Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

Of the Kidneyes. CHAP. XIIII.

THE Kidneyes are called Renes of a word which signifieth to flow, because the vrine flowes away by them; and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as it were Pissers. All men and foure∣footed * 1.1 beastes which beget by generation haue them, but no fowle or fish with scales, saue onely the Tortoyse, saith Aristotle in his fourth book de par∣tibus animalium; for their humour is spent into scales and feathers, and beside

[illustration]

The lower Belly emptied of the Membranes, Guttes, and Stomacke, together with many of the vesselles which are therein.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XVII.

• A A The midriffe turned backe with the ribs & the Peritonaeum.
• B B The caue or hollow part of the Liuer, for the liuer is lifted vppe, that the hollow part of it may be better seene.
• C The left ligament of the liuer.
• D The vmbilicall veine.
• E The hollownesse in the Liuer, which giueth way to the sto∣macke.
• F The left orifice of the stomack.
• G G Certaine knubs or knots & impressions in the hollow part of the Liuer.
• H The bladder of gal.
• I The gate veine cutte off, and branches which go to the blad∣der of gall.
• K A nerue of the Liuer comming from the stomachical nerue.
• L An artery common to the Li∣uer and the bladder of gall.
• M A nerue common also to thē both, comming from the right Costal nerue of the ribs.
• N The passage of the gall to the guts cut off
• OO The hollow and forepart of the spleene.
• P The Line where the vessels of the spleene are implanted.
• Q The trunk of the hollow veine
• R The trunk of the great artery.
• S The Coeliacal artery cut off.
• T V The Kidneyes yet wrapped in their membrane.
• X Y The fatty veines called venae adiposae.
• a b The emulgent veines togither with the arteries vnderth in.
• cc dd The vreter from either kid∣ney to the bladder.
• e f The spermaticall veines to the Testicles, the right from the hol¦low veine, the left from the e∣mulgent.
• g g Veines comming frō the sper∣matical veines to the Peritonaeū.
• h i The spermaticall arteries.
• k The lower mesentericall artery.
• l The ascending of the great ar∣tery aboue the hollow veine, & the diuision of it & the hollowe veine into two trunks.
• m The artery of the loynes, called Lumbaris.
• n The holy artery called sacra.
• o A part of the right gut.
• p The bladder of vrine.
• * The connexion of the bladder, with the Peritonaeum.
• q A part of the vessel, which lead the seede from the testicles, is here reflected.
• r s The scrotum or codde, that is the skin which inuesteth the yarde and the testicles.
• t The fleshy pannicle or mem∣brane which is vnder the Cod.
• u The coate which is proper to the testicle with his vessels.
• x A part of the yarde excoriated or flayed, and hanging downe

they drinke little because their longues are not so bloudy as other creatures are. The kid∣neyes haue seldome the same scite or position in men; and doe lye behinde the guttes and the stomacke, a little vnder the Liuer and Spleene [table 17. ^{G O}] close vppon the backe, at the sides of the hollow veine and the great Arterie [Table 17. ^{Q R}] yet not in an equall di∣stance * 1.2 (hauing their hollow partes turned toward one another) that they might more rea∣dily draw away the whay, that all the bloud that is receiued into the hollow veine, might be presently purged and so carried pure, with a little water onely to weft it, into the whole body.

For this watery humour, albe it be an excrement and no part can be nourished with it, * 1.3 yet is it very necessary as long as the nourishment is contayned in the veines of the mesen∣tery and the Liuer, that by the thinnesse of this humour or whay being made fluxible, it

might passe those straight veines, whereupon Hippocrates calleth it vehiculum alimenti, or the wefter of the nourishment, as before is sayd. But when the bloud is gotten into the hollow veine, it then needeth not so much helpe, because it is to passe through large and patent passages, and beside is made of it selfe more fluxible by the heat of the heart and the Liuer.

They often stand not one opposite to the other [table xx. and table 2. lib. 4.] least in their ioynt strife they should hinder one the others attraction, as Galen hath conceiued; but * 1.4 wee, sayeth Bauhine, imagine that the cause of this position is rather to bee attributed to the arising of the vesselles [Table xx. ^h] and properly of the emulgent or sucking veines, because their attraction is greater and of more vse. They lye with their flat sides vppon the muscles of the loynes which they call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, appointed for the bending of the leg; about their heads not much lower then the lowest ribs, in those voyde spaces which are betwixt * 1.5 the rootes of the ribs and the hip-bones. They lie betweene the two membranes of the Peritonaeum, one of which lyeth vnder them, the other vpon them; whence it is that in fits of the stone, the legge on that side where the stone lyeth is benummed, sayeth Hippocrates, because of the compression as well of the muscle we spake of before, as of a sinew which descendeth that way.

