Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. VII. Of the Meninges or Membranes of the Braine.

AS the lower belly and parts therein are compassed with the Peritonaeum, & the middle with the Pleura, so there are two membranes stretched ouer the caui∣ty of the Skull, which Galen and those who haue written since his time haue * 1.1 called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. And indeed Galen had the name out of Hippocrates his book de Carnibus, who there taketh it in a larger signification, which giueth

that name to all parts that are hollow, as the veines, the stomacke the guts and such like. E∣rasistratus called these membranes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Pollux 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Arabians called them * 1.2 Matres the Mothers, and so now they are commonly tearmed. Macrobius calleth them O∣menta or kelles. The one of these which is the outward is thicke and called dura mater the hard Mother, the other inward and thinne called Pia mater, the deere or neere Mother, be∣cause it immediately incompasseth and imbraceth the substance of the braine.

* 1.3 The thicke meninx Hippocrates (in his booke de locis in homine) calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Galen 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, the thicke hard or skinny meninx, com∣monly the dura mater, because of all the membranes of the body it is the thickest, hardest and strongest, and particularly in relation to the thinner meninx.

In figure and magnitude this membrane answereth the bones of the Scull, because it in∣compasseth all his bosomes and cauities. It is greater then the Pia mater or thinner me∣ninx * 1.4 least if it lay to close vnto it the vessels that run therin should be compressed, which if they be distended and swell too full of bloud, do cause the head-ach yea oftentimes the Apoplexie; whence it is that many which dye of the Apoplexie, auoid bloud out of their nose and their mouth.

It is tyed very strongly to the Basis of the Scull and to his sharper processes, and to the orbes or circles of his holes, [Tab. 11, fig. 7, ^ZZ] whereupon some haue thought that from * 1.5 this Basis it tooke his originall, because seede is the matter out of which this, as all other membranes are made. Notwithstanding it cleaueth not so close to that bosome of the wedge bone [Tab. 4, fig. 10 ^•,] where the Glandule of phelgme is scituated, [Tab. 7, fig. 15, ^A] nor yet at the sides thereof where those bosomes are which giue way to the branches of the sleepy arteries called Carotides. It incompasseth all the inside of the Scull, from which as also from the braine it hangeth in the like distance as doth the Pericardiū or purse from the heart, least the eleuation and depression, or the Systole and Dyastole of the braine should be hindred. I knowfull well (that we may say something of it by the way) that Platerus thought that the braine it selfe did not moue, but that it was onely the pulsation * 1.6 of the third ventricle much like the beating of an artery, which we feele in the Sculs of ten∣der Infants before their bones are ioyned close together. But Columbus and Archange∣lus doe demonstrate a manifest Systole and Dyastole of the braine from their experience in those whose Sculs are wounded and the bones taken out with a Trepan. And Laurentius thinketh him not worthy the name of an Anatomist that will call it into question.

It is tied very strongly to the Scull by thinne and membranous fibres (which Galen in the 8. booke of the vse of parts and the 9. chapter calleth Ligaments) arising there-from, which passe through the Sutures of the Scull, especially about the Lambdal Suture, euery one of which Ligaments or fibrous ties chuse you whether, are extended ouer the part of the Scull where against they issue, and running along are exactly vnited together & make that common Membrane which we saide before was called Pericranium, vnder which there is yet another farre finer and thinner called Periostium; from which two membranes all the other membranes of the body haue their origninall, that in this respect this Dura meninx may well be called Mater, as being the Mother of all other membranes. It is also knit to the Pia mater and to the braine by the mediation of vessels. [Tab. 6, fig. 2, ^{DD GG}. Tab. 11, fig. 8, ^KK.]

This membrane is double as are the rest of the membranes of the body; and Columbus makes two membranes of it, one inward another outward, and boasts himselfe of the fin∣ding * 1.7 of them: whom Laurentius closely taxeth confessing that it is indeed double, but they are not therfore to be called two membranes; so saith he, we do not say that there are two rims of the belly, and yet we know that the Peritonaeum is double. Well, it hath a double superficies or surface; the outward like abroad Tendon is stretched ouer the other and groweth vnto it; hard it is and rough, partly by reason of the fibres which if you take away a piece of the Scull you may perceiue a little to swell vp like a small line, [Tab. 6, fig. 1, ^GGG, ^HH, ^II,] partly because in the crowne of the head where the sagitall Suture meeteth with the Coronall, there are certaine smal knubs or knots, which in the Scull haue their proper bo∣somes wherein they conch and to which they grow very fast. [Tab. 6, fig. 1, ^K.]

