are almost all couered: the vse of which is to cherish the heate of the Kidneyes••, least by reason of the continuall distil∣lation of so great quantity of the vrine or whay, the heate by degrees languishing might at length be extinguished, & so al their action faile; and beside, least the vessels should be en∣dangered by distention; wherefore in a man it is on the inner side of the Kidney layde as a soft bed or couch between the membrane compassing about the distribution of the vessels and the braunches of the vreters: in a Dogge betwixt the membrane which formeth the faddle side of the Kidney; besides, this fat with his smooth and slippery moysture dulleth the acrimony of the whay or vrine.

There cleaueth to both the Kidneyes in the vpper part, where it regardeth the hollow veine, a glandule or kernell, the inuention or finding whereof is due to Eustachius, which sticketh fast to their outward membranes, so that oftentimes if a man take not heede in the taking out of the Kidneyes, he shall leaue it hanging to the membrane of the Diaphragma. This glandule somewhat answereth in substance and figure to the Kidneyes themselues, yet is often more flat and liker to a cake then to a kidney; as long it is as two fingers, as broad as one, of a moderate thicknesse; but they are not alwayes of an equall greatnes, but most

commonly the right is the larger. Among the new writers (some say) there are manie of them, but will not haue them to be found in euery body, but to bee engendred when the matter is too plentifull; but howsoeuer we haue the things, yet hitherto we want their vse, or at least the knowledge thereof.

To this Glandule there is sometime sent a certaine Tendril from the hollow vein neere the Liuer, sometimes it taketh it from the Veine which we call Adiposa, which goeth to the fat of the Kidneyes to nourish it, of which wee spake euen now: sometimes it hath both Veines.

[illustration]

Table xix. sheweth the Kidney of a man. The first figure the whole Kidney; with the Glandule set aboue it. The second Figure sheweth the Kidney Dissected, that you may see the inward face of it.

[illustration]

TABVLA XIX.

[illustration]

FIG. I

[illustration]

FIG. II.

• A 1. The Kidney of a man whole.
• B 1, The Glandule placed vpon the Kidney.
• C 1, The emulgent veine and Artery.
• D 1, 2. The Vreter.
• e e e 2. The Vreter open, and howe it parteth it selfe into the substance of the Kidneyes, as it were with many pipes.
• f f f 2. Caruncles or teats, with very fine perfora∣tions, which opening into the foresaide pipes of the Vreters, doe as it were through a fine strainer passe the Vrine into them, to bee con∣ueyed to the bladder.

The Kidnies are couered with a double Membrane, one outward, arising from the Peri∣tonaeum neere the lower part of the Diaphragma, where it is knit vnto the Peritonaeum: this cleaueth not very straightly to them [tab, 2, lib. 4 ^OO, ^PP] but they are as it were wrapped in it, whence it is called fasciarenum, that is, the Kidneyes swathing band. This Membrane re∣ceyueth the vena adiposa, [table xvii, ^{X Y}, table 2, lib. 4, ^{l h}] and is rowled in plentifull fat, & so serueth the Kidneyes instead of a couering, of a tye, and of a soft pillow or bolster.

The other Membrane which is proper to the Kidnies is very thin, and produced out of the common coate that cōpasseth the vessels (but dilated) and growes to them exceeding strongly, so that it maketh their flesh otherwise of it selfe firme, yet more fast and compact. And although it make the outside glib and shining yet it wanteth fat, neyther is it wouen with any vessels. This accompanieth the vessels, bent inward pierceth into their hollow∣nesse and compassing them round about, makes them more strong.

The substance of the Kidnies [table xxi, figure 2] is a hard flesh most like the heart, sa∣••ing that it wanteth fibres, which yet the threds of the veines do supply. Fast and compact ••hat the inherent heate may more strongly and easily draw that which was so neere (for to ••raw an excrement from farre, a loose and laxe instrument is more meete) and expell it; and againe, least the blood which is their nourishment should slippe away with the vrine, which would come to passe if their flesh had beene immoderately loose, whereas now it is

fitly reteyned, and hath time to bee diffused all ouer their substance. But on eyther side at the hollownesse [Tab, xxii, ^cc] where the emulgent vessels are diuided into greater braun∣ches, their substance is but loose and vnequall, and is on the inside perforated with passages running through it from the Nerues, where are obserued certaine partes rising somewhat from the flesh, which in their substance, figure, and office do imitate the nature of glandules or kernels, whence some of the ancients haue esteemed these parts of the kidneyes to bee Glandules. Without, his superficies or face is like the Liuer smooth and glib: his colour duskish in a mans health, and not much vnlike a red Beane, seldome very red and shining. It is also very rare that a mans kindnies should be outwardly vnequal, and made as it were of many kidnies or small glandules like the Liuer of a Beare or Oxe, yet Eustathius found

[illustration]

TABVLA XXI.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

Fig. 1. shewcth the foreside of the right Kid∣ney. Fig. 2. shewcth the backside.

• a The body of the Kidney, consisting of eight lobes or partitions.
• b The Vreter distended with Vrine.
• c The emulgent vessels.
• d The lower part of the Vreter, far nar∣rower then it vseth to be.

[illustration]

This Table sheweth the figure of a Childs Kidney, which di∣ed the fourth day after it was borne, in the Hospitall of Ar∣gentine. The child was opened by Doctor Iohannes Rodulphus Saltzmanus. He did indeede sucke, but auoided nothing ei∣ther by stoole or Vrine. His guts were full of wind, but his Fundament was not perfora∣ted. His kidneys were by lines distinguished into eight parts. His vreters wel stretched with water, but at the bladder they were so smal, that a smal probe could hardly without violence be entred into them, which be¦ing stuffed with slime, did stop the descent of the Vrine, so that in the bladder, there was nothing but a little of that slime: the kidnies were some∣what like the kidnies of an Ox.

It shall not be impertinent also, to an∣nexe this strange forme of the kidnies which Bauhine receiued from that ex∣cellent Philosopher and Physitian, D. Leonard Doldius, the ordinary Physiti∣an of the City of Norinberge. This kinde of Kidnies and Vreters was ob∣serued in the body of Andrew Hel•••• of Weissenfield, who dyed at Noris∣berge, the 17. of October, in the yeare of our Redemption, 1602. and the sixteenth of his life, hauing lyen lon•• hurt of a blow he receyued in his be∣ly aboue the groyne.

such in two Infants, a Maide of a xi. yeares of age, and a Man at Rome. The forme of a kid∣ney of that kind discouered in a young Childe by Doctor Saltzmanus, and by him sent vn∣to Bauhine, we haue here a little before annexed.

They haue two venters or cauities, the outward and inward: the outward improperly so called [table xxii. ^d] which Fallopius calleth the Gate, is in the saddle side, where the kid∣ney being like a bent bow returned at either end, it is most what diuided into three partes. The first is a bunch or prominence like a smal hillocke, at either end of which there is a bo∣some or cauity ending in another prominence before you come to their gibbous part. In∣to the corners of these bosomes the diuided vesselles [table xxii. ^{l h}] doe offer themselues thence to be dispersed into the substance of the kidneyes, one branch into the vpper angle of one bosome, another into the lower angle of the other, out of which also the vreter pro∣ceedeth.

The vessels which are sent vnto the kidneies are of all sorts, Veines, Arteries & Nerues. The Veines proceede out of the hollow veine; one of them [table 17. ^{X Y}] is that fatty vein whereof we haue spoken, and it is double; one on the right hand, and another on the left: The right issueth very rarely out of the trunk of the hollow veine, but most what out of the emulgent; the left alwayes out of the hollow veine, and is diuersly distributed to his vtter coate to water or bedew the same; sometimes also it offers a little branch to the glandule which we spake of adioyned to the kidney, which when it hath perforated it is againe con∣sumed in this coate of the kidney.

The other veine, of his office is called the emulgent or sucker [table 17. ^{a b}, table 22. ^{h i}] most commonly one on each side; for in the framing of these vessels Nature often diuersly disports her selfe, so that they differ oftentimes not onely in seuerall bodies, but euen in the same.

This emulgent is a notable vessell, and the greatest of all that arise out of the hollow veine; not that the Kidneyes stand in neede of so great store of nourishment, but that the serous bloud may haue a free & expedite passage. It ariseth seldom directly out of the trunk of the hollow vein, but is carried with an oblique but short progresse downward, and being parted into 2. branches, is inserted into the saddle side of the Kidney, carrying thither the serous or watery bloud out of the hollow veine. In these emulgents wee haue obserued certaine values or floud-gates which hinder the recourse of the whay or vrine into the hol∣low veine. With these is vnited a branch one or two of the veine sine pari or without his fellow, (of which we shall entreate more fitly in another place) that there might be a con∣sent betweene the Kidneyes and the breast.

Arteries it hath of each side one [table 17. vnder ^{a b}, table 22. vnder ^{h i}, table 18. charac∣ter ³, ⁵.] from the trunk of the great Arterie; great emulgents or suckers also, which do purge waterish moysture plentifully contayned in the Arteries from the bloud, and withall doe allow heate to ouercome the cold of the Kidneyes, which Galen sayth they acquired by the passage of the watery moysture through them.

These vessels first parted into two, do then get into the cauities of the Reynes & are pre∣sently diuided, commonly into foure braunches, and so are disseminated diuersly into the whole substance of the Kidneyes [table xxi. figure 1. ^{G G}] till at length they are so by degrees seuered by manifold partitions, that they become as small as hayres; then they approach vnto the Caruncles which are spongy peeces of flesh, through which the whay is filtered or streyned.