But before we proceede further in the particular description of the Kidneyes, giue mee leaue to insert a story out of Bauhine, wherein hee describeth a strange fashion and position * 1.6 of a Kidney, with all the vessels thereto belonging; which wee haue caused also to be cut in the following Table for thy better satisfaction, gentle Reader. In our publique Anatomy sayth he, Anno Dom. 1589. we found a very vncouth forme and scituation of a left Kidney, as also of the emulgent and spermaticall vessels: For the Kidney was placed iust vppon the diuision of the great Artery and hollow veine at the os Sacrum or holy-bone [table 18. ^{d e}] in that cauity wherein the bladder marked with [^f] was scituated; but in the Table wee haue remoued the Kidney a little from his place, that the implantation of the emulgent ves∣sels might better be demonstrated: for there were three emulgent veines, and two arteries fastned into it. Two of these veines proceeding out of the middest of the trunke of the hollow vein [table 18. 6. 6.] and descending directly downeward, were implanted into the right side. The third emulgent arising out of the left side [tab. 18. 9.] of the hollow vein, and descending vnder the trunke of the great arterie, was a litle mixed with the left spermatical veine [table 18. 16.] and after inserted into the left side of the kidney.

As for the emulgent Arteries, one of them had his beginning vnder the bifurcation, out of the right Iliacall branch [table 18. 7.] The other did arise a little aboue the bifurcation out of the great artery; [table 18. 8.] the first was simple and inserted into the right side of the Kidney; the second was diuided into many branches and did insinuate it selfe into the left side. So also the left vreter was very short, arising out of the lower end of the Kidney, [table 18. 19.] and was inserted into the bladder [tab. 18. 20.]

Finally, in that place where the left Kidney is vsually placed, Nature had set a glandulous and fat substance [table 18. ^c] to which both an emulgent veine and arterie were disposed [table 18. 4. 5.] as also from the vpper emulgent veine, the left spermaticall veine [table 1••. 4.] did arise. It may be that those men who are by fits tormented with grieuous paynes about the Holy-bone, and haue all the Nephriticall signes, haue such a position of one of their kidneyes as this was: now we returne to our description.

The right Kidney lyeth iust vnder the Liuer, and because of his waight in a man [table xviii.] * 1.7 it is lower then the other Kidney, as if it gaue place to his better; his end reacheth to the third racke-bone of the loynes. It is very rarely higher then the left, and then onely when it is shorter, or when the part of the Liuer lying next it, is hollowed: they are also rarely of an equall height, because of the different position and quantity of the Liuer and Spleene; some▪ also adde because of the higher or lower beginning of the emulgent ve∣selles.

On the left side, the Kidney lyeth vnder the Spleen, and is often (yet not alwayes) higher * 1.8 then the other, because there the Spleen is thin and slender; so that the Kidney ascendeth sometimes to the first racke-bone of the loynes, sometimes to the xi. of the breast; yet ne∣uer is one so farre aboue the other, that the middle of the higher doth reach aboue the to•• of the lower. But in bruite beasts because of their groueling gate, and because their spleen reacheth further downeward the scituation of the Kidneyes is contrary; so that in Dogges there is a hollownesse or bosome made in the Liuer (which in a man hath neyther hollow∣nesse

[illustration]

The first Figure sheweth the disport of Nature in the se∣minary vessels, the emulgents, and the position of the left Kidney, as wee met with it in a publicke Dissecti∣on.

[illustration]

The second Figure sheweth the seminary vesselles, with the Testicles.

[illustration]

The third Figure sheweth the diuers formes of the Testi∣cles, and their seuerall parts.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XVIII.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. III.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

• a b. The right kidney a. the left b,
• c A glandulous and fatty substance, which was in the roome of the left kidney.
• d e. The hollow veine d. the great artery e.
• f The bladder of vrine.
• g g. The testicles.
• 1, 2. A double right emulgent veine, the first of which hath a double originall.
• 3. The right emulgent artery.
• 4. The left emulgent veine.
• 5. The left emulgent artery.
• 6, 6 Two emulgent veines at the left kidney.
• 7, 8 The emulgent arteries vnder the bifurcati∣on or diuision at the left kidney.
• 9 The fourth left emulgent veine.
• 10, 10. The right spermaticke veine.
• 11, 12. The originall of the spermaticke arterie 11. his coniunction with the vein 12.
• 13 The left spermaticke veine.
• 14 The left spermaticke artery.
• 15 A veine going from the left spermatick veine to the Peritonaeum, a companied with an artery.
• 16 The vnion of the left spermatick veine with the emulgent veine. 17 The leading vessels
• 18 The insertion of the right Vreter.
• 19, 20. The originall of the left Vreter at 19. and his implantation at 20.

[illustration]

Figure. 2. xxxx. The Vreters.

