Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. XXVI. Of the Nerues which yssue from the spinall Marrow in the Necke.

THE coniugations before mentioned are called productions of the Braine, and Nerues of the Braine, albeit they yssue from the lengthened Marrowe thereof, but yet contained within the Scull. Now we come vnto those si∣newes which draw their originall from the same marrow indeed, but that contained in the rack-bones of the spine, and therefore are called Nerues of the Spinall marrow. For from this marrow all the parts which are vnder the face, excep∣ting the bowels and the instruments of the voyce, do receiue Nerues; the bowels and the instruments of the voyce do not, partly because it was necessary that some of them shold bee immediately ioyned with the Braine, as the Heart and the Liuer, (for it behooued that all the principles of those faculties whereby the creature is gouerned should be con∣ioyned) partly because their situation is neere vnto the Braine, and they stande in neede onely of Sense.

The Nerues of the spinall Marrow are accounted thirty Coniugations yssuing out of

distinct parts and seates, as out of the marrow of the Necke, the Chest, the Loynes, and the Holy-bone contained within their vertebrae or rack-bones, and issuing out of their perforations or holes thrilled in them. These holes are eyther double before and behind, as in the two first of the neck and fiue of the Holy-bone, or single in each side of the racks, as in the rest.

The coniugations of the necke some account seauen, as Galen, Vesalius, Platerus, and Laurentius, yet Galen in the fift of the 13 de vsu partium reckons 8, and so doth Archange∣lus; Columbus but fiue. These are dispersed into the outside of the whole head and his Muscles.

The first and second coniugation do not arise after the manner of other Nerues out of the sides of the spondels, one out of the right side, the other out of the left; but one falleth through the hole on the foreside, the other through the hole on the backside, which hap¦peneth because of the different articulation of these two rackes which is so made for the more security of the motion.

The first Coniugation issueth betweene the Nowle and the first racke-bone, which that it might more easily be, there is a certaine small cauity in the nowle-bone and in the first vertebra, (yet in dogs in whom the spondell is greater, the cauity is onely in it) but be∣fore it issue it is reflected aboue the spinall marrow and presently is diuided into two small branches, one antertor which is very small, [Tab. 23 ^H] and so small that Vesalius saith it is not alwayes visible, but Columbus maketh no mention of it at all.

This nerue is inserted into the muscles which lye vpon the necke and vnder the gullet, which bend the neck, accounted by Vesalius and Platerus for the first payre that moue the backe, but Bauhine reckoneth it for the first bender of the necke, and calleth it Longus or the Long-muscle.

Table 23 is the same with Table 22. Lib. 7. folio 490.

The other posterior [Tab. 24,^F] which is subdiuided into a double surcle, one lesser which are disseminated into the smal muscles of the head seated in the Occipitiū or nowle, the right branch into the muscles on the right side, and the left into the muscles of the left side, which also we must vnderstand of the nerues that follow. The other surcle of the posterior branch [Tab. 24,^G] goeth into the beginning of the muscle that draweth the shoulder blade vpward, for being but small they do not run beyond the muscles.

The second coniugation issueth with two beginnings, the fore branch [Tab. 23,^N] is very small and slippeth out betwixt the first and the second rack-bone at the sides of the tooth, and is distributed into the muscles that sit vppon the neck, as that branch of the first coniugation is of which we spake ere while, with which branch it is implicated, and so consumed into the whole skin almost of the face.

The posterior branch which is the greater [tab. 24, l] when it is issued by the side of the backward processe of the second rack-bone is presently diuided into two vnequal brā∣ches: the thicker [Ta. 24,^K] runneth ouerthwart toward the middle of the spine where the muscles do meete that occupy the necke, and is increased with a surcle [tab. 24,^L] of the third coniugation, [tab. 23,^S] and from the back-part tendeth vpwarde vnto the fore-part of the head, and disperseth propagations into the skinne of the whole head euen to the top of the whole crowne, yea and vnto the cares; [tab. 23, and 24,^MM] but the lesser branch [ta. 24, aboue^R] is distributed into the beginnings of the third and sixt payres of muscles of the Head.