The Kidneyes needed no other third veine differing from these whereby they should bee nourished, because they doe not draw a pure excrement as the bladders doe, which there∣fore needed particular veines to carry their nourishment; but these vesselles being full of bloud as well as of whay, doe nourish the kidneyes with the bloud, and send away the whay to be auoyded. They haue nerues on either side from the stomachicall branch of the sixt paire (whence comes the great consent betweene the stomacke and the kidneyes, and the subuersion of the stomacke, and frequent vomits in Nephriticall passions or diseases of the kidneyes) which descend downeward to the rootes of the spondelles or racke-bones of the loynes; and are distributed into the proper membrane of the kidneyes. Moreouer from a∣bout the originall of the Arteries of the mesenterie, there doe proceede a fewe tendrils of sinewes mingled together; part of which goe vnto the kidneyes and the glandules that lye vpon them, the other part together with the emulgent Arteries doe insinuate themselues into the hollownesse of the kidney, and are distributed through their substance. Hence it is

that Nephriticall patients haue not onely a certaine dull sence of paine, but also most ve∣hement torments in their kidneyes; not onely therefore because their holes or dennes, as Galen sayth, are not wide but narrow, and the kidneyes because of the firmenes of their sub∣stance cannot be stretched as the bladder may, but especially because of these nerues distri∣buted through their substance; notwithstanding the paine of the stone is greater when it entreth into the vreter, both because of his exquisite sence, as also because of the straight∣nes of the passage through which the stone falling, must needes teare it almost with stret∣ching, which paine wee see not alwayes to follow those whose passages are dilated by the often comming downe of stones.

The inner venter or cauitie of the kidney, hath a hollownesse made of a sinewey mem∣brane which the emulgent vesselles doe not produce, for they determine into exceeding hairy threds; but the vreters, which becomming first broade in the hollownesse [table 21. figure 1. ^F] of the kidneyes are the matter of it. At whose side on either part before the vessels are diuided into lesse braunches, the substance of the kidneyes appeareth loose and vnequall (the Anatomists call it Cauernosa, spongi formis, erosa) when the fat that compas∣seth it about is diligently remoued.

The vreters are diuided into great braunches, first double or treble (as in the next chap∣ter shall appeare) and then into many others, not (after the manner of other vesselles) still lessened into hairie threds, but broade in the end (so that a man may obserue eight or ten branches like canels or pipes) that they may better receiue the Caruncles before spoken of. For those Caruncles which are like small glandules in the endes of all the vessels (and of a paler colour because they are of a harder flesh then the rest of the kidney) being produced out of the substance of the kidney, and somewhat sharpe like vnto the nipples of breasts, in∣sinuating themselues into the said vessels in manner of a couer or stopple, doe stoppe them vp; which if they be cut according to their length, a man may obserue in them certain fur∣rowes and tunnelles as small as hayres. Wherefore, being so finely bored that they will scarcely admit a haire; by them the whay or serous humour coloured with choler, is sepa∣rated from the bloud, and is insensiblie percolated or drayned into the pipes of the vreters or membranous tunnels (this is called the Colatorie) and gathered together in that com∣mon hollownesse, and thence is sent downeward by the vreters into the bladder: it may bee these furrowie passages are hollowed in the substance of the kidney like as the holes in the nipples of the breasts. And these spongie Caruncles had neede to be so finely bored, least the bloud which together with the vrine and choler is drawne by the emulgents but for their proper nourishment, should with them also passe away into the bladder (which we see sometimes to happen and that without paine; when either the separating or reteyning ver∣tues of the kidneyes are decayed or those small passages widened) considering that this se∣paration is made not by concoction where Nature is her owne chooser, but by transfusi∣on; although wee doe not deny but that these excrements do here receiue a kinde of ela∣boration though not a concoction.

This bloud thus remayning behind, is as it were sucked by the flesh of the kidneyes, and is sprinkled vpon it like a kinde of dew; from whence by degrees after the manner of a va∣pour it is scattered into his whole body, cleaueth, is vnited to it, and finally becommeth the nourishment of the kidneyes. But because being so thin it nourisheth but slenderly, it is continually and in great quantity drawne in, together with much vrine, which (the bloud remayning behinde) insensibly droppeth through those Caruncles.

These things, although they differ from the common opinion of some others, yet may they fitly be demonstrated if you put a Probe into the vessels as they enter in, and the vre∣ter as it goeth out, and then make incision at the saddle side of the kidney; and yet much better & more elegantly are these passages shewed, if you separate the flesh of the kidney from his vesselles; which separation hath aboundantly satisfied vs in this point: and there∣fore we haue exhibited it in the xxi. Table and the first Figure.

But because these things doe not so appeare in Dogges as we haue nowe saide, and yet young Students for want of Mens bodies are often faine to dissect the kidneyes of Dogs: we thought it not amisse, here brieflie to insert the description of Dogs kidneyes also.

The structure therefore of a Dogges kidney delineated in the second Figure of this 21. Table is on this manner.

The membrane immediatelie couering the kidney entreth into his cauity where it is re∣flected or returned and on both sides spred abroad, like as is the membranous bodie from

[illustration]

Fig. 1. sheweth the vesselles of the Kidneyes separated from the flesh. Fig. 2. sheweth the Kidnies Dissected according vnto Vesalius. The first is the Kidney cut according to the length through the gibbous part, so as the slit reacheth vnto the se∣cond sinus or cauity of it, no part of the kidney taken away.

[illustration]

The second exhibiteth the Kidney where all the substance or par∣tition which is called Septum renis is sliced away in a com∣passe, that the second cauity may better appeare.

[illustration]

The third sheweth al the branches of the first cauity or sinus, the flesh of the Kidney being quite taken away.

[illustration]

Fig. 3. expresseth the deuise of some men concerning the per co∣lation or streyning, of the whey, the first sheweth the Kidney dissected from the gibbous part toward the Hollow part, to∣gether with the Cribrum or Siue: the second sheweth the middle part of the Kidney.

[illustration]

TABVLA XXI.

[illustration]

FIG: I,

[illustration]

FIG: II.

[illustration]

FIG: III.

• A. The trunke of the Hollow veine.
• B The trunk of the great artery
• CC The emulgent veine diui∣ded into two.
• D D The double emulgent ar∣tery.
• E The spermaticall veine ari∣sing from the trunke of the hollow veine.
• F The latitude of the Vreter in the bodye of the kidney; in the broader part whereof oftentimes are engendred, ragged & branched stones.

[illustration]

Fig. 2.

• α β 1, 2. The forepart & hinder part of the kidney.
• γ γ, 1, 2 The orificies of the branches of the first sinus or cauity of the kidneyes.
• ♌ ♌, 1. The body of the first si∣nus into which the veine & the artery of the kidney do determine.
• ...•• •• 1, 2. The hole where the Vreter begins.
• •• 1, 2. A part of the Vreter.
• α β 2. The circle betweene α and β, shewes the second Sinus of the kidney.
• η θ 2. The backe part of this si∣nus is marked with η, the forepart with θ.

[illustration]

Fig. 3.

• The emulgent veine and artery.
• B B. The sinus or cauitie into which the vrine is streyned out of the first cauity.
• C C. The cauity into which some think the vesselles do powre the serous or whaey bloud.
• D D. The substance of the kid∣ney compassing this cauity round about.
• E E. The Draine of the Kidney called Colatorium, or the Membrane perforated like a siue, through which the v∣rine passeth say some, toge∣ther with the Choler that coloreth it out of the caui∣ty marked with B, into the cauity marked with C.
• F F. The Vreter which recey∣ueth the vrine out of the se∣cond Cauity, and leadeth it into the bladder.

which the Vreters do proceede. To this Membrane cleaueth the fat whereupon the di∣stribution of the emulgents into the Kidnies doth leane, as vppon a pillow or boulster for their security. It hath also many holes through which the vessels enter into the Kidneyes. Next followeth that which is called The Membranous body, which is diuided into manie branches, and as a couer compasseth the vessels, it maketh a cauity which conteyneth the vessels and the fat.

Vpon this Membranous body lyeth the cauity of the Kidney, in the middest whereof han∣geth a part of the substance of the Kidney regarding the gibbous side, differing in colour from the rest, and wanting the Membranous couer before named. It is like a new Moone, and hangeth like a partition, so leaning vpon the Membranous body, that the cauities of the same Kidney seemeth to be double. But in the Kidney of a man there are no such cauitie to be found, but the emulgent vessels and the Vreters are diuided through his substance into many branches, and the cauities which are in the Kidneyes are wrought as it were out of them.

The vse of the Kidneyes is to draw from the whole masse of bloode, as well that of the Veines, as that of the Arteries, the serous humour through the emulgent vessels by a pro∣per attractiue faculty arising from the similitude of substance betweene it and the kidnies, and so to purge both kinds of the blood, arteriall and venall from that excrement. For those parts which through large orificies do draw their conuenient and familiar iuice, can∣not draw it pure, simple, & sincere, but with the admixtion of some other of a diuers kind. Wherefore together with the Vrine is drawne both much moyst and thin bloud out of the Liuer, and much yellow choler, which the bladder of Gall did not attract before. But the Vrine or whey by the force of the kidneyes is segregated from the blood in the very conco∣ction of their Aliment, & beside their attractiue faculty gathereth the blood into their sub∣stance for the nourishment of it; but the Vrine as an vnprofitable excrement, the expel∣ling vertue straineth through the furrowes or tunnels of the Caruncles (thorough which also the grauell passeth from the body of the Kidney together with the Vrine) into the mē∣branous pipes of the Vreters: which vrine is gathered together in the greater hollownesse of the Vreters, and from them is sent into the bladder, where againe it is kept a certaine time, and at length is expelled thence at our discretion through the Yard, the Sphincter-Muscle being relaxed or loosened. The choler also passeth along with the vrine, from whence they haue their yellow tincture: for when the choler gaddeth vpward to the brain (as in phrensies it is not very rare) then are the vrines very pale.

