Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. X. Of the Bones of the vpper Iaw.

THE vpper iaw doth not consist of one Bone but of many, not only to make it fitter to repell iniuries, but also and especially that out of their Commis∣sures and coniunctions might yssue Ligaments to make vp the constructi∣on or frame of the Muscles, which by that meanes are more firmly fastned

to their originals as to bony parts and therby made the stronger. Beside, it was not fit that the vpper Iaw should be on euery side a like thicke or harde, or fast or soft. The bones therefore of the vpper iaw are of two sorts, Common and Proper.

The Common Bones are the VVedge and Spongy bones called also the seuenth and the eight bones of the head. From this eight bone do yssue two spongy bones seated in the inside of the nose, which distinguish the vpper part into two sides, to these are ioy∣ned other two which make vp the inner orbe of the eye, which also wee will account, as other men do, for the third bone of the Iaw. But of these wee haue partly spoken before in the seuenth chapter among the bones of the Head, partly in the eight amongest the bones of the Nose, and therefore we will come now vnto the proper Bones of the Iaw.

The proper bones of the iaw which helpe to make the face are twelue. The first [ta. 8. figure 8. Τ Τ] maketh a good part of the Cheeke, the lower part of the eye to wardes the Temples, that round extuberation which Hippocrates calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the circle of the countenance, one part of the yoake-bone, a litle of the temples and the vtter angle of the eye. The figure of it saith Columbus is diuers: Bauhine saith it is trian∣gular, sending forth of a broad middle three protuberations; one to the angle of the eie, another to the teeth, and a third which is most notable, that is, the processe which maketh a part of the yoke-bone, [tab 8. fig. 9 ^Y with ^Y] and hauing a perforation or two but verie small ones.

This first bone is ioyned to foure bones: aboue, to the forehead bone where the eye-browes end by the first [tab. 7. fig. 6 & 7 ^g] common suture: [tab. 8. fig. 8 ^R] behind, to the wedge-bone by the second common suture: [tab. 8. figu. 8 from S to ^Q] at the sides, it is ioyned by his processe to the processe of the Temple bones by the fourth common Ob∣lique suture: [tab. 8. fig. 8 ^P] below, to the fourth Bone of the vpper iaw neere the cheeke, and in the lower part of the orbe of the eye. [tab. 8. fig. 8. from the lower D by the vpper D vnto ^Q]

The second bone [tab. 8. fig. 8 Δ] standeth in the great angle of the eye neere the Nose, and iust at the beginning of the angle where the hole goes into the nosethrils [t. 8. fi. 8, C] wee meete also with a caruncle which like a glandule receiueth the Phlegme which flow∣eth from the Braine vnto the eye to deriue it vnto the nosethrilles that it shoulde not fall downe the cheekes. Galen also addeth, that Medicines which are put into the eyes, doe vse to yssue out of the nosethrils, whereat Columbus much maruelled, because such medi∣cines must penetrate the Membrane before they can get into the nose.

This is a small bone, thin as a scale and transparant, and because it hangeth but loosely, as being rather ioyned by harmony then by suture, to the outside of the fourth bone, it is easily broken and lost, and therefore we rarely meete with it in the sculles digged out of the earth, for being and in a moyst place it easily putrifieth; but in those sculs that are boi∣led it is easily preserued. It is ioyned to three bones: aboue, to the forehead bone by the third common suture: [tab. 8. fig. 8 nere v] behind, to the third bone of the iaw by the se∣cond externall suture; [from V to V] before and below to the fourth of the iawe by the same suture: [from C toward X] somtimes also it is ioyned vnto the spongy-bones of the Nose. And this is the place where those Apostemations are which the Graecians call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which if they be neglected do penetrate to the mouth, and do end into weeping Fistulaes. This bone also hath some perforations; aboue some small ones which are com∣mon; one also very notable which is cōmon to it with the fourth bone, [t. 8. f. 8 C] which runneth out of the inner angle of the eye directly downward into the cauity of the Nose∣thrils: the vse of it is to transmit a smal portion of the lesser roote, commonly so called, of the third coniugation, and also Rheume or Phlegme.

The third Bone which we saide was the fourth part of the Spongy-bone, [tab. 8. f. 8 θ] but is by most made the third of the vpper iaw, is seated in the inner side of the eye, and within is continuall with the fungous bones of the Nosethrils. This is broader then the second, quadrangular but somwhat round, thin & transparant like the scale of a fish; with out smooth, within rugged and vnequall, because of the scales that cleaue vnto it: & if you breake it, within you shall finde large cauities filled with aire.

It is ioyned to foure bones. Aboue to the forehead bone by the third common suture, & there is a good length off the suture between them [t. 8. fig 8 from ^T toward ^V] Behind, to the wedge-bone by the same suture, but the length of it is lesser. Before, with the se∣cond Bone of the iaw by the second suture. [from V to ^c] Belowe, to the fourth bone of the iaw by the third suture. [from ^c to ^b]

The fourth bone [tab. 8. fig. 8. ΛΛ] maketh for the most part the forepart of the nose∣thrils and of the mouth, into which al the vpper Teeth are infixed, also the sides and lower part of the pallat and of the holes of the nostrilles; yea and beside the lower part of the orbe of the eye toward the Nose. Galen calleth it Os malae the Cheek bone, and he saith it deserueth well to be called by the name of the whole, the vpper Iaw. It is much larger then any other of the bones, and is circumscribed with many sutures, for it abutteth vp∣pon seauenteene bones if you reckon the Teeth. Aboue neare the Nose it is ioyned to the forehead bone (yet but a little way) by the third common suture. [ta. 8. fig. 8. ^{X Y}] Below to the wedge bone by the second common suture [ta. 8. fig. 8. from ^D to ^H fig. 9. from ^d to ^c] where also the vpper part of the wedge bone and the iaw doe yawne into the orbe of the Eye.