The inner superficies or surface is bright, smooth, slippery and much whiter without a∣ny such knubby or kernelly substance or fat (what you will call it) at all; moistened also with a watery humor, [tab. 6, fig. 2, ^HH] whereas the vtter is dryer. On the inside also it is of ex∣quisite sense, but on the outside not so that it might better endure the contaction of the

[illustration]

Tab. 6. Fig. 1. sheweth a head, the Scull being taken away that so the braine may appeare as it is couered with the Dura meninx.

[illustration]

Fig. 2. sheweth the Braine cleared from the Dura meninx, to∣gether with the third Sinus thereof, diuided through the middest, which is shewed couered with the Pia mater.

[illustration]

TABVLA. VI.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

• A A. B B. The Dura meninx or thicke mem∣brane.
• C C C. The third Sinus of this membrane.
• D D, The course of the veines as they run through the membrane, or the second veine of the braine.
• E E, The fift veine of the braine.
• F F F, Certaine small veines which perforate the Scull and reach to the pericranium or Scull-skin.
• G G G. Fibres of the Dura meninx passing through the Coronall Suture which fibres make the Pericranium.
• H H. Fibres passing through the sagittall Suture.
• I I. Others passing through the Lambdall Suture.
• K. A knub which vseth to grow to the Sinus of the Scull.
• L. A cauity in the forehead bone.
• M. The Scull.
• N. The Pericranium or Scull-skinne.

[illustration]

II.

[illustration]

Fig. 2.

• A A A. A part of the Crasse meninx diuiding the braine.
• B B. the third Sinus of the same Crasse mem∣brane opened.
• C C. the beginnings of the vessels out of the third Sinus into the Pia mater.
• D D D. the propagation or branching of these vessels.
• E E E. the Pia mater or thin meninx imme∣diately compassing the braine.
• F F F. Certaine vessels running through the conuolutions or breaches of the braine.
• G G G. Certaine branches of veines run∣ning through the sides of the dura meninx.
• H H H. The thicke membrane reflected downeward.

bone without offence.

It hath many holes or passages in it, first of all (saith Galen in his 9. booke of the vse of * 1.8 parts, and the 6. chapter; to giue way to many veines; againe, for the outgate of the Con∣iugations or paires of the sinewes. Moreouer in the middest it hath one notable perfora∣tion and that round, to let out the braine Tunnell, called Insundibulum, [tab. 12, fig. 11, ^F] as also others at the sides of the former to admit the sleepy arteries called Carotides, [Tab. 12, fig. 11, ^C and ^D] and one larger then all the rest through which the marrow of the backe descendeth out of the braine. [Tab. 12, fig. 9, ^H] Finally, where it is stretched ouer the spon∣gybone, it is perforated manifold like a Siue. [Tab. 14, figure 18, at ^F and figure 9, at ^•]

In the top of the head it is redoubled and separateth the braine into two parts, a right * 1.9 and a left, euen as low as the center thereof. [Tab. 10, fig. 13, from ^D to ^B] Which Redu∣plication

lyeth all along the third bosome or Sinus of this hard membrane & runneth with the bosome through the length of the head forward vnto the top of the nose, and groweth fast vnto the distinction of the mamillary processes, [Tab. 9, fig. 3, ^N] euen as it groweth backward in the middest to the hinder processe.

This Reduplication of the dura meninx is called the vpper processe and is likened by * 1.10 all the best Anatomists to a Mowers Sythe; and Laurentius is not affraide to call it Faix or the Sythe, and saith that this reduplication makes the body of the same: but Vesalius saith that the processe which is like a Sythe is not duplicated but simple as the membrane it selfe is simple, and seemeth onely to be double because of the bosome which parteth the braine; of the same minde also is Platerus. But let vs see how it resembleth a Sythe: Bau∣hine fashioneth it thus. Backward, (where it is continuall with a part of the same membrane which couereth the Cerebellum or after-braine) it is broad and answereth the broad end of the Sythe, [tab. 9, fig. 3, at ^D] about the midst of his length it groweth to be very thicke like the backe of the Sythe, and the fore end is like the point; for it groweth narrow by de∣grees and therefore that part of it which is next to the braine turneth inward obliquely iust like the hooking point of a Sythe. [tab. 9, fig. 3, from ^FG to ^H]