Before Vesalius time it was a common receyued opinion, and reteyned yet by some, that in the Kidneyes there are two bosomes or cauities running according to their length; one higher, another lower, which are distinguished by a transuerse or ouerthwart Mem∣brane perforated like a Siue which they call Renis colatorium; and that the emulgents did powre serous blood into the vpper cauity, and thence the choler and the vrine did passe through the fine searcing holes of the Membrane into the lower bosome; the blood remai∣ning behinde because of his thicknesse. Out of the lower cauity vssueth the Vreter, which receyueth the streyned vrine, and conuaieth it into the bladder. The manner of which de∣duction of the vrine we haue expressed in the third Figure of the 21. Table. Thus.

The emulgent vessels which powre the serous bloud into the first cauity at A. which is strained through E into the lower cauity C. and then receiued by the Vreter which is mar∣ked with F. Afterward Vesalius (who counselleth to Dissect either a Dogges Kidneyes or a Goats, fearing to deale with a mans because of the fat) and almost all before Fallopius, were of opinion, that the Kidneyes had two cauities, the one wouen of the extremities or ends of the emulgents which passe into the kidneyes. This texture is hollow like a Vessell, and is distributed through the body of the Kidney, and at length diuided into a forepart & a backe part, each of which produceth sixe, seauen, or more thick branches equally distant one from another, yet so that the fore most are vnited with the hindmost in the out-side where they make a circle, and so do agree together to make a cauity to receiue the serous blood. The other bosome or cauity is on the backe side, betwixt the branches of that mem∣branous body. And this by the interposition of a part of the Kidney, is diuided into two parts, where it receyueth the whey distilling from the substance of the Kidney, and sendeth it into the Vreters. This cauity in Dissection is found moyst, but without bloode, but the former is alwayes found full of blood, and this conceite is answerable to the Figure of the Dogs kidneyos. [Tab. 21, fig. 2] And thus much of the Kidneyes.

CHAP. XV. Of the Vreters or passages of vrine.

THE Vreters or vrine leaders or vessels of Vrine, the Greekes call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as a man should say the pissers. Hippocrates de Glandulis calleth them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or conduit pipes. They are two vessels [Tab. xvii, ^{c d}. Tab: ii, lib. 4. ^qq. Tab. xxii ^{m n}] on eyther side one (sometimes, but seldome two or more, yet meeting in one before their insertion) which lying vpon the Muscles of the Loynes, and a little reflected or turned inward least they should make an oblique passage, doe descend betwixt the two Membranes of the Peritonaeum or rimme of the belly vnto which they are knit, and so are ioyned to the bladder. [Table xxii, ψ. Table xvi, char. 18, 20.]

Their figure is round, a palme long & of the bredth of a straw; in those that are much trou∣bled with the stone dilated to the proportion of a smal gut; hollow & running aside or ob∣liquely like the letter s. In women broader then in men, but right and short, and hence it is that they auoide stones with much lesse pain then men. Their substance is properly white (whence some call them the white veines) without blood thicke and neruous, (whereupon other men call the neruosi canalicult or the neruous Tunnels) which makes them so strong.

[illustration]

Table xxii. sheweth the Kidneyes with the vessels of vrine and of seede; a part of the Hollow veine and of the great Arterie, the Testicles, the bladder, and the yard. The first figure shew∣eth the fore-side, the second the hinder side.

[illustration]

TABVLA XXII.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

• aaa 1. The forpart of the right kidney.
• bbb 2. the back part of the left kidney.
• c 1. The outward side.
• dd 1, 2. the inner side.
• ee 1, 2. the two cauities where into the emulgent vesselles ••re inserted.
• ff 1, 2. the trunke of the Hol∣low veine.
• gg 1 2. The trunk of the great artery.
• hi, 1, 2. the emulgent veine & artery.
• kk 1, 2. the right fatty veine.
• l 1, the left fatty vein.
• * i. the Coeliacall artery.
• mn, 1, 2. the vreters.
• op{que} 1, 2, the right spermatick veine which ariseth neere p, the left neere q.
• r 1, the place where the arte∣ries of the seede do arise.
• s 1, 2. Smal branches distribu∣ted from the spermaticall veines to the Peritonaeum.
• t 1, 2, the spiry bodden bodie, cald Varicosum vas pyramidale.
• u 1, 2, the Parastatae or Epididy∣mis.
• x 1, the testicle couered yet in his coate.
• y 1, 2, the place where the lea∣ding vessell called Vas defe∣rens doth arise.
• α 1, 2. the descent of the same leading vessell.

β 1, 2, The revolution of the same leading vessell. γ 1 2, the passage of the same vessel reflected like a re-current nerue. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 2, the meeting of the same leading vessels. ε 1, 2, the bladder of V∣rine, the first figure sheweth it open, the second sheweth the back parts. ζ ζ 1, the smal bladders of seede opened. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 2, the Glandules called glandulae prostarae. θ 2, the sphincter Muscle of the bladder. 1, 2, •• ••, the two bodies which make the substance of the yard. x x, 1, the vessels which go vnto the yard, and the necke of the bladder. Λ 1, the passage which is common to the vrine and the seede, cut open. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the implantation of the vreters into the bladder.

This kinde of substance is found in no other part of the bodie vnlesse it be in the bladder, to whose inward substance they are verie like, and to which they are continuated; by reason of which substance and beside, because they may not be seuered from the bladder without breaking, whereas they may from the kidneys whole and sound, it may be lawfull to say, that they haue their original from the bladder, althogh our great Ancients, Hippocrtaes, A∣ristotle and Galen haue taught otherwise, namely, that they arise from the Cauitie of the kidnies. This substance, gifted with oblique fibres for distinction sake, if any man will say is the proper and peculiar coate of the vessell, which a common membrane doth inuest giuen him for further strength from the peritonaeum, we will not gaine say him.

But these vreters after they haue incompassed [Tab. 21. fig. 1.] the inward venter or ca∣uitie of the kidnie and made 8. or 10. pipes, they passe out at the saddle side, or if you will rather say thus, when the vreter is gone into the kidnie (of a man not of a dog) becomming somewhat broader, it is diuided into three branches like the emulgents, and is distributed into the vpper, the lower, and the middle region of the kidnie, of which the vpper and low∣er are againe subdiuided each of them into 3. and the middle into two; these being short & large haue broad ends, wherein euerie one of them receiue the glandule which we said was like the nipple of a womans breast, arising out of the flesh of the kidnies in the manner of a fleshie stopple, that so through them the vrine might be streined into euery one of the pipes or tunnels.

Often many of these branches are perforated in the middle likewise, wheras in their vtter mouths they receiue a glandule also: They are implanted into the backward and lowest part [Tab. 22. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.] of the bladder, (for their implantation could not be more commodious be∣cause the bladder cleaueth to the right gut) not farre from the neck betwixt his two pro∣per membranes hauing the distance of two fingers betweene them, and so with an oblique insertion they pierce the cauitie of the bladder; but their passage or entrāce is very narrow; by which kind of insertion the returne of the vrine toward the kidnies againe is foreletted. Some ascribe this hinderance of the refluēce of the vrine to certaine transverse membranes like vnto values, or the small mēbranes of chaffe or husks of corne, or like the leather latches of bellowes, litle differing from the substance of the bladder and placed vpon the insertions of the vreters, whose office also it is to giue place to the vrine when it flowes into the bladder & to hinder it from returning, either when the bladder is distended or in the compression of the belly, by stopping the orificies of the vreters; & trulie those orificies are so close shut vp, that when children blow a hogs bladder and tie it streight at the necke, not so much as the aire can be pressed out. Wherefore Galen speaking of these passages, breaketh out into an admiration of the wisedome and prouidence of our Creator, whereof he taketh this, and iustly to, to be a great document or argument.

Their vessels are very hairie and fine, their veines and arteries they haue from the neigh∣bor parts. Their nerues from the sixt paire or coniugation and from the marrow of the loynes, whence comes their exquisite sense and so exquisite paine, when either the stone is in them or passeth away by the flankes.

Their vse is, that in their channels the vrine together with a chollericke excrement seue∣red from the blood by the power of the kidnies, might passe into the bladder which is far distant from them, and placed as a cisterne in the lowest part of the of the Abdomen, they are also thought to giue to the vrine a kinde of alteration; but more manifest it is that they do good seruice in freeing the kidnies from the burden of grauell, or of the stone to which all ages and sexes are very prone and subiect.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Blader.

THe bladder of vrine called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 of a word that signifieth to hide, be¦cause it hideth the vrine, is seated in the hypogastrium, which therefore we cal the watercourse, in that hollownes [Table vi. lib. ii. ^H. tab. ii. g. tab. ii. lib. iv. γ.] which is made by the holy bone, the hip bones and the share bones meeting together, all which cauitie is taken vp by the bladder (for it is a large cistern or vessell) and the right gut, close to which the necke of the bladder lieth connected or fa∣stened. In women the bladder lieth betweene the wombe [Tab. vi. lib. 4. T. sheweth the bladder, L the wombe, but Tab. xxvii. of this booke s shewes the bladder and p the womb,] and the share bone, as well because the draining vessels for the excrements of aliment are

most conueniently placed in the lower parts for their easier euacuation, as also because of the entrails seruing for nourishmēt, that those which are the most noble might haue the vp∣place. These bones also are ordained for defence of a part so verie necessarie, and of so exquisite sense, albeit the cauity which they make, was made for other vses, of which wee will heare more heereafter. His seate is betweene the two coates of the Peritonaeum which make as it were a particular venter (whence haply it was that Diocles di∣uided the bodie into the head, the chest, the belly, and the bladder) vnder the Share∣bone when it is empty; and in Dissection it can scarsely bee found at the first view, for it exceedeth not the greatnes of a reasonable peare, but when it is full it is stretched out into the hollownesse of the very belly, and may be felt aboue the groine.