• θ θ The spermaticke veines and arteries.
• 11 The coate of the testicle which ariseth from the Peritonaeum.
• Λ The spermatical veine and artery, as they passe into the production of the Peritonaeum, and as they passe againe out of it.
• μ The bodden body called corpus varicosū or the wonderfull implication of the veine and artery
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The left testicle couered with the inmost coat.
• ξ ξ The reuolution of the leading vessels.
• o p The ascent of the leading vessell vnto the share bone.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The reflection orreturning of the leading vessels to the backe side of the share bones.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The coition or meeting togither, and in∣sertion of those vesselles into the Glandules called Prostatae at 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

[illustration]

Figure 3.

• A B The forepart of the right testicle.
• C C D The spermaticke veine and artetie cut off where they fall out of the Peritonaeum, and C sheweth the beginning of the bodden body, called Corpus varicosum, and D sheweth his basis or foundation.
• E The passage of the leading vessel.
• F His reflexion. G, A portion of the leading vessel climbing vp ward, with his departure from the testi∣cle. H, The porous or spongy face of the leading vessel or Epididymis, wher it groweth to the coat of the testicle. I, the gibbous or round part of the same vessell, where it groweth not vnto the foresaide coate. L, the forepart of the testicle. M, the backe part of the same, together with his inmost coate, & the bod∣den body. N N, the first commixtion of the spermaticke vessels. OO, the basis of the spiry bodden body and his insertion into the inmost coate of the testicle. P, the testicle couered with his inmost coate, she∣wing the vpper part into which the bodden or varicous body was inserted. Q R S, the inmost coate of the testicle, drawne from the testicle at R. but couering the testicle at S. T, the testicle cut through the middest. V V, the distribution of the vessels through his substance.

nor diuision) that the right Kidney might ascend higher. Indeede the true causes of their diuerse scituation, are the different magnitude of the kidneyes, the different length of the vessels, and their position either more or lesse oblique. They are knit by the help of * 1.9 an externall Membrane arising from the Rim (which like a Ligament stayeth them firme∣ly

in their proper places) to the loyns, the Diaphragnid, and the right to the blind gut, som∣times to the Liuer; the left to the Colon (whence it is that nephriticall paynes, that is, in∣flāmations or other paynes of the Kidneyes become more grieuous by reason of aboun∣dance of wind or excrements, & the collicke is often hardly distinguished from the paines of the Kidneyes) and to the spleene.

Beside the membrane aboue named, they haue also other fibres from the Peritonaeum inserted into their gibbous part, which are happely those Hippocrates calleth Nerues, in his * 1.10 booke de natura ossium. They are also tyed by the emulgent vessels to the hollow veine and the great Arterie [table 17. ^{a b}, tab. 2. Lib. 4. ^{m n}, table 22. ^{h i}.] Finally to the bladder it selfe by the vreters or passages of vrine, of which wee shall heare more by and by [table xvii. ^{p c •}, table xxii. ^{m n c}.]

The Kidneyes are two, because one would not haue beene sufficient for the euacuating of so great a quantity of waterish excrement, which is farre more aboundant then both the * 1.11 excrementitious chollers, yellow and blacke. By this meanes also there is a stronger at∣traction of serous bloud, and both sides draw alike; and if one happen to bee stopped with the stone or grauell or ought else, yet the worke of attraction standeth not, but the vrine is auoyded; (although Archangelus will not yeelde to this, because Nature hath created no∣thing against casualties;) whereas if there should bee but one (which is very rare) it must * 1.12 haue beene of necessity as big as both, because of the aboundance of this excrement, and so the body should not haue beene equally ballanced, vnlesse that one had beene seated in the very middest of the backe, iust vpon the hollow veine and great Artery, which scituati∣on would haue hindered the free descent of bloud and spirits by compression. Wherefore Nature for one greater made two smaller, that neither the belly should bunch out, or the creature incline and hang too much to either side. It is also as rare to see three or foure, which when it hapneth they keepe not their ordinary conformation. Eustachius obserued three together, the right was naturall, the left had nothing like a Kidney, but onely the sub∣stance of a triangular form, and wanting an vreter, for the vreter proceeded out of the third which was almost foure square.

The Figure of the Kidney is long and broad, yet broader aboue then below; before and behinde pressed somewhat flat, yet a little more rising before like a bean which therevpon * 1.13 we call a Kidney beane. On the outside (which they call the backe [table xxii. figure 1. ^c.] of the Kidney) towarde the flankes gibbous or embowed and round: on the inside where they looke toward the hollow veine, partly gibbous and partly concauous; flatte or sadled, and as it were crooked into the forme of a line turned with a blunt angle, for such must it of necessity be, both for the admission of the vessels, and for the forming of the hol∣lownes or cauities therein.

Their magnitude is proportionable to their office of purging the whaeye humor, al∣though * 1.14 for the most part they are not of a like [table xxii. figure 1.] bignesse, nor their pro∣portion answerable to the body; yet the greatest disproportion is in their longitude, which commonly equalleth foure rack-bones; but their breadth for the most part is but of three fingers, and the left is often shorter then the right.