The other processe of the Dura mater is backward and shorter, and for the most part di∣stinguisheth the Cerebellum or after-braine from the braine it selfe, [Tab. 11, fig. 7, ^OOOO] Be∣side * 1.11 it couereth the Cerebellum, and it is foure-fold as thicke and hard as it is in any other place saith Columbus and with him Archangelus and Laurentius, Vesalius saith three-folde Dogges in this place haue a bone which vnderproppeth the braine that it should not lye * 1.12 heauy or beare vpon the Cerebellum. [Tab. 11, fig. 7, betwixt^OO and ^XX]

In this membrane there are found two kinds of Canales or pipes; one through which * 1.13 the vessels are carried, as the Arteries which are disseminated through the membrane. The other into which the veines do determine, which kinde of Canale or hollow passage is to it instead of veines; and these they call the backward bosomes, or hollownesses, or canales, (for other words to expresse a Sinus I cannot deuise) of which wee will immediately in∣treate.

Fallopius in his obseruations reckoneth ten of these Sinus, on either side foure; the ninth is that which other Anatomists take for the third, & the tenth that they take for the fourth; * 1.14 but in his institutions he reckoneth but sixe: foure of which we know well, the other two saith Bauhine, I thinke no man knowes but himselfe.

We with Bauhine (whom for the most part we follow) do reckon foure, which Galen in the ninth booke de Anatomicis Administrationibus called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in the 9. booke de vsu part. * 1.15 and the 6. chap. sometimes meningis 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 leading bloud: sometimes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the ventricles of the thicke membrane; as in his 9. booke de Anatomicis Administrati∣onibus and the first chapter, because they arise from the duplication of the membrane, and are as it were Rillets carrying bloud and spirits. And haply hence tooke Pelops the occasion of his error, who auouched that all the vessels had their originall from the head.

* 1.16 The two first of these Sinus or Canels, or Rillets, (call them as you please) haue their be∣ginning behind in the Basis of the Occipitium or nowle betwixt the braine and the after-braine at the sides of the hole through which the marrow of the backe descendeth: they are one on each side, [Tab. 7, fig. 13, ^MN] called the right and the left. They lye neere the sides of the Lābdall Suture, and into them do the veines and the arteries exonerate & vn∣burden themselues. They are fastened to the Scull, and when they come neere the middle of the Lābdall Suture & the top of the Cerebellum they ioyne in one and make a common cauity, which place [Tab. 7, fig. 13, ^O] Herophylus (saith Galen in his 9. book of the vse of parts and the 6. chapter, and in the 9. of his Anatomicall Administrations and the first) called * 1.17 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 that is, Torcular the Presse, because from thence as from a high place the Rils runne * 1.18 downe on eyther side; some of them out of the middest of it are deriued into the whole after-braine, others run from the forepart, from whence, as wine from a grape-presse, the bloud poured out of the veines and arteries is squeesed into the whole braine. From these on eyther hand at the sides runne small branches like veines, some of them as small as a ve∣ry haire, some of them larger, [Tab. 7, fig. 13, ^SS] which runne out into the bordering mē∣branes, both the thicke one [Tab. 11, fig. 7, ^OOO] and the thin one [Tab. 12, fig. 9, ^•D] where they couer the whole Cerebellum.

Out of the concurrence of these [Tab. 7, fig. 13, ^O] do arise two other Sinus or Rils diffe∣ring in length and in the fashion of their cauities. The one of them is the higher and is

called the third Sinus [Table 15. figure 13. ^PP] the other lower called the fourth [table 7. fig. 13. ^R]

The third Sinus which is like a Rill of bloud, called sometimes by Galen a veine and not vnproperly (for what should you call a vessell in which bloud is contained but a veine * 1.19 though it haue not the coate of a veine) though some thinke it to be Herophilus his presse of which we spake euen now; it passeth directly forward through the length of the head [table 6. fig. 1. and 2. CCC] betwixt the right and the left parts of the Braine vnder the vpper part of the Lambdall Suture and vnder the Sagitall Suture, and vnder the middest of the forehead bone in the top of the nose is ioyned to the bony partition [tab. 7. fig. 13. ^Q] of the organs of smelling, and would be like a triangle, sauing that in the vpper part it is some what neere to a semicircular form: for the cauity of this Sinus, as also of the two former, haue two croo∣ked ribs as it were inward, and the third curued outward.