The bottome and the fore-part are tyed to the Peritonaeum, [Tab. vi, lib 2, I. Table 2, *] but loosely by two ties. The first is a Ligament [Table vi, lib 2, ^b. Table 2, 1. Table xxiii, fig. 7. 8. γγ.] originally arising from [tab. xxiii. fig. 7. 8. ^Q] his bottome and carried to the na∣uill, [ta. xxiii. fig. 7. 8. γ.] which they cal Vrachus in the infant. And this ligament is fastened to the middle of the bladder. The other tie is of two vmbilical [tab. vi. lib. 2. ^{a d}, tab. 2. k. l. tab. xxiii. fig. 7. 8. x.] arteries dryed, that when a man goes vpright, it might fall vpon his owne necke and so hinder his execretion. In dogges the bottome of it groweth not to the Peri∣tonaeum, but hangeth by a certaine processe, moreouer in them it is very white, smoth at the bottome and slipperie, as it is also on the inside [tab. xxii. fig. 1. ε.] and lined ouer with a waterish humour.

His figure is long, a little round, [tab. xxii. fig. 3. 7. 8. fig. 2. ε tab. 23. ^Q] which some haue lik∣ned to a sphere, some to a gourd; for if it were round as a bowle is roūd, it wold be too much pressed by the parts that lie about it. It is hollow that it might receiue a great quantitie of li∣quor & frō a large bottom by degrees growing narrower it endeth in a streight neck, wher∣fore the parts of the bladder are two, the body and the necke. The substance of it is partly membranous or neruous, both for the commodious extēsion because it is often to be filled & to conteine the vrine, that we might not alwayes be constrained, but within conuenient time to yeeld it forth; and for his corrugation or knitting vp together after euacuation: Partly also the substance is fleshie. It hath three membrances, one common and two pro∣per. The common is the vtter and is from the Peritonaeum, a strong and thicke one, where∣with it is couered ouer and strengthened, that though it be distended with aboundance of water it should not be broken or rent; by this also it is tyed in men to the right gut, and in women to the necke [Tab. xxvii. t is the necke of the bladder inserted into the necke of the wombe aboue the priuities at u; Tab. viii. lib. 4. fig. 1. 0. the neck of the bladder, and fig. 3. ^c the necke of the bladder, and ^d the neck of the wombe] of the matrix or wombe, and to the bones of the hippes which are next vnto it.

The two proper membranes ioyned together are nowe thicker now thinner, as they are distended or angustated or streightned; which in the vppermost part of the bottome and about the necke because of the insertion of the vreters are harder and thicker. The inner of these is transparent, very white, thinne, neruous, wouen exceeding thicke with all kind of neruous fibres, as also are all other membranes which stand in neede to be much disten∣ded and contracted. The right fibres are inmost, the transuerse outmost, the oblique in the middle according to the order of the functions as they say of attraction, retention and expulsion; which wee say are ordayned for the better conteyning and expelling of the v∣rine.

This inner membrane if the bladder be a little blowne, may be separated from the vtter. But that this fine membrane be not hurt by the acrimonie of the vrine because it is of ex∣quisite sense, the inner cauitie of his bottome is rugous and ful of folds and plights, and mu∣cous or slimie, (some say this slime is a kind of Fibrous substance) or rather it is defended with a crusty coate engendered of the excrements of the third concoction of the bladder. The vtter of the proper membranes is thicker, sprinkled with fleshy fibres, yet not red as are the fibres in the muscles, but whitish such as appeare in the coates of the stomacke, and the guts: such they seeme because they are placed betweene white membranes: although sometimes by affluxion or affluence of blood they become so conspicuous, that a man would say it were a fleshy membrane.

It hath these fibres as well for the preseruation not onely of the heate which otherwise would bee very weake; but also of the vrine from falling by the fibres of the inner mem∣branes much distended in repletion: so, that these fibres being contracted or drawn toward

their originall by like little Muscles; by strengthening the bladder, which by the helpe of these knits it selfe together, it might exclude or shut out euen the least thinges conteyned therein.

It hath three holes or perforated passages, two in the backward and lower part a little before it end in the necke, where the insertion of the Vreters [Tab: xxii, fig: 1, Ψ, Tab. viii, figure 1, ^H] betwixt the two proper coates, by which the Vrine driuen downe from the kid∣neyes, is of it owne accord powred into it, not by resudation or sweating through, but by open passages. [Tab: viii, lib. 4. fig. 1 ^M] To which (that the Vrine might not recoile or flow backe, no nor the very winde when the bladder is distended) beside the oblique insertion

[illustration]

Tab. xxiii. demonstrateth the Muscles of the yard, of the Funda∣ment and of the Bladder, and the three bodies of the yard.

The first and second Figures shew the yard excoriated, cleauing yet to the bottome of the share bone.

The third sheweth the same separated with his Vessels.

The fourth and fifth, the yarde cut away, and Dissected ouer∣thwart.

The sixt, the Canell or pipe of the yard, diuided at the entrance into the bladder.

The seauenth, the fore-part of the bladder and the yarde, toge∣ther with the vmbilicall vessels.

The eight figure sheweth the bladder of a woman with the vm∣bilicall vessels, and a part of the vreters.

The ninth sheweth the backe parts of the bodies of the yard.

[illustration]

TABVLA XXIII.

[illustration]

FIG I

[illustration]

II

[illustration]

III.

[illustration]

IV

[illustration]

V

[illustration]

VI

[illustration]

VII

[illustration]

IIX

[illustration]

IX.

• A B, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9. The two bodyes that make the yard.
• C C, 2, 3. The place where these two bo∣dies do arise.
• D, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9. The nut of the Yarde, called glans Penis.
• E E, 4: 5. The foungous and red substance of the bodies of the yard.
• F, 4. 5. The mutual connexion of the bodies of the yarde, and the ner∣uous outward substance of the same, compassing round about the former fungous substance.
• G, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9. The passage of the vrine, or the common pipe running vnder the yard all along his length.
• H I, 1, 2. The first paire of Muscles of the yarde which in the first figure doe yet grow to it, but in the second they hāg from their originall.
• K, L, 1, 2. The second paire of the Mus∣cles of the yard; in the first figure gro∣wing to, in the second hanging from their insertion.
• M 1, 2. The sphincter of the right gut.
• N, 3, 7. 8, 9. The round sphincter muscle of the bladder.
• O O. A Membrane which is ouer the holes of the share bone.
• P 2. A round Ligament from the Coxae vnto thehead of the thigh.
• Q. 3, 7, 8. The body of the bladder.
• R, 3, 7. The Prostatae into which the seede when it is perfectly laboured is led.
• S S, 3, 8. Portions of the vreters.
• TT 3. Portions of the vessels which lead downe the seede.
• V V, 7, 8. The vmbilicall Arteries.
• X 7. 8. The Ligament of the bladder cal∣led Vrachus.
• Y 7, 8. The nauell or vmbilicus.
• Z, 7, 8. The vmbilicall veine.
• a a 7. The veine and artery of the yard.
• b 5. The Artery distributed through the body of the yard.

of the Vreters, there is set on either side a smal Membrane or value, after the maner of the leather latches of Bellowes; but this is an improper acceptation of a Value.

The third passage or the outlet of the bladder, yeeldeth way vnto the vrine, and is in the necke which is long enough, but straight, conueyed vnder the Share-bones, and pla∣ced vnder the substances or bodies of the Yard, and therefore a little crooked, and is carri∣ed

vpward from the Fundament vnto the beginning of the virile Member, to make his pipe or hollow Canell, and common passage.

In women this outlet is shorter [Table xxiii, fig: 8. about ⁿ] and broader [Table xxvii, ^t] carried right downeward, and is inserted into the necke of the Matrixe at the vtter and vp∣per end. Through this passage women auoide their vrine; men both their vrine and their seede, therefore men haue behind it [Tab. xxii, fig: 2, ⁿⁿ Tab: xxiii, fig: 3, 7, ^R] two Glandules placed, called by Galen prostatae, thicke and white, receyuing the insertion of the Vessels, which leade the seede called vasa deferentia.

The necke of the bladder is most what fleshy wouen with many Fibres, some right vn∣der which lye hid transuerse also, which are placed at the beginning of this neck aboue the saide Glandules, and do contract it so, that the Vrine cannot drop out against our willes in any compression of the Abdomen, and strong retention of the breath; wherefore from the vse it is called the Sphincter Muscle, and from the Figure of the Greeke Letter sigma, sig∣moides. These Fibres being loosened not without a voluntary and strong compression of the Muscles of the Abdomen and the Diaphragma, the vrine eyther by his quantity or quali∣ty and acrimony prouoking the bladder, is with contention or strife pissed forth: for if the vrine runne against our will, and without feeling, it is because the Muscle is either paraly∣ticall, or too much cooled. But if this compression of the vpper parts againe do cease, the Fibres are contracted, and so the drops or remainders that continue yet in the passage are expelled.