About the kidneyes cleaueth fat plentifully [table 2. Lib. 4, ^{o o p p}] because it hath pecu∣liar * 1.15 vessels by which it is nourished; so that in fat men they are almost all couered: the vse of which is to cherish the heate of the Kidneyes••, least by reason of the continuall distil∣lation of so great quantity of the vrine or whay, the heate by degrees languishing might at length be extinguished, & so al their action faile; and beside, least the vessels should be en∣dangered by distention; wherefore in a man it is on the inner side of the Kidney layde as a * 1.16 soft bed or couch between the membrane compassing about the distribution of the vessels and the braunches of the vreters: in a Dogge betwixt the membrane which formeth the faddle side of the Kidney; besides, this fat with his smooth and slippery moysture dulleth the acrimony of the whay or vrine.

There cleaueth to both the Kidneyes in the vpper part, where it regardeth the hollow veine, a glandule or kernell, the inuention or finding whereof is due to Eustachius, which sticketh fast to their outward membranes, so that oftentimes if a man take not heede in the * 1.17 taking out of the Kidneyes, he shall leaue it hanging to the membrane of the Diaphragma. This glandule somewhat answereth in substance and figure to the Kidneyes themselues, yet is often more flat and liker to a cake then to a kidney; as long it is as two fingers, as broad as one, of a moderate thicknesse; but they are not alwayes of an equall greatnes, but most

commonly the right is the larger. Among the new writers (some say) there are manie of them, but will not haue them to be found in euery body, but to bee engendred when the * 1.18 matter is too plentifull; but howsoeuer we haue the things, yet hitherto we want their vse, or at least the knowledge thereof.

To this Glandule there is sometime sent a certaine Tendril from the hollow vein neere the Liuer, sometimes it taketh it from the Veine which we call Adiposa, which goeth to the fat of the Kidneyes to nourish it, of which wee spake euen now: sometimes it hath both Veines.

[illustration]

Table xix. sheweth the Kidney of a man. The first figure the whole Kidney; with the Glandule set aboue it. The second Figure sheweth the Kidney Dissected, that you may see the inward face of it.

[illustration]

TABVLA XIX.

[illustration]

FIG. I

[illustration]

FIG. II.

• A 1. The Kidney of a man whole.
• B 1, The Glandule placed vpon the Kidney.
• C 1, The emulgent veine and Artery.
• D 1, 2. The Vreter.
• e e e 2. The Vreter open, and howe it parteth it selfe into the substance of the Kidneyes, as it were with many pipes.
• f f f 2. Caruncles or teats, with very fine perfora∣tions, which opening into the foresaide pipes of the Vreters, doe as it were through a fine strainer passe the Vrine into them, to bee con∣ueyed to the bladder.

The Kidnies are couered with a double Membrane, one outward, arising from the Peri∣tonaeum neere the lower part of the Diaphragma, where it is knit vnto the Peritonaeum: this * 1.19 cleaueth not very straightly to them [tab, 2, lib. 4 ^OO, ^PP] but they are as it were wrapped in it, whence it is called fasciarenum, that is, the Kidneyes swathing band. This Membrane re∣ceyueth the vena adiposa, [table xvii, ^{X Y}, table 2, lib. 4, ^{l h}] and is rowled in plentifull fat, & so serueth the Kidneyes instead of a couering, of a tye, and of a soft pillow or bolster.

The other Membrane which is proper to the Kidnies is very thin, and produced out of the common coate that cōpasseth the vessels (but dilated) and growes to them exceeding strongly, so that it maketh their flesh otherwise of it selfe firme, yet more fast and compact. And although it make the outside glib and shining yet it wanteth fat, neyther is it wouen with any vessels. This accompanieth the vessels, bent inward pierceth into their hollow∣nesse and compassing them round about, makes them more strong.

The substance of the Kidnies [table xxi, figure 2] is a hard flesh most like the heart, sa∣••ing * 1.20 that it wanteth fibres, which yet the threds of the veines do supply. Fast and compact ••hat the inherent heate may more strongly and easily draw that which was so neere (for to ••raw an excrement from farre, a loose and laxe instrument is more meete) and expell it; and againe, least the blood which is their nourishment should slippe away with the vrine, which would come to passe if their flesh had beene immoderately loose, whereas now it is

fitly reteyned, and hath time to bee diffused all ouer their substance. But on eyther side at the hollownesse [Tab, xxii, ^cc] where the emulgent vessels are diuided into greater braun∣ches, their substance is but loose and vnequall, and is on the inside perforated with passages running through it from the Nerues, where are obserued certaine partes rising somewhat from the flesh, which in their substance, figure, and office do imitate the nature of glandules or kernels, whence some of the ancients haue esteemed these parts of the kidneyes to bee Glandules. Without, his superficies or face is like the Liuer smooth and glib: his colour duskish in a mans health, and not much vnlike a red Beane, seldome very red and shining. It is also very rare that a mans kindnies should be outwardly vnequal, and made as it were of many kidnies or small glandules like the Liuer of a Beare or Oxe, yet Eustathius found

[illustration]

TABVLA XXI.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

Fig. 1. shewcth the foreside of the right Kid∣ney. Fig. 2. shewcth the backside.

