Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Blader.

THe bladder of vrine called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 of a word that signifieth to hide, be¦cause it hideth the vrine, is seated in the hypogastrium, which therefore we cal * 1.1 the watercourse, in that hollownes [Table vi. lib. ii. ^H. tab. ii. g. tab. ii. lib. iv. γ.] which is made by the holy bone, the hip bones and the share bones meeting together, all which cauitie is taken vp by the bladder (for it is a large cistern or vessell) and the right gut, close to which the necke of the bladder lieth connected or fa∣stened. In women the bladder lieth betweene the wombe [Tab. vi. lib. 4. T. sheweth the * 1.2 bladder, L the wombe, but Tab. xxvii. of this booke s shewes the bladder and p the womb,] and the share bone, as well because the draining vessels for the excrements of aliment are

most conueniently placed in the lower parts for their easier euacuation, as also because of the entrails seruing for nourishmēt, that those which are the most noble might haue the vp∣place. These bones also are ordained for defence of a part so verie necessarie, and of so exquisite sense, albeit the cauity which they make, was made for other vses, of which wee will heare more heereafter. His seate is betweene the two coates of the Peritonaeum * 1.3 which make as it were a particular venter (whence haply it was that Diocles di∣uided the bodie into the head, the chest, the belly, and the bladder) vnder the Share∣bone when it is empty; and in Dissection it can scarsely bee found at the first view, for it exceedeth not the greatnes of a reasonable peare, but when it is full it is stretched out into the hollownesse of the very belly, and may be felt aboue the groine.

The bottome and the fore-part are tyed to the Peritonaeum, [Tab. vi, lib 2, I. Table 2, *] * 1.4 but loosely by two ties. The first is a Ligament [Table vi, lib 2, ^b. Table 2, 1. Table xxiii, fig. 7. 8. γγ.] originally arising from [tab. xxiii. fig. 7. 8. ^Q] his bottome and carried to the na∣uill, [ta. xxiii. fig. 7. 8. γ.] which they cal Vrachus in the infant. And this ligament is fastened to the middle of the bladder. The other tie is of two vmbilical [tab. vi. lib. 2. ^{a d}, tab. 2. k. l. tab. xxiii. fig. 7. 8. x.] arteries dryed, that when a man goes vpright, it might fall vpon his owne necke and so hinder his execretion. In dogges the bottome of it groweth not to the Peri∣tonaeum, but hangeth by a certaine processe, moreouer in them it is very white, smoth at the bottome and slipperie, as it is also on the inside [tab. xxii. fig. 1. ε.] and lined ouer with a waterish humour.

His figure is long, a little round, [tab. xxii. fig. 3. 7. 8. fig. 2. ε tab. 23. ^Q] which some haue lik∣ned * 1.5 to a sphere, some to a gourd; for if it were round as a bowle is roūd, it wold be too much pressed by the parts that lie about it. It is hollow that it might receiue a great quantitie of li∣quor & frō a large bottom by degrees growing narrower it endeth in a streight neck, wher∣fore the parts of the bladder are two, the body and the necke. The substance of it is partly * 1.6 membranous or neruous, both for the commodious extēsion because it is often to be filled & to conteine the vrine, that we might not alwayes be constrained, but within conuenient time to yeeld it forth; and for his corrugation or knitting vp together after euacuation: * 1.7 Partly also the substance is fleshie. It hath three membrances, one common and two pro∣per. The common is the vtter and is from the Peritonaeum, a strong and thicke one, where∣with it is couered ouer and strengthened, that though it be distended with aboundance of water it should not be broken or rent; by this also it is tyed in men to the right gut, and in women to the necke [Tab. xxvii. t is the necke of the bladder inserted into the necke of the wombe aboue the priuities at u; Tab. viii. lib. 4. fig. 1. 0. the neck of the bladder, and fig. 3. ^c the necke of the bladder, and ^d the neck of the wombe] of the matrix or wombe, and to the bones of the hippes which are next vnto it.

The two proper membranes ioyned together are nowe thicker now thinner, as they are * 1.8 distended or angustated or streightned; which in the vppermost part of the bottome and about the necke because of the insertion of the vreters are harder and thicker. The inner of these is transparent, very white, thinne, neruous, wouen exceeding thicke with all kind of neruous fibres, as also are all other membranes which stand in neede to be much disten∣ded and contracted. The right fibres are inmost, the transuerse outmost, the oblique in * 1.9 the middle according to the order of the functions as they say of attraction, retention and expulsion; which wee say are ordayned for the better conteyning and expelling of the v∣rine.