If any man would see this transuerse Muscle lying betweene the right Fibres of the vtter coate and adioyned to the body of the glandules, hee must boyle the bladder lightly, or as we say parboyle it.

Furthermore below the glandules there are to be seen certaine transuerse fibres encom∣passing [table xxii. figure 2 θ, table xxiii. figure 3. 7. 8. 9. ⁿ] the canale or passage which A∣natomists haue hitherto shewed for the sphincter. But if these were so, then seede coulde neuer passe without the vrine, as it hapneth in the Gonorrhaea or running of the Reines; for in the accompanying of a man with a woman, the muscle in this part must needes bee dilated, which being so, the vrine together with the seede must needes fall away, as it commeth to passe in them that want the vpper sphincter.

His vessels are veines, arteries, and sinewes; the veines and arteries are on both hands at the sides of the necke, that they might not be carried farre without a conuoy, and might bee also safely inserted; and are doubly diuided; one part of them is distributed into the whole bladder with many small threds. The other part which is the greater in man be∣cause of the yarde, and the lesser in women is carried downeward according to the descent of the necke. The veines serue for his nutrition, for it is not nourished with vrine, neither doth it as the Kidneyes receiue any portion of bloud with the vrine, but onely the pure ex∣crement, and therefore stands in need of proper veines for his nourishment. The Arte∣ries serue for the recreation and refreshment of the life and heate: both of them proceede from the doubly diuided Hypogastricall braunch [table 8. ^{u u}] of the hollow veine and great Arterie: wherefore in the inflamation of the bladder the inner ankle veine is to be opened, but in women they arise from the vessels which come vnto the necke of the Matrix.

It hath notable Nerues from the branches of the sixt coniugation which reach to the rootes of the ribs and from the marrow of the holy-bone, that the sence of excretion might bee stirred vp at those thinges which molest it; whence also come those exceeding sharpe paines that a man suffers when it is vlcerated, or but raw

His vse is to receiue like a bottle not only the vrine, which is the excrement of the moist Aliment, by degrees strayned through the Kidneyes and brought downe by the vreters; but also all dry excrements of which the stone is ingendered; which excrements the bladder doth not draw downe, but they are partly put downe by the kidneyes, partly they fall with their owne waight and of their owne accord, whence some call it the vrinall of the body. It also by constriction of the passage keepeth the water till a fit time of excretion, which it doth with a faculty mixed, that is partly Naturall and partly Animall, but the retention be∣longeth more properly to the Animall faculty, and the expulsion or excretion to the Na∣turall.

Of the Fundament. CHAP. XVII.

NExt to the Bladder lyeth the Fundament called in Latin Podex and anus, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. It is the end of the right gut [table 6. Figure ii, iii, ^a] and hath belonging to it three muscles.

The first is called the Sphincter [table 24. Figure 1. ^•] a round muscle (whence it is called also the Ringe) cōpassing about the end of the right gut to hinder the exiture of the excrements. for it shutteth the passage so close that not so much as any winde can get out. This affordeth a beginning [table 23. figure 1 2. ^M] to the muscles [table 23. Figure 1, ^{H I}] of the yarde. The other two muscles are cal∣led

[illustration]

The first Figure sheweth a part of the right gut, with his Muscles cut from the body, which par••twen we take away the guts, wee vse to leaue.

[illustration]

TABVLA XXIII.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

1

[illustration]

2.

[illustration]

3.

[illustration]

4.

[illustration]

5.

• A. A part of the right gut, about which a string is tyed.
• BC. Two Muscles draw∣ing vp the fundament after excretion.
• D. A Musculous substance which groweth to the roote of the yarde, but in women it io ineth to the very lower part of their lap.
• E The Sphincter or round Muscle of the Funda∣ment.

Leuatores ani [table 6. Figure 2. 3. ^{b c} table 24. figure 1. ^{B C}] the lifters of the fundament. They are inserted into the vtter coate of the gut, and into the vpper part of the sphincter, [table 24. figure 1. ^E] and grow also to the roote of the yarde and the necke of the wombe. [table 24. Figure 1. ^D.] Their vse is after excretion to retract the Fundament, and if they be weakned, men are constrayned to vse their fingers to doe that office; but because we shall speake more of these muscles in another place, this at this time shall bee sufficient.

The Muscles and Nerues scituated in the cauitie of the lower Belly. CHAP. XVIII.

BEside the Muscles of the Abdomen mentioned and but mentioned in the ninth Chapter of the second Booke, and the muscles of the Fundament named in the former Chapter, there are also other muscles appearing in the lower belly when the parts aboue named are remoued. And those are two paires lying vpon the spondels or rack-bones. The first is the sixt muscle moouing the thigh or the first of his benders, they are called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine Lumbales. The second is the seauenth mouing the thigh or the se∣cond of his benders, and it is called Iliacus internus the inward flanke Muscle, of which wee shall heare more in the history of the muscles of the thigh.

At the sides of the loynes on either hand is a portion of the broade muscle called Latis∣simus, which draweth the arme backeward and downeward, vnder which lyeth the square muscle called Quadratus, which is the first muscle of the back. But in the very denne or ca∣uity it selfe is the muscle of the thigh, according to Vesalius, called obturator internus, and it

is the second muscle of those that turne the thigh about.

There are also two sorts of nerues dispersed through the lower belly. Some proceeding from the sixt paire of the marrow of the braine, from which are distributed branches to all the entralles herein contayned, of which wee haue spoken particularly in the particular hi∣storie, 2 yet their production and continuation shall bee better insisted vppon afterward. O∣ther sinewes there are arising from the marrow of the backe, as it is contayned in the racke∣bones of the Loynes and the holy-bone; wherfore these nerues are of 2. sorts, some of the loyns others of the holy-bone: Of the loynes sometimes foure sometimes fiue paire, of the 4 holy-bone alwayes fiue payre, of which we shall entreate in their proper place.

The Bones of the lower Belly. CHAP. XIX.

THE Bones which together with the fleshy partes doe make the lower Belly, although they compasse not the belly round about as the other two Regions are compassed, yet are there some of them on his back part, some on his sides, and some before. On the pack part are the Loynes, the Holy-bone, and the Rumpe.

Of the Loynes there are fiue rack-bones [table 25. Figure 1, 2, from ^b to ^c] which are knit together with Cartilages and thicke ligaments, and aboue are tyed with the spondels [table 25. Figure 2. ^a] of the Chest, below they rest vpon the Holy-bone. [table 25. figure 1, 2. ^c.] The first of these Loyne racks is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 from the Kidneyes which leane vp∣pon it, the last some haue called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is the Vnder-propper.

[illustration]

The first figure sheweth the fore-part of the Bones of the lower Belly. The second figure, the back-part. The third, fourth, and fift shew one of the fiue racke-bones of the Loynes, the third the fore-part, the fourth the backe-part, and the fift the side.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XXV.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

III

[illustration]

IV

[illustration]

V

They haue ascendent pro∣cesses [table 25. figure, 4, 5,] descendent [table 25. Figure 4. ^N] and transuerse, [table 25. Figure 2, ^{C C} Figure 3, 4, 5, ^H] the sharp end of which they call the spine [table 25. Fig. 3, 4, 5. ^{C D}.]

The Holy-bone called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, the broad bone, is made of sixe spon∣dels [tab, xxv, Figure ii. from ^c to ^d, table xxvi. Figure 6. from ^A to ^B.]

The Rumpe bone called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 ξ, or Os Coccygis [tab. xxv. Figure 1, 2, ^d, table 26, Fig. 8, 9.] it consisteth of three or foure bones [table 26. Fig, 6, 7, from ^G to ^K] and two gri∣stles; one, where it is ioyned to the Holy-bone [table 26, Figure 6, 7, ^a] the other at his end or beake, [table xxvi, Figure 7, ^c] sometimes also between his first and second bone,

At the sides of the lower belly there are twoe bones, whose vpper and broader parts committed to the Ho∣ly-bone, [table xxvi. Fig, 13. ^{A B}, ^CC, ^DD,] are called ossa Ili∣um; [table xxv, Figure 1. ^mm, table 26, Figure 13. aboue ^T at s] the hanch bone, and their circumference is called Spina ossis Ilii. [table 25, Figure 1, 2, ⁱⁱ, table 26. 13. ^{H L M N}.] The lo∣wer and vtter parts of these bones are called ossa Coxendicis [table 25. Figure 1. ^{n n} tab, 26,

[illustration]

The sixt Figure sheweth the fore-part of the Holybone, together with the rumpe bone. The seuenth figure the back part. The eight the rumpe of a man. The ix. the rumpe of a woman. The x. and xi. the fore-part and back-part of the Holy & rump bones of an Ape. The xii. the foreside, the xiii, the inside, the xiiii, the outside of the great haunchbone, the xv the gristle betwixt the share bones of a man, the xvi. the same in a Wo∣man.

[illustration]

TABVLA XXVI.

[illustration]

FIG. VI.

[illustration]

VII.

[illustration]

X

[illustration]

XI

[illustration]

XIII

[illustration]

IX

[illustration]

IIX

[illustration]

XII

[illustration]

XIV

[illustration]

XV. XVI.

Fig. xiii, below ^T and ^F vnto ^R and ^P] or the Hippe bone, which hath in it a notable boxe or cup [table xxvi, fig 12, 14, ^{a b c}] whereinto the head of the thigh is copu∣lated.