• a The body of the Kidney, consisting of eight lobes or partitions.
• b The Vreter distended with Vrine.
• c The emulgent vessels.
• d The lower part of the Vreter, far nar∣rower then it vseth to be.

[illustration]

This Table sheweth the figure of a Childs Kidney, which di∣ed the fourth day after it was borne, in the Hospitall of Ar∣gentine. The child was opened by Doctor Iohannes Rodulphus Saltzmanus. He did indeede sucke, but auoided nothing ei∣ther by stoole or Vrine. His guts were full of wind, but his Fundament was not perfora∣ted. His kidneys were by lines distinguished into eight parts. His vreters wel stretched with water, but at the bladder they were so smal, that a smal probe could hardly without violence be entred into them, which be¦ing stuffed with slime, did stop the descent of the Vrine, so that in the bladder, there was nothing but a little of that slime: the kidnies were some∣what like the kidnies of an Ox.

It shall not be impertinent also, to an∣nexe this strange forme of the kidnies which Bauhine receiued from that ex∣cellent Philosopher and Physitian, D. Leonard Doldius, the ordinary Physiti∣an of the City of Norinberge. This kinde of Kidnies and Vreters was ob∣serued in the body of Andrew Hel•••• of Weissenfield, who dyed at Noris∣berge, the 17. of October, in the yeare of our Redemption, 1602. and the sixteenth of his life, hauing lyen lon•• hurt of a blow he receyued in his be∣ly aboue the groyne.

such in two Infants, a Maide of a xi. yeares of age, and a Man at Rome. The forme of a kid∣ney of that kind discouered in a young Childe by Doctor Saltzmanus, and by him sent vn∣to Bauhine, we haue here a little before annexed.

They haue two venters or cauities, the outward and inward: the outward improperly * 1.21 so called [table xxii. ^d] which Fallopius calleth the Gate, is in the saddle side, where the kid∣ney being like a bent bow returned at either end, it is most what diuided into three partes. The first is a bunch or prominence like a smal hillocke, at either end of which there is a bo∣some or cauity ending in another prominence before you come to their gibbous part. In∣to the corners of these bosomes the diuided vesselles [table xxii. ^{l h}] doe offer themselues thence to be dispersed into the substance of the kidneyes, one branch into the vpper angle of one bosome, another into the lower angle of the other, out of which also the vreter pro∣ceedeth.

The vessels which are sent vnto the kidneies are of all sorts, Veines, Arteries & Nerues. * 1.22 The Veines proceede out of the hollow veine; one of them [table 17. ^{X Y}] is that fatty vein * 1.23 whereof we haue spoken, and it is double; one on the right hand, and another on the left: The right issueth very rarely out of the trunk of the hollow veine, but most what out of the emulgent; the left alwayes out of the hollow veine, and is diuersly distributed to his vtter coate to water or bedew the same; sometimes also it offers a little branch to the glandule which we spake of adioyned to the kidney, which when it hath perforated it is againe con∣sumed in this coate of the kidney.

The other veine, of his office is called the emulgent or sucker [table 17. ^{a b}, table 22. ^{h i}] * 1.24 most commonly one on each side; for in the framing of these vessels Nature often diuersly disports her selfe, so that they differ oftentimes not onely in seuerall bodies, but euen in the same.

This emulgent is a notable vessell, and the greatest of all that arise out of the hollow * 1.25 veine; not that the Kidneyes stand in neede of so great store of nourishment, but that the serous bloud may haue a free & expedite passage. It ariseth seldom directly out of the trunk of the hollow vein, but is carried with an oblique but short progresse downward, and being parted into 2. branches, is inserted into the saddle side of the Kidney, carrying thither the serous or watery bloud out of the hollow veine. In these emulgents wee haue obserued certaine values or floud-gates which hinder the recourse of the whay or vrine into the hol∣low veine. With these is vnited a branch one or two of the veine sine pari or without his fellow, (of which we shall entreate more fitly in another place) that there might be a con∣sent betweene the Kidneyes and the breast.

Arteries it hath of each side one [table 17. vnder ^{a b}, table 22. vnder ^{h i}, table 18. charac∣ter ³, ⁵.] * 1.26 from the trunk of the great Arterie; great emulgents or suckers also, which do purge waterish moysture plentifully contayned in the Arteries from the bloud, and withall doe * 1.27 allow heate to ouercome the cold of the Kidneyes, which Galen sayth they acquired by the passage of the watery moysture through them.