It is also ioyned with other bones of the vpper iaw: as to the first by the first oblique suture [tab. 7. fig. 6. ^abQ] in the Cheeke, the orbe of the Eye and the cauities of the Tem∣ples. Before to the second in the inner angle of the eye by the second suture. [ta. 8, fig, 8, from C toward X] Behinde to the third by the third suture. [from ^b to ^c] On the outside to the fift bone in the top of the Nose by the fourth suture: [^cY] to the sixt in the Pallat by the fift suture; [ta, 8, fig. 9. ^tu] and finally to his owne companion by the seauenth suture, or rather by a line, partly in the forepart of the iaw [tab. 8. figu. 8. ^h] where the furrow is of the vpper Lip, partly in the pallat [tab. 8. fig. 9. ^XY] Into this fourth bone also are the vpper Teeth fastened by Gomphosis or way of Mortize, and it is vnited vnto the Gristles of the Nose.

It hath also perforations and dennes. The perforations are Common and Proper: one Common which is very small toward the inner angle of the Eye. The Proper are 3. two in the lower part of the Eye, on each side one, which is onely couered with a body scale, and runeth from the lower part of the Eye outward: his vse is to transmit a surcle of the lesser roote, commonly so called, of the third coniugation of sinnewes out of the orbe of the eye into the Face. [ta. 8. fig. 8. at ^•]

The third hole is in the Pallate at the backepart of the Shearing or shredding Teeth, where both bones of the iaw do meete. [ta. 8. fig. 9. ^Z] It runneth out of the Pallat into the capacity of the Nostrilles, and transmitteth a small veine and a small artery vnto the nose; and at the sides hereof there appeareth a suture in young children.

The dennes or cauities of this fourth bone are of two sorts; of the first is one on each side at the lower sides of the cauity of the nostrilles vnder the orbe of the Eye. It is a great cauity, and so large sometimes that in it a man may lay his thumbe end: and there∣fore it may well be likened to those hollow images made of molten waxe: yet is it coue∣red with an attenuated bone, blowne vp as it were round, [ta. 8. fig. 8. vnder ^B Λ] which was made partly because of the leuity of the bones, which in this place stoode in neede to bee thicke by reason of the situation of the eyes, partly because it is most fitte to forme the voyce, so sayth Vesalius.

This cauity is not to be found in young children, but is made as they grow, and is in∣uested with a very fine coate, it is also found full of mucous or slimy phlegme, or marrow saith Archangelus, whereby the bones that containe the Teeth and all the vpper Teeth al∣so are nourished. Of the second kinde of dennes of this fourth bone, are the sockets or mortizes of the Teeth which are insculped in the lower brinke thereof, in which the teeth are fastned. [ta. 8. fig. 8. vnder ^h.]

The fift bone of the vpper Iaw, [t. 8. fig. 8. ε ε] which with his companion maketh the bony prominence of the Nosei, s a small bone and almost quadrangular, but somewhat long, yet shorter by farre in a man then either in Dogges or in Apes. It is a hard, solid, broade and thinne bone hauing smal common perforations in it. It is ioyned aboue to the forehead bone by the third common suture; [tab. 8. fig. 8. ^yz] againe in the sides to the first bone of the iaw on either hand, and outward to the fourth bone by the third proper suture, [fig 8. from ^c to ^Y] and in the middle it is ioyned to his companion by the sixt suture [fig 8. from ^Z to ^f] which is not much vnlike a harmony, and runneth directly from the su∣ture of the forehead throughout the length of the bones of the Nose. Below it hath no suture but is rough and vnequall that the gristles of the Nose might take better hold vp∣pon it. On the inside where these two bones are ioyned, they adhere to the bony parti∣tion vnder them, and that cleaueth to the spongy bone.

The sixt and last bone of the vpper Iaw (for you must reckon euery one of these dou∣ble,

ble, one on one side, another on another) [ta. 8. fi. 9, n] is placed at the end of the pallate, where the nosethrils do determine into the chops and maketh together with his compa∣nion the backpart of the circumference of the nosethrils and the pallat. It is a broad bone thin and solid, and in the end where it is rough it resembleth a semi-circle. [tab. 8. fig. 9 a∣boue ^q] It is ioyned behinde, to the wedge-bone at his wingy processes: belowe, and on the outside by a part [q] of the second common suture. On the inside to the partition of the nosethrils by the second externall suture: [tab. 8. fig. 8 ^g] againe, to the fourth Bone of the iaw by the fift transuerse suture; [fig. 9 ^t] and finally, to his companion in the backe∣part in the pallate by the fixte suture running along the length of the pallat [tab. 8. figu. 9. from t to x]

It hath two perforations on either side, one large which runneth vpward and back∣ward to the ninth common hole of the wedge-bone, [tab. 8. fig. 9. a little below μ] the o∣ther small, which sometime determineth into the former, somtime into the second com∣mon suture. [aboue ^q at ^r]

Notes

• The common bones of the Iavv.
• The proper bones. First.
• Second.
• Aegilops.
• Weeping Fi∣stulaes.
• Third.
• The fourth
• His connexi∣ons.
• Perforations.
• Cauities.
• The fift.
• The six••
• The perfora∣tions.