Finally, the bones in the fore-part of the lower belly are called Ossapubis, [Tab: xxv, fig. 1, 2, ^PP. Tab: xxvi, Fig: xiii, xiiii. that which is below ^• and θ] the Share∣bones; they are tyed toge∣ther in the middest of the share with a Cartilage [tab. xxvi, Figure. xv,] they are very thinne, and haue the greatest perforation of the whole body. [Table xxv. fig 1, 2, ^QQ. Table xxvi, fig, xii, xiii, xiiii, ^Q] These bones, to∣gether with the Holybone, make that peluis or Dish which conteyneth part of the guts, the bladder, and the wombe, marked in the xxv. & Table in the first fi∣gure.

Of all which, wee haue heere giuen you but a view, reseruing the fuller Dis∣course vnto our Booke of Bones.

CHAP. XX. Of the Brests or Paps.

ALthough the brests or paps are not conteyned in the lower Venter or com∣pas of the Abdomen, yet as before the Gullet, so now these, because they be parts which serue chiefly for nourishment, wee haue thought this place fittest for their history. But because there is nothing so much vse of them in men as in women, therefore we will first intreat of the breastes or paps of women, and then of men.

The Breasts therefore are called in Latine Mammae, in Greeke by Hippocrater 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by Aristotle 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifieth to seeke, because in them Infants seeke their nou∣rishment euen by a naturall instinct: Galen cals them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. No creatures haue paps but such as can beget a perfect creature. And amongst those that haue them, none haue them set afore in the middest of their Chest but onely a man, and indeede this place is most fit for them. For being made for the milke sake which they containe, it behooued they should be seated in that place where soonest and with most ease, because of the neighbour-hoode of the heart which is the shop of heate, the blood might be altred and laboured thereinto; and where also the greatest quantity of the benigne and pleasant superfluity of the norish∣ment may be gathered.

Moreouer, this scituation serueth also for more convenient suckling. For because the in∣fant cannot go, it is necessary that it should bee embraced in the handes and armes of the Nurse; being so embraced it can apply itselfe to no place so fitly as to this; & out of doubt our wise Creator by this position of the brests did set a marke of distinction betweene man

and beast, for beasts do onely nourish their young, but afterwards neglect them: but men doe transfuse out of their heart into their young ones 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is a naturall affection, which the Latines hauing not beene able shortly to expresse, haue called Pious loue, or pi∣ety. For the Mother doth not onely nourish her Infants, but embraceth them and kisseth them; and so loue being neuer forgotten, at length growes reciprocall and mutuall. But least the heauy breasts should flagge downe too lowe because a woman goes alwaies vp∣right, they are knit and tyed by their whole basis or bottome to the bony part of the chest. They are two, (euen as the whole body almost is diuided into two partes) that like good handmaides they might serue their dame the wombe, which it selfe is as it were parted in∣to two; for the Milke doth not come vnto the brests, till the infant be throughly perfected. And that if there be two Infants, yet they may both at once haue wherewith to satisfy and nourish them; and therefore those creatures which accustomably bring forth more young, haue also more dugges to suckle them with. But if there had beene but one fastened to the middle of the Chest, neyther would the blood haue gotten so well to it, because it should haue had one continuated bone vnder it which we call the breast bone; and beside the in∣fant could not haue bin so handsomly applyed vnto it.

Their forme is somewhat round, they are hardish, and are seuered asunder by a middle distance, and in virgins before they be fit to conceyue they are imperfect, so that scarse any thing appeares of them but Nipples; but as they grow fitter and fitter for conception, they begin to strut out, become hard and like pleasant Apples, whereupon Aristophanes calles them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. They represent as it were a halfe bowle, and when they arise two fingers high, then commonly the monthly courses begin to flow. In women that haue neuer conceiued, they remaine knit and as it were gathered vp, but they grow as the belly and infant in those that be with childe. When the Infant is perfect and that the time of deliuerance draw∣eth neere, they swell proportionably as much as the wombe: for there is gre•••••••• sent be∣tweene them by the mediation of vessels, as we shall heare afterward. This consent ap∣peareth, when the infant in the wombe either is not well, (for if it be weake, the breasts are full of milke before their time, sayth Hippocrates) or perisheth. Neyther is it maruell, see∣ing their officies haue so great affinity, for the wombe was made to receiue the seede, and to perfect the creature, and the breasts to nourish it, being brought into the worlde. Also when the infant begins to mooue, then beginne they to rise, and the nipples to strut: and moreouer the infant is lodged on that side where the brest growes greater, whether it bee the right or the left.

In fat folke they are greater, and in some because of their great weight they hang lowe downe, as it is common among the women of Ireland, who neuer vse to tye vp their brests. In some they grow euen to a monstrous greatnesse as long as they giue sucke and fal after∣ward. In olde women they be long and flaccid or loose, so that in extreame age the Ker∣nels and the fat being consumed, onely the skin and the nipples do remaine; sometimes, in such people they are knit wrinkingly vpward.

The parts of the breastes are externall or internall: without, they are cloathed with the Slough or Cuticle and the true skin, in the middle is the nipple, of which afterward: the in∣ternal, are the fleshy Membrane or panicle, the vessels, the kernelly substance and the Far. The Membrane investeth their glandulous substance and their fat and knitteth them vnto the Muscles vnderneath by certaine Fibres sent thorough their substance, betweene which Membrane and the skin are the vessels, the Glandules or Kernels and the fat dispersed.

Their Vessels are two sorts of veines [table 27, ^{α β}.] The first are cutanious proceeding from the branch of the Axillarie & Humeratie veins which often look very blew, especial∣ly in women with child and in nurses, and are distributed into the skinne of the Chest and into the breasts. Their inward veines are about the rootes, which doe not arise from the trunk of the hollow veine at the Diaphragma, but when the hollow veine hath first attained to the heart and thence to the coller or patell bones, it lendeth two braunches accompani∣ed with two Arteries downward through the whole Chest, and two veines from them are inserted into the Paps, which therefore go so long a iourney that in them the bloud might be perfectly boyled; for as it goeth vpward it passeth by the heart, and againe descending it is mooued and wrought by the motion of the Thorax or Chest which helpeth his more perfect concoction; and these are called the Mammarie or Pap-veines and Arteries.

The Mammarie descending veine commonly ariseth one on each side from the trunke of the veine called sub clauia, that is, the veine vnder the coller-bones which are called cla∣ues

or clauiculae, and is carried vnder the breast-bone close by the gristles of the ribs, & get∣ting out of the Chest, is vnder the right muscles of the Abdomen about the nauell ino∣culated by Anastomosis with the Epigastricke veine (which ariseth from the same braunch with those which are propagated to the matrix and the necke thereof) which creepeth vp∣ward vnder the right muscles with certaine small tendrils. From the Mammarie veine be∣twixt the fourth and the fift ribbes, sometimes higher sometimes lower, there are sent cer∣taine outward boughes through the middle spaces of the Cartilages which ioyne the ribs to the breast bone; in men for the nourishing of the interior muscles; but in women (in whome sometimes they perforate the very breast-bone it selfe) both for the nourishment of those muscles, as also to carry the matter of the Milke to the glandules of the breasts in those that giue sucke and to nourish the breastes, for through them an infinite number of webs of veines are deriued, which nature hath endowed with faculty of Milke-making. By these vesselles sayeth Bauhine (although others are of other minds) is made the consent be∣tweene the wombe and the breasts (which is so great that onely contrectation of them wil prouoke lust) which are by them ioyned as it were together, so that when the Infant gro∣weth in the wombe, certaine common veines arising from them both doe affoord it nou∣rishment; and when the Infant is born, that attraction of bloud ceasing which was strong whilst the Infant remayned in the wombe, all the ouerplus of bloud floweth towardes the breasts, and the breasts like cupping glasses doe draw and pul it backward and from below. For Hippocrates sayth. The Milk commeth from the wombe to the breastes, which after the birth is to be the nourishment of the Infant; and when the woman hath brought forth, the beginning of the motion being once made, that is, if she haue once giuen sucke; the Milk is carried with full streame to the breasts. And this it doth not only voluntarily, but the Paps draw more bloud then their nourishment requireth: which traction or drawing is caused by the Infants sucking, by the amplitude of the vesselles, by the motion of the Pappes, and for the auoyding of vacuity or emptinesse: for the veines being exhausted by sucking, doe draw bloud into themselues on euery side.

Hence it is that a woman cannot well at the same time haue her courses and giue sucke, and Hippocrates sayth that milke is German Cousen to the menstruous blood. But to speak as the thing is; the bloud is not carried to the Pappes so much by reason of this consent of vessels, as that when the motion of the bloud from the whole body to the wombe ceaseth, then the whole body exonerateth or emptieth it selfe into the glandules of the breastes. Wherefore their substance like that of a sponge is very rare or porous, that they might bee able to receiue the greater quantity of liquor.

There are also internall Mammarie Arteries from the vpper trunke of the great Artery, which doe accompany the veines and are ioyned with some branches of the ascendent E∣pigastricks. It hath nerues from the sinewes of the Chest which are carried through the skinne partly to the nipples; but the thicker nerue is that which commeth to the nipple from the first nerue of the Chest, and doeth communicate thereto exquisite sence, and is the cause of the pleasure conceiued by their contrectation.

The Glandules or Kernels (which they call in Latin mamillae or mammae, or rather glan∣dulous bodies) which make the body [table 27. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,] or bulke of the Pap, are the greatest of the whole body, white, and do not as in most of the other creatures make one body, but are many and distinct, spongious and rare or porous that they might better drawe the Ali∣ment vnto them and conuert it into milke; of these one is the greatest, placed vnder the nipple, and about it are set all the other small ones which cleaue to the muscles of the Tho∣rax or Chest.