The third coniugation [Tab. 23, char. 3.] breaketh out of a common hole which is be∣twixt the second and third spondell, and is diuided into two branches. The anterior whereof [Tab. 23,^P] is subdiuided into foure surcles, the first goeth to the first paire of muscles that bend the necke, the second [tab. 23, and 24,^R groweth with^Y] runneth down∣ward, and being commixed with a surcle of the fourth coniugation is distributed into the muscles that lye vnder the Gullet.

The third surcle [tab. 21,^S tab. 24, from^• to^t] runneth vpward and meeteth with a branch of the second coniugation, and is spent into the skin on the sides and top of the head. The fourth [tab. 23, and 24,^T] is dispersed into the muscles that incline the neck to the sides, as also vnto the muscle that lifteth vp the blade.

Finally, into that quadrangular muscle arising from the fleshy Membrane which dra∣weth the lip obliquely downeward. The posterior branch of the third coniugation [ta. 23, 24,^O] is disseminated into the muscles that are common to the head and the necke,

and lift it vp which are called Sacer and semispinalis. The first Vesalius accounteth for the seauenth mouer of the backe, and the second for the eight.

The fourth Coniugation [ta. 23. char. 4.] yssueth out of the common hole of the third and 4. Rack-bones, and is diuided sayth Columbus into many surcles. Bauhine sayth into 2. branches, an anterior & a posterior: the anterior which is the greater, is deuided into three propagations. [ta. 23. & 24. ^X.]

The first [ta. 23. ^Y] is mixed with a branch of the third payre [ta. 23. ^R] and goeth to the muscles that lye vnder the Gullet, which make the first payre of Benders of the Necke.

The second [ta. 23. a] departeth into the muscles that bend the neck into the sides, that is, into the second payre and to the second muscle of the shoulder-blade called Cucullaris or the Cowle muscle.

The third [ta. 23. ^b] which is lesser, being accompanyed with a branch of the fift Coniu∣gation, [ta. 23. ^c] and vnited with a propagation of the sixt [table. 23. ^m] descendeth neare the Mediastinum (where it letteth slip a small branch on each side) and aboue the Pericar∣dium, that of these originalles, that is to say, the fourth mixed with the fift and the sixt, the nerue of the Midriffe [ta. 23. & 24. ⁿ] might be compounded which is inserted into his ner∣uous tendon called by others his Head. Sometime this branch of the fourth Coniuga∣tion is wanting, and then a surcle of the seauenth Coniugation supplyeth the place, but howsoeuer the chiefe part or mountenance of the Nerue is from the fift Coniugation. The posterior branch of the fourth Coniugation which is also the lesse [tab. 23. and 24. ^v] at the spine of the third Racke-bone bestoweth his blessing vpon the muscles of the neck, which lye vpon that spondell, and from thence is consumed into the membranous muscle of the cheekes.

The fift Coniugation [ta. 23. char. 3.] falling out vnder the fourth spondell, is deuided into two branches, one anterior another posterior. The first surcle [ta. 23. a ^d vnto char. 6.] of the anterior branch [ta. 23, and 24. ^d] goeth to the muscles which bend the necke. The second [ta. 23. ^e] together with the propagations of the fourth and the sixt Coniugations [ta, 23, out of^bem] maketh the nerue of the Midriffe. The third [t. 23. and 24, ^f] runneth vnto the muscle called Deltois which is the second of the arme, from which final branches [ta. 24. ^{T T}] are afforded to the muscles that lift vp the shoulder-blade called Cucullaris and Leuator.

From the same surcles also ariseth another Nerue [tab. 23. and 24. ^g] which with many small fibres is implicated in the skinne that couereth the Deltois; another lying deepe at the necke of the shoulder-blade is deuided into two branches, the anterior [ta 23. & 24. ^h] and the smaller affoordeth small surcles to the Deltois, where it taketh his originall from the clauicle, sometimes also to the skinne, accompanying the humerarie veine.

Table 24. is the same with Tab. 23. Lib. 7. Folio 490.

