Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. IX. Of the Sutures and Seames of the vpper Iaw.

THE Iaw is called by Aristotle 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because when we hould our Iawes to∣gether wee keepe silence, which the Grecians call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, it is also called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because there the beard doeth first flourish or breake out. The Iaw is double, the vpper and the lower, called by Hippocrates and Galen 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

The vpper Iaw is the bony part of the Face, which maketh the lower part of the orbe of the Eye and the sides, the cauity of the Nostrils, the Cheeks, the Pallat & containeth * 1.1 the vpper rowes of the Teeth.

This vpper Iaw is to bee considered either whole or according to his parts of which he is compounded.

In the whole Iaw wee consider his conformation and his connexion which is made by sutures. In the consideration of the partes wee will examine the bones where of it is compounded. The conformation of the whole Iaw is diuers, broade aboue and narrow below, because of the protuberations, perforations and cauities which are therein.

The prominences or protuberations are aboue in the middle of the face where the Nose is formed, [tab. 8. figure. 8.^f] which is peculiar onely to man, for onely a mans Nose * 1.2 swelleth out or standeth off from his Face. At the sides it swelleth on both handes, at the Temples to make the lower edge or verge of the Eyes and of the Cheekes [table 8.

fig. 8 aboue Ρ] although it also make the lower cauity of the eyes. Below on the outside, wher the roots of the teeth are it buncheth circularly: [vnder Λ] within it maketh the an∣terior and greater part of the pallat which is rough, [tab. 8. fig. 9 ^{t y z}] and in the circumfe∣rence it protuberateth for the dens or sockets of the teeth. [fig, 9^{u u}]

The perforations are partly small, through which the veines, arteries, and nerues are transmitted, as shall be saide in the History of the particular Bones; partly great, two in the lower cauity of the eyes, as in the second bone [fig. 8 C] through which the rheume * 1.3 falleth and a small Nerue vnto the nosethrilles; and in the fourth through which a little nerue runneth to the outside of the cheekes. So also in the foreside of the Plate and in the middest thereof one perforation which admitteth a small veine and a little Artery [fig, 9, ^Z] and on the backside of the palate two on either hand which run vnto the sides of the nosethrils. [at V]

The Cauities are Proper and Common. Proper to the fourth bone wherein there is a den closed vp within the bone at the sides of the nosethrils [fig. 8 vnder ^{B V}] & the sockets * 1.4 made to receiue the teeth, of which we shall speak in the descriptions of the fourth bone. The Common cauity is that of the nosethrils, distinguished by the partition and filled a∣boue with the spongy bones, which cauity both outwardly in the nose [figu. 8 OO] and inwardly in the mouth [figu. 9 at ^qq] is alwayes open, that the ayre in expiration may re∣turne backeward, and in smelling bee drawne vpwarde, and Rheume be that way euacu∣ated.

This vpper iaw in all creatures is immooueable excepting the water Crocodile, of which, saith Archangelus, there can be no particular reason giuen. A common Reason he giueth out of Aristotle where he saith, that the Body is the Instrument of the Soule, & * 1.5 therefore Nature hath accommodated the body and so furnished it as it wee see for the behoofe of the Soule in Men, in Oxen, in Horses, yea and in the Crocodile too, whose soule hath some poure or faculty to vs vnknowne, but expressed by the motion of the vp∣per Iaw; but his nether iawe is so vnited with the Temple-bones that it cannot at all bee mooued, because it is fastned into 2 bosomes, whereas the vpper is articulated on eyther side with a broad head. Yet Aristotle saith, that his vpper iaw was made mooueable to recompence the defect of his feete, because they are little, and vnfit either to catch or to reteine his prey.

In a Parrat or Poppingey both iawes are mooueable, and he moueth them either one at once or both together as he listeth. In a man the vpper iaw is immoueable, first, be∣cause the motion thereof would haue hindred his sight. Againe, in receiuing of Odours and inspiration of aire the motion of the vpper iawe would haue made an interruption. Thirdly, hard mears could not haue bene so well broken; for as in a Mill where Corne is ground one stone must rest immoueable the other must run vppon it, so in the grinding * 1.6 or breaking of meate it was necessary that one part which is the vpper iaw should be im∣moueable, the other which is the lower iaw moueable.

Heereto we may add, that the immobility of the vpper iaw is a beauty to the face, for if it had bene moued then it must necessarily haue bene corrugated or contracted, and so the elegancy and forme of the face bene deformed, whereas in the frame of mans bodye our Wise Creator had an especiall respect to make the face beautifull, because it is the image of the soule; wherfore a mans face is not set off from his head as in brute beasts, but made short and round for beauty and better forme.

The vpper iaw is fastned either with the bones that are about it, or with the proper bones of which it is compounded; which connexion is made by immouable commissure * 1.7 or coniunction, and that partly by sutures or seames, partly by Harmony or Caementation. Of these Sutures or commissures some are common vnto the scull with the bones of the vpper iaw, and those are fiue, of which we spake before in the fift chapt. Others are pro∣per to the bones of the iaw and are nine in number, and ioyne together twelue bones of the iaw, some of these, that is, two, are in the cauity of the nosethrils, the other seauen are on the outside. Againe of these seuen fiue are common to two bones of the iawe ioyning together, and two are peculiar to one bone. Of these in order.