Among these are infinite vesselles with many windings and turnings wouen together, that the bloud before in the veines and arteries perfected & receiued by the breasts, might in these boughts and turnings through the glandulous bodies, bee conuerted into milke, which is a surplusage of profitable Aliment.

These Glandules in Virgins are hard, in women with Child especially such as haue gi∣uen suck when they are ful of milke they strut more, afterward they grow flacced and loose, and are as it were consumed. About these is a certaine fat disposed, that it might cherish the heate of the vessels and glandules and also make the breasts equall. But that the milke that is ingendered in the breasts might better passe out, the breastes are foreward acumi∣nated or sharpned, and that it might not runne at wast but the Infant get it out by sucking, they haue exceeding narrow and straight outlets which are perceiued when the breast head

[illustration]

Tab. 27. sheweth the breast of a woman, with the skin flayed off. For the rest of the Table be∣longeth to another place.

• αα. The Veines of the Paps comming from those veynes which are brought from the top of the shoulder to the skinne.
• β The Veines of the Pappes comming from those Veynes which thorough the arme-hole passe into the hand.
• γ The body of the pap.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The Glandules or Kernelles of the paps, together with the fat amongest them.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The Mammarie vesselles descending from the Patell bones vnder the brest bone.

is pressed that the Milke spinneth out, but especially when the Nipples are vlcerated in a woman that giueth sucke. And because the childe cannot take holde of the Pap it selfe to sucke out of it, therfore Nature hath prouided the nipples to stand out, as it were the heads and teates of the breastes, which the Infant may enclose with his lips, and lap his tongue about them, and so draw the Milke through the outlet or passage. But least this nipple or teate should euer and anon slip out of the childs mouth, it is made rough and rugous, and more vnequall then the rest of the skin.

Plato calleth it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to bud forth, in Latine Papilla, because it is like a Papula, that is, a pimple, whelke, or wheale. It is of a fungous or Mozy substance, somewhat like that of the yard, whence it is that by touching or sucking it groweth stiffe, and after will againe grow more flaccid or loose. In virgins this teate standeth not much out from the brest, & is red and vnequall, very like a strew-bery; in Nurses, because of the childes sucking, it gro∣weth longer and blewer: in old folkes it is long and blackish.

About this teate is a circle, called in Latine Areola, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, we know no English name it hath, vnlesse we call it the ring of the Pap, but in Virgins it is pale or whitish, in wo∣men with childe and nurses it is duskish, in olde women blacke, and the skin more rugous and vnequall.

From the disease of the Wombe it is also sometimes yellow, sometimes blacke. For Hippocrates saith, a man may iudge of the wombe by the colour of the Nipples, for if the nipple or his ring which was wont to be red grow pale, then is the womb affected. The co∣lour of the nipples and the ring about them is also often made duskish and black by setting drawing glasses, drawing heades or such like vppon them to make them stand out that the Infant may take them, which may notwithstanding bee preuented if care be had.

The proper vse of the breasts, is to be a Magazine or Store-house of meate for the Mo∣thers owne childe, or, that in them so long milke should bee generated, as the Infant for his

nourishment should stand in neede of it. For whereas it was accustomed in the wombe to be nourished by the Mothers blood conueyed vnto it by the vmbilicall veines, it cannot so suddenly change that liquid for more solid nourishment, for it could not digest it, because when it is newe borne, it is but tender and weake; beside sudden changes are very daun∣gerous, wherefore it had neede of such a nourishment, as should not be too remote from the nature of blood: and that it might more easily bee nourished, should also bee li∣quid, sweete, and after a sort familiar vnto it; but such is milke which is made in the brests. For so in growne men and women, the Aliments are in the stomacke turned into Chylus, which is a Creame or substance like vnto Milke. Wherefore according to Galen, the first and chiefe vse of the brests, is the generation of Milke, that they may be ashamed, who for nicity and delicacie do forfeite this principal vse of these excellent parts, and make them onely stales or bauds of lust.

A Secondary vse of them, is in respect of their scituation, that they might be a kinde of couering and defence for the heart, and that themselues hauing receyued heate and cher∣rishment from the heart, might again returne vnto it warmth, such as we get by garments we buckle about vs; especially this vse is manifest in women, in whom these breasts growe oftentimes into a great masse or waight, so as they being farre colder then men, their En∣trals vnder the Hypochondria are warmed by them. It may also be added, that they are gi∣uen for ornament of the Chest, and for a mans pleasure, as is partly touched before.

Hippocrates in his booke de Glandulis addeth another vse of the Pappes, that is to receiue excrementitious moysture: for if sayeth Hippocrates any disease or other euent, take away a womans Pappes, her voyce becommeth shriller, she proueth a great spitter, and is much troubled with payne in her head.

And thus much of the Pappes of women. Now men likewise haue Paps by Nature al∣lowed them, scituated also in the middle of the breast, and lying vpon the first muscle of the arme called Pectoralis. They are two, a right and a left, but they rise little aboue the skinne (as they doe in women) because they haue scarcely any Glandules, for they were not or∣dayned to conuert or conteine milke. Yet we do not deny but in them is generated a hu∣mour like to milke, which Aristotle in the xii. booke of his historie of Creatures cals Milk, but it will not at all nourish, albeit we haue seene it in some men something plentifull.

The Pappes of Men are compounded of skin, fat, and nipples, which appeare yea some∣times hang forth in them because of the abundant fat which in corpulent bodies is more a∣bout that place then in any part of the Chest beside: the nipples of men are somewhat fun∣gous and also perforated.

They haue Veines, Arteries, and Nerues, for their nourishment, life and sence.

Their vse is to defend the heart as with a Target or Buckler; or it may bee sayed, that they are giuen for ornament, that the breast should not be without some representation in it. The Nipples are the Center in which the veines and nerues doe determine, which also are therein conioyned.

And heere we will put an end to the History of Parts belonging to Nutrition or Nou∣rishment, and prosecute our intent to discusse the Controuersies and Questions vvhich may arise concerning them.

Notes

• The parts be∣longing to nutrition.

  To chilificati∣on.

  Stomack.

  Kell.

  Sweet bread.

  Guts.

  Mensentery.

  To sanguifi∣cation.

  Meseraicke Veines.

  Gate veine.

  Liuer.

  Hollow vein.

  Parts auoy∣ding the ex∣crements.

  The bladder of gall.

  The spleene.

  Vas breue.

  Haemorroid veines.

  Kidneyes.

  Vreters.

  Bladder and yarde.
• The names & the reasons of them.
• Archangelus.
• Kal carriers.
• The scituati∣on of the Kal.
• Vesalius.
• Hippocrates.
• Galen.
• His connecti∣on.
• The forme of it.
• The frame or composition.
• His two mem¦branes.
• Connexion.
• His vessels. veines.
• Arteries.
• Nerues.
• The fat of the Kell.
• The vse of the fat of the Kell.
• Hippocrates.
• A••st••••ry out of Galen.
• Aristotle.
• Galen.
• The vses of the Mem∣branes of the Kell.
• Archangelus.
• Leurentius out of Hippocrates.
• Why we treat of thē in this place.
• The Original of the Gate-Veine. Bauhine.
• Cysticae gemellae
• Gastrica dextra
• Gastroepiplois dextra.
• Intestinalis.
• Mesenterica dextra.
• The Meseraik Veines.
• Mesenterica si∣nistra.
• The Hemor∣rhoid Veines.
• Ramus splenicus
• Gastrica minor.
• Gastrica maior.
• Epiplois dextra
• Epiplois postica.
• Pancrea.
• Vas breue.
• Epiplois sinistra
• Gastro epiplois sinistra.
• Caeliaca.
• The right branch.
• Gastrica dex∣tra. Cysticae gemellae.
• Epiplois dextra.
• Intestinalls.
• Gastro. epiploit dextra.
• Arteria splenica
• Gastrica sini∣stra.
• Gastrica maior
• Epiplois postica.
• Epiplois sinistra
• Gastro epiplois sin. stra.
• Vas breue arte∣riosum.
• Arteriae Mesen∣tericae.
• Superior.
• Inferior.
• The Names.
• Their Con∣nexions.
• Their length.
• The reasons of their length.
• Plato.
• Aristotle.
• The veines of the guts called Meseraicks.
• The small guts.
• The great guts.
• Their offices.
• Their scitua∣tion.
• Duodenum.
• His scituation
• The duodenum receiueth no meseraical vein
• Ieiunum the empty gut.
• His place.
• Length. The passage of the gal cal∣led Porus Bi∣liarius.

  Why it is found empty according to his name.
• The Ileon his names.
• Iliaca passio, miserere mei Deus. a cruel disease.

  His scituatiō.
• The great guts.