These vessels first parted into two, do then get into the cauities of the Reynes & are pre∣sently diuided, commonly into foure braunches, and so are disseminated diuersly into the whole substance of the Kidneyes [table xxi. figure 1. ^{G G}] till at length they are so by degrees seuered by manifold partitions, that they become as small as hayres; then they approach vnto the Caruncles which are spongy peeces of flesh, through which the whay is filtered or streyned.

The Kidneyes needed no other third veine differing from these whereby they should bee nourished, because they doe not draw a pure excrement as the bladders doe, which there∣fore * 1.28 needed particular veines to carry their nourishment; but these vesselles being full of bloud as well as of whay, doe nourish the kidneyes with the bloud, and send away the whay to be auoyded. They haue nerues on either side from the stomachicall branch of the sixt paire (whence comes the great consent betweene the stomacke and the kidneyes, and the subuersion of the stomacke, and frequent vomits in Nephriticall passions or diseases of the kidneyes) which descend downeward to the rootes of the spondelles or racke-bones of the loynes; and are distributed into the proper membrane of the kidneyes. Moreouer from a∣bout the originall of the Arteries of the mesenterie, there doe proceede a fewe tendrils of sinewes mingled together; part of which goe vnto the kidneyes and the glandules that lye vpon them, the other part together with the emulgent Arteries doe insinuate themselues into the hollownesse of the kidney, and are distributed through their substance. Hence it is

that Nephriticall patients haue not onely a certaine dull sence of paine, but also most ve∣hement torments in their kidneyes; not onely therefore because their holes or dennes, as Galen sayth, are not wide but narrow, and the kidneyes because of the firmenes of their sub∣stance cannot be stretched as the bladder may, but especially because of these nerues distri∣buted through their substance; notwithstanding the paine of the stone is greater when it entreth into the vreter, both because of his exquisite sence, as also because of the straight∣nes of the passage through which the stone falling, must needes teare it almost with stret∣ching, * 1.29 which paine wee see not alwayes to follow those whose passages are dilated by the often comming downe of stones.

The inner venter or cauitie of the kidney, hath a hollownesse made of a sinewey mem∣brane * 1.30 which the emulgent vesselles doe not produce, for they determine into exceeding hairy threds; but the vreters, which becomming first broade in the hollownesse [table 21. figure 1. ^F] of the kidneyes are the matter of it. At whose side on either part before the vessels are diuided into lesse braunches, the substance of the kidneyes appeareth loose and vnequall (the Anatomists call it Cauernosa, spongi formis, erosa) when the fat that compas∣seth it about is diligently remoued.

The vreters are diuided into great braunches, first double or treble (as in the next chap∣ter shall appeare) and then into many others, not (after the manner of other vesselles) still * 1.31 lessened into hairie threds, but broade in the end (so that a man may obserue eight or ten branches like canels or pipes) that they may better receiue the Caruncles before spoken of. For those Caruncles which are like small glandules in the endes of all the vessels (and of a paler colour because they are of a harder flesh then the rest of the kidney) being produced out of the substance of the kidney, and somewhat sharpe like vnto the nipples of breasts, in∣sinuating themselues into the said vessels in manner of a couer or stopple, doe stoppe them vp; which if they be cut according to their length, a man may obserue in them certain fur∣rowes and tunnelles as small as hayres. Wherefore, being so finely bored that they will scarcely admit a haire; by them the whay or serous humour coloured with choler, is sepa∣rated from the bloud, and is insensiblie percolated or drayned into the pipes of the vreters or membranous tunnels (this is called the Colatorie) and gathered together in that com∣mon hollownesse, and thence is sent downeward by the vreters into the bladder: it may bee * 1.32 these furrowie passages are hollowed in the substance of the kidney like as the holes in the nipples of the breasts. And these spongie Caruncles had neede to be so finely bored, least the bloud which together with the vrine and choler is drawne by the emulgents but for their proper nourishment, should with them also passe away into the bladder (which we see sometimes to happen and that without paine; when either the separating or reteyning ver∣tues of the kidneyes are decayed or those small passages widened) considering that this se∣paration * 1.33 is made not by concoction where Nature is her owne chooser, but by transfusi∣on; although wee doe not deny but that these excrements do here receiue a kinde of ela∣boration though not a concoction.

This bloud thus remayning behind, is as it were sucked by the flesh of the kidneyes, and is sprinkled vpon it like a kinde of dew; from whence by degrees after the manner of a va∣pour it is scattered into his whole body, cleaueth, is vnited to it, and finally becommeth the nourishment of the kidneyes. But because being so thin it nourisheth but slenderly, it is continually and in great quantity drawne in, together with much vrine, which (the bloud remayning behinde) insensibly droppeth through those Caruncles.

These things, although they differ from the common opinion of some others, yet may * 1.34 they fitly be demonstrated if you put a Probe into the vessels as they enter in, and the vre∣ter as it goeth out, and then make incision at the saddle side of the kidney; and yet much better & more elegantly are these passages shewed, if you separate the flesh of the kidney from his vesselles; which separation hath aboundantly satisfied vs in this point: and there∣fore we haue exhibited it in the xxi. Table and the first Figure.