From this Sinus or canale on either side the braine all along the head there arise very * 1.20 thicke certaine vessels as it were branches out of a great trunke of a veine which Galen cal∣leth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of which some are but small which they call venas reptitias, the creeping veines. Of these some arise from the higher part of the Sinus, some from the lower, some from the sides thereof. Those which arise out of the higher part [Table 7. figure 13. XXX] which is next the skull, do run vpward to the duplication of the skull, that is to the porie substance between the tables thereof, and to the Perteranium, and mingle themselues with those small vesselles which descend from the skinne of the crowne and passe through the skull at small pores thrilled therein for the same purpose. Those which arise from the lower part of the canale, that is, which is next the braine [table 7. figure 13. VVV table 9. figure 3. ^E•. ^HH] are but small, and runne downeward onely into that part of the dura meninx which euen nowe we called the sithe. Those which arise out of the sides of the Sinus, that is out of the bredth of it [table 7. figure 13. ^TTT tab. 8. figure 2. ^DDFF] are infinitely diuersified into the piae mater and together therewith into the conuolutions of the brain; and where the piae mater endeth they proceed on into the very substance it selfe of the braine. These vessels sometimes ope∣ning, * 1.21 so great a quantity of bloud hath issued by the Nosethrils, that it is credibly reported to haue amounted to 24. pound: in which kinde of fluxe wee must not apply medicines to the forehead, but either to the crowne or to the coronall suture.

Columbus was of opinion that these vessels do not arise out of the Sinus it selfe, but out * 1.22 of the veines running therin, for he thought that the internal iugular veines passed through it. Archangelus also seemeth to incline this way, who sayth that through the two former Sinus or rils, the inner iugular veines and arteries doe passe and infinuate themselues into the third Sinus and so run out to the nose, yea backward also to the fourth Sinus and quite through it.

The fourth Sinus sayth Vesalius the professors of diffection haue not remembred. It is * 1.23 no where neare vnto the skull as the others are, but seated in the lower part of the braine: very short it is and runneth directly betwixt the brayne and the after-brayne to that part of the braine called Nates or the bottocks, and the glandule called pinealis (for such represen∣tations there are in the substance of the braine [table 7. figure 13. ^R table 11. figure 7. ^T] and the cauity of it is like a triangle made of three equall ribs curued inward. The beginning of this cautiy, or rather trueth to say the meeting of all foure [Tab. 7. fig. 13. ^O] some call the Torcular or the presse; and from hence do spring the veines, sayth Columbus and with him Bauhine, which are dispersed through the substance of the braine to nourish it.

From this Sinus also in his progresse doe issue small branches, some of which runne vp∣ward * 1.24 to that part of the dura mater which is aboue the Corebellum and as far as to the sithe, [table 7. figure 13. ^YY] others downward [tab. 7. fig. 13. ^aa] which are dispersed into the du∣ra mater, where it lyeth aboue the after-brain, as also into the pia mater, both where it com∣passeth * 1.25 the after-braine and the braine it selfe.

Afterward this Sinus is deuided into diuers rillets; two issue out of the vpper part of it and one out of the lower; of the two which issue out of the vpper part, one is greater ano∣ther lesse.

The greater [table 7. figure 13. ^b] creepeth along the lower part of the dura meninx where it deuideth the braine in his length; from which certaine surcles runne [Table 7. fig. 13. ^ccc] vpward to the processe of the same dura mater.

The lesser which is double, a right and a left [table 7. figure 13. ^de table 3. figure 3. ^IIFGG] supported with the thinne membrane after the manner of veines are ledde through the

length of the braine on either side aboue the callous body called Corpus callosum, and afford some small twigs to the piamater which are distributed on either side into the braine.

The lower rillet [table 7. figure 13. ^f] is but one propagated into that part of the piama∣ter which compasseth the Cerebellum; but it is diuided into two branches, one of them run∣neth

[illustration]

TABVLA VII.

[illustration]

FIG. XIII.

[illustration]

Table. 7. Figure 13. exhibiteth the vesselles of the Braine and their distribution, especially through the right side, whither they proceede from the internall iugular veine, or from the sleepie Arterie, or from the sinus of the Dura Meninx.

[illustration]

XIV.

[illustration]

Figure, 14. sheweth the wonderful Net as Galen describeth it.

[illustration]

XV

[illustration]

Figure 15. sheweth the pituitary Glandule with the Bason and the sleepy Arteries.

