Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. XI. Of the Values or Flood-gates of the Veynes.

OF these Values Auicen the Arabian seemeth to haue made the first mention, calling them Cels in the Veynes. Hieronimus Fabritius ab Aquapendente an ex∣cellent Anatomist of Padua in Italy made publique demonstration of them in the yeare of Grace 1574. and wrote a Tractate of them in the year 1603. Salomon also Albertus shewed them in the yeare 1579. and wrote of them in the yeare, 1584.

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FIG. I.

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FIG. II.

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FIG. III.

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Tab. xi. Figure. 1. sheweth the arme bound ready for blood-letting.

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Fig. 2 & 3. sheweth two Veines of the legs turned the inside outward.

• A. A branch of the Cephalica Veine making the Median veine.
• B, C. The Basilica B and a braunch of it making the Median at C.
• D. The Median Veine made of the branches of the Cephalica and ba∣silica.
• E. The Median Veine being caried through the middest of the Cu¦bit diuided aboue the Radius.
• F. A deepe trunke of the Basilica or the trunke lying very low.
• G. The trunke of the Basilica lying vnder the skin.
• HHH. Values in the veines of the arme.
• I, K. The first veine of the Leg.
• L, M. The second veine of the leg.
• NNN. The values filled with bum∣bast.
• OOO. The values empty.

The Values are found in the Veines of the ioynts, and are nothing else but small por∣tions of the coate of the veines starting in their cauity, and intercepting the one halfe thereof, making in them as it were an angle or corner: wherefore the body of the veine is no where so thin as where these small membranes do depart from it. Some men had ra∣ther call them Ostiolae then Valuulae, which word we do not better know howe to English then to call them Floodgates which stoppe and intercept the currents of waters.

They are seated in the veines of the armes and the legges aboue and below after the Glandules of the arme-pits and the groine. Presently vnder the originals or out shoo∣tings of the branches which are disseminated from the sides of the veins into the neigh∣bor parts for their nourishment. And the reason why they were created was, that the blood which is to be distributed to other partes, might in that place make a stay and not be carried in a full streame along the large or direct Canale or pipe, and from the lesser branches, and those that are propagated obliquely be defrauded.

They reach from the sides of the veynes vnto the middle of their capacity: neither do they shut vp the orifices of the braunches where they take their beginning out of the hol∣low veine, but are rather disposed in the branches themselues, for otherwise there could haue bene no regurgitation of humors which is very necessary as wee are taught by re∣vulsions. But in the orifice of the Iugular veine there are found two Values, least when the head is reclined too much backward the blood should violently rush into the braine.

The Trunke of the Hollow-veine in the lower and middle Region, as also that of the Artery hath no Values, that without any obstacle or opposition the blood might bee euery way distributed as well for the restauration of the substance that vanisheth or wast∣eth away, as also for the generation of spirits. In like manner an innumerable number of small externall veynes are all together without them.

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TABVLA. XII. sheweth the values almost in the middle of the arme at the originall of the Inner Iugular veyne.

• a. The subclauian veyne.
• bb, The orifice of the veyne betwixt the inner Iugular and the Axillary veyne.
• c, Two values at the originall of the internall Iugular. d, The internall Iugular opened.
• e, The diuision thereof nere the head.
• f, The Glandule vnder the eare.
• ggggg, fiue ribs cut off.
• h, Values at the Axillary veine.
• i. The axillary veine produced from the Sub∣clauian.
• k. The diuision of the axillary vein into the Ce∣phalica and the Basilica.
• ll, The Cephalica called also Humeraria.
• m, m Two values in the Cephalica fiue fingers al∣most asunder.
• n. The muscle of the arme called Deltois.
• oo, The Basilica veine called also Hepatica.
• p, q, r, s. Foure values, the first is foure fingers of the second, the second three from the third, the third two fingers off the fourth.
• t, Two values ioyned together in the Basilica.
• u, The Arme-pit or the hole vnder the arme.

The number of these Values is vncertain and the distances betweene them very vne∣qual, yet commonly they are double or two together, vnlesse it be little aboue the Trans∣uerse Ligaments which containe the Tendons of the hands, the feete, the fingers & the toes. Also when a large veine beginneth to be contracted there most commonly they begin to be fewer till at length they vanish quite away. For where it is fit that more blood should be stopped and stopped longer there are two Values; where lesse and for a shor∣ter time there one wil serue the turne especially there is but one where a lesse vessel is ob∣liquely produced out of a greater.

For the distance betweene them, although they runne throughout the length of the vessell, yet in some places there is two fingers, in some three, in some foure, in som fiue fingers distance between them. As for example, in the Cephalica vnder the Muscle called Deltoides, there are two Values about fiue fingers distant one from another. In the Basili∣ca as it runneth through the inside of the arme there are foure large Values. The first is foure fingers distant from the second, the second three from the third, the third two from the fourth, after which follow two small Values ioyned together.

So in the foote (I meane the foote in the large acceptation) in the Hollow veyne before it be subdiuided in the groine there are two great values set, afterwards when it is diuided into a greater and a lesser trunke, the greater in two places hath two values foure fingers distant one from another. Thence downeward at the Ham one, at the calfe two, then one, and finally two other. But in the lesser trunke there are more, for in the begin∣ning of the byfurcation there are values; within the distance of two fingers two more;

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TABVLA. XIII. sheweth the Crural veine and Artery, as also all the lesser branches of the Crural veyne opened.