This inner membrane if the bladder be a little blowne, may be separated from the vtter. But that this fine membrane be not hurt by the acrimonie of the vrine because it is of ex∣quisite sense, the inner cauitie of his bottome is rugous and ful of folds and plights, and mu∣cous or slimie, (some say this slime is a kind of Fibrous substance) or rather it is defended with a crusty coate engendered of the excrements of the third concoction of the bladder. The vtter of the proper membranes is thicker, sprinkled with fleshy fibres, yet not red as are the fibres in the muscles, but whitish such as appeare in the coates of the stomacke, and the guts: such they seeme because they are placed betweene white membranes: although sometimes by affluxion or affluence of blood they become so conspicuous, that a man would say it were a fleshy membrane.

It hath these fibres as well for the preseruation not onely of the heate which otherwise * 1.10 would bee very weake; but also of the vrine from falling by the fibres of the inner mem∣branes much distended in repletion: so, that these fibres being contracted or drawn toward

their originall by like little Muscles; by strengthening the bladder, which by the helpe of these knits it selfe together, it might exclude or shut out euen the least thinges conteyned therein.

It hath three holes or perforated passages, two in the backward and lower part a little * 1.11 before it end in the necke, where the insertion of the Vreters [Tab: xxii, fig: 1, Ψ, Tab. viii, figure 1, ^H] betwixt the two proper coates, by which the Vrine driuen downe from the kid∣neyes, is of it owne accord powred into it, not by resudation or sweating through, but by open passages. [Tab: viii, lib. 4. fig. 1 ^M] To which (that the Vrine might not recoile or flow backe, no nor the very winde when the bladder is distended) beside the oblique insertion

[illustration]

Tab. xxiii. demonstrateth the Muscles of the yard, of the Funda∣ment and of the Bladder, and the three bodies of the yard.

The first and second Figures shew the yard excoriated, cleauing yet to the bottome of the share bone.

The third sheweth the same separated with his Vessels.

The fourth and fifth, the yarde cut away, and Dissected ouer∣thwart.

The sixt, the Canell or pipe of the yard, diuided at the entrance into the bladder.

The seauenth, the fore-part of the bladder and the yarde, toge∣ther with the vmbilicall vessels.

The eight figure sheweth the bladder of a woman with the vm∣bilicall vessels, and a part of the vreters.

The ninth sheweth the backe parts of the bodies of the yard.

[illustration]

TABVLA XXIII.

[illustration]

FIG I

[illustration]

II

[illustration]

III.

[illustration]

IV

[illustration]

V

[illustration]

VI

[illustration]

VII

[illustration]

IIX

[illustration]

IX.

• A B, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9. The two bodyes that make the yard.
• C C, 2, 3. The place where these two bo∣dies do arise.
• D, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9. The nut of the Yarde, called glans Penis.
• E E, 4: 5. The foungous and red substance of the bodies of the yard.
• F, 4. 5. The mutual connexion of the bodies of the yarde, and the ner∣uous outward substance of the same, compassing round about the former fungous substance.
• G, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9. The passage of the vrine, or the common pipe running vnder the yard all along his length.
• H I, 1, 2. The first paire of Muscles of the yarde which in the first figure doe yet grow to it, but in the second they hāg from their originall.
• K, L, 1, 2. The second paire of the Mus∣cles of the yard; in the first figure gro∣wing to, in the second hanging from their insertion.
• M 1, 2. The sphincter of the right gut.
• N, 3, 7. 8, 9. The round sphincter muscle of the bladder.
• O O. A Membrane which is ouer the holes of the share bone.
• P 2. A round Ligament from the Coxae vnto thehead of the thigh.
• Q. 3, 7, 8. The body of the bladder.
• R, 3, 7. The Prostatae into which the seede when it is perfectly laboured is led.
• S S, 3, 8. Portions of the vreters.
• TT 3. Portions of the vessels which lead downe the seede.
• V V, 7, 8. The vmbilicall Arteries.
• X 7. 8. The Ligament of the bladder cal∣led Vrachus.
• Y 7, 8. The nauell or vmbilicus.
• Z, 7, 8. The vmbilicall veine.
• a a 7. The veine and artery of the yard.
• b 5. The Artery distributed through the body of the yard.

of the Vreters, there is set on either side a smal Membrane or value, after the maner of the leather latches of Bellowes; but this is an improper acceptation of a Value.

The third passage or the outlet of the bladder, yeeldeth way vnto the vrine, and is in the necke which is long enough, but straight, conueyed vnder the Share-bones, and pla∣ced * 1.12 vnder the substances or bodies of the Yard, and therefore a little crooked, and is carri∣ed

vpward from the Fundament vnto the beginning of the virile Member, to make his pipe or hollow Canell, and common passage.