[illustration]

XVI.

[illustration]

Figure 16. sheweth the Rete-mirabile or wonderfull Net, to∣gether with the glandule as it is found in the heads of Calues and Oxen.

• A. The internall Iugular veine.
• B. The sleepy or Iugular artery,
• C. the first veine.
• D. the 2 veine which is led vnto the Sinus.
• E, the 3, creeping through the dura meninx
• F, the fourth running into the Sinus.
• G H, the 5 and 6 going to the dura meninx.
• I, the first Artery.
• Φ A braunch of the same Artery running through the Muscles of the necke.
• K, the second artery reching into the sinus
• L, the third without a companion.
• r A small branch of the third Artery.
• M, N, the 1 & 2 sinus of the Dura Meninx.
• O, the congresse or meeting of both those sinus. PP, the 3 sinus of the Dura Meninx
• Q, The end thereof.
• R, the fourth sinus of the Dura meninx.
• SS, Branches of the first Sinus deriued into the Membranes neere at hand.
• TTTT, Branches of the third Sinus disper∣sed into the Pia Meninx.
• V V, the lower smal branches of the 3. sinus
• X X, the vpper, distributed through the Du∣ra meninx.
• Y Y, certain surcles of the 4 Sinus sent vp∣ward. aa, Others sent downward.
• b, the vpper passage of the fourth Sinus running by the Syth.
• cc, Surcles runing vpward from this passage
• de, the right & left vpper branches of the fourth Sinus. f, The lower branch going to the Piamater.
• g, A branch of the same pas. going forward
• h, The same bending backewarde to the Choroides reflected to the Corebellum.
• i, A notable vessell into the which the 4. Sinus doth determine.
• K the vpper. The by-partition of this vessel in the braine.
• l, m, Two branches of this by-partition.
• n. A surcle reching to the organ of hearing
• ooo, the distribution of the 3 vein & artery,
• ppp, Surcles proceeding from the Brāches marked with o deriued into the pia mater
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, The diuision of the third artery where it entreth into the scull. s. A braunch reaching to the hollownes of the nostrils
• t, the end of this in the extreamity of the vessel. uu, 2 branches entring into the scul
• x. A branch deriued vnto the eie from the coition or meeting of the branches uu,
• e, A branch attaining to the pia mater.
• A, A brāch attaining to the right ventricle 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The complication of vessels called Plexus Choroides formed on either side of the branch marked with A. Fig. 14, A, B, Arteries climbing into the scull, and making this wonderful net. C D, Branches into which the surcles of that net are ioyned. E, the pituitaryglandule or kernel of flegm Fig: 15. A, the Glandule receiuing the bason. B, the bason it selfe, or if you wil, the Tunnel called Peluis or insundibulum. C C, the sleepy Arteries. D, A branch of the artery going to the side of the Dura Meninx. E, Another branch of the same artery going to the nostrils. FF, An artery in one side diuided into 2 bran∣ches, but in the other side meeting togither againe. G. A partition of the artery creeping through the du∣ra meninx, H, Another branch which getteth out of the scull and reacheth to the eies. Figure 16, A The petuitary Glandule. B, C. The sleepy Arteries going into the scull. D, D. The wonderfull Net.

forward [Tab. 7, fig. 13, ^g] through the Circles of the braine and endeth in the lower seate of the ventricle, & is ioyned with an artery ascending thither [Tab. 7, fig. 13, ^y] to make as they say that web of vessels which they cal Plexus Choroides, because it is somewhat like the after-birth called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The other branch is reflected backeward to the Cerebellum [tab 7, fig. 13, ⁱ] & is diuersly sprinkled into his pia mater. Finally, and at length this fourth sinus, * 1.26 determineth into a notable vessell couered with the pia mater [Ta. 11, fig: 7 ^v. tab: 7, fig. 13 ⁱ] which neere the testicles of the brain, so called, is diuersly diuided and knotted & so goeth vnto the Glandule called Pinealis and vnder the arch of the brain called Fornix runneth in∣to the inside of the third ventricle & there is parted into a right branch & a left. The right branch reaching [tab, 7, fig. 13 ^l,] vnto the right ventricle and the lefte vnto the left. [Tab. 7, fi. 13 ^m] & Anatomists do think that they are mingled & ioynd to the branches of the first and fourth arteries to make that plexus choroides of which we made mention euen now.