  The blind gut called Caecum Intestinum.
• What was the Caecum of the Ancients.
• The vse of the blinde gut of the Ancients.
• Of the Ap∣pendix.
• The Colon or Collick Gut.
• The scituati∣on of it.
• The length of the Collick gut.
• The values of the Colon.
• Lib. 5. method. meden. cap &
• Lib. 13. method, medend. cap. 17
• The last great gut called rec∣tum, or the right gut.
• The great sympathy be∣tweene the right gut and the bladder.
• The sphinter muscle.
• The 3. coates ••i the guts.
• 4. vsu part. 17.
• The crust of the guts whi∣che is first lost in bloody flu∣xes.
• What fibres euerie coate haue.
• 4. The vessels of the guts.
• 4. vsu part. 17.
• The vse of the fat and slime in the guts.
• The common vse of the guts
• The vse of the small Guts.
• The vse of the great Guts.
• The scituation cause of the name.
• His Figure.
• Originall.
• His Mem∣branes.
• Lib. 6. Admin. Anal. Cap. 6.
• Nerues.
• The Glandules of the Mesen∣tery.
• The fat of the melentery.
• How meseraion differeth from mesocolon
• The vse of the mesentery.
• The sweet-bread.
• The scituati∣on of it.
• His vessels & glandules.
• His vse.
• The vse of his Glandules.
• Another vse of the pancreas
• Adiposa.
• Emulgent.
• Spermatica.
• Lumbares.
• Rami Iliaci.
• Muscula.
• Sacra.
• The bisurcati∣on of the Ilia∣call veines.
• Epigastrica.
• Hypogastrica.
• Pudenda.
• Crurales.
• The greater trunke of the great Artery.
• Coeliaca.
• Mesenterica Superiour.
• Emulgens.
• Spermatica.
• Mesenterica Inferiour. Lumbares.
• Iliaca, why it rideth aboue the hollowe veine.
• Rami Iliaci
• Sacra.
• Muscula.
• Hypogastrica.
• Arteriae vmbi∣licales. Epigastrica.
• Pudenda.
• Crurales arteria
• The stomacks names.
• The scituatiō.
• His magnitude
• The connexiō
• The Figure.
• His Cauitie.
• His Orificies.
• The vpper & left Orifice.
• A pretty note why in great griefe meat wil not down.
• The seat of appetite.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or the heart-burning.
• The neather and right ori∣fice called Py∣lerus.
• The volunta∣ry work of the Pylerus.
• The substance or the stomack
• The Mem∣branes of the stomacke.
• The common Membrane.
• The 2. Coate
• The 3. coate.
• The fibres of the third coat
• The vse of the Fibres.
• The crust of the stomacke.
• The vessels of the stomacke, Veines.
• Their office.
• Gal. 4. vsu part. 12.
• A good note of the sudden refections which come from wine & cordiall poti∣ons.
• The Arteries of the sto∣mack.
• The nerues.
• The cause of hunger.
• The seat of appetite.
• The appetite of euery par∣ticular part.
• Why the brain being stroken the patient casts.
• Vessels from the bladder of gal to the bot∣tom of the sto¦macke.
• The vse of the stomacke.
• Galen.
• What parts assist the sto¦macks concoc¦tion.
• The reason why we dis∣course of the gullet in this place.
• The names. Hip. lib de re∣sect. corpor. Gal 6. vsu par∣ti. 5. Aristot. 1. hist. Animal 16.
• To what parte it is tied
• The Figure of it.
• The substāce.
• His conexion
• The ξ. coates of the gullet.
• The act of swallowing.
• The Glādules or Tonsils cal¦led the Al∣monds.
• His vessels. Veines. Arteries.
• Nerues.
• The vse of the gullet.
• A pretty ob∣seruatiō with the reason of an vncouth accident.
• The colour.
• A good note.
• The Figure.
• The course of the Melancho¦ly humour.
• How Melan∣choly prouo∣keth appetite.
• Vas breue.
• Vomits how good in quar∣tane Agues.
• Did ••ticke medicines in qua••t••ine a∣gues & me¦lancholly di∣seases.
• The arteries.
• The nerues.
• The flesh or Parenchyma.
• Erasistratus. The receiued opinion of the vse o•• the spleene.
• Bauhines con∣ceit of the vse of the spleen. His argu∣ments.
• Authors on Bauhines side. Aristotle. Galen. Aphrodisaeus. Aretaeus. Vesalius. Fernelius. Platerus. Archangelus.
• Bauhines pro∣iect.
• Galen.
• This is some∣what strange.
• why in affects of the Spleen the vrines are often black.
• Plato.
• Aristotle.
• Bauhines cau∣telous conclu∣sion.
• Bauhine like∣ned to Bellar∣mine.
• The notation.
• A principall part.
• The begin∣ning of veins.
• His scituation
• The figure.
• The Figure.
• The quality of it.
• The waste of spirits in man aboue other creatures.
• In what men it is greater or lesser.
• It hath in mē no Lobes or diuisions.
• The Conne∣xion.
• Three Liga∣ments.
• The mem∣brane.
• The Parenchy∣ma.
• The roots of the great veines.
• Anastomosis what it may▪ best be com∣pared to.
• The port or Gate-veine. The Hollow∣veine.
• The passage of Choller to the bladder of Gall.
• How the Li∣uer is nouri∣shed.
• The Arteries of the Liuer.
• The Nerues of the Liuer.
• The vses of the Liuer.
• Columbus.
• The maner of sanguification as Bauhine hath descri∣bed it.
• When the Chylus becō∣meth Chymus.
• Why there is no cauitie in the Liuer, but a web or net of vessels.
• The naturall instinctof ves∣sels.
• Anastomosis how it com∣meth.
• The vse of the whay.
• The scitua∣tion.
• The flaming heats of some mens sto∣macks whēce it commeth.
• The figure.
• Why so small.
• His substance
• The mem∣branes.
• The crust of the vesicle.
• The vesselles. The twin-veines.
• Arteries.
• Nerues.
• The necke.
• The figure.
• The passages of it.
• The way of the pure cho∣ler.
• The way of the mixed choler.
• The cause of the landise.
• The vse of choler in the guts. Why the pas∣sage of the choler is so inserted.
• A third pas∣sage not perpetually foūd.
• The vse.
• The names.
• The scituatiō.
• The vse of the whay.
• Why placed one aboue another.
• Their positi∣on.
• An vncouth forme of the kidneyes ob∣serued by Bau∣hine. An. 1589.
• The seate of the right kid∣ney.
• Of the left.
• The true cau∣ses of their di∣uers position. Their conne∣xion.
• Their fibres.
• Why two.
• One would haue ouer∣••ayed on one side.
• The figure.
• The magni∣tude of the kidneys.
• The far of the kidneys.
• The vse of it.
• The glandule of the kidney.
• The vse of these Glan∣dules not yet knowne.
• The Mem∣branes.
• Their sub∣stance.
• The cauities of the kidneis.
• The vessels.
• Veines. Venaadiposa.
• The Emul∣gent veines.
• Why the E∣mulgent is so great. Whence the Emulgent a∣riseth. The values of the Emulgent
• The arteries of the kidnies
• Their vse.
• Why the kid∣neis haue no particular veins to nou∣rish them. The nerues of the kidneyes.
• Especially.
• The inner venter of the kidnies.
• The Vreters.
• The colatorie
• The separa∣tion of the whey is by transfusion not by con∣coction. How the kid∣nies are nou∣rished.
• The triall of the truth in this discourse of the passage of the vrine.
• The descrip∣tion of a dogs kidnie.
• The vse of the Kidneyes.
• How the vri∣nes are colo∣red yellow.
• The common opiniō of the way of the vrine before Vesalius time.
• Vesalius opi¦nion.
• The Vreters.
• Their course.
• Figure.
• Substance.
• Hip. de nat essi. Arist. ••. Hist. Animal 4. Gal. 6. Epid. Com. 5. text 4. The proper coate of the vessels.

  Their diuari∣cation in the kidneyes.
• Their implan¦tation into the bladder.
• The reason of this implan∣tation.
• In 6. Epid. com. 5. text 4.
• Their vessels.
• The vse of the vreters.
• The bladder.
• The scituatiō.
• Between the two coates of the Peritonae∣um.

  Diocles.
• The conne∣xion.
• The figure.
• The part of the bladder. The substance
• The mem∣branes 3. One com∣mon.
• Two proper.
• The fibres of the inner mē∣brane.
• The vse of the fibres.
• The passage.
• The outlet of the bladder.
• Gal. 16. vsu part. Cap. 9.
• The necke of the bladder.
• The similitude of the blad∣der.
• The vessels of the bladder. Veines.
• Arteries.
• A good obser¦uation.
• Nerues.
• The vse of the bladder.
• 3. muscles of the Funda∣ment. 1. Sphincter.
• 2. 3. Leuatores.
• Lumbales. Iliacus internus
• Latissimus. Quadratus. Obturator in∣ternus.
• The nerues of the lower belly.
• 2

  2. kinds of the loynes of the Holy-bone. O•• the loynes
• 4

  4. or 5. paire. Of the Holy-bone 5. paire.
• The bones on the back part. Lumborum vertebrae. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Their processes
• The Spine.
• Os sacrum.
• Os Coccygis.
• The bones on the sides.
• Ossa Ilium.
• Ossa Coxendicis
• Ospubies.
• Peluis.
• The reason why the Dis∣course of the brests is here placed.
• Their Names
• What Crea∣tures haue Breasts.
• The scituatiō.
• The piety of parents.
• Why two.
• Why not one
• Their Figure.
• Their magni∣tude.
• Howe the Breasts shew the weaknesse of the Infant.
• Irish women haue long and flagging Breasts.
• The parts of the Breasts.
• Their vessels. Their out∣ward Veynes.
• Their inward Veynes.
• The mamma∣ry Veyne.
• The Anasto∣mosis of the mammary veines with the Epigastrick
• The consent betweene the wombe and the breasts.
• The milk cō∣meth from the womb to the breasts. How it is that the breasts draw more bloud then is needfull for their owne nourishment. Why a milk nurse hath not her cour∣ses.
• The mamma¦ry arteries. The nerues of the breasts.
• The Glandules of the breasts.
• The smal out∣lets of the breasts.
• The Nipples.
• Why rugged.
• The circle of the Teate.
• A good note for women.
• The cuill e∣uent of draw∣ing glasses to the Nipples.
• The vse of the breasts.
• Note this.
• The Paps of Men.
• What humor is in them.
• Their com∣position.
• Their Vses.