The first internall suture we meet withall in the cauity of the nosethrils, & it is com∣mon to the partition and the fift bone. His course is short and obliquely downward. [tab 8. fig, 8 vnder ^f] * 1.8 The second is also found thereabout and is common to the partition of the nosethrils and the fourth and sixt bones of the iaw, his course is somewhat longer and

forward, but ouerthwart. [Tab. 8. fig. 8 g]

The first externall suture runneth obliquely to the cheeke-bone, and of it there are three parts, the first runneth through the cauities of the Temple bones outwarde and downward to the lower side of the cheeke: the second through the foreside of the cheek * 1.9 vpward and inward to the middle part of the eye. [Tab. 8. fig. 8 from ae vnto the lower D] The third in the cauity of the eyc; it runneth backward and outward [From the lower ^D to ^Q] and determineth at the second suture which is common also to the scull. This first ex∣ternall suture is common to the first bone and the fourth.

The second externall suture runneth circularly in the orbe of the eye aboue the com∣passe of his bone; it beginneth at the third common suture and runneth downward, then presently forward, and again from thence vpward. This suture is common to the second bone with the third on the backside, and to the fourth bone on the outwarde and lower side. [tab. 8. fig. 8 from V to ⁱ. from thence to C and δ]

The third is also in the orbe of the eie, and runneth directly outward from that suture which is called the second common suture of the wedgebone, and determineth in the se∣cond suture; it is common to the third and fourth bone. [ta. 6. fig. 8 from ^d to ^c]

The fourth is at the outside of the nosethrils, and runneth from the third common su∣ture directly downward throughout the length of the fift bone as far as to the gristle, and this is common to the fourth bone and the fift. [Tab. 8 fig. 8 from Ε to ^e]

The fift is in the pallat and runneth ouerthwart through the backside therof, & it is com∣mon to the fourth bone with the sixt. [tab. 8 fig. 9 ^{t u}]

The sixt is in the vpper part of the nose, and runneth from the middle of the Browes, where the third common suture is, directly throughout the length of the nose, and distin∣guisheth the fift bone through the middest.

The seauenth is in the pallate, a line rather then a suture; so also is the sixte saith Columbus, it runneth directly through the whole length of the Pallate, and is verie con∣spicuous both vvithin and vvithout the Nosethrilles, and diuideth thorough the middest the fourth bone and the sixt. [tab. 8. fig. 9, ^{y t x}] So also in the forepart of the iawe it runneth from the cauity through the middest of the shearing-teeth directly downward vnto the pallat, [tab. 8, figu. 8 ^h] but in Dogges, Apes, and Swine, and those creatures whose Dog-teeth are strong and hang ouer the iaw we meete, saith Vesalius, with two su∣tures or Harmonies which are not to be found in a man, and therefore they haue peculi∣ar bones in which the Shearing-teeth are fastned.

There are also certaine Bastard Sutures which do not quite diuide the bone but are ra∣ther * 1.10 lines or inscriptions and are onely founde in the fourth bone: first in the lower part of the orbe of the eye which runneth from the first perforation obliquely vnto the com∣passe of the eye but no further, and diuideth the fourth bone betweene the vpper seate of the first perforation and the circumference of the eye. [Tab. 8. fig. 8 ⁱ] Againe, in the fore∣part of the palat runneth a line obliquely from the second perforation of the fourth bone vnto the Dog-teeth.

This saith Columbus in children is very manifest, but in growne bodies there remay∣neth no signe or footestep thereof. Heereto opposeth Falopius in his Obseruations where * 1.11 he saith, I discent from them who say there is a suture found attaining ōuerthwart vnder the pallat to the Dog-teeth on either side, which in children should be conspicuous, but in growne bodies is obliterated. For I finde saith he, that this is a diuision or a rifte ra∣ther then a suture, because it doth not separate one bone from another nor appear on the outside: for how can it be a kind of articulation if it do not ioyne one bone with another. Moreouer, I cannot bee perswaded that this diuision, such as it is, is more conspicuous in children then in growne bodies, for I finde it very seldome obliterated and that in verie old men.

Thus farre Falopius. Bauhine addeth, that although in men it doe not diuide the Bone throughout, yet in Dogs, Apes and Hogs it doth, in which creatures it doth not only di∣uide the fourth bone in the palat, but also on the outside in the sorepart of the iaw.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The diuision of the face,
• * 1.2

  The protube∣rations of the vpper iaw.
• * 1.3

  The perfora∣tions.
• * 1.4

  The cauities.
• * 1.5

  Why the cro∣codiles vpper iawe is immo∣ueable.
• * 1.6

  Why a mans immoueable.
• * 1.7

  Connexion.
• * 1.8

  The first inter¦nall suture.
• * 1.9

  The first ex∣ternall.
• * 1.10

  The Bastard Sutures.
• * 1.11

  Disagreemēt betwixt Falo∣pius and Col.