These sinus or cauities of the dura meninx haue not the coats of veins but are in substance like to the Meninx itselfe. For as soone as the veine (put case the internall iugular) touch∣eth * 1.27 the scul, the dura meninx is there presently duplicated & the inside becommeth fistula∣ted or hollowed like a pipe, & with these pipes as if they were veines the veines themselues are ioyned. They do the office both of veines and arteries, for they beate like arteries sayth Platerus, they receiue into them both veines and arteries (although Fallopius thinke they re∣ceiue only veines) and the blood and spirits of them both. For they are full of blood which * 1.28 they preserue as they receiue it full of spirites, but after death this bloode cloddeth into a grainy substance, haply because the bloode they receiue out of the vessels is a little thicker then ordinary saith Bauhine. They send also out of themselues scions and surcles like to the branches of Veines which passe vnto the Braine and both the Meninges.

For because the Braine is large and standeth in neede of a great quantity of blood, but * 1.29 yet cannot admit any notable branches of Veines and Arteries to runne thorough his sub∣stance, Nature made these sinus or rillets to be in stead of veines and arteries to passe tho∣rough and irrigate or water the whole substance thereof: for into them there is continu∣ally powred great abundance of blood which is mingled, the Venall I meane with the Ar∣teriall, and afterward conneyed by these pipes vnto the convolutions of the Brain, yea in∣to his very substance, aswel forhis nourishment and life as also for the generation of the A∣nimal spirits which are wrought within his substance. For seeing these Animall spirits are continually supplyed vnto the instruments of sense and motion, and by motion are spent & dissipated, it was necessary there should be great quantity of both kinds of bloode in this place mingled together to make supply of them.

The vse of the Dura Meninx is, to hold together the whole substance of the Brain and be * 1.30 a couering thereunto and to all the parts of it, for it compasseth about the spinall marrow also, yea and all the Nerues that yssue out of the Braine. It also defendeth the brain from the impressions of the Scull or compressions if by any outward iniury it be beaten down∣ward. It also preserueth the Arteries which runne in the surface of the Brain, that in their Diastole they be not offended by the hardnesse of the Scull.

Moreouer, it diuideth the Braine from the after-braine or Cerebellum, as also the braine itself into a right part & a left. Finally, it produceth Ligaments through the sutures of the scull to make the Pericranium and to fasten it to the scull, that it might not sinke downe to∣ward the braine, as also to hold vp the braine it selfe least setling down it should compresse the Ventricles which would cause sudden death. And thus much concerning the dura ma∣ter or Meninx, wherein we haue beene somewhat prolixe, that nothing might escape wor∣thy your obseruation. Now it followeth that we entreate of the Pia Mater or thin Meninx. The Dura mater being taken away we meete with the second Membrane called Pia mater, * 1.31 delineated vnto you in the sixt Table and the second Figure, but in the ninth Table & the third Figure ^{P P} sheweth the Dura Mater and ^{O O} the Pia Mater of which we now speake. This Membrane euen considered of it selfe, as also in comparison with the other Membranes of the body is exceeding thin, and therefore called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 by Galen in his ninth booke de Administrationibus Anatomicis and the second Chapter. The name he had out of Hippo∣pocrates * 1.32 his Booke of the Falling sicknesse, where he saith that this 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 diuideth the middle of the Braine, or the Braine in the middest. Galen also in his eight Booke of the vse of parts and the ninth chapter calleth it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is the Membrane like the secun∣dine or after birth, because it conteyneth or holdeth fast the veins and arteries of the brain, least whilst they mooue they should be displaced, their basis or foundation being but weak and infirme.

This membrane is for the most part conteyned within the skull immediatly couering the brain and there is iust of his figure. In magnitude answerable to the braine & the parts * 1.33 thereof; but the substance or body of it is exceeding thinne and sine, and yet Cabrolius and Laurentius say it is double. It is thinne that it might more easily insinuate it selfe into the * 1.34 conuolutions of the braine, and yet not be offensiue by the waight of it to the brayne vpon which it lieth, and beside to carry the vessell quite through the same [tab. 6. fig. 2.^••• table 9. figure 3^OO.] It is soft and of exquisite sence because it communicateth the Tactiue vertue to the Brayne and the Nerues; and Archangelus sayeth it is the very instrument of Tou∣ching.