But because these things doe not so appeare in Dogges as we haue nowe saide, and yet young Students for want of Mens bodies are often faine to dissect the kidneyes of Dogs: we thought it not amisse, here brieflie to insert the description of Dogs kidneyes also.

The structure therefore of a Dogges kidney delineated in the second Figure of this 21. Table is on this manner.

The membrane immediatelie couering the kidney entreth into his cauity where it is re∣flected * 1.35 or returned and on both sides spred abroad, like as is the membranous bodie from

[illustration]

Fig. 1. sheweth the vesselles of the Kidneyes separated from the flesh. Fig. 2. sheweth the Kidnies Dissected according vnto Vesalius. The first is the Kidney cut according to the length through the gibbous part, so as the slit reacheth vnto the se∣cond sinus or cauity of it, no part of the kidney taken away.

[illustration]

The second exhibiteth the Kidney where all the substance or par∣tition which is called Septum renis is sliced away in a com∣passe, that the second cauity may better appeare.

[illustration]

The third sheweth al the branches of the first cauity or sinus, the flesh of the Kidney being quite taken away.

[illustration]

Fig. 3. expresseth the deuise of some men concerning the per co∣lation or streyning, of the whey, the first sheweth the Kidney dissected from the gibbous part toward the Hollow part, to∣gether with the Cribrum or Siue: the second sheweth the middle part of the Kidney.

[illustration]

TABVLA XXI.

[illustration]

FIG: I,

[illustration]

FIG: II.

[illustration]

FIG: III.

• A. The trunke of the Hollow veine.
• B The trunk of the great artery
• CC The emulgent veine diui∣ded into two.
• D D The double emulgent ar∣tery.
• E The spermaticall veine ari∣sing from the trunke of the hollow veine.
• F The latitude of the Vreter in the bodye of the kidney; in the broader part whereof oftentimes are engendred, ragged & branched stones.

[illustration]

Fig. 2.

• α β 1, 2. The forepart & hinder part of the kidney.
• γ γ, 1, 2 The orificies of the branches of the first sinus or cauity of the kidneyes.
• ♌ ♌, 1. The body of the first si∣nus into which the veine & the artery of the kidney do determine.
• ...•• •• 1, 2. The hole where the Vreter begins.
• •• 1, 2. A part of the Vreter.
• α β 2. The circle betweene α and β, shewes the second Sinus of the kidney.
• η θ 2. The backe part of this si∣nus is marked with η, the forepart with θ.

[illustration]

Fig. 3.

• The emulgent veine and artery.
• B B. The sinus or cauitie into which the vrine is streyned out of the first cauity.
• C C. The cauity into which some think the vesselles do powre the serous or whaey bloud.
• D D. The substance of the kid∣ney compassing this cauity round about.
• E E. The Draine of the Kidney called Colatorium, or the Membrane perforated like a siue, through which the v∣rine passeth say some, toge∣ther with the Choler that coloreth it out of the caui∣ty marked with B, into the cauity marked with C.
• F F. The Vreter which recey∣ueth the vrine out of the se∣cond Cauity, and leadeth it into the bladder.

which the Vreters do proceede. To this Membrane cleaueth the fat whereupon the di∣stribution of the emulgents into the Kidnies doth leane, as vppon a pillow or boulster for their security. It hath also many holes through which the vessels enter into the Kidneyes. Next followeth that which is called The Membranous body, which is diuided into manie branches, and as a couer compasseth the vessels, it maketh a cauity which conteyneth the vessels and the fat.

Vpon this Membranous body lyeth the cauity of the Kidney, in the middest whereof han∣geth a part of the substance of the Kidney regarding the gibbous side, differing in colour from the rest, and wanting the Membranous couer before named. It is like a new Moone, and hangeth like a partition, so leaning vpon the Membranous body, that the cauities of the same Kidney seemeth to be double. But in the Kidney of a man there are no such cauitie to be found, but the emulgent vessels and the Vreters are diuided through his substance into many branches, and the cauities which are in the Kidneyes are wrought as it were out of them.