• a, b, c, d. The Crural arterie diui∣ded through the midst which hath no values.
• e, f, g. The crural veine opened.
• h. two values in the crurall veine
• i, the diuision of the crurall vein into a deeper or greater brāch and an vtter or lesser.
• k, the deeper or greater branch.
• l, The exterior branch or the les∣ser which maketh the Saphaena.
• m, m, Two values in two places distant one from another a∣bout foure fingers.
• nnn, Two values in three places, the first in the beginning of the bifurcation, the 2 at two fingers distance, the 3 at three
• o, one value foure fingers distant from the two last.
• p, 2 values at the Ham branch.
• q, two values vnder the Ham at the distance of foure fingers, where there is no branch.
• r, One value, three fingers distāt from the former.
• s, One other value foure Fingers distant from that.
• t, u. The veine Saphaena.
• x, A value 5 fingers distant from the former.
• y, 2 values at the wrist of the foot
• z, A value three fingers distant from the former.
• a, The last value of the Saphaena, for that which remaynes hath no Values at all.

others three fingers off; likewise in the same veine making the Saphena there is one value; foure fingers off of that two, and vnder the hamme foure fingers off likewise two more; three fingers off these there is one, and another foure fingers off it; fiue fingers off that a∣nother, two vnder the wrest of the Foote; three fingers out them one single one, and after the same distance appeareth the last; the remainder of the Saphena runs without values vnto the top of the great Toe.

But because the stronger current and course of the bloud might bee better abated, these values are not placed in a right line or alwayes on the same side, for then the whole streame of bloud would haue flowed downe that side of the vessell that is free: Where∣fore they vary their seate very artificially, as if in the vpper part of the veine there be two values, then after the distance which wee sayde was betweene them, other two values ap∣peare in the lower part of the veine, so that the hornes of the following membranes doe regard the middle and embowed part of those that went before and on the contrary, yet so that in the middest they doe not touch one another, but leaue a tract or path whereby the bloud may passe downward and fall as well into the lower values as into those aboue. So then the lower values stay that bloud which escapeth from the vpper, & yet the course of the bloud is not intercepted.

The figure of a Value sayeth Aquapendens, is like the nayle of a mans finger, or they be like a horned Moone, on their outside they represent the knottes that are in the bran∣ches of plants, for when a mans arme is tyed to let him bloud, there appeare within cer∣taine distances as it were knots on the outside, and in clownish bodies sayth Bauhine, they may be seene to swell in the outside of the Legges like a Varix or a bursten veine. And truely a varix is nothing else but a veine and his value dilated by thick bloud which is de∣tayned in the value, for without these the veines would bee dilated and swell equally in e∣uery place.

Vpward toward the rootes of the veines these values are open, but below and at the sides they grow to the veines, for they are portions of their coate. And if you put a quill

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Table 14. sheweth the values of the Cru∣rall veine and his deep branch which walketh along with the Arterie, and these values may here be seene as far as the bifurcation.

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TABVLA XIIII.

• β, The deeper braunch of the Crurall veine which must bee tyed with the branch mar∣ked with K in the former Table about, d, which noteth the artery.
• γ♌, The Crurall artery which must bee ioyned with d of the former table.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Two values with a propagation out of the veine.
• ζ The hamme.
• O, one great value with a propagation.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The Calfe.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Two values without any branch.
• Λ, One value with one propagation on either side.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Two values without propagations.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, The Crurall veines, and the subdiuision of his deeper branch into 2, which also haue their values though wee cannot nowe fol∣low them.

into a veine and lightly blow, then will the value swell out like a little bladder, or rather if we may compare little things with great, like the sayle of a shippe when it runneth freshly before the winde.

Their substance is exceeding thinne that they might take vp the lesse roome, yet ve∣ry thight and fast for more strength that they might not be broken by the violent incursi∣on of the bloud.

Their vse is to stay the bloud from falling too hastily into the lower parts, otherwise because the ioyntes doe hang downewarde the bloud would haue falne into them like a streame, and so the lower parts should haue beene oppessed by too great an affluence of Aliment, and burdened with a weight of humour, but the vpper parts should haue been defrauded. Nowe by reason of these values the Aliment doeth subsist or make stay in the greater vesselles as it were in a fountaine, that the smaller veines might alwayes haue nourishment at hand to conuay vnto their particular parts.

Againe, because the veines were created not onely to deriue or transport the bloud into the parts, but also to adde something vnto the perfection of his concoction, there is no doubt but these values were ordayned to stay the course and violence of the bloud that the veines might haue time to bestow their trauell vpon it.

Thirdly they adde strength vnto the veines, for were it not for these, it is likely that where a varix hapneth, there either the veine would breake, or at least the dilatation be much more offensiue. For because the veine is of a membranous, simple and thinne sub∣stance it may easily be streatched or broken.

Fourthly, when we exercise our ioynts vehemently and often, the heat of the parts is stirred vp and the bloud partly disturbed partly called into the ioints, where the values do breake the force of it and so keepe it from mischiefe.

Finally, if it were not for them in those violent motions of the ioynts, the whole masse almost of bloud would be called into the armes and the Legs, and so the principall parts or bowelles of the body bee defrauded of their allowance; and thus much of the Values. Onely, because they are not so well knowne nor so ordinarily demonstrated as the other particles of the body, we haue exhibited in this Chap. 4. tables. Two of the Hand and 2. of the Foote, wherein the values of the veines are very liuely described; and so we proceed vnto the second part of this Booke which is concerning the Arteries.

Notes

• Auicen.
• Aquapendeus.
• Salomon Al∣bertus.
• What a value is.
• Their situatiō
• And vse.
• Where they are found.
• Their distāce.
• In the Cepha∣lica.
• In the Basilica
• In the Veines of the Foote.
• Their position
• Their figure.
• Their sub∣stance.
• Their vse.