This Nature placed betweene the brayne and the dura meninx, least the braine sayth Galen in his 8. booke of the Vse of parts and the 9. Chapter should be offended by so hard a * 1.35 neighbour. For euen as sayth Plato betweene the earth and the fire because their natures are very contrary, God interposed the water and the ayre, so Galen sayeth that Nature be∣twixt the brayn and the skull which are partes of very different substance hath placed these 2. membranes or minninges. For it there had been none but this thin pia mater it could not haue agreed with the skull without offence, if there had beene none but the dura meninx; yet the braine would haue beene therewith offended. That therefore neither the braine nor his couer should endure any vncouth violence, Nature hath immediately couered the Braine with this pia mater; and then the pia mater hath she compassed with the thicker; for by how much the thicker is softer then the bone, by so much is the braine softer then the thinner.

If you would know what distance there is betweene these two membranes, you must make a little hole in the thicker, and then put a hollow bugle to it and blow it and you shal perceiue that the distance between them will containe a great deale of ayre, by which you may imagine how farre they were seuered when the man was aliue.

This membrane doth not onely cleane closely to the braine and couer it immediatly as * 1.36 his naturall coate, as a mother embraceth her infant (whence Platerus thinketh it was cal∣led pia mater) least the soft and moyst substance thereof should be seuered by the continual motion wherwith it is wrought vp and down (for we perceiue that the brain wil easily run abroad when it is taken away) but also it insinuateth it selfe into the bottome of the braine, and extendeth it selfe vnto the inside of the cauity of his ventricles saith Galen in his 8. book of the Vse of parts and the 8. chapter, lining them round within. The vulgar Anatomistes sayth Laurentius thinke that it passeth into the ventricles from the vpper part of the brayn; but the truth is that it ascendeth from below where the Infūdibulum or Tunnel of the brain is scituate, and where those small arteries deriued from the sleepy arteries called Carotides do passe into the brain at the sides of the wedge-bone; so that euen in the bottom it mee∣teth; without the skull it cloatheth the marrow of the backe and the nerues. The bones also sayth Archangelus doe seeme to bee couered with this thinne membrane, which nowe * 1.37 hauing with his vse changed his name is called Periostium. But how it maketh the Infundi∣bulum or Tunnell called also Peluis the Bason, and how it inuesteth the vpper part of the phlegme-glandule, we shall declare afterward.

The Vse of it is, to couer and establish the braine, the after-brain, the marrow of the spine and the nerues, as also all the vesselles which runne through it, it knitteth together, * 1.38 so that they are more safely and commodiously distributed through the whole body of the Brayne and through all his partes. Adde hereto that which Archangelus determineth in the first Booke of his Anatomy, that it is the most exquisite and proper instrument of the sence of Touching.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Galen. Hippocrates.
• * 1.2

  Their names.
• * 1.3

  The dura ma∣ter.
• * 1.4

  His figure & magnitude.
• * 1.5

  Connexion.
• * 1.6

  Whether the braine mooue or no. Platerus. Columbus. Ar∣changelus. Laurentius.
• * 1.7

  It is double but not two.
• * 1.8

  His holes or passages.
• * 1.9

  His Redupli∣cation.
• * 1.10

  The Sythe.
• * 1.11

  The other processe of the Dura Me∣ninx.
• * 1.12

  A bone is Dogges.
• * 1.13

  Two kinds of Cauities.
• * 1.14

  Fallopius his ten Sinus.
• * 1.15

  Foure Sinus of the Dura mater.
• * 1.16

  Pelops his er∣ror whence. The two first. Sinus.
• * 1.17

  Galen.
• * 1.18

  The Presse of the braine.
• * 1.19

  The third.
• * 1.20

  Branches frō the 3. Sinus.
• * 1.21

  Great quanti∣ty of bloud out of the nose whence it comes.
• * 1.22

  Columbus Archangelus.
• * 1.23

  The fourth.
• * 1.24

  Branches frō the 4. Sinus.
• * 1.25

  The vpper.
• * 1.26

  Where the 4 sinus endeth.
• * 1.27

  The matter of these sinus.
• * 1.28

  They doe the office of veins and arteries.
• * 1.29

  why the brain needeth much blood.
• * 1.30

  The vse of the Dura Mater.
• * 1.31

  The Pia mater or tenuis Me∣ninx.
• * 1.32

  His Names.
• * 1.33

  His figure. Magnitude.
• * 1.34

  Substance.
• * 1.35

  The counsel of Nature.
• * 1.36

  The progresse of it.
• * 1.37

  Archangelus.
• * 1.38

  The vse of the pia mater.