The posterior which is the thicker [table. 23. 24. ⁱ] first sendeth a surcle into the second payre of muscles of the bone Hyois called Coracohyoides: afterward being accompanied with a veine and an artery, it sendeth another to the vpper superscapular muscle or the vp∣per Blade-rider, againe vnto the Deltois where it ariseth from the spine of the blade, and fi∣nally it sendeth surcles [ta. 23. 24. π] to the outside of the skin of the arme: and so much of the anterior branch of the fift Coniugation. The posterior [ta. 24. ^c] at the tops of the spines is reflected and distributed like the posterior branch of the fourth Coniugation.

The sixt Coniugation which Columbus calleth the first paire of sinewes of the hand [ta. 23. char. 6.] vnder the fift spondell where it yssueth is deuided into an anterior and po∣sterior branch.

The anterior [ta, 23, l] after it hath ioyned a propagation [tab. 23, ^m] to the branch of the fift Coniugation to make the nerue of the Midriffe, is vnited with the seauenth of the necke, and the first Coniugation of the Chest. [ta, 23, and 24, ^q] Afterward it is diuersly deuide, and with those that follow furnisheth out nerues to be transported to the Arm. It sendeth also a peculiar surcle [ta, 24, ^p] vnto the hollow part of the shoulder-blade into the muscles that lift it vp.

The posterior branch [ta, 24, ^k] is dispersed after the manner of the rest vnto the mus∣cles which moue the head and the neck, as also into the heads of the muscles which serue for Respiration, which from the necke doe attaine vnto the Chest: those muscles also re∣ceiue nerues from the seauenth Coniugation and from the first of the chest.

The seauenth Coniugation [Tab, 23, chara, 7,] yssueth vnder the sixt spondell of the necke, and for more security is ioyned with the sixt coniugation of the necke and the first of the chest, [ta, 23, ^s] the chiefe part whereof runneth into the arme, for the nerues of the arme are produced from the fift, sixt and seauenth coniugations of the necke, and from the first and second of the chest.

Somtime also there proceedeth from this coniugation a branch to the making of the nerue of the midriffe. Wherefore seeing that from the marrow of the necke many nerues do concur to the making of the midriffe-nerue, it is no wonder that in the Apoplexy the motion of the midriffe is for a while naturall, for although because of the obstruction of the ventricles of the braine, as it is commonly beleeued, the animall spirit cannot bee con∣uayed vnto the midriffe, yet seeing that the cauity of the spinall marrow containeth some deale of animall spirits, which by these nerues may be transported vnto the midriffe, and giue it a little motion, thence Respiration remaineth, & though it be but very little, yet the life is thereby sustained as long as the animall spirit shal remaine in the cauity of the spinal marrow, and if the obstruction of the ventricles can be freed, then he that is apopleticall, returneth to himselfe, if not there he determines his life.

This is Bauhines physicke concerning the apoplexy and the cause therof, wherto though I can in no sort agree, yet because he handleth it but by the way, and we are now in ano∣ther argument I will not reason the case with him.

The posterior branch of the seauenth coniugation [tab. 24, ^r] which is also the lesse & neuer missing, affordeth surcles to the muscles which lye vpon the neck & vnto the square muscles of the cheekes; into which also surcles are sent from the fift coniugation of the braine, and from all seauen of the necke excepting onely the first, which surcles runne ac∣cording to the course of the fibres of the muscle: they attaine also vnto the skinne. It is no wonder therefore if the Dog-spasme be a greeuous disease, seeing that this muscle in it doth at the first hand suffer conuulsion.

Galen in the fift chap. of his 13 book de vsu partium, and after him Archangelus do adde an eight coniugation issuing betwixt the seauenth and the eight spondell and distributed especially into the Cubit and the Ell but passeth no further.

Notes

• 7 of the neck.
• The first.
• His diuision.
• Subdiuision.
• The second coniugation. His double originall.
• The third coniugation. His diuision.
• and subdiuisiō
• The 4 coniu∣gation.
• Diuision.
• The 5 Coniu∣gation. his diuision.
• The sixt coniugation.
• The seauenth coniugation. His diuision.
• How a man breeths in an Apoplexy.
• The dog spasme
• The 8 coniu∣gation after Galen & Vesal.