The vse of the Kidneyes is to draw from the whole masse of bloode, as well that of the * 1.36 Veines, as that of the Arteries, the serous humour through the emulgent vessels by a pro∣per attractiue faculty arising from the similitude of substance betweene it and the kidnies, and so to purge both kinds of the blood, arteriall and venall from that excrement. For those parts which through large orificies do draw their conuenient and familiar iuice, can∣not draw it pure, simple, & sincere, but with the admixtion of some other of a diuers kind. Wherefore together with the Vrine is drawne both much moyst and thin bloud out of the Liuer, and much yellow choler, which the bladder of Gall did not attract before. But the Vrine or whey by the force of the kidneyes is segregated from the blood in the very conco∣ction of their Aliment, & beside their attractiue faculty gathereth the blood into their sub∣stance for the nourishment of it; but the Vrine as an vnprofitable excrement, the expel∣ling vertue straineth through the furrowes or tunnels of the Caruncles (thorough which also the grauell passeth from the body of the Kidney together with the Vrine) into the mē∣branous pipes of the Vreters: which vrine is gathered together in the greater hollownesse of the Vreters, and from them is sent into the bladder, where againe it is kept a certaine time, and at length is expelled thence at our discretion through the Yard, the Sphincter-Muscle being relaxed or loosened. The choler also passeth along with the vrine, from * 1.37 whence they haue their yellow tincture: for when the choler gaddeth vpward to the brain (as in phrensies it is not very rare) then are the vrines very pale.

Before Vesalius time it was a common receyued opinion, and reteyned yet by some, that in the Kidneyes there are two bosomes or cauities running according to their length; one higher, another lower, which are distinguished by a transuerse or ouerthwart Mem∣brane * 1.38 perforated like a Siue which they call Renis colatorium; and that the emulgents did powre serous blood into the vpper cauity, and thence the choler and the vrine did passe through the fine searcing holes of the Membrane into the lower bosome; the blood remai∣ning behinde because of his thicknesse. Out of the lower cauity vssueth the Vreter, which receyueth the streyned vrine, and conuaieth it into the bladder. The manner of which de∣duction of the vrine we haue expressed in the third Figure of the 21. Table. Thus.

The emulgent vessels which powre the serous bloud into the first cauity at A. which is strained through E into the lower cauity C. and then receiued by the Vreter which is mar∣ked with F. Afterward Vesalius (who counselleth to Dissect either a Dogges Kidneyes or * 1.39 a Goats, fearing to deale with a mans because of the fat) and almost all before Fallopius, were of opinion, that the Kidneyes had two cauities, the one wouen of the extremities or ends of the emulgents which passe into the kidneyes. This texture is hollow like a Vessell, and is distributed through the body of the Kidney, and at length diuided into a forepart & a backe part, each of which produceth sixe, seauen, or more thick branches equally distant one from another, yet so that the fore most are vnited with the hindmost in the out-side where they make a circle, and so do agree together to make a cauity to receiue the serous blood. The other bosome or cauity is on the backe side, betwixt the branches of that mem∣branous body. And this by the interposition of a part of the Kidney, is diuided into two parts, where it receyueth the whey distilling from the substance of the Kidney, and sendeth it into the Vreters. This cauity in Dissection is found moyst, but without bloode, but the former is alwayes found full of blood, and this conceite is answerable to the Figure of the Dogs kidneyos. [Tab. 21, fig. 2] And thus much of the Kidneyes.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The names.
• * 1.2

  The scituatiō.
• * 1.3

  The vse of the whay.
• * 1.4

  Why placed one aboue another.
• * 1.5

  Their positi∣on.
• * 1.6

  An vncouth forme of the kidneyes ob∣serued by Bau∣hine. An. 1589.
• * 1.7

  The seate of the right kid∣ney.
• * 1.8

  Of the left.
• * 1.9

  The true cau∣ses of their di∣uers position. Their conne∣xion.
• * 1.10

  Their fibres.
• * 1.11

  Why two.
• * 1.12

  One would haue ouer∣••ayed on one side.
• * 1.13

  The figure.
• * 1.14

  The magni∣tude of the kidneys.
• * 1.15

  The far of the kidneys.
• * 1.16

  The vse of it.
• * 1.17

  The glandule of the kidney.
• * 1.18

  The vse of these Glan∣dules not yet knowne.
• * 1.19

  The Mem∣branes.
• * 1.20

  Their sub∣stance.
• * 1.21

  The cauities of the kidneis.
• * 1.22

  The vessels.
• * 1.23

  Veines. Venaadiposa.
• * 1.24

  The Emul∣gent veines.
• * 1.25

  Why the E∣mulgent is so great. Whence the Emulgent a∣riseth. The values of the Emulgent
• * 1.26

  The arteries of the kidnies
• * 1.27

  Their vse.
• * 1.28

  Why the kid∣neis haue no particular veins to nou∣rish them. The nerues of the kidneyes.
• * 1.29

  Especially.
• * 1.30

  The inner venter of the kidnies.
• * 1.31

  The Vreters.
• * 1.32

  The colatorie
• * 1.33

  The separa∣tion of the whey is by transfusion not by con∣coction. How the kid∣nies are nou∣rished.
• * 1.34

  The triall of the truth in this discourse of the passage of the vrine.
• * 1.35

  The descrip∣tion of a dogs kidnie.
• * 1.36

  The vse of the Kidneyes.
• * 1.37

  How the vri∣nes are colo∣red yellow.
• * 1.38

  The common opiniō of the way of the vrine before Vesalius time.
• * 1.39

  Vesalius opi¦nion.