In women this outlet is shorter [Table xxiii, fig: 8. about ⁿ] and broader [Table xxvii, ^t] carried right downeward, and is inserted into the necke of the Matrixe at the vtter and vp∣per end. Through this passage women auoide their vrine; men both their vrine and their seede, therefore men haue behind it [Tab. xxii, fig: 2, ⁿⁿ Tab: xxiii, fig: 3, 7, ^R] two Glandules placed, called by Galen prostatae, thicke and white, receyuing the insertion of the Vessels, * 1.13 which leade the seede called vasa deferentia.

The necke of the bladder is most what fleshy wouen with many Fibres, some right vn∣der * 1.14 which lye hid transuerse also, which are placed at the beginning of this neck aboue the saide Glandules, and do contract it so, that the Vrine cannot drop out against our willes in any compression of the Abdomen, and strong retention of the breath; wherefore from the vse it is called the Sphincter Muscle, and from the Figure of the Greeke Letter sigma, sig∣moides. These Fibres being loosened not without a voluntary and strong compression of * 1.15 the Muscles of the Abdomen and the Diaphragma, the vrine eyther by his quantity or quali∣ty and acrimony prouoking the bladder, is with contention or strife pissed forth: for if the vrine runne against our will, and without feeling, it is because the Muscle is either paraly∣ticall, or too much cooled. But if this compression of the vpper parts againe do cease, the Fibres are contracted, and so the drops or remainders that continue yet in the passage are expelled.

If any man would see this transuerse Muscle lying betweene the right Fibres of the vtter coate and adioyned to the body of the glandules, hee must boyle the bladder lightly, or as we say parboyle it.

Furthermore below the glandules there are to be seen certaine transuerse fibres encom∣passing [table xxii. figure 2 θ, table xxiii. figure 3. 7. 8. 9. ⁿ] the canale or passage which A∣natomists haue hitherto shewed for the sphincter. But if these were so, then seede coulde neuer passe without the vrine, as it hapneth in the Gonorrhaea or running of the Reines; for in the accompanying of a man with a woman, the muscle in this part must needes bee dilated, which being so, the vrine together with the seede must needes fall away, as it commeth to passe in them that want the vpper sphincter.

His vessels are veines, arteries, and sinewes; the veines and arteries are on both hands * 1.16 at the sides of the necke, that they might not be carried farre without a conuoy, and might bee also safely inserted; and are doubly diuided; one part of them is distributed into the whole bladder with many small threds. The other part which is the greater in man be∣cause of the yarde, and the lesser in women is carried downeward according to the descent of the necke. The veines serue for his nutrition, for it is not nourished with vrine, neither doth it as the Kidneyes receiue any portion of bloud with the vrine, but onely the pure ex∣crement, and therefore stands in need of proper veines for his nourishment. The Arte∣ries * 1.17 serue for the recreation and refreshment of the life and heate: both of them proceede from the doubly diuided Hypogastricall braunch [table 8. ^{u u}] of the hollow veine and great Arterie: wherefore in the inflamation of the bladder the inner ankle veine is to be opened, * 1.18 but in women they arise from the vessels which come vnto the necke of the Matrix.

It hath notable Nerues from the branches of the sixt coniugation which reach to the * 1.19 rootes of the ribs and from the marrow of the holy-bone, that the sence of excretion might bee stirred vp at those thinges which molest it; whence also come those exceeding sharpe paines that a man suffers when it is vlcerated, or but raw

His vse is to receiue like a bottle not only the vrine, which is the excrement of the moist * 1.20 Aliment, by degrees strayned through the Kidneyes and brought downe by the vreters; but also all dry excrements of which the stone is ingendered; which excrements the bladder doth not draw downe, but they are partly put downe by the kidneyes, partly they fall with their owne waight and of their owne accord, whence some call it the vrinall of the body. It also by constriction of the passage keepeth the water till a fit time of excretion, which it doth with a faculty mixed, that is partly Naturall and partly Animall, but the retention be∣longeth more properly to the Animall faculty, and the expulsion or excretion to the Na∣turall.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The bladder.
• * 1.2

  The scituatiō.
• * 1.3

  Between the two coates of the Peritonae∣um.

  Diocles.
• * 1.4

  The conne∣xion.
• * 1.5

  The figure.
• * 1.6

  The part of the bladder. The substance
• * 1.7

  The mem∣branes 3. One com∣mon.
• * 1.8

  Two proper.
• * 1.9

  The fibres of the inner mē∣brane.
• * 1.10

  The vse of the fibres.
• * 1.11

  The passage.
• * 1.12

  The outlet of the bladder.
• * 1.13

  Gal. 16. vsu part. Cap. 9.
• * 1.14

  The necke of the bladder.
• * 1.15

  The similitude of the blad∣der.
• * 1.16

  The vessels of the bladder. Veines.
• * 1.17

  Arteries.
• * 1.18

  A good obser¦uation.
• * 1.19

  Nerues.
• * 1.20

  The vse of the bladder.